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 MBA 3RD SEMESTER
SUB: EMERGING EXPONENTIAL TECHNOLOGIES
SUB CODE: 20MBA301
MODULE -4: INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)
Overview of IOT; meaning of IOT; history of IOT; advantages of IOT; challenges of IOT; IOT
working process; architecture of IOT; devices and network; applications of IOT at smart
home; smart grid; smart city; wearable devices; smart farming; IOT tools and platforms;
sample application with hands on activity.

Subject faculty name: Prof. Deepthi J R

Designation: Assistant Professor
Email id: [email protected]
OVERVIEW OF
IOT
• The internet of things (IOT) is a system of
interrelated devices connected to a
network and/or to one another,
exchanging data without necessarily
requiring human-to- machine interaction.
• In other words, IOT is a collection of
electronic devices that can share
information among themselves.
MEANING OF IOT
• In a nutshell, the internet of things is the concept of
connecting any device (so long as it has an on/off switch)
to the internet and to other connected devices. The IOT
is a giant network of connected things and people – all
of which collect and share data about the way they are
used and about the environment around them.
• That includes an extraordinary number of objects of all
shapes and sizes – from smart microwaves, which
automatically cook your food for the right length of time,
to self-driving cars, whose complex sensors detect
objects in their path, to wearable fitness devices that
measure your heart rate and the number of steps you’ve
taken that day, then use that information to suggest
exercise plans tailored to you. There are even connected
footballs that can track how far and fast they are thrown
and record those statistics via an app for future training
purposes.
For example, if I own a car manufacturing business, I
might want to know which optional components (leather
seats or alloy wheels, for example) are the most popular.
Using internet of things technology, I can:

Use sensors to detect which areas in a showroom are the

most popular, and where customers linger longest;

Drill down into the available sales data to identify which

components are selling fastest;

Automatically align sales data with supply, so that

popular items don’t go out of stock.
 • The main concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early
as 1982, with a modified Coca-Cola vending machine at Carnegie
melon university becoming the first ARPAnet-connected
appliance,[7] able to report its inventory and whether newly loaded
drinks were cold or not.[8] mark Weiser's 1991 paper on ubiquitous
computing, "the computer of the 21st century", as well as academic
HISTORY venues such as Ubicomp and Percom produced the contemporary
vision of the IOT.[9][10] in 1994, reza raji described the concept in IEEE
OF IOT; spectrum as "[moving] small packets of data to a large set of nodes, so
as to integrate and automate everything from home appliances to
entire factories".[11] between 1993 and 1997, several companies
proposed solutions like Microsoft's at work or Novell's NEST. The field
gained momentum when bill joy envisioned device-to-
device communication as a part of his "six webs" framework, presented
at the world economic forum at davos in 1999.
• The concept of the "internet of things" and the term itself, first appeared in a speech by peter T. Lewis, to
the congressional black caucus foundation 15th annual legislative weekend in washington, D.C, published
in september 1985.[13] according to lewis, "the internet of things, or iot, is the integration of people,
processes and technology with connectable devices and sensors to enable remote monitoring, status,
manipulation and evaluation of trends of such devices."
• The term "internet of things" was coined independently by kevin ashton of procter & gamble,
later mit's auto-id center, in 1999,[14] though he prefers the phrase "internet for things".[15] at that point,
he viewed radio-frequency identification (RFID) as essential to the internet of things,[16] which would allow
computers to manage all individual things.[17][18][19] the main theme of the internet of things is to embed
short-range mobile transceivers in various gadgets and daily necessities to enable new forms of
communication between people and things, and between things themselves.
• Defining the internet of things as "simply the point in time when more 'things or objects' were connected
to the internet than people", cisco systems estimated that the iot was "born" between 2008 and 2009,
with the things/people ratio growing from 0.08 in 2003 to 1.84 in 2010
 ADVANTAGES OF IOT
• It can assist in the smarter control of homes and cities via mobile
phones. It enhances security and offers personal protection.
• By automating activities, it saves us a lot of time.
• Information is easily accessible, even if we are far away from our
actual location, and it is updated frequently in real time.
• Electric devices are directly connected and communicate with a
controller computer, such as a cell phone, resulting in efficient
electricity use. As a result, there will be no unnecessary use of
electricity equipment.
• Personal assistance can be provided by iot apps, which can alert
you to your regular plans.
• It is useful for safety because it senses any potential danger and
warns users. For example, GM onstar, is a integrated device that
system which identifies a car crash or accident on road. It
immediately makes a call if an accident or crash is found.
• It minimizes human effort because IOT devices connect and
communicate with one another and perform a variety of tasks
without the need for human intervention.
• Patient care can be performed more effectively in real time without
the need for a doctor’s visit. It gives them the ability to make choices
as well as provide evidence-based care.
• Asset tracking, traffic or transportation tracking, inventory control,
delivery, surveillance, individual order tracking, and customer
management can all be made more cost-effective with the right
tracking system.
 ❑ Hackers may gain access to the system and steal personal information. Since
we add so many devices to the internet, there is a risk that our information as it
can be misused.
❑ They rely heavily on the internet and are unable to function effectively without
it.
❑ With complexity of systems, there are many ways for them to fail.
❑ We lose control of our lives—our lives will be fully controlled and reliant on
technology.
CHALLENGES ❑ Overuse of the internet and technology makes people unintelligent because
OF IOT they rely on smart devices instead of doing physical work, causing them to
become lazy.
❑ Unskilled workers are at a high risk of losing their jobs, which could lead to
unemployment. Smart surveillance cameras, robots, smart ironing systems,
smart washing machines, and other facilities are replacing security guards,
maids, ironmen, and dry-cleaning services etc.
❑ It is very difficult to plan, build, manage, and enable a broad technology to iot
framework.
 IoT Devices contain sensors and mini-computer processors that act on the
data collected by the sensors via machine learning. Essentially, IOT
devices are minicomputers, connected to the internet, and are vulnerable
to malware and hacking.

STAGE 1: Sensors and actuators.

IOT
WORKING STAGE 2: Internet gateways and Data Acquisition Systems.
PROCESS
STAGE 3: Edge IT Data Processing.

STAGE 4: Datacenter and cloud.

• STAGE1: SENSORS AND ACTUATORS.

• First, sensors or devices help in collecting very minute

data from the surrounding environment. All of this
collected data can have various degrees of
complexities ranging from a simple temperature
monitoring sensor or a complex full video feed.
• A device can have multiple sensors that can bundle
together to do more than just sense things. For
example, our phone is a device that has multiple
sensors such as GPS, accelerometer, camera but our
phone does not simply sense things.
• The most rudimentary step will always remain to pick
and collect data from the surrounding environment be
it a standalone sensor or multiple devices.
STAGE 2: INTERNET GATEWAYS AND DATA
ACQUISITION SYSTEMS
• Next, that collected data is sent to a cloud
Infrastructure, but it needs a medium for
transport.
• The sensors can be connected to the cloud
through various mediums of
communication and transports such as
cellular networks, satellite networks, wi-fi,
Bluetooth, wide-area networks (wan), low
power wide area network and many more.
• Every option we choose has some
specifications and trade-offs between
power consumption, range, and bandwidth.
So, choosing the best connectivity option
in the IOT system is important.
STAGE 3: EDGE IT DATA PROCESSING.
• Once the data is collected and it gets to the
cloud, the software performs processing on the
acquired data.
• This can range from something very simple,
such as checking that the temperature reading
on devices such as ac or heaters is within an
acceptable range. It can sometimes also be very
complex, such as identifying objects (such as
intruders in your house) using computer vision
on video.
• But there might be a situation when a user
interaction is required, example- what if when
the temperature is too high or if there is an
intruder in your house? That’s where the user
comes into the picture.
4. USER INTERFACE

• Next, the information made available to the end-user in some way. This can achieve by triggering alarms
on their phones or notifying through texts or emails.
• Also, a user sometimes might also have an interface through which they can actively check in on their iot
system. For example, a user has a camera installed in his house, he might want to check the video
recordings and all the feeds through a web server.
• However, it’s not always this easy and a one-way street. Depending on the iot application and complexity
of the system, the user may also be able to perform an action that may backfire and affect the system.
• For example, if a user detects some changes in the refrigerator, the user can remotely adjust the
temperature via their phone.
• There are also cases where some actions perform automatically. By establishing and implementing some
predefined rules, the entire IOT system can adjust the settings automatically and no human has to be
physically present.
• Also in case if any intruders are sensed, the system can generate an alert not only to the owner of the
house but to the concerned authorities.
 • An IOT architecture is a system of numerous elements such as sensors,
actuators, protocols, cloud services, and layers that make up an IOT
networking system. It generally consists of differentiated layers that
enable administrators to evaluate, monitor, and maintain the system's
consistency.
• While it is true that no two IOT projects are the same, the main layers
ARCHITECTURE have always stayed consistent. Ever since the first research on IOT was
done, the three-layer architecture has been the dominant model for IOT
OF IOT applications.
• The three layers are perception (or devices), network, and application.
• Perception: the sensors themselves are on this layer. This is where the
data comes from. The data could be gathered from any number of
sensors on the connected device. Actuators, which act on their
environment, are also at this layer of the architecture.
• Network: the network layer describes how large amounts of data are moving throughout the application.
This layer connects the various devices and sends the data to the appropriate back-end services.
• Application: the application layer is what the users see. This could be an application to control a device in a
smart-home ecosystem, or a dashboard showing the status of the devices which are part of a system
APPLICATIONS OF IOT AT SMART
HOME
• Lighting control
• Lawn/gardening management
• Smart home appliances
• Improved home safety and security
• Home air quality and water quality monitoring
• Natural language-based voice assistants
• Better infotainment delivery
• AI-driven digital experiences
• Smart switches
• Smart locks
• Smart energy meters
 SMART GRID
• A Smart Grid is an electrical grid which includes a variety of
operation and energy measures including:
❑ Advanced metering infrastructure (of which smart meters are a
generic name for any utility side device even if it is more capable
e.G. A fiber optic router)
❑ Smart distribution boards and circuit breakers integrated
with home control and demand response (behind the meter from
utility perspective)
❑ Load control switches and smart appliances, often financed by
efficiency gains on municipal programs (e.G. PACE financing)
❑ Renewable energy resources, including capacity to charge parked
(electric vehicle) batteries or larger arrays of batteries recycled from
these, or other energy storage.
❑ Energy efficient resources
❑ Sufficient utility grade fiber broadband to connect and monitor the
above, with wireless as backup. Sufficient spare if "dark" capacity to
ensure failover, often leased for revenue
 SMART CITY
• A smart city uses information and
communication technology (ICT) to improve
operational efficiency, share information with
the public and provide a better quality of
government service and citizen welfare.
• The main goal of a smart city is to optimize
city functions and promote economic growth
while also improving the quality of life for
citizens by using smart technologies and
data analysis. The value lies in how this
technology is used rather than simply how
much technology is available.
A city’s smartness is determined using a set of characteristics, including:
• An infrastructure based around technology
• Environmental initiatives
• Effective and highly functional public transportation
• Confident and progressive city plans
• People able to live and work within the city, using its resources
• The success of a smart city relies on the relationship between the public and private sectors as much of the
work to create and maintain a data-driven environment falls outside the local government remit. For
example, smart surveillance cameras may need input and technology from several companies.
• Aside from the technology used by a smart city, there is also the need for data analysts to assess the
information provided by the smart city systems so that any problems can be addressed and improvements
found.
 WEARABLE DEVICES

• Wearable technology, wearables, fashion technology, smart wear, tech

togs, streetwear tech, skin electronics or fashion electronics are smart
electronic devices (electronic device with micro-controllers) that are worn close
to and/or on the surface of the skin, where they detect, analyze, and transmit
information concerning
• e.g. Body signals such as vital signs, and/or ambient data and which allow in
some cases immediate biofeedback to the wearer.
• Wearable devices such as activity trackers are an example of the internet of
things, since "things" such as electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity
are effectors that enable objects to exchange data (including data quality[4])
through the internet with a manufacturer, operator, and/or other connected
devices, without requiring human intervention
• Your Apple watch and Fitbit are classic examples of wearable
technology, but those aren't the only devices being developed
today. In addition to smart watches, VR and AR technology, smart
jackets and a wide variety of other gadgets are leading us
towards a better-connected lifestyle.
• Wearable technology has a variety of applications which grows as
the field itself expands. It appears prominently in consumer
electronics with the popularization of the smartwatch and activity
tracker.
• A popular activity tracker called the fit bit is widely used in the
fitness industry to track calories and health related goals.
• A popular smartwatch in the market is the apple watch. Apart
from commercial uses, wearable technology is being incorporated
into navigation systems, advanced textiles, and healthcare. As
wearable technology is being proposed for use in critical
applications, it has to be vetted for its reliability and security
properties
 SAMPLE APPLICATION WITH HANDS ON ACTIVITY
❑Hands-on learning is another term for experiential learning, where individuals immerse themselves in a
subject to learn. Students learn from partaking in activities rather than passively reading a book or
attending a lecture.
❑Hands-on learning is where instructors engage with students in direct experience and focused reflection to
enhance students’ knowledge, skillset and values. Hands-on learning allows students to learn through
experiencing something and can give them an opportunity to immerse themselves in a learning
environment, while putting their acquired skills to use and building new skills.

❑Hands-on (also called experiential learning) can be activities like making an analog clock from a paper
plate, brass fastener, and two strips of paper in the shape of arrows. Students make the clock face, then
learn how to tell time.
❑Or students can use money to count change and learn addition and subtraction. Students can use art to
facilitate their learning, such as drawing a map, writing a skit to describe a historical event, or writing a
short biographical poem about an historical figure. And of course, the iconic volcano from papier-mâché
with erupting lava of vinegar and soda is applicable for learning geology, 3-D art, and a little chemistry.