Intellectual Revolutions that defined Society methodologies of observation, hypothesis,

experimentation, analysis and conclusion were

´Scientific Revolution´ is probably the single most sculptured and processed during this era, with
important unifying concept in the history of vital discoveries relating to gravity, the skeletal
science (Osler, 2003) and muscular systems of the human body being
Science is as old as the world itself. There is no made. It is these multitudes of aspects which,
individuals that can exactly identify when and where when clubbed together, form a general scientific
science began. From the genesis of time, science has revolution.
existed. It is always interwoven with the society. The Idea of Scientific Revolution: EUROPE?
Defining Science: A rapid ascension of knowledge, specifically in
1. Science as an idea. It included ideas, terms of science, happened like never before in
theories, and all available systematic the early 17th century amidst modern-day
explanations and Science as a body of Europe.
knowledge. It is a subject or a discipline, a Scientific Revolution: The period of Enlightenment
field of study, or a body of knowledge
that deals with the process of learning The Scientific Revolution constituted perhaps, the
about the natural and physical world. This most significant period of discovery and growth
is what we refer to as school science. of the sciences in the whole of history.

2. Science as a personal and social activity. This This period preceded the Enlightenment when
explains that science is both knowledge the developments in the various fields of
and activities done by human beings to mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and
develop better understanding of the chemistry transformed the views of society about
world around them. nature. It explained the emergence or birth of
modern science as a result of these developments
3. Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject from the disciplines.
or a discipline, a field of study, or a body
of knowledge that deals with the process The Scientific Revolution influenced the
of learning about the natural and physical development of the Enlightenment values of
world. This is what we refer to as school individualism because it demonstrated the power
science. of the human mind. The ability of scientists to
come to their own conclusions rather than
4. Science as a personal and social activity. This deferring to instilled authority confirmed the
explains that science is both knowledge capabilities and worth of the individual.
and activities done by human beings to
develop better understanding of the Influence to Scientific Revolution
world around them.

Human beings have embarked in scientific

activities in order to know and understand
everything around them. They have persistently
observed and studied the natural and physical
world in order to find meanings and seek
answered to many questions. They have develop
noble ideas, later known as philosophy, to Scientific Revolution: Definition
provide alternative or possible explanations to The Scientific Revolution was a series of events
certain phenomena. Humans also used religion to that marked the emergence of
rationalized the origins of life and all lifeless modern science during the early modern period,
forms. when developments in mathematics, physics,
The Idea of Scientific Revolution astronomy, biology (including human anatomy)
and chemistry transformed the views of society
During this century-and-a-half of scientific about nature.
innovation, several achievements were made in
the field of science and technology. Unique Intellectuals and the Revolutionary Ideas
 publication of his book De revolutionibus orbium
coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres) in 1543 is often cited as the start of the
scientific revolution. Chart of the heliocentric theory
from Copernicus’ De Revolutionibus (1543).

Variables that Influences the Development of

Science Ideas, Science Discoveries and
Technology

Revolutionary Ideas for Scientist

In this chart, he wanted to show a model of
"Scientific Revolution" refers to historical changes Universe in which everything moved around a
in thought & belief, to changes in social & single center at unvarying rates.
institutional organization, that unfolded in
Copernicus model of Heliocentric Theory outline
Europe between roughly 1550-1700; beginning
two kinds of planetary motion:
with Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543), who
asserted a heliocentric (sun-centered) cosmos, it 1. The orbit of Venus and Mercury lay inside
ended with Isaac Newton (1642-1727), who the orbit of the Earth, thus, closer to the
proposed universal laws and a Mechanical Sun.
Universe.
2. The orbit of Mars, Saturn and Jupiter lay
Scientist are not driven by clamor for honor and outside the Earth’s orbit, thus, farther
publicity. They are ordinary people doing from the Sun.
extraordinary things.
The result would form a sequence from Mercury,
In spite of all the predicaments and challenges with a shortest year, through Venus, Earth, Mars,
they experienced, they never stop experimenting, Jupiter and Saturn with the longest year. He place
theorizing and discovering new knowledge and the planets in order of increasing distance from
ideas. the Sun.
Revolutionary Scientist: Nicolas Copernicus - A (One of the great problems in the Copernicus
Renaissance man with particularly in the field of model)
mathematics & science. His ideas were an
example of what is presently called as a thought A Note on Copernicus and the Text:
experiment. His doctorate degree and his position Nicolaus Copernicus was born in 1473 at Thorn in
as a canon at Frombork Cathedral in Poland, West Prussia, of a Polish father and a German
sustain his wildest interest in astronomy. mother. He attended the university of Cracow
His ideas about astronomy was strongly and Bologna, lectured on astronomy and
influenced by a book entitled Epitome published mathematics at Rome, and later studied medicine
in 1496 by German author, Johannes Mueller. This at Padua and canon law at Ferrara. He was
book contains Mueller’s observations of the appointed canon of the cathedral of Frauenburg,
heavens and some commentary on earlier works and in this town he died in 1543, having devoted
especially Ptolemy. the latter part of his life largely to astronomy.

Copernicus's idea and model of the universe was The book which was introduced by this
essentially completed in 1510. Not long after that, dedication laid the foundations of modern
he circulated a summary of his ideas to his few astronomy. At the time when it was written, the
friends in a manuscript called Commentariolus earth was believed by all to be the fixed centre of
(Little Commentary) the universe; and although many of the
arguments used by Copernicus were invalid and
As a doctor and busy man in his duty in a canon, absurd, he was the first modern to put forth the
his time was totally affected in publishing his heliocentric theory as “a better explanation.” It
work and to advance his career in astronomy. The
remained for Kepler, Galileo, and Newton to While Charles Darwin developed the theory first
establish the theory on firm grounds. during the 1830`s, he did not rush it into print.
When Wallace came up with the same idea on his
(Source: This text was taken from the Harvard
own during the late 1850`s, Darwin quickly wrote
Classics volume, Famous Prefaces)
and published the theory in his book ON THE
Revolutionary Scientist: Charles Darwin - Famous of ORIGIN OF SPECIES.
his Theory of Evolution. He changed our concept
His ideas about evolution sparked debates
of the world’s creation and its evolution.
throughout the 1860`s and eventually won over
Darwin as a genius who came from a line of most educated people by the end of the century.
intellectually gifted and wealth family. He
develop his interest in natural history.
Revolutionary Scientist: Sigmund Freud - Freud is
He published his book The Origin of Species in
a famous figure in the field of psychology.
1589, It is the process by which organisms change
Creator of Psychoanalysis – “Analyzing the
over time as a result of changes in heritable
Mind”
physical or behavioral traits. Changes that allow
an organism to better adapt to its environment Rosenfels (1980) describe him as a towering
will help it survive and have more offspring. This literary figure and a very talented communicator
book is considered to be one of the most who did his share to raise the consciousness of
important work in scientific literature. the civilized world in psychological manners.

Darwin’s observational skills as a scientist were Freud made a significant contribution in the
extraordinary that moved beyond the realms of scientific world through the development of an
plants and animals into realms of human. His important observation method to gather reliable
book The Descent of Man was so impressive yet data to study human’s inner life. This method is
very controversial. He introduced the idea of all popularly known as the method of psychoanalysis.
organic life, including human being, under the
The scientific hypothesis he formulated formed
realm of evolutionary thinking.
the essential fundamental version of
Darwin’s accomplishments were so diverse that it psychoanalysis is a scientific way to study the
is useful to distinguish two fields to which he human mind and neurotic illness in which it
made major contributions: gives a great impact on the scientific way of
understanding human nature.
1. Evolutionary Biology
Sigmund Freud was the first psychoanalyst and a
2. Philosophy of Science
true pioneer in the recognition of the importance
Darwin provided a different framework for doing of unconscious mental activity. His theories on
scientific activities. It is a science marked by the inner workings of the human mind, which
observation and experiment. seemed so revolutionary at the turn of the
century, are now widely accepted by most
A Note on Darwin and the Text: schools of psychological thought. In 1896, Freud
Darwin`s book, ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, coined the term "psychoanalysis," and for the next
was the most important and influential work on forty years of his life, he worked on thoroughly
evolution during the 19th century. It sparked developing its main principles, objectives,
heated debates all over the Western World. techniques, and methodology.
Within 20 years, the idea of biological evolution According to Weiner (2016), his method of
was widely accepted. psychoanalysis was proven to be effective in
However, during most of the 19th century and understanding some neurological conditions that
earlier, the fact and even the idea of biological were not understood by medicine in his time. His
evolution were not acceptable to educated people method was unorthodox – focusing on human
in the Western World. At present, resistance to sexuality and the evil nature of man.
the idea primarily comes from some Freud was born in a much later period from the
fundamentalist churches. scientific revolution but his contribution to
knowledge can be seen in many aspects of the The Maya Civilization is one of the famous
human scene, including art, literature, civilization that lasted for approximately 2, 000
philosophy, politics and psychotherapy. yrs. These people are known for their works:

According to Freud, our personality develops 1. Astronomy. They incorporated their

from the interactions among what he proposed as advanced understanding of astronomy
the three fundamental structures of the human into their temples and other religious
mind: the id, ego, and superego. Conflicts among structure. These allows them to use their
these three structures, and our efforts to find temples for astronomical observations.
balance among what each of them “desires,”
2. Celestial bodies. Their knowledge and
determines how we behave and approach the
understanding of celestial bodies was
world. What balance we strike in any given
advance for their time, as evidence by
situation determines how we will resolve the
their knowledge of predicting eclipse and
conflict between two overarching behavioral
using astrological cycles in planting and
tendencies: our biological aggressive and
harvesting.
pleasure-seeking drives vs. our socialized internal
control over those drives. 3. Measuring time. Their way of measuring
time using two complicated calendar
These three revolutionizing theories are just some
system. These calendar were very useful
of the many scientist ideas that transformed and
for their life especially in planning their
molded societies and beliefs. The changes they
activities and in observing their religious
brought to the perspectives and perceptions of
rituals and cultural celebrations.
the scientific community and the public are
evidence of science and technology’s link to
humanity. Through scientific research and
experimentations, people will continue to deepen
their understanding of the world and their
universe

The cradle of early science is the ancient history

prior to the development of science and scientific
knowledge, including both the natural and social
sciences 4. Growing Crops and Machineries. Their
developed interns of technology for
growing different crops and building
elaborated cities using ordinary
machineries and tools. They build
hydraulic system with sophisticated
waterways to supply water to different
communities.
Introduction
5. Art Tools and Weaving Art Design. Their
The cradle of early science is the ancient early
adaptation in the field of various tools to
culture of history prior to the development
innovation especially in Arts and build
of science in the Middle Ages and scientific
looms for weaving cloth and devised a
knowledge, including both the natural and social
rainbow if glittery paints made from
sciences.
mineral called mica.
In prehistoric times, advice and knowledge was
6. Rubber Production. They are the first
passed from generation to generation in an oral
people to produced rubber products
tradition.
3,000yrs. before Goodyear received its
Development of Science in Meso-America patent in 1844.

Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central 7. Writing System. They are famous as one
America from Southern Mexico up to the boarder of the world’s first civilization to use a
of South America.
 writing system known as the Mayan 3. Antispasmodic medication. They used the
Hieroglyphics. type of antispasmodic medication that
could prevent muscle spasms and relax
8. Number System. They are skilled in
muscles, which could help during
mathematics and created a numbers
surgery.
system based on the numeral 20.
Developed the concept of zero and 4. Aztec calendar. This enable them to plan
positive value, even before the Roman their activities, rituals and planting
did. seasons.

With this, Mayans are considered one of the most 5. Chinampa. It is a foam of Aztec
scientifically advanced societies in Mesoamerica. technology for agricultural farming in
which the land was divided into
The Inca Civilization is also famous in
rectangular areas and surrounded by
Mesoamerica. They made advance scientific ideas
canals.
considering their limitations as an old civilization.
The following were scientific ideas and tools that 6. Invention of the canoe. A light narrow
they developed to help them in everyday life: boat used for travelling in water system.

1. roads paved with stones;

2. stone buildings that surmounted

earthquakes and other disasters;

3. Irrigation system and techniques for

storing water for their crops to grow in all
types of land;

4. calendar with 12 months to mark their

religious festivals and prepare them for
planting season;
Asia is the biggest continent in the world
5. the first suspension bridge; and the home of many ancient civilization.
It is a host of many cultures, economics,
6. quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep
scientific, and political activities of all
records that only experts can interpret;
ages.
and
In the field of science, technology and
7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the
mathematics, great civilization stood out:
specially prized artistic achievements.
India, China, and the Middle East
The Aztec Civilization has also made substantial Civilizations. These civilizations were
contributions to science and technology and to incomparable in terms of their
the society as a whole. Some of their contributions contributions to the development of
are the following: knowledge during their times.
1. Mandatory education. The Aztec puts Development of Science in Asia
value on education; that is why their
Indian Civilization
children are mandated to get education
regardless of their social class, gender, or • India is a huge peninsula surrounded by
age. It is early form of universal or vast bodies of water and fortified by huge
inclusive education. mountains in its northern boarders.
2. Chocolate. The Aztec in Mexico developed • They are known for manufacturing iron
chocolate during their times. In the Mayan and in metallurgical works. Their iron
culture, they used it as currency. The steel is considered to be the best.
Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and
made it as part of their tribute to their
gods.
 • The people in this civilization tried to
standardized measurement of length to a
high degree of accuracy and design a
ruler, the MOHENJORADO ruler.

Indian Contribution - MEDICINE

• Ayurveda – (Harmony with Nature) a

system of traditional medicine that
originated in ancient India before 2500 BC,
Chinese Civilization
is still practice as a form of alternative
medicine. One of the ancient civilization with substantial
contributions in many areas of life like medicine,
astronomy, science, mathematics, arts,
philosophy, and music. Chinese civilization has
great influenced many of its neighboring
countries.

Indian Contribution - MEDICINE

• Discovered some medicinal properties of

plants that led them to develop medicine
to cure various illness.

• Susruta Samhita an ancient text, that Chinese Contribution - MEDICINE

describes different surgical and other
medical procedures famous in Ancient • Acupuncture – known for traditional
India. medicine, a product of centuries of
experience and discovery of the Chinese
Indian Contribution - ASTRONOMY people. Is a form of alternative medicine
• Develop theories on the configuration of and a key component of traditional
the universe, the spherical self-supporting Chinese medicine (TCM) in which thin
Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 needles are inserted into the body.
equal parts of 30 days each.

• Siddhanta Shiromani (12th Century), an

ancient text, that covered topics about
mean and true longitudes of the planets,
three problems of diurnal rotations,
syzygies, lunar eclipse, solar eclipse,
latitudes of the planets, rising and
settings, the moon’s crescent, conjunctions Chinese Contribution - TECHNOLOGY
of the planets with their fixed stars, and
the paths of Sun and Moon. Chinese are known to develop for many tools:

Indian Contribution - MATHEMATICS • Compass, papermaking, gunpowder and

printing tools that became known in the
• Indus Valley Civilization is the West only by the end of Middle Ages.
subcontinent of India where Mathematical
knowledge where first traced.
 • Other tools like Iron plough, wheelbarrow • Muslim scientist placed greater value on
and propeller. science experiments rather than plain-
thought experiments. This led to the
• They also developed a design of different
development of the scientific method in
models of bridges.
the Muslim world, and made significant
• Invented the first seismological detector improvements by using experiments to
and develop a dry dock facility. distinguish between competing scientific
theories set within a generally empirical
Chinese Contribution - ASTRONOMY orientation.
Chinese made significant records of the following: Middle East Contribution - MATHEMATICS
• Supernova, lunar and solar eclipse, and • Muhammad ibn Musa al Khwarizmi gave
comets, which were carefully recorded his name to the concept of the algorithm
and preserved to understand better the while the term algebra is derived from al-
heavenly bodies and their effects to our jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his
world. publication. What is now known as the
• They observe the heavenly bodies to Arabic Numeral System originally came
understand weather changes and seasons from India, but Muslim mathematicians
that may affects their daily activities. did make several refinements to the
number system, such as the introduction
• They Use LUNAR CALENDARS of Decimal point notation.
• They are known in seismology Middle East Contribution - MEDICINE
• China made substantial contributions in • Ibn Sina – pioneered the science of
various fields. The list of their discoveries experimental medicine and was the first
and inventions is overwhelming. These physician to conduct clinical trials
contributions were made along with (jacquard, 2008). His two most notable
mathematics, logic, philosophy and works in medicine, the Book of Healing and
medicine. However cultural factors The Canon of Medicine, were used as
prevented these Chinese achievements standard medicinal texts both the Muslim
from developing into modern science. world and in Europe during the 17th
century. Among his many contributions
• According to Needham (1986), it may
are the discovery of the following:
have been the religious and philosophical
framework of Chinese intellectuals that 1. Contagious nature of infectious diseases
made them unable to accept the ideas of
LAWS of NATURE. 2. Introduction of clinical pharmacology

Middle East Civilization Development of Science in Africa

• The Middle East countries are dominantly Africa Civilization

occupied by Muslims. With the spread of Africa is blessed with natural and mineral
Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period resources. Science also emerged in this part of the
of Muslim scholarship, or what is called planet long before the Europeans colonized. The
the GOLDEN AGE of ISLAM lasted until history of science and mathematics in Africa are
the 13th century. knowledge producers similar to other ancient
• Muslim common language of Arabic, civilization.
access to Greek texts from the Byzantine
Empire and India were their contributory
to their intellectualization that provided
their scholars knowledge to create
innovations and develop new ideas.
 African Contribution - METALLURGY
The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed
Metallurgy was also known in the Africa regions
immensely and made significant advances in the
during the ancient times. North Africa and the
fields of astronomy, mathematics and medicine.
Nile Valley imported iron technology from the
Near East region that enable them to benefit from
the developments during the Bronze Age until
the Iron Age. They invented metal tools used in
their homes, in agriculture, and in building their
magnificent architectures.

African Contribution - MATHEMATICS

Mathematics was also known to be prominent in

The early proofs of science advancement that the life of early people in the Africa continent.
were developed by the Egyptians are the great The Lebombo Bone from the mountains between
structures of the PYRAMIDS and the dams built Swaziland and South Africa, which may have
to divert water from the Nile River. been a tool for multiplication, division, and
simple mathematical calculation or a six-month
lunar calendar, is considered to be the oldest
known mathematical artifact dated from 35,000
BCE.

African Contribution - MATHEMATICS

Ancient Egyptians are good in the four

fundamental mathematical operations and other
mathematical skills. They have knowledge of the
basic concepts of algebra and geometry. The
African Contribution - ALCHEMIST
Islamic regions in Africa during the medieval
But Egypt was known to be a center of Alchemy, period was also benefiting from mathematical
which is known as the medieval forerunner of learning, which is considered advanced during
Chemistry. They tried to study human anatomy those times, such as algebra, geometry and
and pharmacology, and applied important trigonometry.
components such as examination, diagnosis,
Development of Science in Philippines
treatment and prognosis for the treatment of
diseases. These components display strong Philippines Civilization
parallel to the basic empirical method of studying
The history of science and technology in the
science.
Philippines started way back before the country
African Contribution - ASTRONOMY gained its independence from the American
colonizers. Before the coming of the Spanish
Astronomy was also famous in the region of
colonizers, the early inhabitants of the
Africa. Documents shows that they have used
archipelago had their own culture and tradition.
three types of calendars: LUNAR, SOLAR and
STELLAR, or a combination of the three.
 • Archeological finding shows that modern discipline and as a field of inquiry and gave birth
man from Asia mainland first came over to the development of scientific method.
land across narrow channels to live in
The scientific revolution significantly change how
Batangas and Palawan about 48,000 B.C.
people study science and do scientific activities. It
• Subsequently they formed settlement in inspired human creativity and critical thinking,
Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga, Laguna, moving away from thought experiments to data-
Bulacan and Cagayan driven and experiment-based ideas.

Philippines Contribution - INVENTIONS

• They made simple tools and weapons of

stone flakes and later developed method
of sawing and polishing stones around
40,000 B.C.

• By around 3,000 B.C. they were producing

adzes ornaments of seashells and pottery.
Pottery flourished for the next 2,000 years
until they imported Chinese porcelain.
Soon they learned to produce copper,
bronze, iron, and gold metal tools and
ornaments.

Philippines Contribution - METALLURGY

The Iron Age lasted from the 3rd century B.C. to

11th century A.D. During this period Filipinos
were engaged in extraction smelting and refining
of iron from ores, until the importation of cast
iron from Sarawak and later from China.

The People of Ma-I and San-Hsu (Palawan)

traded bee wax, cotton, pearls, coconut heart
mats, tortoise shell and medicinal betel nuts,
panie cloth for porcelain, leads fishnets sinker,
colored glass beads, iron pots, iron needles and
tin.

Philippines Contribution - MEDICINE

Before the Spaniards – Filipinos were already

engage in activities and practices related to
science forming primitive or first wave
technology. They were curative values of some
plant on how to extract medicine from herbs.

They had an alphabet, a system of writing, a

method of counting and weights and measure.
They had no calendar but counted the years by
the period of the moon and from one harvest to
another.

Summary

Scientific revolution is a golden age in the history

of science. It marked the birth of science as a