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Section 1

The document discusses electromagnetic fields and vector operations. It defines scalars as having magnitude only, while vectors have both magnitude and direction. Vectors can be represented in Cartesian coordinates and have components in the x, y, and z directions. Vector addition and subtraction are defined as the summation of corresponding components. The dot product yields a scalar that represents the magnitude of vectors and their angle, while the cross product yields a vector that is perpendicular to the two input vectors. Examples are provided to demonstrate finding the angle between vectors using dot and cross products, determining the unit vector between two points, and finding the unit vector perpendicular to two given vectors.

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73 views3 pages

Section 1

The document discusses electromagnetic fields and vector operations. It defines scalars as having magnitude only, while vectors have both magnitude and direction. Vectors can be represented in Cartesian coordinates and have components in the x, y, and z directions. Vector addition and subtraction are defined as the summation of corresponding components. The dot product yields a scalar that represents the magnitude of vectors and their angle, while the cross product yields a vector that is perpendicular to the two input vectors. Examples are provided to demonstrate finding the angle between vectors using dot and cross products, determining the unit vector between two points, and finding the unit vector perpendicular to two given vectors.

Uploaded by

ahmed waheed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electromagnetic Fields

Section 1

1-Scalars and vectors:

a) A Scalar quantity has magnitude only such as time t, Length L, Volt V.


b) A vector has magnitude and direction such as Force 𝐹⃗ , Electric or magnetic Field 𝐸⃗⃗.

2-Co-ordinate Systems:

a) The Cartesian Co-ordinate System:

 Points are represented by three coordinates (x, y,z)

 Vectors have also three components for example 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝑥 𝑎̂𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝑎̂𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝑎̂𝑧

 To get the magnitude of the vector 𝐴⃗ = √𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑦 + 𝐴2𝑧


3-Mathematical operations on Vectors:
a) Addition and Subtraction:

𝐴⃗ + 𝐵
⃗⃗ = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 )𝑎̂𝑥 + (𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 )𝑎̂𝑦 + (𝐴𝑧 + 𝐵𝑧 )𝑎̂𝑧
𝐴⃗ − 𝐵
⃗⃗ = (𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵𝑥 )𝑎̂𝑥 + (𝐴𝑦 − 𝐵𝑦 )𝑎̂𝑦 + (𝐴𝑧 − 𝐵𝑧 )𝑎̂𝑧

b) Dot Product (Scalar product):

𝐴⃗. 𝐵
⃗⃗ = |𝐴⃗||𝐵
⃗⃗| 𝐶𝑂𝑆 𝜃𝐴𝐵 = (𝐴𝑥 . 𝐵𝑥 ) + (𝐴𝑦 . 𝐵𝑦 ) + (𝐴𝑧 . 𝐵𝑧 )

c) Cross Product (Vector product):


𝑎̂𝑥 𝑎̂𝑦 𝑎̂
𝐴⃗ 𝑋 𝐵
⃗⃗ = |𝐴⃗||𝐵
⃗⃗| 𝑆𝐼𝑁 𝜃𝐴𝐵 𝑎̂𝑁 = |𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 ⃗⃗ 𝑋 𝐴
𝐴𝑧 | = -𝐵
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧

Sheet 1
Ex 1: - Find the angle between A= 10 ay + 2az, B = - 4ay+0.5 az, using both the dot product and
cross product.

Sol

|𝐴⃗| = √𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑦 + 𝐴2𝑧 = √(10)2 + (2)2 = 2√26

⃗⃗|√𝐵𝑥2 + 𝐵𝑦2 + 𝐵𝑧2 = √(−4)2 + (0.5)2 = 4.03


|𝐵

Using dot product:

𝐴⃗. 𝐵
⃗⃗ = |𝐴⃗||𝐵
⃗⃗| 𝐶𝑂𝑆 𝜃𝐴𝐵 = (𝐴𝑥 . 𝐵𝑥 ) + (𝐴𝑦 . 𝐵𝑦 ) + (𝐴𝑧 . 𝐵𝑧 )

= 2√26 x 4.03 x 𝐶𝑂𝑆 𝜃𝐴𝐵 = (10 * -4) + (2*0.5)=-39

‫ = 𝐵𝐴𝜃 ؞‬161.60

Using Cross product:

𝑎̂𝑥 𝑎̂𝑦 ̂
𝑎
̂𝑧
𝐴⃗ 𝑋 𝐵
⃗⃗ = |𝐴⃗||𝐵
⃗⃗| 𝑆𝐼𝑁 𝜃𝐴𝐵 𝑎̂𝑁 = |𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧 |
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧
𝑎̂𝑥 𝑎̂𝑦 𝑎̂𝑧
= 2√26 x 4.03 x 𝑆𝐼𝑁 𝜃𝐴𝐵 𝑎̂𝑁 =| 0 10 2|
0 −4 0.5
=(10* 0.5-2*-4)𝑎̂𝑥 − (0 ∗ 0.5 − 0 ∗ 2) 𝑎̂𝑦 +(0*-4-0*-2) 𝑎̂𝑧 =13𝑎̂𝑥

2√26 x 4.03 x 𝑆𝐼𝑁 𝜃𝐴𝐵 =13 ‫ = 𝐵𝐴𝜃 ؞‬18.40 𝑜𝑟 ‫ = 𝐵𝐴𝜃 ؞‬1800 − 18.40 = 161.60

Ex2: Find the unit vector directed from (2, -5, -2) toward (14, -5, 3).
Sol
Vector from point(2,-5,-2) to (14,-5,3):

𝐴⃗ = (14 − 2) 𝑎̂𝑥 + (−5 − (−5)) ̂𝑎𝑦 + (3 − (−2)) 𝑎̂𝑧 =12 𝑎̂𝑥 + 5 𝑎̂𝑧

Unit vector from point(2,-5,-2) to (14,-5,3):


𝐴⃗ 12 𝑎̂𝑥+5 𝑎̂𝑧 12 5
𝑎⃗ = |𝐴⃗|= =13 𝑎̂𝑥 + 13 ̂𝑎𝑧
√(12)2 +(5)2

Ex 5: Determine the unite vector perpendicular to both 3ax+ay-2az and 4ax+3ay.


Sol
The vector perpendicular to both vectors=

𝑎̂𝑥 𝑎̂𝑦 ̂
𝑎
̂𝑧 𝑎̂𝑥 𝑎̂𝑦 ̂
𝑎
̂𝑧
𝐴⃗ 𝑋 𝐵
⃗⃗ = |𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧 | = | 3 1 −2| = 6 𝑎̂𝑥 − 8𝑎̂𝑦 + 5 𝑎̂𝑧 = 𝐶⃗
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧 4 3 0

‫؞‬The unit vector perpendicular to both vectors=


6 𝑎̂𝑥−8𝑎̂𝑦 +5 𝑎̂𝑧 6 𝑎̂𝑥−8𝑎̂𝑦 +5 𝑎̂𝑧
𝑐̂= =
√(6)2 +(−8)2 +(5)2 5√5

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