ASSIGNMENT

Unit 4: Presentation and Collection of Data

Q.1 Given the following set of information, Draw a Duo Directional Bar- Diagram.
Q.2 Explain a sliding Bar Diagram with the help of Theory and a Diagram.

Definition Of Sliding Bar Graph

Sliding Bar Diagram Sliding bar diagrams are similar to duo-directional bar diagrams.Whereas absolute values
are shown by duo-directional bar diagrams, the percentage is shown using sliding bar diagrams. The length of
each sliding bar is same, which represents100%. The bars can be drawn horizontally or vertically.Sliding bar
graphs show two categories as bars graphed in opposite directions. They can be used to compare amounts or
frequencies.

Example of Sliding Bar Graph

The sliding bar graph shown below represents the favorite fruit of grade 8 for both boys and girls.
Solved Example on Sliding Bar Graph

Ques: The table shows the maximum marks scored by the Grade 6, 7, and 8 students in math. Which of the
following is the correct sliding bar graph for the table shown?

Choices:

A. Graph 1
B. Graph 2
C. Graph 3
D. Graph 4
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Step 1: The values in the Graph 1 matches with the values in the table.
Step 2: So, Graph 1 is the correct sliding bar graph representing the data in the given table.
Q.3 Describe the Merits and limitations of the diagrammatic presentation of data.

An important function of statistics is the presentation of complex mass of data in a simple way so that
it becomes easier to understand. Classification and tabulation are the techniques that help in
presenting the data in an intelligible form. But with increase in volume of data, it becomes more and
more inconvenient to understand even after its classification and tabulation.

Diagrammatic Presentation

To understand various trends of the data at a glance and to facilitate the comparison of various situations, the
data are presented in the form of diagrams and graphs.

Advantages

Data presented in the form of diagrams are useful as well as advantageous in many ways, as is obvious from
the following:

1. Diagrams are attractive and impressive: Data presented in the form of diagrams are able to attract the
attention of even a common man. It may be difficult for a common man to understand and remember the
data presented in the form of figures, but diagrams create a lasting impression upon his mind. Due to their
attractive and impressive character, the diagrams are very frequently used by various newspapers and
magazines for the explanation of certain phenomena. Diagrams are also useful in modern advertising
campaign.
2. Diagrams simplify data: Diagrams are used to represent a huge mass of complex data in simplified and
intelligible form which is easy to understand.
3. Diagrams give more information: In addition to the depiction of the characteristics of data,the diagrams
may bring out other hidden facts and relations which are not possible to know from the classified and
tabulated data.
4. Diagrams save time and labour: A lot of time is required to study the trend and significance of
voluminous data. The same data, when presented in the form of diagrams, can be understood in practically
no time.
5. Diagrams are useful in making comparisons: Many a times the objective of the investigation is to
compare two or more situations either with respect to time or places. The task of comparison can be very
conventionally done by the use of diagrams.
6. Diagrams have universal applicability: Diagrams are used in almost in every field of study like economics,
business, administration, social institutions, and other fields.
Limitations

In spite of the above advantages of diagrams, their usefulness is somewhat limited. One has to bevery
careful while drawing conclusions from diagrams. Their main limitations are:

1. Diagrams give only a vague idea of the problem which may be useful for a common man but not for
an expert who wishes to have an exact idea of the problem.
2. Diagrams can at best be a supplement to the tabular presentation but not an alternative to it.
3. The information given by the diagrams vis-a-vis classification and tabulation is limited.
4. The level of precision of values indicated by diagrams is very low.
5. Diagrams are helpful only when comparisons are desired. They do not lead to any further analysis of
data.
6. Diagrams can portray only limited number of characteristics. Larger the number of characteristics the
more difficult it is to understand them using diagrams.
7. Diagrams are liable to be misused for presenting an illusory picture of the problem.
8. Diagrams do not give a meaningful look when different measurements have wide variations.
9. Diagrams drawn on a false base line should be analyzed very carefully.
Q.4 Describe with suitable examples, the following type of diagrams:

(a) Bar Diagram

(b) Multiple Bar Diagram

(c ) Pie Diagram

(d) Pictogram

A) BAR DIAGRAM

What is Bar Graph?

The pictorial representation of grouped data, in the form of vertical or horizontal rectangular bars, where the
lengths of the bars are equivalent to the measure of data, are known as bar graphs or bar charts.

The bars drawn are of uniform width, and the variable quantity is represented on one of the axes. Also, the
measure of the variable is depicted on the other axes. The heights or the lengths of the bars denote the value of
the variable, and these graphs are also used to compare certain quantities. The frequency distribution tables can
be easily represented using bar charts which simplify the calculations and understanding of data.

The three major attributes of bar graphs are:

 The bar graph helps to compare the different sets of data among different groups easily.
 It shows the relationship using two axes, in which the categories are on one axis and the discrete values
are on the other axis.
 The graph shows the major changes in data over time.

What Constitutes a Bar Graph?

Following are the many parts of a bar graph:

 Vertical axis
 Horizontal axis
 The bar graph’s title informs the reader of its purpose.
 The title of the horizontal axis indicates the information that is shown there.
 The title of the vertical axis indicates the data it is used to display.
 The categories on the particular axis indicate what each bar represents.
 The bar graph’s scale demonstrates how numbers are used in the data. It is a system of markings spaced at
specific intervals that aid in object measurement. For instance, the scale of a graph may be stated as 1 unit
= 10 fruits

Types of Bar Graphs

The bar graphs can be vertical or horizontal. The primary feature of any bar graph is its length or height. If the
length of the bar graph is more, then the values are greater than any given data.
Bar graphs normally show categorical and numeric variables arranged in class intervals. They consist of an axis and
a series of labelled horizontal or vertical bars. The bars represent frequencies of distinctive values of a variable or
commonly the distinct values themselves. The number of values on the x-axis of a bar graph or the y-axis of a
column graph is called the scale.

The types of bar charts are as follows:

1. Vertical bar chart

2. Horizontal bar chart
Even though the graph can be plotted using horizontally or vertically, the most usual type of bar graph used is the
vertical bar graph. The orientation of the x-axis and y-axis are changed depending on the type of vertical and
horizontal bar chart. Apart from the vertical and horizontal bar graph, the two different types of bar charts are:

 Grouped Bar Graph

 Stacked Bar Graph
Now, let us discuss the four different types of bar graphs.

Vertical Bar Graphs

When the grouped data are represented vertically in a graph or chart with the help of bars, where the bars denote
the measure of data, such graphs are called vertical bar graphs. The data is represented along the y-axis of the
graph, and the height of the bars shows the values.

Horizontal Bar Graphs

When the grouped data are represented horizontally in a chart with the help of bars, then such graphs are called
horizontal bar graphs, where the bars show the measure of data. The data is depicted here along the x-axis of the
graph, and the length of the bars denote the values.

Grouped Bar Graph

The grouped bar graph is also called the clustered bar graph, which is used to represent the discrete value for more
than one object that shares the same category. In this type of bar chart, the total number of instances are
combined into a single bar. In other words, a grouped bar graph is a type of bar graph in which different sets of
data items are compared. Here, a single colour is used to represent the specific series across the set. The grouped
bar graph can be represented using both vertical and horizontal bar charts.

Stacked Bar Graph

The stacked bar graph is also called the composite bar chart, which divides the aggregate into different parts. In
this type of bar graph, each part can be represented using different colours, which helps to easily identify the
different categories. The stacked bar chart requires specific labelling to show the different parts of the bar. In a
stacked bar graph, each bar represents the whole and each segment represents the different parts of the whole.

Properties of Bar Graph

Some of the important properties of a bar graph are as follows:

 All the bars should have a common base.

 Each column in the bar graph should have equal width.
 The height of the bar should correspond to the data value.
  The distance between each bar should be the same.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Bar Chart

Advantages:

 Bar graph summarises the large set of data in simple visual form.
 It displays each category of data in the frequency distribution.
 It clarifies the trend of data better than the table.
 It helps in estimating the key values at a glance.
Disadvantages:

 Sometimes, the bar graph fails to reveal the patterns, cause, effects, etc.
 It can be easily manipulated to yield fake information.
Examples of Bar Graphs

Here we will look at three different models of the types of bar graphs we discussed above. We will take the
problem statement and see how the graphs can represent the data given there.

1: Number of students passed in a test comprising of five different subjects.

 The graph used: Horizontal Bar Graph

 X-Axis: Number of students passed
 Y-Axis: Subjects (English, Maths, Science, History & Music)
2: Sales of five different furniture for the years 1993 & 1994.

 The Graph used: Grouped Bar Graph

 X-Axis: Furniture types (Bed, Chair, Desk, Sofa & Table)
 Y-Axis: Sales figures in USD
 Color-coding: Blue for the year 1993; Red for the year 1994
B) MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM

What is Multiple Bar Diagram?

Multiple bar diagram is identical to a regular bar graph with the exception that there are two or more bars in
each category, one for each subdivision. This diagram is created using the same method as a straightforward
bar chart with the exception that we use various tones, hues and/or dots to distinguish between various
phenomena. If the sum of various phenomena is meaningless, we often draw multiple bar charts.

Example of Multiple Bar Diagram: If we plot a country’s population over five years, we can create two bars,
one for the number of females and the other for the number of males, one for each year.

An illustration of a multiple bar diagram is shown below:

How to Draw Multiple Bar Diagram

Steps to draw a multiple bar diagram are as follows:

1. Step 1: On the x-axis, plot the categories.

2. Step 2: Draw a series of parallel bars for each category. Each bar in this example represents a specific
subcategory (like girl/boy).
3. Step 3: On the y-axis, the corresponding numerical values are plotted.
4. Step 4: The rectangles’ (or bars’) height (length) is determined proportionally to the magnitude of the
observations.
5. Step 5: Different colors should be used to differentiate between the various bars in a set. This
improves the diagram’s readability and aesthetic appeal.

Advantages of Multiple Bar Diagram

Multiple bar diagram advantages are as follows:

 o It can be applied to contrast two or more data points from a specific data set.
o No need to create two different diagrams.
o A single diagram contains information about two or more variables side by side.
o It looks visually appealing and is very simple to understand.

Disadvantages of Multiple Bar Diagram

Multiple bar diagram disadvantages are as follows:

o If the data contains too many subcategories or variables, it cannot be drawn. This is so that we can fit
as few bars as possible into a single diagram.

Difference Between Multiple Bar Diagram and Compound Bar Diagram

The difference between multiple bar diagram and compound bar diagram are shown below:

Multiple Bar Diagram Compound Bar Diagram

A multiple-bar diagram displays various sets of Multiple sets of data are combined into a
data as one or more columns. single chart in a compound bar diagram to
display it.

One or more columns or a multiple bar Compound bar diagrams combine all the
diagram may be used to display different sets data to display multiple sets of data in a
of data. single chart.

For examples: For examples:

We can make two bars. one showing the India produces a total amount of electricity,
literacy rate for men and another showing the which is divided up into thermal power,
literacy rate for women hydropower, etc.

Example 1: Create a multiple bar graph to show India’s imports and exports from 1991 to 1995.

Years Imports Exports

1991 7930 4260

1992 8850 5225

1993 9780 6150

1994 11720 7340

1995 12150 8145

Solution: The multiple bar graph of the given data is as follows:

Example 2: Draw a multiple bar diagram to show the production data for agriculture in the following table:

Production of agriculture (in tons)

Year Paddy Wheat Maize

2001 60 10 12

2002 30 20 10

2003 70 25 30

Solution: The multiple bar graph of the given data is as follows:

C) PIE DIAGRAM

Pie Chart

A pie chart is a pictorial representation of data in the form of a circular chart or pie where the slices of the pie show
the size of the data. A list of numerical variables along with categorical variables is needed to represent data in the
form of a pie chart. The arc length of each slice and consequently the area and central angle it forms in a pie chart
is proportional to the quantity it represents.
What is Pie Chart?

A pie chart is a type of a chart that visually displays data in a circular graph. It is one of the most commonly used
graphs to represent data using the attributes of circles, spheres, and angular data to represent real-world
information. The shape of a pie chart is circular where the pie represents the whole data and the slice out of the
pie represents the parts of the data and records it discretely.

Pie Chart Definition

A pie chart is a type of graph that records data in a circular manner that is further divided into sectors for
representing the data of that particular part out of the whole part. Each of these sectors or slices represents the
proportionate part of the whole. Pie charts, also commonly known as pie diagrams help in interpreting and
representing the data more clearly. It is also used to compare the given data.

Pie Chart Example

Let us look at the following example of the following pie chart that represents the ingredients used to prepare a
butter cake.

Example: The whole pie represents a value of 100. It is divided into 10 slices or sectors. The various colors
represent the ingredients used to prepare the cake. What would be the exact quantity of each of the ingredients
represented in specific colors in the following pie chart?
Solution: As we can see, the pie is divided into 10 slices or sectors. To calculate the exact amount of ingredients
that are added to the cake, we divide the whole sector's value, i.e., 100 by the number of sectors. So, 100 ÷ 10 = 10.
Hence, looking at the color divisions made in the pie chart we can conclude that:

Quantity of Flour 30
Quantity of Sugar 20

Quantity of Egg 40

Quantity of Butter 10

Pie Chart Formula

We know that the total value of the pie is always 100%. It is also known that a circle subtends an angle of 360°.
Hence, the total of all the data is equal to 360°. Based on these, there are two main formulas used in pie charts:
 To calculate the percentage of the given data, we use the formula: (Frequency ÷ Total Frequency) × 100
 To convert the data into degrees we use the formula: (Given Data ÷ Total value of Data) × 360°
We can work out the percentage for a given pie chart using the steps given below,
 Categorize the given data and calculate the total
 Divide the different categories
 Convert the data into percentages
 Calculate the degrees
Let us understand the above steps using an example.
Example: Observe the following pie chart that represents the money spent by Ana at the funfair. The indicated
color shows the amount spent on each category. The total value of the data is 20 and the amount spent on each
category is interpreted as follows:
 Ice Cream - 4
 Toffees - 4
 Popcorn - 2
 Rides - 10

To convert this into pie chart percentage, we apply the formula: (Frequency ÷ Total Frequency) × 100
Let us convert the above data into a percentage:
Amount spent on rides: (10/20)× 100 = 50%
Amount spent on toffees: (4/20)× 100 = 20%
Amount spent on popcorn: (2/20)× 100 = 10%
Amount spent on ice-cream: (4/20)× 100 = 20%
Example:
Observe the following pie chart that recommends a low-carb diet on a day.

We measure the angles of each slice. We get that Protein measures 180°, Carb measures 108°, and Fats measures
72°
To find the percentage, we divide each angle by 360 and multiply it by 100.
Protein = (180/360) × 100 = 50%
Carb = (108/360) × 100 = 30%
Fats = (72/360) × 100 = 20%

Uses of Pie Chart

Whenever some data has to be represented visually as a fractional part of a whole, we use pie charts. It is used to
compare the data and see why one is smaller/greater than the other. Therefore, when we are dealing with a
limited number of buckets and discrete data sets, it’s better to use a pie chart. Listed below are a few uses of a pie
chart:
 In a business, it is used to compare the growth areas such as profit and loss.
 In school, pie charts are used to show the time allotted to each section, the grades of students in a form of
percentages, etc.
 Pie charts are used in comparing the relative size of data of people owning the same vehicles, similar
houses, etc.
 They are used to represent the marketing and sales data for the comparison of brands.

Steps to Construct Pie Chart

We use the following steps to construct a pie chart and using the above-mentioned formulas, we can calculate the
data.
 Step 1: Write all the data into a table and add up all the values to get a total.
 Step 2: To find the values in the form of a percentage divide each value by the total and multiply by 100.
 Step 3: To find how many degrees for each pie sector we need, we take a full circle of 360° and use the
formula: (Frequency/Total Frequency) × 360°
 Step 4: Once all the degrees for creating a pie chart are calculated, draw a circle (pie chart) using the
calculated measurements with the help of a protractor.
Example: Construct a pie chart to visually display the favorite fruits of the students in a class based on the given
data: Mango - 45; Orange - 30; Plum - 15; Pineapple - 30; Melon - 30
Solution:
Step 1: Create a table with the values and get the total.

Mango 45

Orange 30

Plum 15

Pineapple 30

Melon 30

Total 150

Step 2: Find the percentage of each value:

Mango = (45/150) × 100 = 30%
Orange = (30/150) × 100 = 20%
Plum = (15/150) × 100 = 10%
Pineapple = (30/150) × 100 = 20%
Melon = (30/150) × 100 = 20%
Step 3: Finding the degree of each pie sector using the formula: (Given data/Total Value of data) × 360°

Category Formula Degree

Mango (45/150) × 360 108°

Orange (30/150) × 360 72°

Plum (15/150) × 360 36°

Pineapple (30/150) × 360 72°

Melon (30/150) × 360 72°

With all the above degrees, with the help of a protractor draw a pie chart. Thus, the pie chart looks like this:

Interpreting Pie Chart

To read or interpret a pie chart, we see if the given chart is given in percentages or without any value. If it is given
in percentages, the conversion is made accordingly and interpreted accordingly. Let us look at an example to
understand this better.
Example: The pie chart shown below shows the percentages of types of transportation used by 500 students to
come to school. With this given information, answer the following questions:
a) How many students come to school by bicycle?
b) How many students do not walk to school?
c) How many students come to school by bus and car?

Solution:
a) The students who come by bicycle = 25%; (25/100) × 500 = 25 × 5 = 125
b) The students who do not walk to school - We need to add the values of all the remaining means, i.e., bus + car +
bicycle = 26 + 32 + 25 = 83
Hence, (83/100) × 500 = 83 × 5 = 415 students do not walk to school.
c) The students who come by bus and car [(32 + 26)/100] × 500 = 58 × 5 = 290
Pie Chart Advantages

Given below are the advantages to a pie chart which are the reasons for the widespread application of pie charts in
different fields.
 A pie chart is a simple and easy-to-understand method to represent the data visually as a fractional part of
a whole.
 It provides an effective communication tool visually simpler than other types of graphs.
 Pie chart helps in data comparison for the audience at a glance to give an immediate analysis or to quickly
understand information due to widespread use in business and the media.

Pie Chart Disadvantages

There are few demerits in pie charts. These are as given below,
 A pie chart cannot show more than a few values without separating the visual encoding from the data they
represent, that is they are not very effective when the number of values in a data set increases.
 It does not easily reveal exact values in the data set.
 To show the changes in the data, many pie charts may be needed. It, therefore, fails to explain the causes,
effects, or patterns.
D) PICTOGRAM

Pictograph Definition
The pictograph is a method to represent the data using images. Each image in the pictograph represents certain
things. In other words, pictographs define the frequency of the data using images or symbols, which are relevant to
the data. The pictograph is extremely easy to understand, and it is one of the simplest ways to represent the
statistical data. In the pictograph, we use a key, which denotes the value of the symbol. While using symbols or
images, all the symbols should be of the same size.

Advantages of Using Pictographs

Some of the important advantages of using Pictographs are as follows:

 Pictographs are used to express large information in a simple manner.

 It is easy to read, as all the information is provided at one glance.
 It does not require more explanation, as it is universally used.
 It attracts the attention of the viewers or readers, as it has many attractive images.

How to Make a Pictograph?

The different steps to make a pictograph are given below:

Step 1: Collect the Data

The first step in making a pictograph is the collection of relevant information, which we want to represent. Once
the data is collected, make a table or a list of data.

Step 2: Select the Symbol or Images

To represent the data, pick any images/pictures or symbols. For example, if the data represents the rainfall for
different cities, make use of cloud images or some other images which are relevant to the data.

Step 3: Assign a Key

While representing the data using images, use a key, which denotes the value of the image. Because, if the
frequency of the data is too high, then one image is not enough to represent the data. Thus, the numerical value
called “key” is used, which should be written along with the pictograph.

Step 4: Draw the Pictograph

While making a pictograph, use two columns that represent the category and data. Finally, draw the pictograph
using symbols/images, which represents the frequency. In case, if the frequency is not a whole number, the
symbols can be drawn as fractions.

Step 5: Review the Data and Pictograph

Once the pictograph is drawn, make sure that the images exactly represent data as well as the labelling of the
pictograph.

Pictograph Examples
Let us consider an example, which will tell us how to interpret data using pictographs. In the given figure, the data
of 100 students has been collected, who like different colours. The data given was as follows:
The data above can be represented as a pictograph as follows:

Where,

As we can see that the given data becomes more visually appealing and easy to interpret. Suppose, a question was
asked, what is the difference between the students who like blue and red colours? By seeing the pictograph, we
can directly interpret that there is a difference of 3 STUDENT and 1 STUDENT is equal to 5 students. So, the
difference is of 15 students.

Consider another example in which the centimetre height of rainfall in different cities is given.

Let us draw a pictograph for the given data and try to interpret the given information.
Where each CLOUD represents 10 cm rainfall. Now, let us try to interpret some information from the above
pictograph.

1. Which city had maximum rainfall as per the given data?

Delhi reported maximum rainfall, as the number of CLOUD is maximum for Delhi and since each CLOUD
represents 10 cm rainfall, we have in total 12 CLOUD in Delhi, which means 120 cm of rainfall.

2. What is the sum of the total rainfall in all cities?

Total CLOUD in all cities are 42 and each CLOUD represents 10 cm of rainfall, so the sum total of rainfall in all cities
is 420 cm.
Q.5 Mention the guidelines for making the diagram?

General Rules for Making Diagrams

A diagrammatic presentation is a simple and effective method of presenting the information contained in
statistical data. The construction of a diagram is an art, which can be acquired only through practice.
However, the following rules should be observed, in their construction, to make them more effective and
useful.

1. Appropriate title and foot note: Every diagram must have a suitable title written at its top.The title
should be able to convey the subject matter in brief and unambiguous manner.The details about the title, if
necessary, should be provided below the diagram in the form of a footnote.
2. Attractive presentation: A diagram should be constructed in such a way that it has an immediate impact
on the viewer. It should be neatly drawn, and an appropriate proportion should be maintained between its
length and breadth. The size of the diagram should neither be too big nor too small. Different aspects of the
problem may be emphasised by using various shades or colours.
3. Accuracy: Diagrams should be drawn accurately by using proper scales of measurements.Accuracy
should not be compromised to attractiveness.
4. Selection of an appropriate diagram: There are various types of geometrical figures and pictures
which can be used to present statistical data.
5. Index: When a diagram depicts various characteristics distinguished by various shades and colours, an
index explaining these should be given for clear identification and understanding.
6. Source-Note: As in case of tabular presentation, the source of data must also be indicated if the data
have been acquired from some secondary source.
7. Simplicity: As far as possible, the constructed diagram should be simple so that even a layman can
understand it without any difficulty

Choice of a suitable diagram

Diagrammatic presentation of data can be done in various ways. The choice of a suitable diagrams a
practical problem and should be done in the light of the following considerations:

1. The nature of data

2. Purpose of the diagram
3. The calibre of the persons to whom the information is to be communicated.

The choice of a suitable diagram depends upon the nature of the given data. It may be recalled that two or
three-dimensional diagrams are more appropriate if there are large variations in the magnitudes of
observations. Many a times, the purpose of drawing a diagram may also give a clue to its choice. For
example, if it is desired to indicate the comparison of values relating to different situations, bar diagrams
will be most suitable. Further, if one wishes to indicate various components of a characteristics, sub-
 divided bar diagrams can be used. The relative importance of various components can be shown by using
percentage sub-divided bar diagram. When the number of components become very large, i.e., more than
three or four, circular diagrams are preferred because bar diagrams look more crowded. If the statistical
data consists of a series of observations with different components for each observation, percentage sub-
divided bar diagramsare more suitable than the circular diagrams.

Before the choice of a suitable diagram, it is very necessary to know the level of education of the person for
whom the diagram is to be suitable. Further, if the data are related to different geographical areas, the
cartograms may be the most appropriate drawn. For persons with little knowledge of statistics, the
pictograms or cartograms may be more choice.