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Polynomials Class 9 Notes PDF

The document discusses polynomials in one variable. It defines polynomials and describes how they can be classified based on the number of terms as monomials, binomials, trinomials, etc. It also discusses how the degree of a polynomial is determined by the highest power of the variable. Polynomials can be classified according to their degree as linear, quadratic, cubic, etc. The document also describes how polynomials can be represented graphically and discusses some key concepts like zeros of a polynomial, factoring polynomials using splitting the middle term and factor theorem.

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Farhan Khan
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457 views6 pages

Polynomials Class 9 Notes PDF

The document discusses polynomials in one variable. It defines polynomials and describes how they can be classified based on the number of terms as monomials, binomials, trinomials, etc. It also discusses how the degree of a polynomial is determined by the highest power of the variable. Polynomials can be classified according to their degree as linear, quadratic, cubic, etc. The document also describes how polynomials can be represented graphically and discusses some key concepts like zeros of a polynomial, factoring polynomials using splitting the middle term and factor theorem.

Uploaded by

Farhan Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Polynomials

Polynomials in One Variable


Polynomials
An expression of two or more than two algebraic terms that contain variable(s) that
are raised to non-negative integral powers are called polynomials.

Types of Polynomials

Based on the number of terms a polynomial can be classified into monomial, binomial,
trinomial,  etc.

● An algebraic expression having only one term is called a monomial. P(x) = x is a


monomial.
● Polynomials having two terms are called binomials. P(x) = x2 + 2x has two terms, x2
and 2x.So, it is a binomial.
● Polynomials having three terms are called trinomials. P(x) = x4 + 3x2 − 4 has three
terms, x4, 3x2 and −4.So, it is a trinomial.
● An algebraic expression of the form P(x) = c, where c is a constant is called a constant
polynomial.
● The constant polynomial with all coefficients equal to 0 is called the zero polynomial.

Degree of a Polynomial

The degree of a polynomial is the highest degree of its individual terms with non-zero
coefficients. The degree of a term is the sum of the exponents of the variables that appear in it. 
For a polynomial in one variable, the highest power of the variable in the polynomial is the
degree of the polynomial.
f(x) = x2 − 9x3 + 2x8 − 6 is a polynomial with degree 8 as the highest power to which x is raised is
8.
Note: (i) The degree of a non-zero constant polynomial is zero.
(ii) The degree of the zero polynomial is not defined.
Classification of Polynomials according to their Degree

Polynomials can be classified on the basis of their degree as follows:

● A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial. For example, P(x) = x


− 2 is a linear polynomial.
● A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial. For example, P(x) =
x2 − 3x + 4 is a quadratic polynomial.
● A polynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial. For example, P(x)
= x3 + 3x − 2 is a cubic polynomial.

Representing equations on a graph

All polynomials can be represented on the graph to understand the nature of the
polynomial, its zeroes etc.
For example, Geometrically zeros of a polynomial are the points where its graph cuts the x-axis.

Graph of a quadratic polynomial.


Zeroes of a Polynomial
Zeroes of a Polynomial
A zero of a polynomial P(x) is a number c such that P(c) = 0.
The zeros of the polynomial P(x) = x2 − 4 are 2 and (-2) since P(2) = (2)2 − 4 = 0 and P(−2) =
(−2)2 − 4 = 0.
Note: (i) A non-zero constant polynomial has no zero.
(ii) Every real number is a zero of the zero polynomial.

Number of zeroes
In general, a polynomial of degree n has at most n zeros.

● A linear polynomial has one zero.


● A quadratic polynomial has at most two zeros.
● A cubic polynomial has at most three zeros. 

Remainder Theorem
Long Division method to divide two polynomials

To divide one polynomial by another, follow the steps given below.

● Arrange the terms of the dividend and the divisor in the decreasing order of their
degrees. 
● To obtain the first term of the quotient, divide the highest degree term of the dividend by
the highest degree term of the divisor. Then carry out the division process.
● The remainder of the previous division becomes the dividend for the next step. Repeat
this process until the degree of the remainder is less than the degree of the divisor.

An example of the use of the long division method to divide two polynomials is given below. 
Dividing one polynomial by another polynomial.

Remainder Theorem

When a polynomial f(x) of degree greater than or equal to one is divided by a linear
polynomial x − a the remainder is equal to the value of f(a).
If f(a) = 0 then x − a is a factor of the polynomial f(x).

Factor Theorem

If P(x) is a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and a is any real number then x − a is a
factor of P(x) if P(a) = 0.

Factorization of Polynomials
Factorisation of Quadratic Polynomials- Splitting the middle term
Factorisation of the polynomial ax2 + bx + c by splitting the middle term is as follows:

Step 1: We split the middle term by finding two numbers such that their sum is equal to the
coefficient of x and their product is equal to the product of the constant term and the coefficient of
x2.
For example, for the quadratic polynomial (x2 + 5x + 6) the middle term can be split as,
x2 + 2x + 3x + 6
Here, 2 + 3 = 5 and 2 × 3 = 6.

Step 2: Now, we factorise by pairing the terms and taking the common factors.

Thus, x2 + 2x + 3x + 6
= x(x + 2) + 3(x + 2)
= (x + 2)(x + 3)
Therefore, (x + 2) and (x + 3) are factors of x2 + 5x + 6.

Factorisation of Quadratic Polynomials - Factor theorem


To factorise a quadratic polynomial f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, find two numbers p and q such that
f(p) = f(q) = 0. Let us factorise the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x2 − 3x + 2.

(i) f(2) = 22 − 3(2) + 2 = 4 − 6 + 2 = 0


Hence, x − 2 is a factor of x2 − 3x + 2.

(ii) f(3) = 32 − 3 × 3 + 2 = 9 − 9 + 2 = 2 ≠ 0
Hence, x − 3 is not a factor of x2 − 3x + 2.

(iii) f(1) = 12 − 3 × 1 + 2 = 0
Hence, x − 1 is a factor of x2 − 3x + 2.
So, x − 1 and x − 2 are the factors of the quadratic polynomial
∴ x2 − 3x + 2. x2 − 3x + 2 = (x − 2)(x − 1)

Algebraic Identities

Algebraic Identities

● (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
● (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
● a2 − b2 = (a − b)(a + b)
● (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
● (a +b +c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
● (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
● (a−b)3 = a3 − b3 − 3ab(a − b)
● a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca)

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