EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

V.S.B ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KARUR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

EC 8691- MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER

QUESTION BANK

UNIT-I

THE 8086 MICROPROCESSOR

1. Define stack pointer (April/May-2018)

A stack pointer is a small register that stores the address of the last program request in
a stack. A stack is a specialized buffer which stores data from the top down. As new requests
come in, they "push down" the older ones.

2. List the various addressing modes of 8086 (April/May-2018)

 Immediate eg: Mov AX,0005H.

 Direct eg:Mov AX,[5000H].
 Register eg:Mov BX,AX.
 Register Indirect eg:Mov AX,[Bx].
 Indexed eg:Mov AX,[SI].
 Register Relative eg:Mov AX,50H[BX].
 Based Indexed eg:Mov AX,[Bx] [SI].
 Relative Based Indexed eg: Mov AX,50H [BX] [SI].

3. List the modes of operations in 8086. (Nov/Dec-2017)

 Maximum mode
 Minimum mode

4. Define Macros. (Nov/Dec-2017)

A number of instructions appearing again & again in the main program can be
assigned as a macro definition (i.e.) a label is assigned to the repeatedly appearing string of
instructions. The process of assigning a label or macro name to the string is called defining a
macro. A macro within a macro is called a nested macro.

6. Define stack register. (April/May-2017)

Stack register is also called as stack pointer and it is a register which holds the 16 bit offset
from the start of the segment to the top of the stack.

7. List the flags of 8086 microprocessor. (Nov/Dec-2016)(April/May-2016)

B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B9 B8 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0
5 4 3 2 1 0
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

U U U U OF DF IF TF SF ZF U AF U PF U CF

U: Undefined; CF : Carry flag - Set by carry out of MSB

PF: Parity flag- set if result has even parity; AF : Auxiliary carry flag - used for BCD
operation; ZF : Zero flag - set if result = 0; SF : Sign flag - set if result is –ve.
TF : Trap flag - set to enable single step execution mode. IF: Interrupt flag- set to enable
interrupt ;DF : Direction flag - set to enable auto decrement mode for string operation ;OF:
Overflow flag - used for signed arithmetic operation

8. List the segment registers of 8086. (Nov/Dec-2016)

There are four segment registers in 8086.They are

i. Code Segment register (CS)

ii. Data Segment register (DS)

iii. Extra Segment register (ES)

iv. Stack Segment register (SS)

9. Define stack. (April/May-2016)

A stack pointer is a small register that stores the address of the last program request in
a stack. A stack is a specialized buffer which stores data from the top down. As new requests
come in, they "push down" the older ones.

10. List the various types of interrupts supported in 8086. (April/May-2015)

Interrupts in 8086 are classified into three. They are:

 Pre defined interrupt
Type 0 to Type 4 interrupts.
 Hardware interrupt
Mask able interrupt and Non Mask able interrupt
 Software interrupt(INT n)
256 types of software interrupt.
11. What is the need of interrupts in microprocessor operations? (Nov/Dec-2018)
Interrupts are signals sent to the CPU by external devices, normally I/O devices. They
tell the CPU to stop its current activities and execute the appropriate part of the operating
system. Hardware Interrupts are generated by hardware devices to signal that they need some
attention from the OS.

12. What is meant by byte and string manipulation? (Nov/Dec-2018)

String is a series of data byte or word available in memory at consecutive locations. It
is either referred as byte string or word string. Their memory is always allocated in a
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

sequential order. Instructions used to manipulate strings are called string

manipulation instructions. The string instructions of the 8086 permit a programmer to
implement operations such as to move data from one block of memory to a block elsewhere
in memory. A second type of operation that is easily performed is to scan a string and data
elements stored in memory looking for a specific value.

13. What are the types of instruction sets of 8086 microprocessor?

There are eight types of instructions. They are
 Data copy/Transfer instructions
 Arithmetic & Logical instructions
 Branch instructions
 Loop instructions
 Machine control instructions
 Flag manipulation instructions
 Shift & rotate instructions
 String instructions

14. What are flag manipulation instructions?

The instructions that directly modify the flags of 8086 are called as the flag
manipulation instructions. E.g.: CLC --- clear carry flag, CMC --- complement carry
flag, STC --- set carry flag , CLD --- clear direction flag

15. Explain the instructions LODS & STOS.

a)LODS: Load String Byte or String Word
 The LODS instruction loads the AL/AX register by the content of a string
pointed to by DS: SI registers pair.
 The SI is modified automatically depending on direction flag. If it is a byte
transfer (LODSB), the SI is modified by one & if it is a word transfer
(LODSW), the SI is modified by two.
 No other flags are affected by this instruction.
b)STOS: Store String Byte or String Word
 The STOS instruction stores the AL/AX register contents to a location in the
string pointed by ES: DI register pair.
 The DI is modified accordingly.
No flags are modified by this instruction.

16. Define control transfer instruction & explain their types.

The instructions that transfer the flow of execution of the program to a new address
specified in the instruction directly or indirectly are called the control transfer or branching
instructions.
They are of two types.

Unconditional control transfer instructions: In these types of instructions, the execution

control is transferred to the specified location independent of any status or condition.

Conditional control transfer instructions: In these instructions, The control is transferred to

the specified location provided the result of the previous operation satisfies a particular
condition, otherwise, the execution continues in normal flow sequence.
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

17. What are assembler directives? Give example.

The assembler is a program used to convert an assembly language program into the
equivalent machine code modules that may be further converted to executable codes.
Therefore the hints given to the assembler to complete all these tasks in some predefined
alphabetical strings is called an assembler directive. E.g.: DB------define byte, END----end of
program, EQU-----equate

18. What is the function of parity flag? (Nov 2013)

The parity flag is set, if the result of the byte operation or lower byte of the word
operation contains an even number of ones.

19. Which interrupt has got the highest priority among all the external interrupts?

The Non-Maskable Interrupt pin of 8086 has got the highest priority among the
external Interrupts.

20. What do you mean by instruction pipelining?

While the execution unit executes the previously decoded instruction, the Bus
Interface Unit fetches the next instruction and places it in the pre fetched instruction byte
queue. This forms a pipeline.

21. What is the use of the Trap flag in the flag register of 8086?

When the Trap flag is set, the processor enters the single step execution mode. A trap
interrupt is generated after execution of each instruction. The processor executes the current
instruction and the control is transferred to the Trap interrupt service routine.

22. List the instruction formats in 8086 instruction set.

There are six general formats of instruction in 8086.They are

 One byte instruction.

 Register to Register.
 Register to/from Memory with no Displacement.
 Register to/from memory with Displacement.
 Immediate operand to Register.
Immediate operand to Memory with 16-bit Displacement.

23. Give the operation of CBW and TEST instructions of 8086? (Nov 2013)

CBW instruction converts the byte in AL to word value in AX by extending the sign of
AL throughout the register AH. TEST instruction performs logical AND operation of the two
operands updating the flag registers without saving the result
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

24. What do you mean by addressing modes? (May 2014)

The addressing modes clearly specify the location of the operand and also how its
location may be determined.

25. How is the physical address generated in 8086? (or) How 16 bit address is converted
into 20 bit address in 8086? (Nov 2013) (Apr/May 2017)

The content of the segment register called as segment address is shifted Left bit-wise four
times and to this result, content of an offset register also called as offset address is added, to
produce a 20-bit physical address.
eg: segment address 1005H
Offset address 5555H
Segment address 0001 0000 0000 0101
Shifted by 4 bit positions 0001 0000 0000 0101 0000
+
Offset address 0101 0101 0101 0101
Physical address 0001 0101 0101 1010 0101
1 5 5 A 5

26. What are intersegment and intra segment modes of addressing?

For control transfer instructions, if the location to which the control is transferred lies in a
different segment other than the current one, the mode is called intersegment mode.

If the destination location lies in the same segment, the mode is called intra segment mode.

27. Explain XLAT instruction.

 The XLAT (Translate) instruction replaces a byte in the AL register with a byte
from a 256-byte, user coded translation table.
XLAT is useful for translating characters from one code to another like ASCII to EBCDIC
and ASCII to HEX etc.

28. Explain the function of TEST pin in 8086

This input is examined by a “WAIT” instruction. When the processor executes WAIT
instruction, it enters into wait state (Idle state). If the TEST pin goes low, the processor will
come out from the idle state and continues the execution; otherwise it remains in an idle
state.

29. What is meant by a vectored interrupt? (May 2014)

There is an interrupt vector table which stores the information regarding the location
of interrupt service routine (ISR) of various interrupt. Whenever an interrupt occurs the
memory location of ISR is determined using the vector table and the program control
branches to ISR after saving the flags and the program location.
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

30. What are control transfer instructions?

These instructions transfer control to some predefined address specified in the

instruction after their execution. Eg: CALL, INT, RET & JUMP instructions.

31. What are the advantages of the segmented memory scheme in 8086?

The following are the advantages of the segmented memory scheme

 Allows the memory capacity to be 1 Mbytes although the actual addresses to

be handled are of 16-bit size.
 Allows the placing of code, data and stack portions of the same program in
different parts of memory, for data and code protection.

PART-B

1. Draw and explain the architecture of 8086 with neat diagram. (April/May-
2018)(Nov/Dec-2017)

2. Explain in detail about interrupt and interrupt service routine s in 8086. (April/May-
2018)(Nov/Dec-2017)

3. Write short notes on assembler directives. (Nov/Dec-2016)

4. Explain the various addressing modes of 8086 microprocessor with suitable diagram.
(Nov/Dec-2016).

5. Explain the data transfer , arithmetic and branch instructions with examples. (April/May-
2016)

6. Write an ALP to find the sum of numbers in an array of 10 elements. (April/May-2016)

7. Write an ALP to convert BCD data to binary data. (April/May-2015)

8 (i). Explain about the Assume, EQU, DD assemble r directives.

(ii). Explain briefly about Interrupt handling process in 8086. (April/May-2015)

9. Explain the memory concepts of Intel 8086 and explain how data transfer takes place.

10. i) Write an 8086 ALP to sort out any given ten numbers in ascending and descending
order. (Nov 2013)

ii) Give the functions of NMI, BHE and TEST pins of 8086. (4) (Nov 2013)
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

UNIT-II

8086 SYSTEM BUS ARCHITECTURE

PART-A

1. List two difference between maximum mode and minimum mode configuration of
8086 (April/May-2018)

Maximum mode Minimum mode

When MN/MX (bar) is low 8086 is in When MN/MX (bar) is high 8086 is in minimum
maximum mode. mode.

In maximum mode 8086 generates QS1, In minimum mode 8086 generates INTA (bar),
QS0, S0 (bar), S1 (bar), S2 (bar), LOCK ALE, DEN (bar), DT/R (bar), M/IO (bar),
(bar), RQ (bar), GT1, RQ (bar)/GT0 HLDA, HOLD and WR (bar), control signals.
control signals.

So clearly there are multiple processes in There is only one processor in the system
the system. minimum mode.

In maximum mode interfacing, In minimum mode no interfacing or master/slave

master/slave and multiplexing and signal is required.
several such control signals are required.

In maximum mode a bus controller is In maximum mode direct RD WR signals can be

required to produce control signals. This used. No bus controller required. A simple de-
bus controller produces MEMRDC, multiplexing would do the job of producing the
MEMWRC, IOWRC, ALE, DEN, DT/R control signals. The de-multiplexer produces
control signals. MEMRD, MEMWR, IORD, IOWR control
signals.

2. What is meant by multiprogramming? (April/May-2018). (April/May-2017).

Multitasking has the same meaning of multiprogramming but in a more general sense, as it
refers to having multiple (programs, processes, tasks, threads) running at the same time. This
term is used in modern operating systems when multiple tasks share a common processing
resource (e.g., CPU and Memory). Multiprogramming is a rudimentary form of parallel
processing in which several programs are run at the same time on a uniprocessor. Since there
is only one processor, there can be no true simultaneous execution of different programs.

3. What is the need of the LOCK signal? (Nov/Dec-2017)

It indicates to another system bus master, not to gain control of the system bus while LOCK
is active Low. The LOCK signal is activated by the "LOCK" prefix instruction and remains
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

active until the completion of the instruction. This signal is active Low and floats to tri-state
OFF during 'hold acknowledge.

4. Write some examples for advanced processors. (Nov/Dec-2017)(April/May-2017)

 ARM Processor
 AMD Processor
 SHARC processor.

5. What is meant by loosely coupled configuration? (May 2014) (Apr/May 2016)

In a loosely coupled multiprocessor system each CPU has its own bus control logic
and bus arbitration is resolved by extending this logic and adding external logic that is
common to all the modules.

6. What is a Floating point Coprocessor? (Nov 2013)

The floating point coprocessor uses real data types or floating point types of the
following format: Real data X=±2exp×mantissa, which may vary from extremely small to
extremely large values.

7. What is co-processor? (Nov 2013)

The 8086/8088 must be supplemented with co-processors that extend the instruction
set to allow the necessary special computations to be accomplished more efficiently. Eg:
8087 Numeric Data Processor.

8. Define bus (Nov/Dec-2016)

The system bus is a pathway composed of cables and connectors used to carry data
between a computer microprocessor and the main memory. The busprovides a
communication path for the data and control signals moving between the major components
of the computer system.

9. Differentiate external and internal buses. (April/May-2016).

The internal data bus is the one responsible for transferring the data between the data
registers and each other or between the data registers and the CPU. The external data bus
transfers the data between the internal registers and the external memory or directly to the
output.

10. Compare closely coupled and loosely coupled configurations. (April/May-2016)

Closely coupled Loosely coupled

It perform better and Less expensive

size is small when
compared
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

More expensive Here single standalone processor is used

connected via interconnected network

It contains multiple Data rate is low.

CPUs

Data rate is high Data rate is low.

11. Define bus. Why bus request and cycle stealing are required? (April/May-2015)

Bus is a group of parallel conductors which carries data, address and control signals
from one unit to another unit. Bus request and Cycle stealing are required to access the RAM
without interfering with the CPU. It is similar to DMA for allowing I/O controllers to read or
write RAM without CPU intervention.

12. Draw the read cycle timing diagram for minimum mode. (April/May-2015)

13.Define system bus? (Nov/Dec-2018)

The system bus is a pathway composed of cables and connectors used to carry data
between a computer microprocessor and the main memory. The bus provides a
communication path for the data and control signals moving between the major components
of the computer system.

14. When co-processor is used? (Nov/Dec-2018)

A coprocessor is a computer processor used to supplement the functions of the

primary processor (the CPU). It is used to perform Operations such as floating point
arithmetic, graphics, signal processing, string processing, cryptography or I/O interfacing
with peripheral devices.

15. What is meant by multiprocessor system?

If a microprocessor system contains two or more components that can execute

instructions independently then the system is called as multiprocessor system.

16. What is closely coupled configuration?

If the processor supporting processor, clock generator, bus control logic, memory and I/O
System, communicate shared memory then it is called closely coupled system.
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

17. What the advantages are of loosely coupled?

 Better system throughput by having more than one processor.
 A greater degree of parallel processing can be achieved.
 System structure is more flexible.
A failure in one module does not cause any breakdown of the system.
18. What is meant by cross bar switch?
If the number of buses in a common bus system is increased, a point is reached at which there
is a separate path available for each memory module. This interconnection is called as
crossbar switch.
19. What is meant by memory contention & hot spot contention?
 A memory module can handle only one access request at a time. Hence when several
processors request the same memory module it gives rise to memory contention.
 When several processors repeatedly across the same memory location, it gives rise to
hot spot contention
20. Name some techniques for reducing contentions
 Local memories.
 Better interconnection network.
 Cache memory.
 Memory Allocation.
21. What is meant by bus arbitration?
The mechanism which decides the selection of current master to access bus is known as bus
arbitration.
22. What are the advantages of Daisy Chaining?
 It is simple and cheaper method
 It requires the least number of lines and this number is independent of the number of
masters in the system.
23. What is meant by bus arbitration?
The mechanism which decides the selection of current master to access bus ia called bus
arbitration
24. What is meant by Numeric processor?
The numeric processor 8087 is a coprocessor which has been specially designed to work
under the control of the processor 8086 and to support additional numeric processing
capabilities.
25. On which data types can memory operands operate?
1. Word integer, 2.Short integer, 3.Long integer, 4.Packed BCD, 5.Short real, 6Long Real
7. Temporary real

26. What is the use of TC STOP Mode?

If the TC Stop bit is set the channel is disabled after the TC output goes high, thus
automatically preventing further DMA Operation on that channel.

27. What are advantages of coprocessor? (May 2014)

The co-processors & supplementary processors which can fetch operands & execute
it. It can read CPU status & queue status, make bus and interrupt request, receive reset &
ready signals, receive bus grants, maintain an instruction queue decode the external op code..
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

PART-B

1. Discuss the maximum mode configurations of 8086 with neat diagram. Mention the
functions of each signals. (April/May-2018)

2. Discuss the multiprocessor configuration of 8086. (April/May-2018) (Nov/Dec-2016)

3. Explain the system bus structure of 8086. Draw the timing diagram for interrupt
acknowledgement cycle. (Nov/Dec-2017)

4. Explain loosely coupled configuration with neat diagram. (Nov/Dec-2017)

5. Explain closely coupled configuration with neat diagrams.

6. Explain in detail about the system bus timing of 8086/8088. (Nov/Dec-2016).

7. Explain the following (April/May-2016)

(i) Multiprocessor system (iii) multiprogramming

(ii) Co-Processor (iv) semaphore

8. Write and ALP to check whether the given string I palindrome or not. (April/May-2015)

PART-C

1. Develop 8086 based system with 128 RAM and 4K ROM, to display the word HAPPY for
every 2ms in the common anode seven segment LED display. Explain the delay timings.
(Nov/Dec-2017).
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

UNIT-III

I/O INTERFACING

PART-A

1. Name the Command word to set bit PC, using BSR mode.

0 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

D6,D5,D4 – Don’t Care

D3,D2,D1- Bit Select

Do- Bit set. Reset

2. Why the 8255A is designed so that only the bits in PORT C can be set/reset?

Since the pins are designed to activate for selecting Port A and Port B.

3. What is key bouncing? (Apr/May 2016)

When a key is pressed the contact bounce back and forth and settle down only after a small
time delay (about 20ms). Even though a key is actuated once, it will appear to have been
actuated several times. This problem is called Key Bouncing

4. What is the use of BSR mode in 8255

It is used for setting and Reset the Bits

5. List the advantages and disadvantages of parallel communication over serial

communication. (Apr/May 2016)

For transferring data between computers, laptops two methods are used, namely, Serial
Transmission and Parallel Transmission. There are some similarities and dissimilarities
between them. One of the primary differences is that; in Serial Transmission data is sent bit
by bit whereas, in Parallel Transmission a byte (8 bits) or character is sent.

6. How many I/O devices with a word length of 1 bit can be connected to 8255 PPI

8 I/O devices can be connected to 8255 PPI

7. How does 8255 PPI discriminate between the memory section data and I/O section
data

The 8255 PPI discriminate between memory section data and I/O Section by use of the
Address lines and by use of the decoder.
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

8. What is the function of STB and OBF signal in the 8255 when programmed for mode
–1 operation?

The input device activates this signal to indicate CPU that the data to be read is already sent
on the port lines of 8255 port.

9. Name the major block of 8259 Programmable Interrupt Controller.

The major blocks are1.Interrupt service register , 2.Priority resolver, 3.Interrrupt

Request Register, 4.Interrupt Mask Register

10. What are the modes of operation of 8259 Interrupt Controller?

1. Fully Nested Mode, 2.Special Fully Mode, 3.Rotating Priority Mode, 4.Special masked
Mode, 5.Polled Mode.

11. What is the maximum number of devices that can be connected to interrupt mode

We can connect 8 Devices in the interrupt mode

12. Mention the function of SP/EN signal in the 8259 PIC.

With the help of SP/EN signal it can either be operated in Master mode and Salve Mode

13. Why CAS2-CAS0 lines on 8259 PIC are bi-directional?

CAS2-CAs0 is used for selecting one of the possible slaves that can be connected.

14. What is the use of address enable (AEN) pin of 8257 DMA Controller?

ALE is used to differentiate between the Address and Data Signals

15. What is the use of the READY input of the DMA controller?

When the READY PIN is high the data connected to the external devices can be activated.

16. What is the purpose of the IC 8257?

IC 8257 is used for transferring the data from memory to the CPU

17. What are TC and MARK signal in a DMA controller?

TC is used for denoting that Terminal count of the data has been reached.

MARK is used to indicate the frames that can be sent

18. List the four possible modes of operation in 8237 DMA controller.

1.Rotating Priority Mode, 2.Fixed Priority Mode, 3.Extended Write Mode, 4.TC Stop Mode

5.Auto Load Mode

EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

19. What is an USART?

Universal Synchronous and asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter is used for transmitting
and Receiving data

20. What are the operating modes of 8255? (Nov/Dec 2013)

Mode-0, Mode-1 and Mode-2.

21. List the features of Memory Mapped I/O. (May/Jun 2014)

 The device registers can be accessed and manipulated with any instruction or
addressing mode.
The maximum number of available memory locations is reduced.

22. What is bus stealing? (Nov/Dec 2013)

During DMA data transfer, the I/O component connected to the system bus is given control
of the system bus for a bus cycle. This is called bus stealing or cycle stealing.

23. What are the advantages of Programmable Interval Timer/Counter IC? (May/Jun
2014)

 Interrupt a time sharing operating system at evenly spaced intervals.

 Output precisely timed signals with programmed period to an I/O device.
 Count the number of times an event occurs in an external experiment.
Cause the processor to be interrupted after a programmable number of external events have
occurred.

24. Give the Various modes and Applications of 8254. (May/Jun 2015)(Apr/May 2018)

 MODE 0 : Interrupt on terminal Count ( can be used as Interrupt).

 MODE 1 : Hardware re trigger able One shot (For generating One shot Pulse)
 MODE 2 : Rate Generator ( The mode is used to generate a pulse equal to
given clock period at a given interval.)
 MODE 3: Square wave generator ( For generating continuous square wave)
 MODE 4: Software triggered strobe ( To trigger after a specific count)
 MODE 5: Hardware triggered strobe ( To Trigger by a hardware event)
25. Draw the format of read back command register of 8254. (Apr/May 2017)
This register is accessed when lines A0 & A1 are at logic 1. It is used to write a command
word, which specifies the counter to be used, its mode, and either a read or write operation.
Following table shows the result for various control inputs.
A1 A0 RD WR CS Result

0 0 1 0 0 Write Counter 0

0 1 1 0 0 Write Counter 1

1 0 1 0 0 Write Counter 2
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

1 1 1 0 0 Write Control Word

0 0 0 1 0 Read Counter 0

0 1 0 1 0 Read Counter 1

1 0 0 1 0 Read Counter 2

1 1 0 1 0 No operation

X X 1 1 0 No operation

X X X X 1 No operation

26. What is meant by Direct Memory Access?

Direct Memory Access (DMA) is a capability provided by some computer bus architectures
that allows data to be sent directly from an attached device (such as a disk drive) to the
memory on the allows data to be sent directly from an attached device (such as a disk drive)
to the memory on the computer's motherboard. The microprocessor is freed from
involvement with the data transfer, thus speeding up the overall computer.

27. What is meant by control register?

A control register is a processor register which changes or controls the general behavior of
a CPU or other digital device. Common tasks performed by control registers include
interrupt control, switching the addressing mode, paging control, and coprocessor control.

28. What are the differences between LED display and LCD display?(Nov/Dec 2018)

LED LED
PN-Junction device which discharge visible PN-Junction device which discharge visible
lights when an electrical charge passes lights when an electrical charge passes
through it. through it.

No backlight No backlight

High Resolution High Resolution

Small display area Small display area

29. Write a 16 bit delay program in 8086 (Apr/May 2018)

LOOP1: MOV DI, 01ADH
LOOP: MOV BP, FFFFH
NOP
NOP
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

NOP
DEC BP
JNZ LOOP1
DEC DI
JNZ LOOP

30. What are the handshake signals used in Mode – 2 configuration of 8255? (Nov/Dec
2017)
Only port A can be initialized in this mode. Port A can be used for bidirectional
handshake data transfer. This means that data can be input or output on the same eight lines
(PA0 - PA7). Pins PC3 - PC7 are used as handshake lines for port A. The remaining pins of
port C (PC0 - PC2) can be used as input/output lines if group B is initialized in mode 0 or as
handshaking for port B if group B is initialized in mode 1. In this mode, the 8255 may be
used to extend the system bus to a slave microprocessor or to transfer data bytes to and from
a floppy disk controller. Acknowledgement and handshaking signals are provided to maintain
proper data flow and synchronization between the data transmitter and receiver.

31. How DMA operation is performed with 8086. (Nov/Dec 2017)

The 8086 microprocessor receives bus requests through its HOLD pin and issues grants from
the hold acknowledge (HLDA) pin. A request is made when a potential master sends a 1 to
the HOLD pin. Normally, after the current bus cycle is complete the 8086 will respond by
putting a 1 on the HLDA pin. When the requesting device receives this grant signal it
becomes the master. It will remain master until it drops the signal to the HOLD pin, at which
time the 8086 will drop the grant on the HLDA pin.

32. Why is memory interfacing required?(Nov/Dec 2018)

While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to
access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in
the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory. Memory requires some
signals to read from and write to registers.

PART-B

1. Draw the block diagram and explain the concepts of USART. (April/May-2018)

2. Explain in detail about DMA controller. (April/May-2018)(April/May-2017)

3. Draw and explain the functional diagram of 8251. (Nov/dec-2017)

4. Draw and explain the functional diagram of keyboard and display controller. (Nov/Dec-
2017)

5. Draw and explain the functional diagram of parallel communication interfacing chip.
(April/May-2017)

6. Explain the procedure of interfacing D/A and A/D converter circuit. (Nov/Dec-2016)

7. Explain in detail about alarm controller. (April/May-2016)

EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

8. (i) Draw the block diagram of traffic light control system using 8086. (April/My-2015)

(ii). Write the algorithm and assembly language program for traffic light control system.

PART-C

1. Draw the block diagram of traffic light control system using 8086 Write the algorithm and
ALP for traffic control system.
 EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

UNIT-IV

PART-A

1. Discuss the salient features of 8051 family of controllers?

 Eight-bit CPU with registers A (the accumulator) and B.

 Sixteen-bit program counter (PC)
 Data pointer (DPTR).
 Eight-bit program status word (PSW)
 Eight-bit stack pointer (SP).
 Internal ROM or EPROM (4 KB)
 Internal RAM (128 bytes)
 Four register banks (each 8 registers)
 16 bytes, which may be addressed at bit level
 Eighty bits of general purpose data memory
 Two 16-bit timer / counters: T0 & T1
 Full duplex serial data receivers / transmitter (SBUF)
 Control registers: TCON, TMOD, SCON, PCON, IP and IE.

2. What is the size of RAM in 8051?

The size of the RAM is 128 bytes

1. Four register banks (each 8 registers)

2. 16 bytes, which may be addressed at bit level
3. Eighty bits of general purpose data memory

3. How many ports are available in 8051 micro controller?

There are mainly four ports available in this 8051 micro controller. They are

Port0: serve as inputs, outputs, or, when used together, as a bi-directional low
order address and as data bus for external memory.

Port1: has got no dual functions.

Port2: may be used as an input / output port similar in operation to port 1. The
alternate use of port2 is to supply a high-order address byte in conjunction with the Port0
low-order byte to address external memory.

Port3: is an input / output pin similar to the Port 1. In this case each and every pin has
an additional function.

4. How to select the register bank of Intel 8051. (May 2015)

RS0 and RS1 are the D3 and D4 bits present in the 8-bit register of the PSW

0 0 BANK 0 is selected from Internal ROM

 EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

0 1 BANK 1 is selected from Internal ROM

1 0 BANK 2 is selected from Internal ROM

1 1 BANK 3 is selected from Internal ROM

5. What is meant by microcontroller?

A device which contains the microprocessor with integrated peripherals like memory, serial
ports, parallel ports, timer/counter, interrupt controller, data acquisition interfaces like ADC,
DAC on single chip is called microcontroller.

6. List the flags of 8051 and give their usage.

Status flags: These flags are modified according to the result of arithmetic and logical
operations. 1. Carry flag, 2. Auxiliary carry flag, 3. Overflow flag, 4. Parity flag and
General purpose user flags: These flags can be set or cleared by the programmer as desired 1.
Flag 0, 2. GF0, 3. GF1

7. What is the difference between microprocessor and microcontroller? (May 2014)(Nov/Dec 2018)
It has only CPU It has CPU, memory, timers, parallel and serial I/O
port on single chip
It has few bit manipulating instructions It has large number of bit manipulating instructions
It has more number of instructions for transferring It has only few instructions for transferring data
data from external memory. from external memory.
No special function registers are available Special functions registers are available

8. Draw the PSW of 8051. (May 2015)

9. Compare the 8051, 8031 and 8751 microcontrollers.

8051 8031 8751

On-chip program No on-chip ROM On-chip program

memory(ROM) available - memory(EPROM)
4KB available
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

10. List any applications of Microcontroller.

1. Building control(Fire detection)

2. Industrial control (Process control)
3. Motor speed control(Stepper motor control)
4. Stand alone devices(Color Xerox machine)
Automobile applications (Power steering)

11. What is the function of DPTR register?

The data pointer (DPTR) is the 16-bit address register that can be used to fetch any 8 bit data
from the data memory space. When it is not being used for this purpose, it can be used as two
eight bit registers, DPH and DPL

12. What is the significance of EA line of 8051 microcontroller? (May/Jun 2014)

When there is no on-chip ROM in microcontroller and EA pin is connected to GND, it

indicates that the code is stored in external ROM.

13. What is the difference between MOVX and MOV ? (Nov/Dec 2013)

The MOV instruction is used to access code space of on-chip ROM and MOVX instruction is
used to access data space or external memory.

14. How is memory organized in 8051?

8051 can access up to 64kb of program memory and 64kb of external data memory and
internal data RAM locations.

15. What are the different ways of operand addressing in 8051? (Apr/May 2016)

Different ways of addressing modes are1) Immediate addressing mode 2) Direct addressing
mode 3) Register direct addressing mode 4) Register indirect addressing mode 5) Indexed
addressing mode.

16. Write an 8051 ALP to toggle P1 a total of 200 times. Use RAM location 32H to hold
your counter value instead of registers R0-R7. (Apr/May 2016)

MOV P1,#55H ;P1=55H

MOV 32H,#200 ;load counter value into RAM loc 32H

LOP1: CPL P1 ;toggle P1

ACALL DELAY

DJNZ 32H,LOP1 ;repeat 200 times

EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

17. Mention some of the 8051 special function register.

ACC: Accumulator, B: B-Register, PSW: Program Status Word, SP: Stack Pointer, DPTR:
Data Pointer, IE: Interrupt Enable, SCON: Serial Control, PCON: Power Control.

18. What is the function of XTAL 1 and XTAL 2 pins?

8051 internal clock circuit. In this crystal of proper frequency can be connected to these two
pins. XTAL 1 is connected to GND and oscillator signal is connected to XTAL 2

19. Write an ALP to add the values ABH and 47H. Store the result in R1.

MOV A, #AB H

ADD A, #47 H

MOV R1, A

L1: SJMP L1

20. Write the instruction to use registers of bank 3.

SETB PSW.4

SETB PSW.3

21. How is RAM memory space allocated in 8051?

1. 32 bytes from 00 to 1F H is for register bank and stack.

2. 16 bytes from 20H to 2FH is for bit addressable read/write memory
80 byte 30H to 7FH is for scratch pad

22. Differentiate overflow flag and carry flag.

Carry flag is used to detect error in unsigned arithmetic.

Carry flag is used to detect error in unsigned arithmetic.

23. What is the purpose of overflow flag?

The overflow flag is usually a single bit in a system status register used to indicate when an
arithmetic overflow has occurred in an operation, indicating that the signed two's-
complement result would not fit in the number of bits used for the operation (the ALU
width).

24. What is the difference between LCALL and ACALL instructions?

The ACALL instruction calls a subroutine located at the specified address. The PC is
incremented twice to obtain the address of the following instruction. The 16-bit PC is then
stored on the stack (low-order byte first) and the stack pointer is incremented twice. No flags
are affected. The LCALL instruction calls a subroutine located at the specified address. This
instruction first adds 3 to the PC to generate the address of the next instruction. This result is
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

pushed onto the stack low-byte first and the stack pointer is incremented by 2. The high-order
and low-order bytes of the PC are loaded from the second and third bytes of the instruction
respectively. Program execution is transferred to the subroutine at this address. No flags are
affected by this instruction.

25. What is the operation of the given 8051 microcontroller instruction XRL A?

The XRL instruction performs a logical exclusive OR operation between the specified
operands. The result is stored in the destination operand.

26. Write a program to perform multiplication of 2 numbers using 8051?

MOV A, #data1

MOV B, #data2

MUL AB

MOV DPTR, # 4500H

MOVX @ DPTR, A

INC DPTR

MOV A,B

MOVX @ DPTR, A

STOP : SJMP STOP

27. Write a program to perform 2’s complement of a given number using 8051?

MOV DPTR, # 4500H

MOVX A, @ DPTR

CPL A

ADD A,#01H

INC DPTR

STOP : SJMP STOP

28. Which port used as multifunction port? List the signals. (Apr/May 2017)
Port 3 has multifunction port. Each pin of port 3 has i/o or as of one of the alternate
function.
Signals are:
P3.0– RXD
P3.1– TXD
P3.4– T0
P3.5- T1
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

29. Illustrate the CJNE instruction (Apr/May 2017)

CJNE- Compare and jump if not equal. This instruction compares the magnitudes of
the source byte and the destination byte.

30. Illustrate the DJNZ instruction? (Nov/Dec 2017)

The DJNZ instruction decrements the byte indicated by the first operand and, if the
resulting value is not zero, branches to the address specified in the second operand. Eg: DJNZ
Rn, offset.

31. How to set 8051 in Idle mode? (Nov/Dec 2017)

In Idle Mode, only the clock provided to CPU gets deactivated , whereas peripherals
clock will remain active in this mode. Hence power saved in power down mode is more than
in idle mode. 8051 has power control register for power control.

32. What are the manipulation instructions? Give two examples.(Apr/May 2018)
Bit Handling (Bit Manipulation) is the act of algorithmically manipulating bits or
other pieces of data shorter than a word. 8051 microcontroller supports bit manipulation.
The following are the bit handling instructions supported by 8051.
CLR bit. Zero the specified bit.
SETB bit. Putting a specified bit.
CPL bit. Complement the bit indicated.
ANL C. AND (Y) between the carry logic and the bit indicated.
ORL C. OR (O) and carry logic between the specified bit.

33. What are the Addressing Modes for a Micro Controller?(Nov/Dec 2018)
In 8051 There are six types of addressing modes.

 Immediate Addressing Mode

 Register Addressing Mode
 Direct Addressing Mode
 Register Indirect Addressing Mode
 Indexed Addressing Mode
Implied Addressing Mode

PART-B

1. Draw & explain the pin configuration of 8051 in detail (May 2014)(Nov/Dec 2018)
2. Explain in detail the different addressing modes supported by 8051.(Apr/May 2018)
3. Draw the architecture of 8051 and explain.(16) Apr/May 2016)(Nov/Dec 2017)(Apr/May 2018)
4. Write an 8051ALP to create a square wave of 66% duty cycle on bit 3 of port1.(Apr/May 2016)
5. Explain the instruction set of 8051? (May 2015)
6. Explain the I/O structure of 8051 (8) (Nov 2013) (May 2014)
7. List the special function registers of 8051 TMOD, SMOD and explain their functions.
(May 2015)(Nov/Dec 2018)
8. Explain the significance of SFR’s in 8051.
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

9. Write an 8051 ALP to sort the numbers stored in an array.

10. Explain the internal and external data memory organization of 8051. (10) (Nov2013)
11. Write the available SFR in 8051. Explain each register with its format and functions.
(Apr/May 2017)
12. Explain the following: (Apr/May 2017)
(i) Discuss the types of ascending mode with suitable example in 8051.
(ii) Write an ALP to multiply the given number 48H and 30H.
13. Discuss the ports and its circuits of 8051.(Nov/Dec 2017)
14. Develop a 8086 based system with 128 RAM and 4K ROM, to display the word
“HAPPY” for every 2ms in the common mode anode seven segment LED display. Explain
the delay timings and Interfacing 8279 with 8086 processor(Nov/Dec 2017)
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

UNIT-V

INTERFACING MICROCONTROLLER

PART-A

1. What is the difference between watch dog timer and ordinary timer? (Nov 2013)

The watch dog timer is provided for the system to check itself and reset if it is not
functioning properly. It is a 16 bit-counter which is incremented every state time. watchdog
timer is based on a counter that counts down from some initial value to zero.

2. What is the relation between RPM and steps per second in stepper motor interfacing?

Steps per second= (rpm × steps per revolution)/60

3. Write short notes on interrupts in 8051?

Interrupts may be generated by internal chip operations or provided by external
interrupts sources. Five interrupts are provided in 8051. Three of these interrupts are
generated automatically by internal operations: Timer flag 0, Timer flag 1, and the serial
port interrupts (RI or TI). Two interrupts are triggered by external signals provided by the
circuitry that is connected to the pins INT0 and INT1 (port pins P3.2 and P3.3).

4. What is the purpose of Interrupt priority (IP) Control register in 8051?

Register IP bits determine if any interrupt is to have a high or low priority. Bits set to
1 give the accompanying interrupt a high priority; a 0 assigns a low priority. If two interrupts
with the same priority occur at the same time, then they have the following ranking:
1.IE0, 2.TF0, 3.IE1, 4.TF1,5.Serial = RI or TI.

5. What is the purpose of counters in 8051 micro controller?

The counters have been included on the chip to relieve the processor of timing and
control chores. When the program wishes to count a certain number of internal pulses or
external events, a number is placed in one of the counters. The number represents the
following:(Maximum count)-(Desired count) + 1. The counter increments from the initial
number to the maximum and then rolls over to zero on the final pulse.

6. What is the basic difference between a timer and a counter? (May 2015)
The only difference between a timer and a counter is the source of clock pulses to the
counters. When used as a timer, the clock pulses are sourced from the oscillator through the
divide-by-12d circuit. When used as a counter, pin T0 (P3.4) supplies pulses to counter 0, and
pin T1(P3.5) to counter 1.

7. Explain the operating mode 0 of 8051 serial port?

 Mode 0 of 8051 serial port is shift register mode.
 Serial data enters and exits through RXD pin.
 Pin TXD is connected to the internal shift frequency pulse source.
 8-bits are transmitted and received.
 The baud rate is fixed at 1/12 of the crystal frequency.
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

8. Define watch dog timer.

 Watch dog timer is a dedicated timer to take care of system malfunction. It can be
used to reset the controller during software malfunction, which is referred to as
“Hanging”. A watchdog timer contains a timer that expires after a certain interval
unless it is restarted.
It resets the microcontroller and starts the software over from the beginning if the software
does not restart it periodically.

9. What is the function of the TMOD register?

TMOD (Timer mode) register is used to set the various timer operation modes. TMOD is
dedicated solely to the two timers (T0 & T1) and can be considered to be two duplicate 4-bit
registers, each of which controls the action of the timers

10. List out the advantages of LCD over LED.

 Declining prices of LED,

 Ability to display numbers, characters and graphics
 Incorporating a refreshing controller.
Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

11. What is the significance of BUSY flag in LCD interfacing?

When D7 pin=1 and RS pin=0 the BUSY flag is set which means that LCD is busy taking
care of internal operations and will not accept any new information. Therefore we have to
check BUSY flag before writing data to LCD.

12. How a pressed key is detected in keyboard interfacing?

The keyboards are organized in a matrix of rows and columns. The microcontroller grounds
all rows by providing zero to the output latch then reads the columns.

13. What is the significance of WR and INTR pin in ADC chip?

WR is an active low input and when it undergoes low to high transition the Start of
conversion signal is given. INTR is an active low output pin. It is normally high when the A
to D conversion is finished. It goes low to signal EOC.

14. Write an ALP to generate a saw tooth waveform.

MOV A.#00H

MOV P1,A

BACK: INC A

SJMP BACK
 EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

15. What is the significance of PSEN in memory interfacing?

PSEN (Program Store Enable) is an output signal for the 8051 microcontroller, which is
connected to the OE pin of external ROM containing the program code. This is used when
external ROM has to be accessed.

16. What is SBUF?

SBUF stands for SERIAL BUFFER. SBUF is physically two registers. One is write only and
is used to hold the data to be transmitted out of the 8051 via TXD. The other one is read only
and holds the received data from external sources via RXD.

17. What are the serial communication modes available in 8051?

Mode 0, Mode 1, Mode 2, Mode 3 is the serial communication modes available in 8051.

18. What are the contents of SCON register? (May 2015)

SM0 - Serial port mode bit 0, SM1 - Serial port mode bit 1, SM2 - Serial port mode 2 bit
multiprocessor communication enable bit; REN - Reception Enable bit.
TB8 - Transmitter bit 8. RB8 - Receiver bit 8 or the 9th bit received in modes 2 and 3, TI - Transmit
Interrupt flag & RI - Receive Interrupt flag.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 TI RI

19. What are the various baud rates possible in 8051 and how are they set?

Baud rate TH1 (Dec) TH1 (Hex)

9600 -3 FD

4800 -6 FA

2400 -12 F4

1200 -24 E8

20. What are the various types of sensors that can be interfaced with 8051? (Apr/ May
2018)

1. Temperature Sensor, 2. IR Sensor, 3. Ultrasonic Sensor, 4. Touch Sensor, 5. Proximity

Sensors, 6. Pressure Sensor, 7. Level Sensors, 8. Smoke and Gas Sensors.

21. What is the significance of TCON register?

The Timer Control SFR is to configure, modify the way in which the 8051's two timers
operate. This SFR controls whether each of the two timers is running or stopped and contains
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

a flag to indicate that each timer has overflowed. Some non-timer related bits are located in
the TCON SFR. These bits are used to configure the way in which the external interrupts are
activated.

22. Define Baud rate of 8051. (Apr/May 2016)

In serial communication the data is rate known as the baud rate, which simply means the
number of bits transmitted per second. In the serial port modes that allow variable baud rates,
this baud rate is set by timer 1. The 8051 serial port is full duplex.

23. Write a program to generate a 10 KHz square wave using 8051?

MOV TMOD,#00000001B
MAIN: SETB P1.0
ACALL DELAY
CLR P1.0
ACALL DELAY
SJMP MAIN
DELAY: MOV TH0,#0FFH
MOV TL0,#0CEH
SETB TR0
HERE:JNB TF0,HERE
CLR TR0
CLR TF0
SETB P1.0
RET
END

24. What is the function of IE register in 8051?

The Interrupt Enable SFR is used to enable and disable specific interrupts. The low 7 bits of
the SFR are used to enable/disable the specific interrupts, where as the highest bit is used to
enable or disable ALL interrupts. Thus, if the high bit of IE is 0 all interrupts are disabled
regardless of whether an individual interrupt is enabled by setting a lower bit.

25. Compare polling and interrupt. (Apr/May 2016)

Interrupt is a signal to the microprocessor from a device that requires attention. The
microprocessor will respond by setting aside execution of its current task and deal with the
interrupting device. When the interrupting device has been dealt with, the microprocessor
continues with its original task as if it had never been interrupted.

In Polling the processor continuously polls or tests every device in turn as to whether it
requires attention (e.g. has data to be transferred). The polling is carried out by a polling
program that shares processing time with the currently running task

26. Write a program to generate a 1ms delay using 8051?

DELAY: MOV TMOD,#00000001B

EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

MOV TH0,#0FCH
MOV TL0,#018H
SETB TR0
HERE: JNB TF0,HERE
CLR TR0
CLR TF0
RET

27. List the 8051 interrupts with its priority (Apr/May 2018)(Nov/Dec 2017)
Types of Interrupts in 8051 Microcontroller

The 8051 microcontroller can recognize five different events that cause the main program to
interrupt from the normal execution. These five sources of interrupts in 8051are:

1. Timer 0 overflow interrupt- TF0

2. Timer 1 overflow interrupt- TF1
3. External hardware interrupt- INT0
4. External hardware interrupt- INT1
5. Serial communication interrupt- RI/TI

28. What are the applications of stepper motor?

Industrial Machines – Stepper motors are used in automotive gauges and machine tooling
automated production equipment’s. Security – new surveillance products for the security
industry. Medical – Stepper motors are used inside medical scanners, samplers, and also
found inside digital dental photography, fluid pumps, respirators and blood analysis
machinery. Consumer Electronics Stepper motors in cameras for digital camera focus and
zooming

29. Give two examples of sensors and its uses.(Nov/Dec 2017)

The different types of sensors that can be interfaced with microprocessors are Temperature
Sensors, IR Sensors, Ultrasonic Sensors, Touch Sensors, Proximity Sensors, Pressure
Sensors, Level Sensors, Smoke and Gas Sensors etc.

30. How to program 8051 Timers?(Nov/Dec 2018)

The programming of 8051 Timers can be done by using either polling method or by
using interrupt. In polling, the microcontroller keeps monitoring the status of Timer flag.
While doing so, it does no other operation and consumes all its processing time in checking
the Timer flag until it is raised on a rollover. In interrupt method controller responds to only
when the Timer flag is raised. The interrupt method prevents the wastage of controller’s
processing time unlike polling method.

Polling is mostly used for time delay generation and interrupt method is more useful
when waveforms are to be generated or some action has to be repeated in fixed delays.

31. What are the types of ADC?(Nov/Dec 2018)

The different types of ADCs available in different speeds, interfaces and accuracy, namely a
Flash type ADC, Counter type ADC, sigma-delta ADC and successive approximation ADC.
EC 8691 – Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Department of ECE 2021-2022

PART-B

1. Draw the block diagram of Intel 8051 timer/counter and explain its different modes of
operations. (May 2015)(Apr/May 2018)

2. What are the different timer mode operations of 8051? Explain them in detail.

3. Explain how to interface ADC and DAC with 8051 in detail with neat diagram.(Nov/Dec
2017)

4. Compare PIC microcontroller and ARM processor.

5. Explain how to interface external memory devices with 8051.(Nov/Dec 2018)

6. With necessary hardware & software details explain how to interface LCD’S with 8051
(May 2015)

7. Explain the different modes of operation of serial port in 8051, indicating various registers
associated with it./ Illustrate the serial communication of 8051, SCON (Apr/May
2016)(Nov/Dec 2017)(Nov/Dec 2018)

8. (i)How do you interface 8051 microcontroller with keyboard? Explain in detail.

(ii) How do you interface 8051 microcontroller with ADC? Explain in detail. (Dec 2013)

9. (i) Vin=2.25V, Vref=5V, NO. of data lines are 5. Convert the given analog quantity to its
equivalent digital output quantity. (May 2014)
(ii) Explain the different techniques to convert digital quantity to its equivalent analog
quantity.

10. Explain in detail the procedure to interface stepper motor with 8051 and write an ALP to
run the stepper motor in both forward and reverse direction with delay. (May
2015)(Apr/May 2018).

11. Write a program for generation of unipolar square waveform of 1KHZ frequency using
Timer 0 of 8051 in mode 0. Consider the system frequency as 12 MHZ. (Apr/May
2017)(Nov/Dec 2017)

12. How Microprocessor and Microcontrollers are different from computer based
controllers?(Nov/Dec 2018)

13. How Microprocessor and Microcontrollers can help to Control a Process or a Machine
tool?(Nov/Dec 2018)
 VSB ENGINEERING COLLEGE KARUR
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Question Bank
EC8095 – VLSI DESIGN
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO MOS TRANSISTOR
1. What is Moore’s law?
Moore’s law states that the number of transistor would double every 18 months.
2. What is CMOS technology?
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) in which both n-channel MOS and
p-channel MOS are fabricated in the same IC.
3. What are the advantages of CMOS over NMOS technology?
 In CMOS technology the aluminum gates of the transistor are replaced by poly
silicon gate.
 The main advantage of CMOS over NMOS is low power consumption.
 In CMOS technology the device sizes can be easily scalable than NMOS.
4. What are the advantages of CMOS technology?
 Low power consumption.
 High performance.
 Scalable threshold voltage.
 High noise margin.
 Low output drive current.
5. What are the disadvantages of CMOS technology?
 Low resistance to produce deviations and temperature changes.
 Low switching speed at large values of capacitive loads.
6. What is design rule? (Nov/Dec 2016)
Design rules are the communication link between the designer specifying
requirements and the fabricator who materializes them. The design rule conform to a set
of geometric constraints or rule specify the minimum allowable line widths for physical
objects on-chip such as metal and poly silicon interconnects or diffusion area, minimum
feature dimensions and minimum allowable separations between two layers.
7. What is stick diagram? (Nov/Dec 2017)
Stick diagram are the key element of designing a circuit used to convey layer
information through the use of a color code .
8. What is micron design rule?
Micron rules specify the layout constraints such as minimum feature sizes and
minimum allowable feature separations are stated in terms of absolute dimensions in
micrometers.
9. What is Lambda design rule? (Nov/Dec 2015)
Lambda rule specify the layout constraints such as minimum feature sizes and
minimum allowable feature separations are stated in terms of a single parameter (λ)
and thus allow linear, proportional scaling of all geometrical constraints.
10. What is DRC?
Design Rule Check program looks for design rule violations in the layout. It
checks for minimum spacing and minimum size and ensures that combinations of
layers from legal components.

1
11. Mention MOS transistor characteristics?
o Metal Oxide Semiconductor is a three terminal device having source, drain and gate.
o The resistance path between the drain and the source is controlled by applying a
voltage to the gate.
o The Normal conduction characteristics of an MOS transistor can be categorized as
cut-off region Non saturated region and saturated region.
12. Compare NMOS and PMOS?
NMOS PMOS
The majority carriers are electron The majority carriers are holes
Positive voltage is applied at the gate Negative voltage is applied at the gate
terminal terminal
NMOS conducts at logic 1 PMOS conducts at logic 0
Mobility of electron is high Mobility of electron is low
Switching speed is high Switching speed is low

13. Compare enhancement and depletion mode devices?

Enhancement Depletion
The channel exists even with zero voltage
No conducting channel between source
from gate to source. In order to control the
and drain unless a positive voltage is
channel a negative voltage is applied to the
applied
gate

Enhancement-mode device is equivalent Depletion-mode device is equivalent to a

to a normally open (off)switch normally closed (on)switch

14. Define threshold voltage of MOSFET.(Apr/May 2019)

It is defined as the minimum voltage at which the device starts conduction (ie) turns on.
15. What are different operating modes of MOS transistor?
 Accumulation mode
 Depletion mode
 Inversion mode
16. What is accumulation mode?
When the gate to source voltage(Vgs) is much less than the threshold voltage
(Vt) then it is termed as the accumulation mode. There is no conduction between source
and drain. The device is turned off.
17. What is depletion mode?
When the gate to source voltage(Vgs) is increased greater than the threshold
voltage (Vt) the electrons are attracted towards the gate while the holes are repelled
causing a depletion region under the gate. This is called depletion mode.
18. What is inversion mode?
When Vgs is raised above the Vt the electrons are attracted to the gate region.
Under such a condition the surface of the underlying p-type silicon is said to be a
inverted to n-type, and provides a conduction path between a source and drain. The
device is turned on. This is called inversion mode.
19. What are three operating regions of MOS transistor?
o cut-off region
2
 o Nonsaturatedregion
o saturated region.

20. What is cut-off region?

The region where the current flow is essentially zero is called cut-off region.
(ie) Ids=0, Vgs ≤ Vt.
21. What is Non-saturated region?
Weak inversion region where the drain current is dependent on the gate and the
drain voltage is called non saturated region
(ie) 0<Vds < Vgs – Vt
22. What is saturated region?
Channel is strongly inverted and the drain current flow is ideally independent
of the drain-source voltage is called saturated region.
(ie) 0 < Vgs – Vt< Vds
23. What is body effect?
The threshold voltage Vt is constant with respect to voltage difference between
source and the substrate is called body effect.
24. What are the specifications of MOSFET?
o Breakdown voltages
o Forward transconductance
o Drain to source on resistance Switching characteristics
o Zero gate voltage drain current, Idss
o Input capacitance,Ciss

25. What are the different generations of integrated circuits?

o SSI(Small Scale Integration)
o MSI(Medium Scale Integration)
o LSI(Large Scale Integration)
o VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
26. What are the major advantages of IC ?
o Size is less
o high speed
o low power consumption
27. What is the objective of layout rules?
 To build reliably functional circuits in as small an area as possible.
 To provide a necessary communication link circuit designer and process engineer
during manufacturing.
 To obtain a circuit with optimum yield in smallest possible area.

28. Define Threshold voltage.

The threshold voltage VT for a MOS transistor can be defined as the voltage
between the gate and the source terminals below which the drain to source current
effectively drops to zero.

29. Define body effect or substrate bias effect.

3
 The threshold voltage VT is not a constant with respect to the voltage difference
between the substrate and the source of the MOS transistor. This effect is called the body
effect or substrate bias effect.

30. What are the different regions of operation of a MOS transistor?

 Cut off region
Here the current flow is essentially zero (accumulation mode).
ID =0
 Linear region
It is also called weak inversion region where the drain current is
dependent on the gate and the drain voltage w. r. to the substrate.
ID = kn [(VGS – VT) VDS – VDS2/2]
 Saturation region
Channel is strongly inverted and the drain current flow is ideally
independent of the drain-source voltage (strong-inversion region).
ID = (kn /2) (VGS – VT)2
31. Define accumulation mode.
The initial distribution of mobile positive holes in a p type silicon substrate of a
MOS transistor for a voltage much less than the threshold voltage
32. What are the secondary effects of MOS transistor?
 Threshold voltage variations
 Source to drain resistance
 Variation in I-V characteristics
 Subthreshold conduction
 CMOS latchup
33. What is CMOS latchup? How it can be prevented?
The MOS technology contains a number of intrinsic bipolar transistors.These are
especially troublesome in CMOS processes, where the combination of wells and subtrates
results in the formation of p-n-p-n structures. Triggering these thyristor like devices leads
to a shorting of VDD & VSS lines, usually resulting in a destruction of the chip.
The remedies for the latch-up problem include:
 An increase in substrate doping levels with a consequent drop in the value of
Rpsubs.
 Reducing Rn well by control of fabrication parameters and ensuring a low contact
resistance to VDD by introducing guard rings.
34. What are the different fabrication processes available to CMOS technology?
 p-well process
 n-well process
 Twin-tub process
 Silicon On Insulator (SOI) / Silicon On Sapphire (SOS) process
35. What is intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor?
The pure silicon is known as Intrinsic Semiconductor. When impurity is added
with pure silicon, it is electrical properties are varied. This is known as extrinsic
semiconductor.
36. What are the steps involved in manufacturing of IC?
 Wafer preparation
 Epitaxial growth
4
  Oxidation
 photo lithography
 Diffusion and Ion Implantation
 Isolation
 Metallization
37. What is meant by ‘ epitaxy ’ ?
Epitaxy means arranging atoms in single crystal fashion upon a single crystal substrate.
38. What is the purpose of masking in fabrication of IC?
Masking is used to identify the place in which Ion Implantion should not be occurred.
39. What is diffusion process ? what are doping impurities?
Diffusion is a process in which impurities are diffused in to the silicon chip at
10000C temperature. B2O3 and P2O5 are used as impurities.
40. What is isolation?
It is a process used to provide electrical isolation between different components
and interconnections.
41. What are the various CMOS technologies?
Various CMOS technologies are
 n-well process or n-tub process
 p-well process or p-tub process
 twin-tub process
 Silicon on Insulator (SOI) process.
42. What is channel stop implantation?
In n-well fabrication, n-well is protected with resist material. Because, it should
not be affected by Boron implantation. The boron is implanexcept n-well. It is done using
photoresist mask. This type of implantation is known as channel implantation.
43. What are the advantages of CMOS inverter over the other inverter configurations?
 The steady state power dissipation of the CMOS inverter circuit is negligible.
 The voltage transfer characteristic (VTC) exhibits a full output voltage wing between
0V and VDD. this results in high noise margin.
44. What are stick diagrams?
Stick diagrams are used to convey layer information through the use of a color
code. A stick diagram is a cartoon of a chip layout. They are not exact models of layout.
The stick diagram represents the rectangles with lines which represent wires and
component symbols.
45. What are the device parameters affected by scaling?
 Gate Area
 Gate Capacitance per unit area
 Charge in Channel
 Channel Resistance
 Transistor Delay
 Maximum Operating Frequency
 Transistor Current
 Switching Energy
 Power Dissipation Per Gate (Static and Dynamic)
 Power - Speed Product

5
46. What are the different color codes used for single poly silicon nMOS
technology?
 n-diffusion (n-diff.) and other thinoxide regions -green
 Polysilicon (poly.) - red
 Metal 1 (metal) - blue
 Implant - yellow
 Contacts - black or brown (buried)
47. What are design rules?
Design rules are the communication link between the designer specifying
requirements and the fabricator who materializes them. Design rules are used to produce
workable mask layouts from which the various layers in silicon will be formed or
patterned.
48. Define a superbuffer.
A superbuffer is a symmetric inverting or noninverting gate that can supply or
remove large currents and switch large capacitive loads faster than a standard inverter.

49. State the advantages of transmission gates.(Apr/May 2017)

The combination of both an PMOS and NMOS in Transmission
Gate arrangement avoids the problem of reduced noise margin, increase switching
resistance and increased static power dissipation (caused by increased Threshold
Voltage), but requires that the control and its complement be available

50. Draw the stick diagram of static 2-input NAND gate.(Nov/Dec 2018).

6
 UNIT II
COMBINATIONAL MOS LOGIC CIRCUITS
1. Draw the circuit of a nMOS inverter.

.
2. Give the expression for pull-up to pull-down ratio ( Zpu/Zpd) for an nMOS
inverter driven by another nMOS inverter.

.
3. Draw the circuit of a CMOS inverter.

4. What are the possible modes in nMOS enhancement transistor?

i. accumulation mode
ii. depletion mode
ii. Inversion mode
5. In saturation region, what are the factors that affect Ids?
i. distancebetween source and drain.
ii. channel width
iii.Threshold oltage
iv.thickness of oxide layer
v. dielectric constant of gate insulator
vi. Carrier mobility.

7
6. What is Channel-length modulation?(Apr/May 2017)
The current between drain and source terminals is constant and independent of the
applied voltage over the terminals. This is not entirely correct. The effective length of the
conductive channel is actually modulated by the applied VDS, increasing VDS causes the
depletion region at the drain junction to grow, reducing the length of the effective
channel.
7. Define Rise time
Rise time, tr is the time taken for a waveform to rise from 10% to 90% of its steady-state
value.
8. Define Fall time
Fall time, tf is the time taken for a waveform to fall from 90% to 10% of its steady-state
value.
9. Define Delay time
Delay time, td is the time difference between input transition (50%) and the 50% output
level. This is the time taken for a logic transition to pass from input to output.
10. Give some of the important CAD tools.
Some of the important CAD tools are:
i) Layout editors
ii) Design Rule checkers (DRC)
iii) Circuit extraction
11. What are two components of Power dissipation.
There are two components that establish the amount of power dissipated in a
CMOS circuit. These are:
i) Static dissipation due to leakage current or other current drawn continuously from the
power supply.
ii) Dynamic dissipation due to
- Switching transient current
- Charging and discharging of load capacitances.
12. Define Elmore delay model?
It is an analytical method used to estimate the RC delay in a network. Elmore
delay model estimates the delay of a RC ladder as the sum over each node in the ladder
of the resistance Rn-1 between that node and a supply multiplied by the capacitor on
the nodes.
13. What are the general properties of Elmore delay model?
General property of Elmore delay model network has
i) Single input node.
ii) All the capacitors are between a node and ground.
iii) Network does not contain any resistive loop.
14. What are the types of power dissipation? (Apr/May 2019)(Apr/May 2018)
i) Static power dissipation (due to leakage current when the circuit is idle).
ii) Dynamic power dissipation(when the circuit is switching) and
iii) Short –circuit power dissipation during switching of transistors.
15. What is static power dissipation?
Power dissipation due to leakage current when the idle is called the static
power dissipation. Static power due to
i) Sub – threshold conduction through OFF transistors
ii) Tunneling current through gate oxide
iii) Leakage through reverse biased diodes
8
 iv) Contention current in radioed circuits.
16. What is Dynamic power dissipation ?
Power dissipation is due to circuit switching to charge and discharge the
output load capacitance at a particular node at operating frequency is called Dynamic
power dissipation.
The Dynamic power dissipation at a particular output node is given by
Pd=CL Vdd^2 Fclk . a
Where, CL = load capacitance ; a = activity factor ;Vdd =power supply ;
Fclk= operating frequency
17. What are the methods to reduce dynamic power dissipation ?
1. Reducing the product of capacitance and its switching frequency .
2. Eliminate logic switching that is not necessary for computation.
3. Reduce activity factor Reduce supply voltage
18. What are the methods to reduce static power dissipation ?
1. By selecting multi threshold voltages on circuit paths with low-Vt transistors
while leakage on other paths with high-Vt transistors.
2. By using two operating modes, active and standby for each function blocks.
3. By adjusting the body bias (i.e) adjusting FBB (Forward Body Bias) in active mode
to
increase performance and RBB (Reverse Body Bias) in standby mode to reduce
leakage.
4. By using sleep transistors to isolate the supply from the block to achieve
significant leakage power savings.
19. What is short circuit power dissipation ?
During switching, both NMOS and PMOS transistors will conduct
simultaneously and provide a direct path between Vdd and the ground rail resulting in
short circuit power dissipation.
20. Define design margin ?
The additional performance capability above required standard basic system
parameters that may be specified by a system designer to compensate for uncertainties is
called design margin. Design margin required as there are three sources of variation-
two environmental and one manufacturing.
21. Write the applications of transmission gate ?
i) Multiplexing element of path selector
ii) A latch element An unlock switch
iii) Act as a voltage controlled resistor connecting the input and output.
22. What is pass transistor?
It is a MOS transistor, in which gate is driven by a control signal the source (out),
the drain of the transistor is called constant or variable voltage potential(in) when the
control signal is high, input is passed to the output and when the control signal is low,
the output is floating topology such topology circuits is called pass transistor.
23. List the advantages of pass transistor?
i) Pass transistor logic (PTL) circuits are often superior to standard CMOS circuits in
terms of layout density, circuit delay and power consumption.
ii) They do not have path VDD to GND and do not dissipate standby power (static power
dissipation).
24. What is transmission gate ?
The circuit constructed with the parallel connection of PMOS and NMOS with
shorted drain and source terminals. The gate terminal uses two select signals s and s,
when s is high than the transmission gates passes the signal on the input. The main
9
 advantage of transmission gate is that it eliminates the threshold voltage drop.
25. Why low power has become an important issue in the present day VLSI circuit
realization?
Indeep submicron technology the power has become as one of the most important issue
because of:
 Increasing transistor count;
 the number of transistor is getting doubled in every 18 months based on moore's
law higher speed of operation;
 the power dissipation is proportional to clock frequency greater device leakage
current;
 in nanometer technology the leakage component become a significant percentage
of the total power and the leakage current increases at a faster rate then dynamic
power in technology generations.
26. What are the various ways to reduce the delay time of a CMOS inverter ?
Various ways for reducing the delay time are given below:
a) The width of the MOS transistor can be increased to reduce delay. This is
known as gate sizing.
b) The load capacitance can be reduced to reduce delay. This is achieved by
using transistor of smaller and smaller dimension by feature generation
technology.
c) Delay can also be reduced by increasing the supply voltage Vdd and/or
reducing the threshold voltage Vt of the MOS transistors
27. Explain the basic operation of a 2- phase dynamic circuit?
The operation of the circuit can be explained using precharge logic in which the
output is precharged to HIGH level during Φ2 clockand the output is evaluated during
Φ1 clock.
28. What makes dynamic CMOS circuits faster than static CMOS circuits ?
As MOS dynamic circuits require lesser number of transistor and capacitance
is to be driven by it.this makes MOS dynamic circuits faster.
29. What is glitching power dissipation?
Because of finite delay of the gates used to realize Boolean functions, different
signals cannot reach the inputs of a gate simultaneously. This leads to spurious transition
at the output before it settles down to its final value. The spurious transition leads to
charging and discharging of the outputs causing glitching power dissipation. It can be
minimized by having balanced realization having same delay at the inputs.
30. List various sources of leakage currents?
Various source of leakage currents are listened below:
I1=Reverse-bias p-n junction diode leakage current.
I2=band-to-band tunneling current
I3=Subthreshold leakage current
I4=Gate oxide tunneling current
I5=Gate current due to hot carrier junction
I6=Channel punch through
I7=Gate induced drain leakage current
31. Compare and contrast clock gating versus power gating approaches.
Clock gating minimizes dynamic power by stopping unnecessary
transitions,but power gating minimizes leakage power by inserting a high Vt transistor
in series with low Vt logic blocks.
10
 UNIT III
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT DESIGN
1. What are the classification of CMOS circuit families ?
i) Static CMOS circuits.
ii) Dynamic CMOS circuits.
iii) Ratioed circuits.
iv) Pass-transistor circuits.
2. What is the characteristics of Static CMOS design ?
A static CMOS circuit is a combination of two networks – the pull-up network
(PUN) and the pull-down network (PDN) in which at every point in time, each gate
output is connected to either VDD or VSS via a low resistance line.
3. List the important properties of Static CMOS design ?
i) At any instant of time, the output of the gate is directly connected to VDD and VSS.
ii) The function of the PUN is provide a connection between the output and VDD.
iii) The function of the PDN is provide a connection between the output and VSS .
iv) Both PDN and PUN are constructed in mutually exclusive way such that one and
only one of the networks is conducting in steady state. That is, the output node is
always a low-impedance node in steady state.
4. What is Dynamic CMOS logic ?
Dynamic circuits rely on the temporary storage of signal values on the capacitance of
high impedance node.
i) Requires only N+2 transistors.
ii) Takes a sequence of precharge and conditional evaluation phases to
realizes logic functions.
5. What are the properties of Dynamic logic ?
 Logic function is implemented by pull-down network
only.
 Full swing outputs (VOL= GND and VOH = VDD).
 Non-ratioed.
 Faster switching speeds.
 Needs a precharge clock.
6. What are the disadvantages of dynamic CMOS technology ?
 A fundamental difficulty with dynamic circuits is a loss of noise immunity and a
serious timing restriction on the inputs of the gate.
 Violate monotonicity during evaluation phase.
7. What is CMOS Domino logic ?
A static CMOS inverter placed between dynamic gates which eliminate the
monotonicity problem in dynamic circuits are called CMOS Domino logic.
8. What is called static and dynamic sequencing element ?
A sequencing element with static storage employs some sort of feedback to
retain its output value indefinitely.
A sequencing element with dynamic storage generally maintain its value as
charge on a capacitor that will leak away if not refreshed for a long period of time.
11
9. What is clock skew ?(Apr/May 2018)
In reality clocks have some uncertainty in their arrival times that can cut into
the time available for useful computation is called clock skew.
10. What are synchronizers ?
Synchronizers are used to reduce metastability. The synchronizers ensure
synchronization between asynchronous input and synchronous system.

11. What is the difference between melay and moore state machines?
In the melay state machine we can calculate the next state and output both from
the input and state. But in the moore state machine we can calculate only next state but
not output from the input and the state and the output is issued according to next state.
12. Define propagation delay and contamination delay?
Propagation delay(t pd): The amount of time needed for a change in a logic input
to result in a permanent change at an output,that is the combinational logic will not show
any further output changes in response to an input change alter time fod units
Contamination delay (tea): The amount of time needed for a change in a logic
input to result in an initial change at an output, that is the combinational logic is
guaranteed not to show any output change in response to an input change before fed
time units have passed.
13. Define Setup time and Hold time.
Setup time (t setup): The amount of time before the clock edge that data input D must
be stable the rising clock edge arrives.
Hold time (t hold): This indicates the amount of time after the clock edge arrives the
data input D must be held stable in order for FF to latch the correct value. Hold time is
always measured from the rising clock edge to a point after the clock edge.
14. Difference between latches and Flip-Flop.(Apr/May 2018)
S.No Latch Flip-Flop
1. A Latch is Level-Sensitive A FF is edge triggered.
A latch stores when the clock
A FF stores when the clock rises
2. level is low and is transparent
and is mostly never transparent.
when the level is high.
15. Define Pipelining. (Apr/May 2017)
Pipelining is a popular design technique often used to accelerate the operation of
the data path in digital processors. The major advantages of pipelinig are to reduce
glitching in complex logic networks and getting lower energy due to operand isolation.
16. How the limitations of a ROM-based realization is overcome in a PLA-based
realization.
In a ROM, the encoder part is only programmable and use of ROMs to realize
Boolean functions is wasteful in many situations because there is no cross-connect for a
significant part. This wastage can be overcome by using Programmable Logic
Array(PLA), which requires much lesser chip area.
17. In what way the DRAMs differ from SRAMs?
Both SRAMs and DRAMs are volatile in nature, ie. Information is lost if power
line is removed. However SRAMs provide high switching speed, good noise margin
but require large chip area than DRAMs.
18. Explain the read and write operations for a one-transistor DRAM cell.
A significant improvement in the DRAM evolution was to realize 1-T DRAM
cell. One additional capacitor is explicitly fabricated for storage purpose. To store 'I', it is
charged to store '0' it is discharged to '0' volt. Read operation is destructive. Sense
12
 amplifier is needed for reading. Read operation is followed by restoration operation.
19. What is MTBF ?
MTBF=(1/P(failure)) = ( Ti e(Ti=tsetup/ti)/Nto)
20. What do you meant by Max delay constraint and Min delay constraint ?
Min delay constraint: the path begins with the rising edge of the clock triggering F1. The
data may begin to change at Q1 after a clk-to-Q contamination delay. However, it must
not reach D2 until at least the hold after the clock edge, lest it corrupt the contents of F2.
Hence, we solve for minimum logic contamination delay :
tcd >= thold – tccq
Max delay constraint : the path begins with the rising edge of the clock triggering F1.
The data must propagate to the output of the flipflop Q1 and through the combinational
logic to D2, setting up at F2 before the next rising clock edge. Under ideal conditions,
the worst case propagation delays determine the minimum clock period for this
sequential circuitry
Tc >= tpcq + tpd + tsetup
21. What are the static properties of complementary CMOS Gates?
a. They exhibit rails-to-rail swing with VOH = VDD and VOL = GND.
b. The circuits have no static power dissipation, since the circuits are
designed such that the pull-down and pull-up networks are mutually exclusive.
c. The analysis of the DC voltage transfer characteristics and the noise
margins is more complicated than for the inverter, as these parameters depend upon the
data input patterns applied to the gate.
22. Draw the equivalent RC model for a two-input NAND gate.

23. What are the major limitations associated with complementary CMOS gate?
a. The number of transistors required to implement an N fan-in gate is
2N. This can result in a significantly large implementation area.
b. The propagation delay of a complementary CMOS gate deteriorates
rapidly as a function of the fan-in.
24. What is meant by ratioed logic?
In ratioed logic, a gate consists of an nMOS pull-down network that realizes the logic
function and a simple load device, which replace the entire pull-up network. A ratioed
logic which uses a grounded pMOS load is referred to as a pseudo-nMOS gate
25. What is true single phase clocked register?
The True single-phase clocked register (TSPCR) uses a single clock, CLK. For the
positive latch, when CLK is high, the latch is in the transparent mode and corresponds to
two cascaded inverters; the latch is non-inverting, and propagates the input to the output.
13
 On the other hand, when CLK=0, both inverters are disabled, and the latch is in the hold
mode.
26. Define a tally circuit.
A tally circuit counts the number of inputs that are high and outputs the answer. If
there are N inputs there are N +1 possible outputs, corresponding to 0, 1, 2, …. N inputs
that are high.

27. Give the NAND realization

28. Draw the CMOS logic for F= (AB+CD)’

29. Draw the CMOS implementation of 4-to-1 MUX using transmission gates .

14
30. What are the types of programmable device?
 Programmable logic structure
 Programmable Interconnect
 Reprogrammable gate array
31. What is CLB?
CLB means Configurable Logic Block.
32. What are the two types of MOSFET?
Two types of MOSET are n-channel MOSET and p-channel MOSFET. These are
known as n-MOS and p-MOS.
33. Which MOS can pass logic 1 and logic 0 strongly?
p-MOS can pass strong logic 1
n-MOS can pass strong logic 0
34. What is AOI logic function?
AND OR Invert logic function (AOI) implements operation in the order of AND,
OR,NOT operations. So this logic function is known as AOI logic function.
35. What is bubble pushing?
According to De Morgan’s laws,
= +
+ =
So NAND gate may be drawn as bubbled OR gate. Bubbles are introduced in the input
side. This concept is known as bubble pushing.
36. Implement y = using bubble pushing concept?
Y= can be implemented using bubbled AND gate.
= +
37. What is OAI 221 Gate?
OAI 221, here 221 refers to number of inputs in each section.
38. Write the features of CMOS Domino Logic?
 These structures occupy small area compared with conventional logic structure.
 Parasitic capacitance is to be small to increase the speed.
 Each gate can make one ‘logic 1’ to ‘logic 0’ transition.
39. What are the tally circuits?
 Tally circuits one of the applications of the pass transistor logic.
 It is used to count the number of inputs which are high and the output is produced.
40. What are the various forms of inverter based CMOS logic?
15
 i. Pseudo N-MOS logic
ii. Dynamic C-MOS logic
iii. Clocked C-MOS logic
iv. C-MOS domino logic
v. n-p C-MOS logic
41. What is PIP in XILINIX?
PIP means Programmable Interconnect Point in XILINIX.
42. What are the advantages and disadvantages of PLA?
Advantages of PLA
 Simplicity
 Small size
Disadvantages of PLA
 Speed problem occur (pull-ups may become slow on large terms )
43. What are the various modeling used in Verilog?
1. Gate-level modeling
2. Data-flow modeling
3. Switch-level modeling
4. Behavioral modeling

44. What is the structural gate-level modeling?

Structural modeling describes a digital logic networks in terms of the
components that make up the system. Gate-level modeling is based on using primitive
logic gates and specifying how they are wired together.
45. What is Switch-level modeling?
Verilog allows switch-level modeling that is based on the behavior of MOSFETs.
Digital circuits at the MOS-transistor level are described using the MOSFET switches.
46. Define combinational and sequential circuit.
A combinational circuit consists of logic gates whose output at any time is
determined from the present combination of inputs. On the other hand a sequential circuit
in which the output depends on previous as well as current inputs. They can be used to
keep a record of what value a variable (input, output or intermediate) had in the past as
well as store the current value of a variable for later use.
47. What sequencing overload?
Sequencing elements delay tokens that arrive too early, preventing them from
catching up with the previous token. Unfortunately, they inevitably add some delays to
token that are already critical, decreasing the performance of the system. This extra delay
is called sequencing overload.
48. Define Meta stable condition.
In reality, when a flip flop samples as input that is changing during its
aperture, the output Q may momentarily take on a voltage between 0 and VDD that is in
the forbidden zones. This is called a meta stable state. Eventually, the flip flop will
resolve the output to a stable state of either 0 or 1.
49. Define logic propagation delay (tpd).
Upper bound on interval between valid inputs and valid outputs.
50. Define logic contamination delay (tcd).
Lower bound on interval between invalid inputs and invalid outputs.
51. Define Latch/flip-flop clock to Q propagation delay (tccq).
(i) tPLH: 50% triggering edge point of the clock pulse to 50% transition of the
output from low to high.
16
 (ii)tPHL: 50% triggering edge of the clock pulse to the high to low transition of
the output.
52. Define Latch/ flip-flop setup time (tsetup) & Hold time (thold).
The time before, the clock edge that the D input has to be stable is called setup
time. The time after the clock edge that the D input has remained stable is called Hold
time.
53. List the methods of sequencing static circuits.
The three widely used methods of sequencing static circuits
 Flip-flops
 2-phase transparent latches.
 pulsed latches
54. Define setup time failure or max-delay failure.
If the combinational logic delay is too long. The receiving element will miss its
setup time and sample the wrong value. This is called a setup time failure or max-delay
failure.
55. What is called pulsed Latch?
The latch that has short clock –to-Q delay and a long hold time is called pulsed
latch or single-phased level triggered latch.

56. Define Min-delay failure.

In a sequential circuit if the hold time is large and the contamination delay is
small, data can incorrectly propagate through two successive elements on one edge,
corrupting the state of the system. This is called A race condition, hold time failure, or
min-delay failure.
57. What is clock skew?
In reality clocks have some uncertainty in their arrival times that can cut into the time
available for useful computation is called Clock Skew.
58. What is pulsed latch?
Pulsed latch consisting of the set of pass gates that define the transparency window,
buffer inverters, And weak feedback path to keep the value stored in the PL. output at the
end a transparency window.
59. What are the two types of reset?
In synchronous reset, the flip flop changes with Synchronous control input and
clock signals. In asynchronous reset, the output is independent of the synchronous input
and the clock. There are two types of reset are
 Synchronous
 Asynchronous
60. What are differential flip-flops?
Differential flip-flops accept true and complementary inputs and produce true and
complementary outputs. This can be build from a clocked sense amplifier so they can
rapidly respond to small differential input voltages.
61. List the memory control units.
 Row decoder
 Column decoder
 Sense amplifier/driver
 Control circuitry
62. Describe sense amplifier in memory circuits.
A sense amplifier is one of the elements which make up the circuitry on
a semiconductor memory chip (integrated circuit); the term itself dates back to the era of
magnetic core memory. A sense amplifier is part of the read circuitry that is used when
17
 data is read from the memory; its role is to sense the low power signals from a bitline that
represents a data bit (1 or 0) stored in a memory cell, and amplify the small voltage swing
to recognizable logic levels so the data can be interpreted properly by logic outside the
memory. Modern sense-amplifier circuits consist of two to six (usually four) transistors,
while early sense amplifiers for core memory sometimes contained as many as 13
transistors. There is one sense amplifier for each column of memory cells, so there are
usually hundreds or thousands of identical sense amplifiers on a modern memory chip.
63. What is TPSC?
The true –single-phase-clock latch is constructed by merging CMOS domino and
CMOS logic. Conventional latches require both true and complementary clock signals.
Normally the complementary signals are generated with an inverter in the latch cell.
64. What is resettable latch?
Resettable latches and flip-flops employs a control input called reset signal to
enter a known initial state on startup.
65. List the important timing parameter.
 Read access time
 Write access time
 Propagation delay.

66. Classify semiconductor memory.

1. Read and write memory
Random access memory
SRAM
DRAM
Non random access memory
FIFO
LIFO
Shift registers
CAM
2. Non volatile random access memory
EPROM
E2PROM
FLASH
3. Read Only Memory
Mask Programmed programmable (PROM)
67. Draw the block diagram of sense amplifier.

18
 UNIT IV
DESIGN OF ARITHMETIC BUILDING BLOCKS AND SUBSYSTEM
1. How path can be implemented in VLSI system?
A data path is best implemented in a bit –sliced fashion. A single layout is used
respectively for every bit in the data word. This regular approach eases the design effort
and results in fast and dense layouts.
2. Comment on performance of ripple carry adder.
A ripple carry adder has a performance that is linearly proportional to the number of
bits. Circuit optimizations concentrate on reducing the delay of the carry path. A number of
circuit topologies exist providing that careful optimization of the circuit topology and the
transistor sizes helps to reduce the capacitance on the carry bit.
3. What is the logic of adder for increasing its performance ?
Other adder structures use logic optimizations to increase the performance (carry
bypass, carry select, carry look ahead). Performance increase comes at the cost area.
4. What is multiplier circuit ?
A multiplier is nothing more than a collection of cascaded adders. Critical path
is far more complex and optimizations are different compared to adders.
5. Which factors dominate the performance of programmable shifter ?
The performance and the area of a programmable shifter are dominated by the wiring.
6. What is meant by data path ?
A data path is a functional units, such as arithmetic logic units or multipliers, that
perform data processing operations, registers and buses. Along with the control unit it
composes the central processing unit.
7. Write down the expression for worst-case delay for RCA.
t = (n-1)tc+ts
8. Write down the expression to obtain delay for N-bit carry bypass adder.
tadder = tsetup +Mtcarry +(N/M-1)tbypass +(M-1)tcarry + tsum
9. Define Braun multiplier.
The simplest multiplier is the Braun multiplier. All the partial products are
computed in parallel, and then collected through a cascade of Carry Save Adders. The
completion time is limited by the depth of the carry save array, and by the carry
propagation in the adder. This multiplier is suitable for positive operands.
10. Why we go to Booth’s algorithm ?

19
 Booth algorithm is a method that will reduce the number of multiplicand multiples.
For a given number of ranges to be represented , a higher representation radix leads to
fewer digits.
11. Draw the truth table for Modified booth’s algorithm.
X2n+1 X2n X2n-1 f(2n) f(2n)Y
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 Y
0 1 0 1 Y
0 1 1 2 2Y
1 0 0 -2 -2Y
1 0 1 -1 -Y
1 1 0 -1 -Y
1 1 1 0 0
12. List the different types of shifter.
Array shifter
Barrel shifter
Logarithm shifter
13. Give the basic nMOS PLA structure.

The basic PLA structure consists of an AND plane driving an OR plane. The
terminology corresponds to a sum of products (SOP) realization of the desired function. The
SOP realization converts directly into a NAND-NAND implementation. When a product of
sums (POS) realization is desired, it can be implemented in OR-AND or NOR-NOR logic.
In either case, the first array is referred to as the AND plane, and the second array as the OR
plane. The line connecting the AND plane to the OR plane are called the product lines.
14. What do you mean by CMOS PLA.
The basic CMOS PLA is obtained by providing a well and replacing the pull-up
devices in the NAND-NAND array or in the NOR- NOR array with enhancement mode
pMOS devices. The CMOS array can be precharged or not, and can be clocked 2 AND
plane OR plane Register Register In puts Outputs 1 with the same two-phase clocking
scheme as used for the MOS PLA. CMOS PLA design offers many more varieties of layout
than does nMOS.
15. Define finite state machine.
When feedback is added to the AND OR PLA structure, the PLA becomes a finite
state machine (FSM). An FSM can be designed as a Mealy Machine or a Moore Machine.
The Mealy machine has outputs, which may change with input changes in an asynchronous
manner and cause erroneous behavior. Hence, the Mealy machine should be avoided
whenever possible. The Moore machine has outputs which depend upon and change only

20
 with state changes, since all the outputs of the Boolean-logic block go through a state
register, and are synchronously clocked.
16. What are the importance of the PLA/FSM in VLSI?
(i) Regularity : It has a standard, easily expandable layout.
(ii) Convenience : Little design effort is required.
(iii) Compacted : It is efficient for small circuits.
(iv) Modularity : It makes it possible to design hierarchical PLAs and
FSMs into large sequential systems.
(v) Suitability to being computer generated.
17. Give the structure of a CPLD.
A CPLD comprises multiple circuit blocks on a single chip, with internal wiring
resources to connect the circuit blocks. Each circuit block is similar to a PLA or a PAL.It
includes four PAL like blocks that are connected to a set of interconnection wires. Each
PAL like block is also connected to a sub circuit labeled I/O block, which is attached to a
number of the chip’s input and output pins.

18. Give the CPLD packages available.

a. PLCC package: The PLCC package has pins that “wrap around” the edges of
the chip on all four of its sides. The socket that houses the PLCC is attached by solder to
the circuit board, and the PLCC is held in the socket by friction.
b. quad flat pack package: The QFP package has pins on all four sides, and they
extend outward from the package, with a downward-wiring
shape. The QFP’s pins are much thinner than those on a PLCC, which means that the
package can support a larger number of pins; QFPs are available with more than 200 pins.
19. Give the structure of MAX 7000 CPLD.

21
20. What is meant by FPGA?
A field programmable gate array (FPGA) is a programmable logic device that
supports implementation of relatively large logic circuits. FPGAs can be used to implement
a logic circuit with more than 20,000 gates whereas a CPLD can implement circuits of upto
about 20,000 equivalent gates. FPGAs are quite different from CPLDs because FPGAs do
not contain AND or OR planes. Instead, they provide logic blocks for implementation of the
required functions.

21. Give the general structure of FPGA.

22. What are the different commercial FPGA products?

Manufacturer FPGA products www Locator
Actel Act 1,2 and 3,MX,SX www.actel.com
Altera FLEX6000,8000 and 10k APEX 20k www.altera.com
Atmel AT6000, AT40k www.ateml.com
Lucent ORCA 1,2 and 3 www.lucent.com
22
 QuickLogic pASIC 1,2 and 3 www.quicklogic.com
Vantis VFI www.vantis.com
Xilinx XC3000,XC4000,XC5200,Virtexwww.xilinx.com
23. What are the types of reprogrammable GA?
Ad-hoc Array and Structured Array are the two types of Reprogrammable Gate Array.
24. What is the type’s o FPLA?
I. PROM [Programmed Read-Only Memory]
II. PAL [Programmed Array Logic]
25. What are the applications of PAL?
i. Control logic application
ii. Input/Output
iii. Data-path logic
26. What is finite state machine (FSM)?
When feedback is added to AND-OR PLA structure, then it becomes FSM.
27. What are the characteristics of PLA/FSM?
i. Regularity
ii. Modularity
iii. Suitability
iv. Efficiency
28. What is CLB?
CLB means Configurable Logic Block.
29. Define mealy machine?
In mealy machine, output may change with the change in the input asynchronously.

30. Define moore machine?

In moore machine, output can be changed when state is changed.
31. What is HDL?
VHSIC Hardware description Language.
32. What is VHSIC?
Very High Sped Integrated Circuits.
33. What are the various operators in VHDL?
i. Logical operators
ii. Relational operators
iii. Shift operators
iv. Adding operators
v. Multiplying operators
vi. Miscellaneous operators
34. What are the data types available in VHDL?
i. Scalar type
ii. Composite type
iii. Access type
iv. File type
35. What are the types of subprograms?
Functions and Procedures are types of subprograms.
36. What is the use of actual?
Actual in a subprogram call is used to pass the values from and to a subprogram.
37. Differentiate between channeled & channel less gate array.

23
 Channeled Gate Array Channel less Gate Array
1. Only the interconnect is customized only the top few mask layers are customized.
2. The interconnect uses predefined spaces between rows of base cells. No predefined areas
are set aside for routing between cells.
3. Routing is done using the spaces Routing is done using the area of transistors unused.
4. Logic density is less Logic density is higher.
38. What is a FPGA?
A field programmable gate array (FPGA) is a programmable logic device that supports
implementation of relatively large logic circuits. FPGAs can be used to implement a logic
circuit with more than 20,000 gates whereas a CPLD can implement circuits of upto about
20,000 equivalent gates.
39. What are the different methods of programming of PALs?
The programming of PALs is done in three main ways:
• Fusible links
• UV – erasable EPROM
• EEPROM (E2PROM) – Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM
40. What is an antifuse?(Nov/Dec 2016)
An antifuse is normally high resistance (>100MW). On application of appropriate
programming voltages, the antifuse is changed permanently to a low-resistance
structure (200-500W).
41. What are the different levels of design abstraction at physical design.
• Architectural or functional level
• Register Transfer-level (RTL)
• Logic level
• Circuit level

42. What are macros?

The logic cells in a gate-array library are often called macros.
43. What are Programmable Interconnects?
In a PAL, the device is programmed by changing the characteristics if the switching
element. An alternative would be to program the routing.
44. Give the steps inASIC design flow.
a. Design entry
b. Logic synthesisSystem partitioning
c. Prelayout simulation.
d. Floorplanning
e. Placement
f. Routing
g. Extraction
45. Write notes on functionality tests?
Functionality tests verify that the chip performs its intended function. These tests assert that
all the gates in the chip, acting in concert, achieve a desired function. These tests are usually
used early in the design cycle to verify the functionality of the circuit.
46. Write notes on manufacturing tests?
Manufacturing tests verify that every gate and register in the chip functions correctly. These
tests are used after the chip is manufactured to verify that the silicon is intact.
47. Mention the defects that occur in a chip?
a) layer-to-layer shorts
b) discontinuous wires
c) thin-oxide shorts to substrate or well

24
48. Give some circuit maladies to overcome the defects?
a. nodes shorted to power or ground
b. nodes shorted to each other
c. inputs floating/outputs disconnected
49. What is finite state machine (FSM)?
When feedback is added to AND-OR PLA structure, then it becomes FSM
50. What is ripple carry adder?
The ripple carry adder is constructed by cascading full adder blocks in series The
carryout of one stage is fed directly to the carry-in of the next stage For an n-bit parallel
adder, it requires n full adders

51. Write the drawbacks of ripple carry adder.

 Not very efficient when large bit numbers are used
 Delay increases linearly with the bit length
52. What is meant by carry look ahead adder?
A carry-lookahead adder (CLA) or fast adder is a type of adder used in digital logic.
A carry-lookahead adder improves speed by reducing the amount of time required to
determine carry bits. It can be contrasted with the simpler, but usually slower, ripple
carry adder for which the carry bit is calculated alongside the sum bit, and each bit must
wait until the previous carry has been calculated to begin calculating its own result and
carry bits.
The carry-lookahead adder calculates one or more carry bits before the sum, which
reduces the wait time to calculate the result of the larger value bits. The Kogge-Stone
adderand Brent-Kung adder are examples of this type of adder.

53. What is meant by carry skip adder?

A carry-skip adder (also known as a carry-bypass adder) is
an adder implementation that improves on the delay of a ripple-carry adder with little
effort compared to other adders. The improvement of the worst-case delay is achieved by
using several carry-skip adders to form a block-carry-skip adder. Are composed of ripple
carry adder blocks of fixed size* and a carry skip chain. The size of the blocks are chosen
so as to minimize the longest life of a carry
54. What is meant by Manchester carry chain adder?
The Manchester carry chain is a variation of the carry-lookahead adder that uses
shared logic to lower the transistor count. As can be seen above in the implementation

25
 section, the logic for generating each carry contains all of the logic used to generate the
previous carries.
A Manchester carry chain generates the intermediate carries by tapping off nodes in
the gate that calculates the most significant carry value. Not all logic families have these
internal nodes however, CMOS being a major example. Dynamic logic can support
shared logic, as can transmission gate logic. A Manchester-carry-chain section generally
won't exceed 4 bits.
55. What is meant by barrel shifter?
A barrel shifter is a digital circuit that can shift a data word by a specified
number of bits in one clock cycle. It can be implemented as a sequence
of multiplexers (mux.), and in such an implementation the output of one mux is
connected to the input of the next mux in a way that depends on the shift distance.

56. List the different types of adders?

 Ripple carry adder
 Carry propagate adder
 Carry skip adder
 Carry Bypass adder
 Carry lookahead adder
 Carry select adder
 Contional sum adder
57. Write the multipliers types.
 Dadda multiplier.
 Array multiplier.
 Wallace tree multiplier.
58. List the types of Parallel prefix adders.
 1960: J. Sklansky – conditional adder „
 1973: Kogge-Stone adder „
 1980: Ladner-Fisher adder „
 1982: Brent-Kung adder „
 1987: Han Carlson adder „
 1999: S. Knowles
 1981: H. Ling adder „
 2001: Beaumont-Smith

26
 UNIT V
IMPLEMENTATION STRATERGIES AND TESTING
1. Define full custom design.
All mask layers are customized in a full-custom ASIC. It only makes sense to design
a full-custom IC if there are no libraries available. Full-custom offers the highest
performance and lowest part cost (smallest die size) with the disadvantages of increased
design time, complexity, design expense, and highest risk. Microprocessors were
exclusively full-custom, but designers are increasingly turning to semicustom ASIC
techniques in this area too. Other examples of full-custom ICs or ASICs are requirements
for high-voltage (automobile), analog/digital (communications), or sensors and actuators.
2. Define Semi custom ASIC?

It uses pre-designed logic cells which are obtained from cell library. Cell library
consists of standard cells such as AND, OR, MUX, flip flops, counters etc. Some of the
mask layers are customized.
3. Basic building blocks in FPGA.(Apr/May 2019)
 Configurable logic blocks
 Programmable inter connects
 Memory elements
4. Give the classification of ASIC?

 Full Custom ASIC.
 Semi Custom ASIC.
 Programmable ASIC
5. Write the difference between standard IC and Custom IC?
Standard IC: It can be directly bought from the market.
27
 Custom IC:
1.It is meant for particular application.
2. Many standard IC’s combined to form Custom IC.
6. What is meant by Embedded IC?

The Gate Array is embedded and some of the IC area is dedicated to specific
functions.
Embedded area contains different base cells suitable for memory cells.
7. Write the steps used for design flow?

 Design entry

 Logic synthesis.

 System portioning.

 Pre-layout simulation.
 Floor planning.

 Placement.

 Routing.

 Circuit extraction and DRC

 Post-layout simulation.
8. What are the characteristics of the FPGA?
None of the mask layers are customized. A matrix of programmable interconnect
surrounds the basic logic cells. Programmable I/O cells surround the core. Design turnaround
is a few hours.
9. What is meant by design entry?
Enter the design into an ASIC design system, either using a hardware description
language (HDL) or schematic entry.

10. What is meant by Logic synthesis?

Use an HDL (VHDL or VERILOG) and a logic synthesis tool to produce a netlist-a
description of the logic cells and their connections.
11. What is meant by System partitioning?
Dividing a large system into ASIC-sized pieces.
12. Define Global routing.
The two-stage routing method is a powerful technique for routing in VLSI circuits.
During the global routing stage
 The routing region is partitioned into a collection of rectangular regions.
 To interconnect each net, a sequence of sub-regions to be used is determined.
 All nets crossing a given boundary of a routing region are called floating terminals.
 Once the sub-region is routed, these floating terminals become fixed terminals for
subsequent regions.

13. Define Detailed routing.

Detailed routing is to assign route segments of signal nets to specific routing tracks,
vias, and metal layers in a manner consistent with given global routes of those nets.
Detailed Routing Stages
 Assign routing tracks
 Perform entire routing
28
 no open connection left
 Search and repair
 resolving all the physical design rules
 Perform optimizations, e.g. add redundant vias (reduce resistivity, better yield)

14. List detailed some Routing algorithms.

 Vertical and horizontal constraints graph
 Dogleg algorithm
 Left edge algorithm
 Switchbox Routing
 Over-the-Cell Routing Algorithms
15. What is meant by FPGA?
A field programmable gate array (FPGA) is a programmable logic device that
supports implementation of relatively large logic circuits. FPGAs can be used to
implement a logic circuit with more than 20,000 gates whereas a CPLD can implement
circuits of upto about 20,000 equivalent gates. FPGAs are quite different from CPLDs
because FPGAs do not contain AND or OR planes. Instead, they provide logic blocks for
implementation of the required functions.

16. Give the general structure of FPGA.

17. What are the different commercial FPGA products?

 Manufacturer FPGA products www Locator
 Actel Act 1,2 and 3,MX,SX
 Altera FLEX6000,8000 and 10k APEX 20k
 Atmel AT6000, AT40k
 Lucent ORCA 1,2 and 3
 QuickLogic pASIC 1,2 and 3
 Vantis VFI
 Xilinx XC3000,XC4000,XC5200,Virtex
18. What are the applications of PAL?
 Control logic application
 Input/Output
 Data-path logic

29
19. Differentiate between channeled and channel less gate array.
Channeled gate array Channel less gate array
Only the interconnect is customized Only the top few mask layers are customized
The interconnect uses predefined spaces No predefined areas are set aside for routing
between rows of base cells between cells.
Routing is done using spaces Routing is done using the area of transistors
unused
Logic density is less Logic density is higher
20. What are the different levels of design abstraction at physical design.
 Architectural or functional unit
 Register Transfer-level (RTL)
 Logic level
 Circuit level
21. What are macros.
The logic cells in a gate-array are often called macros.
22. What are programmable Interconnects ?
In a PAL, the device is programmed by changing the characteristics if the
switching element. An alternative would be to program the routing.
23. What are the types of ASICs ?
Types of ASICs are
Full custom ASICs
Semi custom ASICs
24. What are the types of programmable devices ?
Types of programmable devices are
Programmable logic structure, Programmable Interconnect, Reprogrammable Gate
Array
25. What are the features of standard celled ASICs ?
o All mask layers are customized-transistors and interconnect.
o Custom blocks can be embedded
o Manufacturing lead time is about eight weeks.
26. What are the characteristics of FPGA ?
o None of the mask layers are customized
o A method of programming the basic logic cells and the interconnect.
o The core is a array of programmable basic logic cells that can implement
combinational as well as sequential logic (flip-flops).
o A matrix of programmable interconnect surrounds the basic logic cells
o Design turnaround is a few hours.
27. What is programmable logic array ?
A programmable logic array (PLA) is a programmable device used to implement
combinational logic circuits. The PLA has a set of programmable AND planes, which
link to a programmable OR planes, which can then be conditionally complemented to
produce an output. This layout allows for a large number of logic functions to be
synthesized in the sum of products (sometimes product of sums) canonical forms.
28. What is meant by programmable logic plane ?
The programmable logic plane is programmable read only memory(PROM)
array that allows the signals present on the devices pins to be routed to an output logic
macro cell.
29. Give the application of PLA.
Design and testing of digital circuits.
30. Give the different types of ASIC.
30
 1. Full custom ASICs
2. Semicustom ASICs
Standard cell based ASICs
Gate-array based ASICs
3. Programmable ASICs
Programmable Logic Device (PLD)
Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).
31. What is the full custom ASIC design?
In a Full custom ASIC, an engineer designs some or all of the logic cells,
circuits or layout specifically for one ASIC. It makes sense to take this approach
only if there are no suitable existing cell libraries available that can be used for the
entire design.
32. What is standard cell-based ASIC design ?(Nov/Dec 2016)
A cell-based ASIC (CBIC) uses predefined logic cells known as STANDARD
CELLS. The standard cell areas are also called flexible block in a CBIC are built of
rows of standard cells. The ASIC designer defines only the placement of standard cells
and the interconnect in a CBIC. All the mask layers of a CBIC are customized and are
unique to a particular customer.
33. What is FPGA ?
A Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is a programmable logic device that
supports implementation of relatively large logic circuits. FPGA can be used to
implement a logic circuit with more than 20,000 gates whereas a CPLD can implement
circuits of upto about 20,000 equivalent gates.
34. What are the different methods of programming of PALs?
The programming of PALs in done in three ways:
1. Fusible links
2. UV-erasable EPROM
3. EEPROM (E2PROM) – Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM.
35. What is an antifuse ?
An antifuse is normally high resistance (>100MΩ). on application of
appropriate programming voltages, the antifuse is changed permanently to a low-
resistance structure(200-500Ω) .
36. Give the steps in ASIC design flow?
1. Design entry
2. Logic synthesis system partitioning
3. Prelayout simulation
4. Floor planning
5. Placement
6. Routing
7. Extraction
8. Post layout simulation
37. Differentiate full custom design and semi custom design.(Apr/May 2019).

FULL CUSTOM DESIGN SEMI CUSTOM DESIGN

All mask layers are customised in It uses pre-designed logic cell(and
full custom design gates, OR gate, multiplexers) known
as standard cells
In full custom design, all logic cells, Designer used pre-tested or pre-
circuits or layouts are designed characterized cell.
specifically. Design doesn't use
31
 pretested or pre-characterized cells
This approach is considered only Widely used
when there is no suitable existing
Offers high performance lower cost More cost. Low performance
as compared to semi.
More cost. Low performance More cost. Low performance
Eg: Microprocessor Eg. Digital logics

VSB ENGINEERING COLLEGE KARUR

POSSIBLE 16 MARK QUESTIONS
UNIT I
1. Explain in detail about the ideal I—V characteristics and non ideal I—V characteristics
of a NMOS and PMOS devices.
2. Explain in detail about the body effect and its effect in NMOS and PMOS devices.
3. Derive the expression for DC transfer characteristics of CMOS Inverter. (Apr/May 2019)
4. Explain the enhancement and depletion mode operation of NMOS transistor.
5. Explain detail about channel length modulation.
6. Explain the MOSFET device models.
7. Explain layout design rules in detail.
8. Explain the process parameters of MOS and CMOS.
9. Define scaling principle. Explain about fundamental scaling limits.
10. Discuss in detail about electrical properties of CMOS.
11. Discuss in detail with a neat layout, the design rules for a CMOS inverter.
12. Discuss in detail with necessary equation the operation of MOSFET and its current
voltage characteristics.
13. Draw and explain the D.C and transfer characteristics of a CMOS inverter with a
necessary conditions for the different regions of operation.
14. Discuss the principle of constant field scaling and also write its effect on device
characteristics.
15. Explain the small signal model of MOS transistors with neat diagram and expression.
16. Draw the stick diagram and layout of a NMOS inverter.
17. Draw the stick diagram of CMOS Inverter.(Apr/May 2019)
32
 UNIT II
1. Explain interconnect delay modeling using elmore’s constant delay approach.
2. Explain the dc Characteristics of Pass transistor logic.
3. Explain the DC Characteristics of TG. List its application.
4. Explain the characteristics of pseudo-NMOS ratioed circuit.
5. Explain the properties of static and dynamic CMOS logic.
6. Explain about CMOS domino logic and Dual rail domino logic.
7. Explain the optimization technique deployed to reduce dynamic and static power
dissipation.
8. Discuss about the sources of power dissipation.
9. Explain the low power design principle of CMOS logic.
10. Realize AND/NAND ,OR/NOR and XOR/XNOR using CPL.
11. Realize AND/NAND ,OR/NOR and XOR/XNOR using PTL.
12. Explain in detail about static and dynamic CMOS logic Circuits.
13. Discuss in detail about the ratioed circuit and dynamic circuit CMOS logic
configurations
14. Describe the basic principle of operation of dynamic CMOS ,domino and NP domino
logic with neat diagrams.
15. Explain the static and dynamic power dissipation in CMOS circuits with necessary
diagrams and expressions.
16. Discuss the design techniques to reduce switching activity in a static and dynamic CMOS
circuits.
17. Briefly discuss about the classification of circuit families and comparison of circuit
families.

UNIT III
1. List the types of pipelining system. Explain the construction of pipeline using latches and
registers.
2. Explain the memory organization and memory access timing.
3. Explain the method of clock generation in digital circuits.
4. Explain the design and organization of SRAM. (Apr/May 2019)
5. Explain the design and organization of DRAM.
6. Explain the memory access timing of DRAM and SRAM.
7. Discuss the techniques to reduce switching activity in a static and dynamic CMOS
circuits.
8. Explain in detail about the pipelining concept used in sequential circuits.
9. Explain the design of asynchronous sequential circuits.
10. Explain the design of synchronous sequential circuits.
11. Write a brief note on sequencing dynamic circuits.
12. Explain in detail about the principle concepts used in sequential circuits.
13. How do you achieve low power in memory circuits? Explain in detail.
14. Discuss in detail about dynamic RAM.
15. Illustrate the principles of synchronizer and arbiter.
UNIT IV
1. Design 4 bit ripple carry adder and explain.
2. Design and explain the following adders.(Apr/May 2018)
33
 i. Carry skip adder
ii. Carry select adder
iii. Carry save adder
iv. Carry by pass adder
v. Conditional sum adder
3. Explain the design of parallel prefix adder.
i. Sklansky adder
ii. Kogge stone adder
iii. Brent kung adder
4. Explain the design of parallel array multiplier
i. Wallace tree
ii. Booth Multiplier
5. Explain run time power reduction management technique in detail.
6. Explain speed and area trade off I data path logic circuits in detail.
7. Explain the circuit design of Manchester carry chain adder.
8. How architectural optimization is achieved in digital system?
9. Explain design time power reduction management technique in detail.
10. Explain the mirror full adder circuit.
11. Explain the structure of booth multiplier and list its advantages.
12. Design a 3 bit barrel shifter
13. What is 4*4 carry save multiplier. Calculate its critical path delay
14. Explain the following circuits 1. Data path circuit 2. Any one adder circuit
15. Explain with neat diagram baugh-wooley multiplier
16. Explain ripple carry adder.
17. Describe about carry look-ahead adder and its carry generation and propagation.

UNIT V
1. Explain ASIC flow and types of ASIC.
2. Explain full custom and semi custom design.
3. Explain the following
i. Channeled gate array ASICs
ii. Structured gate array ASICs
iii. Programmable array logic
iv. Standard cell based ASICs
4. Explain the FPGA interconnect routing procedures of ACTEL antifuse and Metal-Metal
antifuse.
5. Explain the architecture of Xilinx 3000 FPGA. (Apr/May 2019)
6. Explain the programming methods of PLDs.
7. Explain FPGA global routing procedure.
8. Explain FPGA detailed routing procedure. (Apr/May 2019)
9. Explain the general architecture of FPGA and bring about different programmable blocks
used.
10. Discuss in detail about full custom design and semi custom design.
11. Describe about Gate-Array Based ASICs.
12. Write short note on programmable Logic devices.
13. Write short notes on standard cell design and cell libraries.
14. Write the significance of PLA/FSM in VLSI design.
34
15. Explain the programmable interconnects and I/O blocks used in FPGA.

35
 V.S.B .Engineering College, Karur
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

EC 8562 - WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

2MARKS QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

UNIT I WIRELESS CHANNELS

1. What are the propagation mechanisms of EM waves?
The four propagation mechanisms of EM waves are

i Free space propagation

ii Reflection
iii Diffraction
iv Scattering

2. What is the significance of propagation model?

The major significance of propagation models are:
i. Propagation model predicts the parameter of receiver.
ii. It predicts the average received signal strength at a given distance from the transmitter.
3. What do you mean by small scale fading?
Rapid fluctuations of the amplitude, phase as multipath delays of a radio signal over a short
period of time is called small scale fading.
4. What are the factors influencing small scale fading?
The factors which influence small scale fading are:
Multipath propagation,
Speed of the mobile,
Speed of surrounding objects and
Transmission bandwidth of the signal.
5. When does large scale propagation occur?
Large scale propagation occurs due to general terrain and the density and height of buildings and
vegetation, large scale propagation occurs.
6. Differentiate the slow fading and fast fading.(April/May 2018)
Slow Fading Fast Fading
Slow variations in the signal strength. Rapid variations in the signal strength.
Mobile station (MS) moves slowly. Local objects reflect the signal causes
fast fading.
It occurs when the large reflectors and It occurs when the user terminal (MS)
diffracting objects along the transmission moves for short distances.
paths are distant from the terminal.
Eg. Rayleigh fading, Rician fading and
Doppler shift

7. Define Doppler shift.

If the receiver is moving towards the source, then the zero crossings of the
signal appear faster and the received frequency is higher. The opposite effect occurs if
the receiver is moving away from the source. The resulting chance in frequency is
known as the Doppler shift (fD).
FD = fr – f0 = -f0V/C
Where f0 -> transmission frequency
fr -> received frequency
8. Differentiate time selective and frequency selective channel.
The gain and the signal strength of the received signal are time varying means then the
channel is described as time selective channel. The frequency response of the time selective
channel is constant so that frequency flat channel. The channel is time invariant but the impulse
response of the channel show a frequency-dependent response so called frequency selective
channel.
9. Define coherence time and coherence bandwidth.(Nov/Dec 2015)(April/May 2017)
Coherence time is the maximum duration for which the channel can be assumed to be
approximately constant. It is the time separation of the two time domain samples. Coherence
bandwidth is the frequency separation of the two frequency domain samples.
10. What do you mean by WSSUS channels?
In multipath channels, the gain and phase shift at one delay are uncorrelated with another delay
is known as uncorrelated scattering of WSSUS.
11. What is free space propagation model?
The free space propagation model is used to predict received signal strength, when
unobstructed line-of-sight path between transmitter & receiver. Friis free space equation is given
by,

The factor (λ/4πd)2 is also known as the free space loss factor.
12. Define EIRP.
EIRP (Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power) of a transmitting system in a given direction is
defined as the transmitter power that would be needed, with an isotropic radiator, to produce the
same power density in the given direction.
EIRP=PtGt
Where Pt-transmitted power in W, where Gt-transmitting antenna gain
13. Explain path loss.
The path loss is defined as the difference (in dB) between the effective transmitted power
and the received power. Path loss may or may not include the effect of the antenna gains.

14. What is intrinsic impedance and Brewster angle?

Intrinsic impedance is defined by the ratio of electric to magnetic field for a uniform
plane wave in the particular medium.
Brewster angle is the angle at which no reflection occurs in the origin. Brewster angle is denoted

by θB as shown below,
15. Define radar cross section.
Radar Cross Section of a scattering object is defined as the ratio of the power density of
the signal scattered in the direction of the receiver to the power density of the radio wave
incident upon the scattering object & has units of squares meters.
16. What is scattering?
When a radio wave impinges on a rough surface, the reflected energy is spread out in all
directions due to scattering.
 17. Name some of the outdoor propagation models?
Some of the commonly used outdoor propagation models are
i. Longely-Rice model
ii. Durkin’s model
iii. Okumura model.
18. Define indoor propagation models.
The indoor propagation models are used to characterizing radio propagation inside the
buildings. The distances covered are much smaller, and the variability of the environment is
much greater for smaller range of Transmitter and receiver separation distances. Features such
as lay-out of the building, the construction materials, and the building type strongly influence
the propagation within the building.
19. Mention some indoor propagation models?
Some of the indoor propagation models are:
i. Long –distance path loss model
ii. Ericson multiple break point model
iii. Attenuation factor model.
20. What are merits and demerits of Okumara’s model?
Merits:
Accuracy in parameter prediction.
Suitable for modern land mobile radio system. Urban, suburban areas are analyzed.
Demerits:
Rural areas are not analyzed. Analytical explanation is not enough.
21. List the advantages and disadvantages of Hata model?
Advantages:
Suitable for large cell mobile system. Cell radius on the order of 1km is taken for analysis.
Disadvantages:
Not suitable for PCS model. This model does not have any path specific correction.
22. What is the necessity of link budget?
The necessities of link budget are:
i. A link budget is the clearest and most intuitive way of computing the required
Transmitter power. It tabulates all equations that connect the Transmitter power to the
received SNR
ii. It is reliable for communications.
iii. It is used to ensure the sufficient receiver power is available.
iv. To meet the SNR requirement link budget is calculated.
23. Write the effects of fading.
1. Rapid changes in signal strength over a small travel distance or time interval.
2. Random frequency modulation due to varying Doppler shifts on different multipath signals
3. Time dispersion caused by multipath propagation delays.
24. Define coherence bandwidth. (April/May 2016)
The coherence bandwidth is related to the specific multipath structure of the channel. The
coherence bandwidth is a measure of the maximum frequency difference for which signals are still
strongly correlated in amplitude. This bandwidth is inversely proportional to the rms value of time
delay spread.
25. What is coherence time?(Nov/Dec 2018)
It is defined as the required time interval to obtain an envelope correlation of 0.9 or less.
26. Define Doppler shift.
The shift in received signal frequency due to motion is called the Doppler shift.
27. What is Doppler spread?
It is defined as the range of frequencies over which the received Doppler spectrum is essentially
non-zero.
28. What are the effects of multipath propagation?
Slow fading and fast fading
 29. What is flat fading?(Nov/Dec 2017)
If the mobile radio channel has a constant gain and linear phase response over a bandwidth which
is greater than the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, then the received signal will undergo flat fading.
30. Write the conditions for flat fading.
BW of signal<<BW of channel , Bs<<Bc
Symbol period>>Delay spread, T >>ơλ
31. What is frequency selective fading?(Nov/Dec 2016)
If the channel possesses a constant gain and linear phase response over a bandwidth that is,
smaller than the bandwidth of transmitted signal, then the channel creates frequency selective fading on
the received signal.
32. Write the conditions for frequency selective fading.
BW of signal>BW of channel Bs>Bc
Symbol period< Delay spread Ts<ơλ
33. Define fast fading channel.
The channel impulse response changes rapidly within the symbol duration. This type of channel is
called fast fading channel.
34. Define slow fading channel.
The channel impulse response changes at a rate much slower than the transmitted baseband
signal. This type of channel is called slow fading channel.
35. What is meant by link budget?
A link budget is the clearest and the most intuitive way of computing the required transmit power.
36. What is the need of path loss models in link budget design?
The path loss models are used to estimate the received signal level as the function of distance it
becomes possible to predict the SNR for a mobile communication system.
37. What is ISI?
Intersymbol interference (ISI) is a form of distortion of a signal in which one symbol interferes
with subsequent symbols
38. What is meant by small scale fading? (April/May 2013)
The rapid fluctuations of the amplitudes, phases; or multipath delays of a radio signal over a short
period of time or travel distance is known as small scale fading.
39. What is meant by large scale fading? (April/May 2013)
The rapid fluctuations of the amplitudes, phases, or multipath delays of a radio signal over a long
period of time or travel distance is known as large scale fading.
40. What are the factors influencing small scale fading?
Speed of surrounding objects, Multipath propagation, Speed of the mobile, Transmission
bandwidth of the signal.
41. What is free space propagation model?
It is a model which is used to predict received signal strength, when unobstructed line of
sight path.
42. What is meant by frequency dispersion?
The received signal has a larger bandwidth than that of the transmitted signal, due to the different
Doppler shifts introduced by the components of the multipath between transmitter and receiver.
43. What are Fresnel zones?
The concentric circles on the transparent plane located between a transmitter and receiver
represent the loci of the origins of secondary wavelets which propagate to the receiver such that the total
path length increases by λ/2 for successive circles. These circles are called Fresnel zones.
44. Explain knife-edge diffraction model.
Knife edge is the simplest of diffraction models, and the diffraction loss can be readily estimated
using the classical Fresnel solution for the field behind the knife edge.
45. Find the far field distance for an antenna with maximum dimension of 2m and operating
Frequency 1GHz?(Dec 2015)
Df = 2D2/λ= 2 * 2 * 2/0.3 = 26.7 m
45. Define Snell’s law. (May 2013)
Snell's law states that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equivalent
to the ratio of phase velocities in the two media, or equivalent to the reciprocal of the ratio of the indices
of refraction:
46. Calculate the Brewster Angle for a wave impinging on ground having a permittivity of εr = 5.
(May 2016)
0.409Brewster Angle = sin -1 (0.409) = 24.14
47.What is frequency flat and frequency selective fading?
Selective fading or frequency selective fading is a radio propagation anomaly caused by partial
cancellation of a radio signal by itself — the signal arrives at the receiver by two different paths, and at
least one of the paths is changing (lengthening or shortening).
Frequency flat :A type of small scale fading where all frequency signal components experience the
same magnitude of fading; corresponds to the case where the signal bandwidth is smaller than the
channel coherence bandwidth
48.What is the major advantage of wireless communication?(April/May 2017)
Increased efficiency
Access and availability.
Flexibility.
Cost savings.
New opportunities.
Security.
Installation problems.
Coverage
49.What is shadow fading? Why it is called so?(Nov/Dec 2019)
Fading is variation of the attenuation of a signal with various variables. These variables include
time, geographical position, and radio frequency. Fading is often modeled as a random process. A fading
channel is a communication channel that experiences fading. In wireless systems, fading may either be
due to multipath propagation, referred to as multipath-induced fading, weather (particularly rain), or
shadowing from obstacles affecting the wave propagation, sometimes referred to as shadow fading.
50.Which factors does diffraction depend on at higher frequencies? (Nov/Dec 2019)
Diffraction occurs in water waves, sound waves, and light waves, but the amount of diffraction
depends on the size of the obstacle or opening in relation to the wavelength of the wave. Waves with
larger wavelengths diffract more than those with smaller wavelengths.
51. Differentiate small from large scale fading. (April/May 2019)
The large scale fading is used to describe the signal level at the receiver after traveling over
a large area (hundreds of wavelengths). Small scale fading is used to describe the signal level at the
receiver after encountering obstacles near (several wavelengths to fractions of wavelengths) the receiver.

PART B:
1. Discuss in brief about the Free-space model. And Derive the loss in the signal strength (April/ May
2018,2019)
2. What are the factors influencing small scale fading? (Nov/Dec 2016)
3. Explain the effects of multipath time delay spread and fading effects due to Doppler spread.
(Nov/Dec 2016)
4. What do you mean by path loss model? Explain in detail about log distance path loss model.
(Nov/Dec 2017)
5. Explain i) Fading and ii) Multipath propagation.
6. Derive the path loss considering a two ray model for the propagation mechanism wireless
channel. Is considering just two rays alone sufficient? Why? (April/ May 2017)
7. Write short notes on i) time-selective channels ii) frequency-selective channels(Nov/Dec 2018)
8. Differentiate narrowband and wideband channels.
9. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of two ray ground reflection model in the analysis of
path loss. (Nov/Dec 2015)
10. What is link budget? Explain with an example how it can be computed for noise limited system.
11. Write short notes on WSSUS channels.

12. Derive the impulse response model of a multipath channel and also obtain the relationship between
bandwidth and received power. (Nov/Dec 2015)
13. Explain coherence time and coherence bandwidth with expressions.
14. Explain in detail about the parameters of mobile multipath channels. (April/ May 2016)
(April/ May 2017) (May/June 2016)
15. Explain briefly on outdoor propagation model. (Nov/Dec 2014)
16. Describe in detail Two Ray Rayleigh Fading Model. (Nov/Dec 2014)
17.Explain the time invariant two path model of a wireless propagation channel. (Nov/Dec 2016)
18. In free space propagation describe how the signals are affected by reflection, diffraction and
scattering. (April/ May 2016)
19.Describe small scale fading and derive the expressions for parameters of mobile multipath
channels.(Nov/Dec 2018)
20.Discuss the flat fading channel characteristics with relevant diagrams. (April/ May 2019)
21. Describe the classification of small scale fading with respect to Doppler spread. (April/ May 2019)
22.Compare and contrast wired and wireless communication.(Nov/Dec 2019)
PART C:
1. Explain Okumura-Hata empirical and Nakagamimodel in detail.
2. (i) Explain on path loss estimation techniques using path loss models.
(ii)Describe on Ricean Distribution.
3. In free space propagation describe how the signals are affected by reflection, diffraction and
scattering. (May/June 2016)
4. Consider a transmitter which radiates a sinusoidal carrier frequency of 1850MHz. Forvehicle moving
60 mph, compute the received carrier frequency if the mobile is moving directly toward the
transmitter.
5. Determine the proper spatial sampling interval required to make small scale propagation
measurements which assume that consecutive samples are highly correlated in time. How many
samples will be required over 10m travel distance if fc = 1900MHz and v=50m/s. how long would it
take to make these measurements, assuming they could be made in real time from a moving vehicle.
What is the Doppler spread BD for the channel.
6. Analyze and compare the error performance in fading channels with and without diversity reception
techniques. (Nov/Dec 2017)
7. Determine the error probability for different fading channels with diversity reception.
8. Examine the effectiveness of flat fading and frequency selective fading.(Nov/Dec 2019)
 UNIT II CELLULAR ARCHITECTURE
1. What is meant by frequency reuse?(April/May 2018)(Nov/Dec 2017)
If an area is served by a single Base Station, then the available spectrum can be divided into N
frequency channels that can serve N users simultaneously. If more than N users are to be served,
multiple BSs are required, and frequency channels have to be reused in different locations. Since
spectrum is limited, the same spectrum has to be used for different wireless connections in different
locations. This method of reusing the frequency is called as frequency reuse.
2. What are the trends in cellular radio systems?
The trends in personal cellular radio systems are:
i. PCS – Personal Communication Services
ii. PCN – Personal Communication Networks
3. What do you mean by forward and reverse channel?
Forward channel is a radio channel used for transmission of information from base station to
mobile. Reverse channel is a radio channel used for transmission from mobile to base station.
4. What is the function of control channel? What are the types?
The function of control channel is to transmit call setup, call request, call initiation and Control.
There are two types of controlchannels,
i. Forward control channel
ii. Reverse control channel

5. What is channel assignment? What are the types?

For efficient utilization of radio spectrum a frequency reuse scheme with increasing capacity and
minimizing interference is required. For this channel assignment is used. The types of channel
assignment are:
i. Fixed channel assignment
ii. Dynamic channel assignment.
6. What is fixed channel assignment?
If the channels in each cell are allocated to the users within the cell, it will be called as fixed
channel assignment. If all channels are occupied, the call will be blocked.
7. What is dynamic channel assignment?
If the voice channels are not allocated permanently in a cell, it will be called as dynamic channel
assignment. In this assignment, channels are dynamically allocated to users by the MSC.
8. Define MS, BS and MSC.
MS – Mobile station. A station in the cellular radio service intended for use.
BS – Base Station. A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio communication
with MS.
MSC – Mobile Switching Centre. Mobile switching centre coordinates the routing of calls in
large service area. It connects the base station and mobiles to PSTN. It is also called as
MTSO (Mobile telephone switching office.
9. Write the types of hand off.
Types of handoff are:
i. Hard hand off – Mobile monitors BS and new cell is allocated to a call with strong signal.
ii. Soft hand off – MS with 2 or more calls at the same time and find which is the strongest signal
BS, the MSC automatically transfers the call to that BS.
10. Define hand off and mode of hand off.(May/June 2016)
A handoff refers to the process of transferring an active call or data session from one cell in a
cellular network to another or from one channel in a cell to another. A well- implemented handoff is
important for delivering uninterrupted service to a caller or data session user. Modes of hand off are:
i. MCHO – Mobile Controlled Hand off
ii. NCHO – Network Controlled Hand off
iii. MAHO – Mobile Assisted Hand off
11. Define Cell, Cluster.
For a large geographic coverage area, a high powered transmitter therefore has to be used. But a
high power radio transmitter causes harm to environment. Mobile communication thus calls for
replacing the high power transmitters by low power transmitters by dividing the coverage area into
 small segments, called cells. Each cell uses a certain number of the available channels and a group of
adjacent cells together use all the available channels. Such a group is called a cluster.
12. What do you mean by foot print and dwell time?
The region over which the signal strength lies above this threshold value x dB is known as the
coverage area of a BS and it must be a circular region, considering the BS to be isotropic radiator. Such
a circle, which gives this actual radio coverage, is called the foot print of a cell. The time over which a
call may be maintained within a cell without hand off is called the dwell time.
13. What are the major types of cellular interference?
The major types of cellular interferences are as follows
i. CCI – Co-channel interference is the interference between signals from co-channel cells.
ii. ACI – Adjacent channel interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in
frequency to the desired signal.
14. What are the techniques used to expand the capacity of cellular system?
Cell splitting, Sectoring, Coverage Zone approaches are the techniques used to expand the
capacity of cellular system.
Cell splitting – Cell-splitting is a technique which has the capability to add new smaller cells in
specific areas of the system. i.e. divide large cell size into small size.
Sectoring – use of directional antennas to reduce Co-channel interference.
Coverage Zone approaches – large central BS is replaced by several low power transmitters on
the edge of the cell.

15. What is frequency reuse ratio?

If the cell size and the power transmitted at the base stations are same then co-channel
interference will become independent of the transmitted power and will depend on radius of the cell (R)
and the distance between the interfering co-channel cells (D). If D/R ratio is increased, then the effective
distance between the co-channel cells will increase and interference will decrease. The parameter Q is
called the frequency reuse ratio and is related to the cluster size. For hexagonal geometry

Q=D/R =
From the above equation, small of `Q' means small value of cluster size `N' and increase in cellular
capacity.
16. Define FDMA, TDMA and CDMA.(April/May 2018)
FDMA - the total bandwidth is divided into non-overlapping frequency sub bands. TDMA –
divides the radio spectrum into time slots and in each slot only one user is allowed to either
transmit or receive.
CDMA – many users share the same frequency same tome with different coding.
17. Define Grade of service.(Nov/Dec 2016)
Grade of service is defined as the measure of the ability of a user to access a trunked system
during the busiest hour.
18. What is blocked call clear system (BCC)?
In a system, a user is blocked without access by a system when no channels are available in
the system. The call blocked by the system is cleared and the user should try again .This is called
BCC system.
19. What is blocked call delay system?
If a channel is not available immediately, the call request may be delayed until a channel becomes
available. This is called as blocked call delay system.
20. Define cell splitting.
Cell splitting is the process of subdividing congested cells into smaller cells each with its own
base stations and a corresponding reduction in antenna height and transmitter power. It increases the
capacity of cellular system.
21. What is sectoring?
Sectoring is a technique for decreasing co-channel interference and thus increasing the system
performance by using directional antennas.
22. What are the features of TDMA?
Features of TDMA are:
 i. TDMA shares a single carrier frequency with several users, where each user makes use of non
overlapping time slots.
ii. Data transmission occurs in bursts.
iii. Handoff process is much simpler
iv. Duplexers are not required, since transmission and reception occurs at different time slots.
23. What are the features of FDMA?(Nov/Dec 2019)
Features of FDMA are:
i. FDMA channel carries only one phone circuit at a time
ii. The bandwidth of FDMA channels is relatively narrow as each channel
supports only one circuit per carrier.
24. What are the different types of multiple access schemes? (Dec 2013) (May 2016).
FDMA-Frequency division multiple access-different frequencies are assigned to different users
TDMA-Time division multiple access-different time slots are assigned to different users. CDMA-
Code division multiple access-each user is assigned a different code.
25. What are the disadvantages of FDMA?
1. Sensitivity to fading
2. Sensitivity to random frequency modulation
3. Inter modulation
26. What are the advantages of FDMA?
The transmitter and receiver require much less digital signal processing, Synchronization is simple.
27. Define SAMA.
Spread Aloha Multiple Access is a combination of CDMA and TDMA. The CDMA better suits
for connection oriented services only and not for connection less burst data traffic because it requires to
program both sender and receiver to access different users with different codes.
28. Define CDMA.(April/May 2018)
Code Division Multiple Access systems use codes with certain characteristics to separate different
users. To enable access to the shared medium without interference. The users use the same frequency and
time to transmit data. The main problem is to find good codes and to separate this signal from noise. The
good code can be found the following 2 characteristics 1.Orthogonal. 2. Autocorrelation.
29. What is SDMA?
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) is used for allocating separated spaces to users in
wireless networks. The basis for the SDMA algorithm is formed by cells and sectorized antennas which
constitute the infrastructure implementing space division multiplexing (SDM).
30. What is FDD?
In FDMA, the base station and the mobile station establish a duplex channel. The two directions,
mobile station to base station and vice versa are separated using different frequencies. This Scheme is
called Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
31. What limits the number of user in TDM and FDM compared to CDM?
The code space is huge compared to the frequency space and time space. Because of the limited
time space and frequency space, the number of user in TDM and FDM are limited.
32. How does near and far effect influence CDMA? What are counter measurements?
The near and far effect is a server problem of wireless networks using CDM. All signals should
arrive at the receiver with more or less the same strength. Precise power control is needed to receive all
senders with the same strength at a receiver.
33. Define FCA and DCA.
Allocating a fixed frequencies for a channel is called as Fixed channel Allocation (FCA). In
Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA) scheme frequencies can only be borrowed, but it is also possible to
freely allocate frequencies to cells. With dynamic assignment of frequencies to cells, the danger of the
interference with cells with same frequency exists. Thus the borrowed frequencies in the surroundings
cells can be blocked.
34. What is guard space?
Guard spaces are needed to avoid frequency band overlapping is also called channel interference.
35. When handoff occurs?
Hand-off occurs when a received signal from its serving cell becomes weak and another cell site
can provide a stronger signal to the mobile subscriber. If the new cell-site has some free voice channels
then its assigns one of them to the handed-off call.
36. Differentiate soft and hard handoff. (May 2016).
 Hard handoff mode is characterized by a mobile having a radio link with only AP at any time.
Thus, the old connection is terminated before a new connection is activated. This mode of operation is
referred to as break before make.
In Soft handoff, the mobile can simultaneously communicate with more than one AP during the
handoff. This new connection is made before breaking the old connection, and is referred to as make
before break.
37. What is the function of Medium Access Control Layer?
The functions of Medium Access Control Layer are responsible for stablishes, maintains, and
releases channels for higher layers by activating and deactivating physical channels.
38. What are the 2 sub layers in DLC?
Logical Link Control (LLC), Media Access Control (MAC)
39. Define traffic multi frame and control multi frame?
The periodic pattern of 26 slots occurs in all TDMA frames with a TCH. The combination of
these frames is called traffic multi frame TDMA frames containing data for the other logical channels are
combined o a control multi frame.

40. What is the function of Medium Access Control Layer?

The functions of Medium Access Control Layer which are responsible for establishes, maintains,
and releases channels for higher layers by activating and deactivating physical channels.
41. What is orthogonality?
Orthogonality means if we have “n” users and n-bit sequences, then a set of vectors in n-space
are orthogonal if any point in n-space may be expressed as only linear combination of these vectors.
CDMA is a communication technique that allows multiple users to communicate over one frequency.
This is achieved through the use of spreading codes, whereby a single data bit is spread over a longer
sequence of transmitted bits. These codes known as chip sequence, must be carefully chosen so that data
may be correctly despread at the receiver. Such codes are known as orthogonal codes.
42. Define Set-up time.
The time required to allocate a trunked radio channel to a requesting user.
43. What is a blocked call?
Call which cannot be completed at time of request, due to congestion. Also referred to as lost call.
44. Define Holding-time.
Average duration of a typical call. Denoted by ‘H’ (in seconds).
45. State advantages of CDMA over FDMA? (Nov/Dec2014)(Nov/Dec2016)
CDMA technology has bandwidth thirteen times efficient than FDMA and forty times efficient
than analog systems. CDMA also have better security and higher data and voice transmission quality
because of the spread spectrum technology it uses, which has increased resistance to multipath distortion.
CDMA has greater coverage area when compared to FDMA. The main advantage of the CDMA is that,
in the single detection method it is more flexible than FDMA or joint detection. CDMA is said to have
higher capacity than FDMA.
46.Define co-channel reuse ratio? (Nov/Dec2015)
Co-channel reuse ratio Q is given as
Q = D/R, D – is the distance between centers of cells, R – radius of the hexagonal cell
47. Define Grade of Service? (Nov/Dec2015)
Grade of Service in Wireless communication can be defined as ability of the user to connect on a
call when the cell is being used by multiple users. It can be given by the ratio of number of blocked calls
to the number of offered calls.
48.Write down the features of cellular concept?(Nov/Dec 2018)
The cellular concept was a major breakthrough in solving the problem of spectral congestion and user
capacity. It offered very high capacity in a limited spectrum allocation without any major technological changes.
The cellular concept is a system-level idea which calls for replacing a single, high power transmitter (large cell)
with many low power transmitters (small cells), each providing coverage to only a small portion of the service
area.
49.What are the disadvantages of TDMA? (Nov/Dec 2019)
1.Disadvantage using TDMA technology is that the users has a predefined time slot. When moving from
one cell site to other, if all the time slots in this cell are full the user might be disconnected.
2.Another problem in TDMA is that it is subjected to multipath distortion.
PART B:

1. Compare and Contrast the TDMA, FDMA and CDMA techniques. (May 2016) (June 2013).
2. Summarize the features of various multiple access techniques used in wireless mobile
communication. State the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. (May/June 2016)
3. Explain the Channel Assignment and handoff Strategies in detail. (April/May 2018)
(April/May 2017)
4. Explain in detail how to improve coverage and channel capacity in cellular system.
(May/June 2016)
5. Describe the Operations of Cellular systems and Explain it steps with a neat sketch(June 2013)
6. Explain in detail about multiple accesses with collision avoidance scheme. Also explain the
advantages of the same. (Nov/Dec 2013)
7. Derive the expressions for cellular CDMA schemes for both noise limited and interference limited
scenarios. (April/May 2017, 2019)
8. Explain about co-channel interference and adjacent channel interference. Describe the technique to
avoid interference. (Nov/Dec 2016)
9. Explain the concept of cell planning with relevant diagrams and expressions.
10. Identify the channel capacity of TDMA in a cell system. (Nov/Dec 2017)
11. Explain the principle of cellular networks and various types of Handoff techniques.
(Nov/Dec 2013) (Nov/Dec 2014)
12. Write a short notes on i) trunking ii) grade of service.(Nov/Dec 2017,2019)
13. Illustrate Cellular Frequency Reuse with a neat sketch.
14. Discuss the technical challenges faced by the wireless communication. (May/June 2014)
15. How is hand-off in a cellular system implemented. Explain the different types of hands-
offs(Nov/Dec 2018,2019)
16. How can capacity of a cellular communication system be improved? Explain any two capacity
expansion techniques.(Nov/Dec 2018)
17. Discuss the impact of interference in a cellular system and system capacity.(Nov/Dec 2018)
18. Write a short notes on i) Cell splitting.(April/May 2019)
PART C:

1. A spectrum of 33MHZ is allocated to a wireless FDD cellular system which uses two 25KHZ simplex
channels to provide full duplex voice and control channels, compute the number of channels available
per cell if a system uses ( a)four-cell reuse (b)seven-cell reuse ,and (c)12-cell reuse. If 1MHZ of the
allocated spectrum is dedicated to control channels, determine an equitable distribution of control
channels and voice channels in each cell for each of three systems.
2. If a signal to interference ratio of 15db is required for satisfactory forward channel performance of the
cellular system, what is the frequency reuse factor and cluster size that should be used for maximum
capacity if the pathloss exponent is (a) n=4 (b) n=3? Assume that there are six co-channel cells in the
first tier and all of them are at the same distance from the mobile. Use suitable approximations.
3. Consider global system for mobile which is a TDMA/FDD system that uses 25MHz for the forward
link, which is broken into radio channels of 200MHz. If 8 speech signals are supported on a single
radio channel and if no guard band is assumed, find the number of simultaneous users that can be
accommodated in GSM.
4. If GSM uses a frame structure where each frame consists of 8 time slots, and each time slot contains
156.25 bits, and data is transmitted at 270.833 Kbps, in the channel, find (1) the time duration of a bit
(2) the time duration of a slot (3) the time duration of a frame and (4) how long must a user occupying
a single time slot wait between two successive transmissions.
5. Explain the various methods that increase the channel capacity and coverage. (April/May 2016)
6.Explain any two ways of improving the coverage and capacity in cellular systems.(Nov/Dec 2019)
 UNIT III DIGITAL SIGNALLING FOR FADING CHANNELS

1. List the advantages of digital modulation techniques.

The advantages of digital modulation techniques are:
i. Immunity to channel noise and external interference.
ii. Flexibility operation of the system.
iii. Security of information.
iv. Reliable since digital circuits are used.
v. Multiplexing of various sources of information into a common format is possible.
vi. Error detection and correction is easy.
2. Define power efficiency and bandwidth efficiency.
Power efficiency describes the ability of a modulation technique to preserve the fidelity of the
digital message at low power levels.
ɳp = Eb/N0 = Bit energy / Noise power spectral density
Ability of a modulation scheme to accommodate data within a limited bandwidth is called
bandwidth efficiency.
ɳB = R/B = Data rate / Bandwidth in bps/Hz

3. What is QPSK?
The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a 4-ary PSK signal. The phase of the carrier in
the QPSK takes 1 of 4 equally spaced shifts.
Two successive bits in the data sequence are grouped together.
1 symbol = 2 bits
This reduces bit rate and bandwidth of the channel.
Coherent QPSK = 2 x coherent BPSK system
The phase of the carrier takes on one of four equally spaced values such as π/4, 3π/4, 5π/4 and 7π/4.
4. Define offset QPSK and π/4 differential QPSK.
In offset QPSK the amplitude of data pulses are kept constant. The time alignment of the even
and odd bit streams are offset by one bit period in offset QPSK. In π/4 QPSK, signaling points of the
modulated signal are selected from two QPSK constellations which are shifted by π/4 with respect to
each other. It is differentially encoded and detected so called π/4 differential QPSK.
5. What is meant by MSK?(Nov/Dec- 2019)
A continuous phase FSK signal with a deviation ratio of one half is referred to as MSK. It is a
spectrally efficient modulation scheme.
6. List the salient features of MSK scheme.
Salient features of MSK are:
i. It has constant envelope, smoother waveforms than QPSK.
ii. Relatively narrow bandwidth.
iii. Coherent detection suitable for satellitecommunications.
iv. Side lobes are zero outside the frequency band, so it has resistance
to co- channel interference.
7. Why GMSK is preferred for multiuser, cellular communication?(Nov/Dec 2018)
It is a simple binary modulation scheme.
Premodulation is done by Gaussian pulse shaping filter, so side lobe levels are much reduced. GMSK
has excellent power efficiency and spectral efficiency than FSK. For the above reasons GMSK is
preferred for multiuser, cellular communication.
8. How can we improve the performance of digital modulation under fading channels?
By the using of diversity technique, error control coding and equalization techniques
performance of the digital modulation under fading channels are improved.
9. Write the advantages of MSK over QPSK.(April/May 2017)
Advantages of MSK over QPSK:
i. In QPSK the phase changes by 90degree or 180 degree .This creates abrupt amplitude
variations in the waveform, Therefore bandwidth requirement of QPSK is more filters of other
methods overcome these problems , but they have other side effects.
ii. MSK overcomes those problems. In MSK the output waveform is continuous in phase hence
there are no abrupt changes in amplitude.
10. Define M-ary transmission system?
In digital modulations instead of transmitting one bit at a time, two or more bits are
transmitted simultaneously. This is called M-arytransmission.
11. What is quadrature modulation?
Sometimes two or more quadrature carriers are used for modulation. It is called quadrature
modulation.
12. What is QAM?
At high bit rates a combination of ASK and PSK is employed in order to minimize the errors
in the received data. This method is known as “Quadrature Amplitude Modulation”.
13. Define QPSK
QPSK is defined as the multilevel modulation scheme in which four phase shifts are used for
representing four different symbols.
14. What is linear modulation?
In linear modulation technique the amplitude of the transmitted signal varies linearly with the
modulating digital signal. In general, linear modulation does not have a constant envelope.

15. Define non linear modulation.

In the non linear modulation the amplitude of the carrier is constant, regardless of the variation in
the modulating signals.
Non-linear modulations may have either linear or constant envelopes depending on whether or not
the baseband waveform is pulse shaped.
16. What is the need of Gaussian filter?
Need for Gaussian Filter:
i. Gaussian filter is used before the modulator to reduce the transmitted bandwidth of the
signal.
ii. It uses less bandwidth than conventional FSK.
17. Mention some merits of MSK.
Merits of MSK:
i. Constant envelope
ii. Spectral efficiency
iii. Good BER performance
iv. Self-synchronizing capability
v. MSK is a spectrally efficient modulation scheme and is particularly attractive for use in
mobile radio communication systems.
18. Give some examples of linear modulation.
Examples of linear modulation:
i. Pulse shaped QPSK
ii. OQPSK
19. What are the techniques used to improve the received signal quality?
Techniques such as, following are used to improve the received signal quality.
 Equalization
 Diversity
 Channel coding
20. What is the need of equalization?(Nov/Dec 2017)
Equalization can be used to compensate the Inter Symbol Interference created by multipath
within time dispersion channel.
21. What is diversity?(Nov/Dec 2013)
Diversity is used to compensate the fading channel impairments and is usually implemented
by using two or more receiving antennas. Diversity improves transmission performance by making
use of more than one independently faded version of the transmitted signal.
22. Define spatial diversity.(Nov/Dec 2017)
The most common diversity technique is spatial diversity, whereby multiple antennas are
strategically spaced and connected to a common receiving system. While one antenna sees a signal
null, one of the other antenna may sees a signal peak, and the receiver is able to select the antenna
with the best signals at anytime.
23. Define STCM.(Nov/Dec 2017)
Channel coding can also be combined with diversity a technique called Space- Time Coded
Modulation. The space-time coding is a bandwidth and power efficient method for wireless
communication.
24. Define adaptive equalization?(May/June 2016)
To combine Inter Symbol Interference, the equalizer coefficients should change according to
the channel status so as to break channel variations. Such an equalizer is called an adaptive equalizer
since it adapts to the channel variations.
25. Define training mode in an adaptive equalizer?
First, a known fixed length training sequence is sent by the transmitter then the receivers
equalizers may adapt to a proper setting of minimum bit error detection where the training sequence
is a pseudo random binary signal or a fixed and prescribed bit pattern.

26. What is tracking mode in an adaptive equalizer?

Immediately following this training sequence the user data is sent and the adaptive equalizer
at the receiver utilizes a recursive algorithm to evaluate the channel and estimate filter coefficients to
compensate for the distortion created by multipath in the channel.
27. Write a short note on linear equalizers and non linear equalizers?(Nov/Dec 2016)
Linear equalizers: If the output d(t) is not used in the feedback path to adapt the equalizer. This
type of equalizers is called linear equalizer.
Nonlinear equalizers: If the output d(t) is fed back to change the subsequent outputs of the
equalizers is called non linear equalizers.
28. Why non linear equalizers are preferred?
The linear equalizers are very effective in equalizing channels where ISI is not severe. The
severity of the ISI is directly related to the spectral characteristics. In this case that there are spectral
noise in the transfer function of the effective channel, the additive noise at the receiver input will be
dramatically enhanced by the linear equalizer. To overcome this problem non linear equalizers are
used.
29. What are the nonlinear equalization methods used?
Commonly used non linear equalization methods are:
i. Decision feedback equalization
ii. Maximum likelihood symbol detection
iii. Maximum likelihood sequence estimation
30. What are the factors used in adaptive algorithms?
Rate of convergence Mis adjustments
Computational complexity
31. Define diversity concept.
If one radio path undergoes a deep fade, another independent path may have a strong signal. By
having more than one path to select from, both the instantaneous and average SNRs at the receiver
may be improved often by as much as 20dB to 30dB. The principle of diversity is to ensure that the
same information reaches the receiver on statistically independent channels.
33. Define modulation.
It is defined as the process by which some parameters of a high frequency s g al termed as carrier,
is varied in accordance with the signal to be transmitted.
34. What is demodulation?
It is the process of recovering the original modulating signal from a modulated signal.
35. Write the advantages of digital over analog modulation.
Greater noise immunity, Robustness to channel impairments, Easier multiplexing of various
forms of information, Greater security.
36. What is meant by Amplitude shift keying?
If amplitude of the carrier is varied depending on the incoming digital signal, then it is called
Amplitude shift keying.
37. What is meant by Frequency shift keying?
If the frequency of the sinusoidal carrier frequency is varied depending on the incoming digital
signal, then it is called Frequency shift keying.
38. What is meant by Phase shift keying?
If phase of the carrier is varied depending on the input digital signal, then it is called phase shift
keying.
39. Define M-ary transmission system,
In digital modulation instead of transmitting one bit at a time, two or more bits are transmitted
simultaneously. This is called M-ary transmission.
40. What is Quadrature modulation?
Sometimes two or more Quadrature carriers are used for modulation. It is called Quadrature
modulation.
41. Explain the following terms a) Baud rate b) Bit rate
Baud rate: Speed at which symbols are transmitted in a digital communication system, i.e. no of
symbols/second.
Bit rate: Speed at which data bits is transmitted in a digital communication system, i.e. no of bits/sec.

42. What is QAM?

At high bit rates, a combination of ASK and PSK is employed in order to minimize the errors in
the received data. This method is known as Quadrature amplitude modulation.
43. What is meant by QPSK?
QPSK is a multi-level modulation in which four phase shifts are used for representing four
different symbols.
44. What is linear modulation?
In linear modulation technique, the amplitude of the transmitted (carrier) signal varies linearly
with the modulating digital signal. In general, linear modulation does not have a constant envelope.
45. Write the merits of linear modulation.
Bandwidth efficient, Very attractive for use in wireless communication systems, Accommodate
more and more users within a limited spectrum.
46. What is nonlinear modulation?
In nonlinear modulation, the amplitude of the carrier is constant regardless of the variation in the
modulating signal.
47. Mention the merits and demerits of nonlinear modulation.
Merits:
a. Lower efficient class c amplifiers can be used without introducing degradation in the spectrum
occupancy of the transmitted signal.
b. Low out of band radiation of the order of -60dB to -70dB can be achieved.
c. Limiter-discriminator detection can be used, which simplifies receiver design and provides high
immunity against random FM noise and signal fluctuations due to Rayleigh fading.
Demerits:
a. Constant envelope modulations occupy a larger bandwidth than linear modulation scheme
b. In situations where bandwidth efficiency is more important than power efficiency, constant
Envelope modulation is not well suited.
48. What is the advantage of MSK over QPSK?
In QPSK the phase changes by 90 or 180 degrees. This creates abrupt amplitude variations in the
waveform. Therefore bandwidth requirement of QPSK is more. MSK overcomes this problem. In
MSK, the output waveform is continuous in phase hence there are no abrupt changes in amplitude.
49. Why MSK is called as fast FSK? (May 2016).
MSK is called fast FSK, as the frequency spacing used is only half as much as that used in
conventional non- coherent FSK.
50. Mention some merits of MSK.
Constant envelope, Spectral efficiency, Good BER performance, Self-synchronizing capability
51. Why MSK cannot be directly used in multi user communications?
1. The main lobe of MSK is wide. This makes MSK unsuitable for the applications where extremely
narrow bandwidths and sharp cut-offs are required.
2. Slow decay of MSK power spectral density curve creates adjacent channel interference. Hence MSK
cannot be used for multiuser communications.
52.What is the need of Gaussian filter? (Dec 13)
Gaussian filters used before the modulator to reduce the transmitted bandwidth of the signal. It
uses less bandwidth than conventional FSK.
53. Define M-ary FSK.
In M-ary system, M=2N different symbols are used and N no of bits per symbol. Every symbol
 uses separate frequency for transmission.
54. Mention any two criteria for choosing a modulation technique for a specific wireless
application? (May/June 2013)
The spectral efficiency of the modulation format should be as high as possible. This can best be
achieved by a higher order modulation format. This allows the transmission of many data bits with
each symbol. Adjacent channel interference must be small. This entails that the power spectrum of
the signal should show a strong roll-off outside the desired band. Furthermore, the signal must be
filtered before transmission.

55. Define cyclic prefix.(April/May 2018)(Nov/Dec 2016)

In OFDM, delay dispersion leads to a loss of orthogonality between the subcarriers and thus leads
to Inter Carrier Interference (ICI). These negative effects can be eliminated by a special type of guard
interval called the cyclic prefix.
56. Define Windowing.(May 2016).
Windowing is a technique proposed to help reduce sensitivity to frequency offsets in an
OFDM system. This process involves cyclically extending the time domain signal with each symbol
by ‘v’ samples. The resulting signal is then shaped with a window function.
57. Define PAPR.(Nov/Dec 2018)(Nov/Dec 2017)
The peak to average power ratio PAPR is an important attribute of a communication system. A
low PAPR allows the transmit power amplifier to operate efficiently, where as a high PAPR forces
the transmit power amplifier to have a large back off in order to ensure linear amplification of the
signal.
58.What is the advantage of OFDM?(April/May2017)
Immunity to selective fading
Resilience to interference
Spectrum efficiency
Resilient to ISI
Resilient to narrow-band effects
Simpler channel equalization

PART B

1. Explain QPSK transmitter and receiver with signal space diagram and give an expression for spectral
efficiency. (Nov/Dec 2013)( Nov/Dec 2014)
2. Explain π/4 Differential QPSK & OQPSK transmitter and receiver with signal space diagram and
give an expression for spectral efficiency. (May/June 2013) (April/May 2016).
3. Derive the bit error rate for binary phase shift keying modulation for frequency flat fading channels.
(April/May 2018)
4. Explain BFSK transmitter and receiver with signal space diagram and give an expression for spectral
efficiency.( Nov/Dec 2014)
5. Explain MSK transmitter and receiver with signal space diagram and give an expression for spectral
efficiency. (June 2013), (Nov/Dec 2015)
6. What is offset QPSK? What is the advantage? Describe the offset-QPSK scheme.
7. Discuss about the performance of digital modulation in fading channels. (Nov/Dec 2013)
8. Explain the Nyquist criterion for ISI cancellation. (Nov/Dec 2013)
9. Importance of MSK in wireless communication system(Nov/Dec 2018)
10. Explain in detail about OFDM modulation technique with necessary diagrams.List out its advantages
and disadvantages(Nov/Dec 2018,2019) (April/May 2018)
11. Prove the OFDM system converts the delay spread channel into a set of parallel fading channels,
using the concept of cyclic prefix. (April/May 2018)
12. (i) Describe with a block diagram π/4 Quadrature phase shift keying and its advantages.(April/May
2019)(Nov/Dec 2019)
(ii)What is MSK? Explain its power spectral density. (Dec 2014)
13. Describe with neat diagram the modulation technique of QPSK. (Nov/Dec 2017)
14. List the advantages and applications of BFSK. (Nov/Dec 2017)
15. Explain the principle of MSK modulation and derive the expression for power spectral density.
(Nov/Dec 2017)
16. Explain the principal of OFDM by comparing it with FDMA with a neat sketch. (April/May 2019)
17. Discuss any four reasons for the physical cause of error floors in delay and frequency dispersive
fading channels. (April/May 2019)

PART C

1. With neat diagrams explain the modulation and demodulation of π/4 DQPSK modulation technique.
(April/May 2018)
2. A 880 MHz carrier signal is frequency modulated using a100 kHz sinusoidal modulating waveform.
The peak deviation of the FM signal is 500 kHz. If this FM signal is received by a super heterodyne
receiver having an IF frequency of 5MHz, determine the IF bandwidth necessary to pass the signal.
3. Demonstrate the generation, deduction and bit error probability of QPSK scheme.
4. Examine the principle of MSK modulation and derive the expression for power spectral density.
5. Explain GMSK transmitter and receiver with signal space diagram and give an expression for
spectral efficiency. (Nov/Dec 2015) (April/May 2016)
 UNIT IV MULTIPATH MITIGATION TECHNIQUES

1. What are the techniques used to improve the received signal

quality?(April/May 2019)
Equalization, Diversity and Channel coding
2. What are the factors used in adaptive algorithms?
Rate of convergence, Misadjustment, Computational complexity and numerical properties.
3. What is the need of equalization? Name the types(Nov/Dec 2019)
Equalization is used to compensate the inter-symbol interference created by multipath within time
dispersion channel. The types of commonly used equalizers in digital communications are: Linear
Equalizer: It processes the incoming signal with a linear filter. MSME equalizer: It designs the filter to
minimize E[|e|2], where e is the error signal that is the filter output minus the transmitted signal.
4. Write the functions of diversity. (Nov/Dec 2013)
i. Diversity is used to compensate for fading channel impairments, and is usually implemented by using
two or more receiving antennas.
ii. Diversity improves transmission performance by making use of more than o e independently faded
version of the transmitted signal.
5. Define spatial diversity.(Nov/Dec 2017)
The most common diversity technique is called spatial diversity, whereby multiple antennas are
strategically spaced and connected to a common receiving system. While one antenna sees a signal null,
one of the other antennas may see a signal peak, and the receiver is able to select the antenna with the
best signals at any time.
6. What is equalizer? (Nov/Dec 2013)
The device which equalizes the dispersive effect of a channel is referred to as an equalizer.
7. What are the operating modes available in an adaptive equalizer?
Training and tracking modes.
8. Define adaptive equalizer. (April/May 2016).
To combat ISI, the equalizer coefficients should change according to the channel status so as to
track the channel variations. Such an equalizer is called an adaptive equalizer since it adapts to the
channel variations.
9. What is training mode in an adaptive equalizer?
First, a known fixed length training sequence is sent by the transmitter, then the receiver's
equalizer may adapt to a proper setting of minimum bit error rate detection, where the training sequence
is pseudorandom binary signal or a fixed and prescribed bit pattern.
10. What is tracking mode in an adaptive equalizer?
Immediately following the training sequence, the user data is sent, and the adaptive equalizer at
the receiver utilizes a recursive algorithm to evaluate the channel and estimate filter coefficients to
compensate for the distortion created by multipath in the channel.
11. Write a short note on i) linear equalizers ii) non-linear equalizers(Nov/Dec 2018)
If the output is not used in the feedback path to adapt, then this type of equalizer is called linear
equalizer. If the output is fed back to change the subsequent outputs of the equalizer, this type of
equalizer is called nonlinear equalizers.
12. Write the advantages of lattice equalizer.
It is simplest and easily available, Numerical stability, Faster convergence, Unique structure of
the lattice filter allows the dynamic assignment of the most effective length of the lattice equalizer and
When the channel becomes more time dispersive, the length of the equalizer can be increased by the
algorithm without stopping the operation of the equalizer.

13. Why nonlinear equalizers are preferred?

The linear equalizers are very effective in equalizing channels where ISI is not severe. The
severity of ISI is directly related to the spectral characteristics. In this case there are spectral nulls in the
transfer function of the effective channel; the additive noise at the receiver input will be dramatically
enhanced by the linear equalizer. To overcome this problem, nonlinear equalizers can be used.
14. What are the nonlinear equalization methods used?
Decision feedback equalization (DFE), Maximum likelihood symbol detection and Maximum
likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE).
15. Where DFEs are used?
 DFE is particularly useful for channels with severe amplitude distortions and is widely used in
wireless communications.
16. Define rate of convergence.
The no of iterations required for the algorithm in response to stationary inputs to converge close
enough to the optimum solution.
17. Write the advantages of LMS algorithm.
It maximizes the signal to distortion at its output within the constraints of the equalizer filter
length, Low computational complexity and Simple program
18. What is the need for diversity schemes?
To increase signal to noise ratio, for error free digital transmission, to degrade the bit error
probability.
19. Explain Diversity concept.
If one radio path undergoes a deep fade, another independent path may have a strong signal. By
having more than one path to select from, both the instantaneous and average SNRs at the receiver may
be improved.
20. List out the four types of combining methods.
Selection combining, switched combining, Equal gain comb i g, Maximum ratio
combining.
21. Differentiate between Macrodiversity and Microdiversity. (Nov/Dec 2019)

Macrodiversity Microdiversity
In antenna (or micro) diversity the signal
from antennas mounted at separate locations are In site (or macro) diversity the receiving
combined antennas are located at different receiver sites

Signals from within a cell may be received at

These antennas are located on the vehicle or at the the different corners of the hexagonal ar a.
same base station tower and their spacing is a few The advantage is that not only the multipath
wavelengths. The received signal amplitude is fading attenuation is independent at each
correlated, depending on the antennas separation d branch but that the shadowing and path
relative to the wavelength. losses are also uncorrelated to some extent

22. What are the benefits of Rake Receiver? (April/May 2016).

1. Rake receiver gives the best performance among all the CDMA receivers.
2. Since correlators form the main working system of the receiver. The best version of the received signal
is selected and given as output.
23. State the principle of diversity.(June 2013)
Diversity: It is the technique used to compensate for fading channel impairments. It is implemented
by using two or more receiving antennas. While Equalization is used to counter the effects of ISI,
Diversity is usually employed to reduce the depth and duration of the fades experienced by a receiver in a
flat fading channel. These techniques can be employed at both base station and mobile receivers. Spatial
Diversity is the most widely used diversity technique.
24. How the link performance can be improved?
Link performance can be improved by various techniques such as
i. Equalization
ii. Diversity
iii. Channel coding

25. Draw the structure of a linear transversal equalizer (Nov/Dec 2015)

26. Why diversity and equalization techniques are used?
To reduce ISI, Equalization technique is used. Diversity is used to reduce fading effects.
27. What is diversity?
Signal is transmitted by more than one antenna via channel. It ensures that the same information
reaches the receiver on statistically independent channels.
28. Define Switched Diversity
If the signal level falls below the threshold, then the receiver switches to a new antenna which is
called as switched diversity.
29. Differentiate selection diversity Combining Diversity.

Selection Diversity Combining Diversity

The best signal is selected and processed All signals are combined before
while all other signals are discarded. processing and the combined signal is
decoded.
Simple circuits are used. At individual receiver, phasing circuits
are needed.
None of the signal is not in acceptable It works well.
SNR.

30. Define feedback or scanning diversity.

All the signals are scanned in a fixed sequence until one signal is found to be above a
predetermined threshold.
31. Define temporal diversity.
Wireless propagation channel is time variant, so for sufficient decorrelation, the temporal distance
between antennas must be atleast the half of maximum Doppler frequency.
32. What is meant by frequency diversity?
Correlation is increased by transmitting information on more than one carrier frequency.
Frequencies are separated by more than one coherence bandwidth of the channel. So the signals will
not experience same fades.
33. What is transmit diversity?
Diversity effect is achieved by transmitting signals from several transmit antenna.
34. What is an equalizer?
Equalizer is a linear pulse shaping circuit which is used to reduce ISI.
35.What do you mean by macro diversity?(April/May 2019)
In a cellular network or a wireless LAN, macro-diversity implies that the antennas are typically
situated in different base station sites or access points. The aim is to combat fading and to increase the
received signal strength and signal quality in exposed positions in between the base stations or access
points.

PART B
1. Explain the classification of equalizers.
2. Analyze various diversity techniques used in wireless communication. (Nov/Dec 2017)
3. Briefly explain about linear and non-linear equalizers. (Dec 2013)(May 2016).
4. Discuss about DFE.
5. Explain the principles of RAKE receiver in detail. (April/May 2018) (April/May 2017)(Nov/Dec
2018,2019) , (April/May 2019).
6. Explain about MLSE equalizer.(Dec 2013)
7. Explain in detail various factors to determine the algorithm for adaptive equalizer. Also derive the
least Mean Square algorithm for adaptive equalizer. (Nov/Dec 2016,2019)
8. Discuss in detail about the different micro diversity concepts. (May 2016)
9. Explain about theoretical model for polarization diversity.
10. Derive an expression for performance improvement due to maximal ratio combining. (Nov/Dec 2017)
11. Describe in detail about i) Linear equalizers ii) Non linear equalizers (Nov/Dec 2017)
12. Discuss the performance of a RAKE receiver with a neat diagram.(Dec 2013).
13. Explain any two diversity techniques to combat small scale fading(June 2013)(Nov/Dec 2018)
14. With relevant diagrams explain Rake receiver. Also discuss how time diversity is achieved in a
CDMA technique in Rake receiver. (Nov/Dec 2016)
15. Describe any two adaptation algorithms for Mean square error Equalizers(June 2013)
16. (i) With a neat block diagram explain the principle of Macrodiversity
(ii)Explain the operation of an adaptive equalizer at the receiver side (Dec 2014)(April/May 2019)
17. (i) Explain with block diagram Maximal ratio combiner
(ii) Describe on Polarization and space diversity. (Dec 2014)
18. Derive the mean square error for a generic adaptive equaliser (Dec 2015).
19. What is zero forcing equalizer algorithm. Explain.(Nov/Dec 2018)
20. Write a brief note on categories of space diversity reception methods.(April/May 2019)
21. Explain selection combining technique in detail. (Nov/Dec 2019)
PART C
1. Consider uncoded spatial multiplexing over a MIMO channel with MR>=MT. Show that ML, MMSE
and ZF receivers perform equally well if the channel is orthogonal. What is the per stream SNR?
2. Describe the role played by equalization and diversity as multipath mitigation techniques. Compare
and contrast these two techniques. (April/May 2017)
3. Discuss in detail the capacity of fading and non fading channels. (April/May 2017)
4. With valid statements, analytically prove that the adaptive equalizers exhibit superior performance
over the conventional equalizers. (Nov/Dec 2017)
5. Consider the design of the US digital cellular equalizer, where f=900MHz and the mobile velocity
v=80Km/hr, determine the maximum Doppler shift, the coherence time of the channel and the
maximum number of symbols that could be transmitted without updating the equalizer assuming that
the symbol rate is 24.3 k symbols/sec.
6. Assume four branch diversity is used, where each branch receives an independent Rayleigh fading
signal. If the average SNR is 20dB, determine the probability that the SNR will drop below 10dB.
Compare this with the case of single receiver without diversity.
7. Describe the role played by equalization and diversity as multipath mitigation techniques. Compare
and contrast these two techniques.
8. Draw the chart showing the classification of equalizers.(Nov/Dec 2019)
 UNIT V MULTIPLE ANTENNA TECHNIQUES
1. What is Beamforming?
The multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver can be used to obtain array and diversity gain
instead of capacity gain. In this setting the same symbol weighted by a complex scale factor is sent over
each transmit antenna, so that the input covariance matrix has u it rank. This scheme is also referred to as
MIMO beamforming.
2. What are the advantages of Beamforming?
Beamforming provides diversity and array gain via coherent combining of the multiple signal paths.

3. What is multiplexing gain?

Multiple antennas are used to improve wireless system performance. One option is to obtain capacity
gain by decomposing the MIMO channel into parallel channels and multiplexing different data streams
onto these channels. This capacity gain is also referred to as multiplexing gain.
4. Define Transmitter diversity. (April/May 2016).
In transmit diversity there are multiple transmit antennas, and the transmit power is divided among
these antennas. Transmit diversity is desirable in systems where more space, power and processing
capability is available on the transmit side than on the receive side. Transmit diversity design depends on
whether or not the complex channel gain is known to the transmitter.
5. What is RAKE receiver?
A more complicated receiver can have several branches, with each branch synchronized to a
different multipath component .This structure is called a RAKE receiver, and it assumes there is a
multipath component at each integer multiple of a chip time.
6. Write the advantages of RAKE receiver.
RAKE’s provide a simple mechanism to obtain diversity benefits. When spread spectrum
signalling is chosen for its other benefits such as multiuser or interference rejection capabilities.
7. Explain the concept of Rake receiver.
In Multipath environment, if the multiple versions of the signal arrive more than one chip interval
apart from each other. The receiver can recover the signal from multiple paths and then combine them
with suitable delays. This method achieves better performance than simply recovering dominant signal
and treating remaining signals as noise.
8. What are MIMO systems? (May 2016).
Systems with multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver, which are commonly referred to as
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The multiple antennas can be used to increase data rates
through multiplexing or to improve performance through diversity.
9. Draw the MIMO model.

Mt transmit antenna and Mr receive antennas.

10. Write the advantages of MIMO systems.
i. Multiple-input multiple-output systems can significantly enhance performance of wireless systems
through multiplexing or diversity gain.
ii. For a given transmit energy per bit, multiplexing gain provides a higher data rate whereas diversity
gain provides a lower BER in fading.
iii. Support a higher data rate for a given energy per bit, so it transmits the bits more quickly and can then
shut down to save energy.
11. Write the disadvantages of MIMO systems.
i. MIMO systems entail significantly more circuit energy consumption than their single antenna
 counterparts, because separate circuitry is required for each antenna signal path.
ii. Signal processing associated with MIMO can be highly complex.
12. Mention the applications of MIMO systems.
i. MIMO can reliably connect devices in home, such as computer networking devices, cabled video
devices, phone lines, music, storage devices etc.
ii. The IEEE 802.16e standard and the IEEE 802.11n standard also use MIMO system.
iii. MIMO is used in mobile radio telephone standard such as 3GPP and 3GPP2 standard.
iv. 3GPP High Speed Packet Access Plus (HSPA+) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard use
MIMO.

13. How does spatial multiplexing work?(Nov/Dec 2016, 2017)

Spatial multiplexing uses MEA’s (Multiple element antennas) at the transmitter for
transmission of data streams. An original high-rate datastream is multiplexed into several parallel
streams, each of which is sent from one transmit antenna element. The channel mixes up these
datastreams so that each of the receive antenna elements sees a combination of them.
14. State the importance of spatial multiplexing.
The basic premise of spatial multiplexing is to send Mt independent symbols per symbol period
using the dimensions of space and time. To obtain full diversity order, an encoded bit stream must be
transmitted over all Mt transmit antennas. This can be done through serial encoding.
15. What is transmit diversity?(May/June 2016)
In transmit diversity more antennas are used on the transmitter side than on the receiver side.
Transmit diversity is used to reduce the effect of fading. In transmit diversity the same information is
transmitted from two different antennas. Data from the second antenna is encoded differently to
differentiate it from the first antenna. This can be done to able the user equipment on the receiver side
to identify that the information is coming from the different locations and properly decode it. Space-
time coding is used to create redundant signals.
16. What are smart antennas and MIMO systems?
A MIMO system consists of several antenna elements, plus adaptive signal processing at both
transmitter and receiver, the combination of which exploits the spatial dimension of the mobile radio
channel. A smart antenna system is a system that has multiple antenna elements only at one link end.
17. What is array gain?(April/May 2018)
Array gain is defined as the average increase in the SNR and depends on the number of transmit
and receive antennas. Transmit/Receive array gain needs channel information in the transmitter and
receiver respectively. Channel information is typically available in the receiver whereas the channel
state information in the transmitter is more difficult to maintain in general.
18. What is diversity gain?(April/May 2018)
Diversity is a powerful technique to reduce fading effect in wireless communications. Diversity
gain is defined as the reduction in the probability of error due to multiple independent paths produced
between the transmitter and receiver. In other words if there are M transmits, N receive antennas, the
order of diversity is M.N. There is no diversity gain if the medium is line of sight channel.
19. What is multiplexing gain?
Multiplexing gain is defined as the increase in the data rate; since independent data streams are
send through independent paths between multiple transmitters and multiple receivers. In other words
if there are M (&gt; 1) transmit antennas and N (&gt; 1) receive antennas, the increase in the data rate
is min (M, N)-fold
20. What is meant by co-phasing?
“Co-phase the signals” means that we need to multiply signals by ejɸi for some constant phase angle ɸi on
channel i, so that the (otherwise random) phases of the signals on the different channels line up. If we don’t co-
phase the signals before combining them, we end up with the multipath fading problem signals sometimes add
together destructively. Without co-phasing, the branch signals would not add up coherently in the combiner, so
the resulting output could still exhibit significant fading due to constructive and destructive addition of the
signals in all the branches.
21. Describe threshold combining.
Selection combining for systems that transmit continuously may require a dedicated receiver on
each branch to continuously monitor branch SNR. A simpler type of combining, called threshold
combining, avoids the need for a dedicated receiver on each branch by scanning each of the branches
in sequential order and outputting the first signal whose SNR is above a given threshold γT . As
in SC, co-phasing is not required because only one branch output is used at a time. Hence this
 technique can be used with either coherent or differential modulation.
22. Define channel capacity of MIMO system.
A very important factor for the profitability of a wireless networks is its capacity. MIMO system
provides high capacity by using multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver end of the radio
link. Multiple antennas are used to improve the capacity over SISO system when operated in multi-
path environment. MIMO system capacity is me sured in bits per second per hertz and is bounded by
Shannon Hartley capacity. But it has become app rent that MIMO system can exceed the Shannon
Hartley limit of SISO depending on the channel properties and the number of antennas.

23. What is Precoding.(April/May 2019)

Pre-coding is generalized to allow multi-layer transmission in MIMO systems. As conventional
beamforming considers as linear single layer pre-coding , increasing the signal power at the output of
the receiver by emitting the same signal from each of the transmit antennas with suitable weighting.
When multiple antennas are used at the receiver, the signal level s ot maximized simultaneously at all
of the multiple receive antennas, so in that case pre-coding is used for multi-layer beamforming to
increase the throughput performance of a multiple receive antennas. In pre-coding the transmit
antennas transmit the multiple streams with independent and suitable weighting per ach ante a such
that higher link throughput is obtained at the receiver output.
24. What is Alamouti’s scheme?
Alamouti’s scheme is designed for a digital communication system with two-antenna.
Transmit diversity. The scheme works over two symbol periods and it is assumed that the Channel
gain is constant over his time. Over the first symbol period, two different symbolsS1 and S2 (each
with energy Es/2) are transmitted simultaneously from antennas 1 and 2, respectively. Over the next
symbol period, symbol −S*2 is transmitted from antenna 1 and symbol S*1 is transmitted from
antenna 2, each again with symbol energy Es/2.
25. What is Antenna Diversity? (Dec 2015)
Antenna Diversity or Space Diversity or Spatial Diversity can be given as the diversity scheme
followed in wireless communications to overcome multipath fading. More than one antenna are used
for transmission and reception, and the main concept behind this method is the signals transmitted by
different antennas undergo different fading and there is at least one robust version of the signal being
received. This method requires more sophisticated hardware for synchronisation.
26. Write the two types of spread spectrum?
Types of spread spectrum are:
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DS-SS) Frequency hop spread
spectrum (FH-SS)
27. What do you mean by spread spectrum?
Spread spectrum multiple access uses signals which have a transmission bandwidth whose
magnitude is greater than the minimum required RF bandwidth. A pseudo noise (PN) sequence
converts a narrowband signal to a wideband noise like signal before transmission
28. What is PN sequence?
Pseudo noise sequence is a coded sequence of 1’s and 0’s with autocorrelation properties.
30. When is the PN sequence called as maximal length sequence?(Nov/Dec
2013)
When the pseudo-noise sequence generated by linear feedback shift register has the length (N) of 2m-1 where
m is number of stages in shift register is called maximal length sequence.
31. Write the properties which a PN sequence should have.
Properties of PN sequence are:
i. Balance property
ii. Run property
iii. Correlation property
32. Define chip duration and chip rate.
The duration of every bit in PN sequence is known as chip duration. The number of bits (chips)
per second is called chip rate.
33. List the advantages and disadvantages of DS-SS.
Advantages of DS-SS:
 i. The performance of DS-SS in presence of noise is superior toFH-SS.
ii. Good antijamming capability.
iii. Low multipath interference.
Disadvantages of DS-SS:
i. Poor synchronization.
ii. Requires large bandwidth.
iii. Long acquisition time so that the system is slow.

34. Define jamming and jamming margin.

Jamming is a multitone or powerful broad band noise. It is the ratio of the average interference
power and the signal power.
Jamming margin in dB as the difference between the processing gain in dB and minimum SNR in
dB.
35. What is meant by anti-jamming?
With the help of spread spectrum method, the transmitted signals are spread over the mid
frequency band. Hence these signals appear as noise. Then it becomes difficult for the jammers to
attack our signal. This method is called antijamming.
36. List the advantages and disadvantages of FH-SS.
Advantages of FH-SS:
i. High processing gain than DS-SS.
ii. Shorter acquisition time makes the system fast.
Disadvantages of FH-SS:
i. FH-SS requires large bandwidth.
ii. Circuit used for FH-SS is complex. Expensive frequency synthesizers are required.
37. List the types of FH-SS.
Types of FH-SS are:
i. Slow frequency hopping
ii. Fast frequency hopping
38. Compare slow and fast FH-SS.

Slow FH-SS Fast FH-SS

More than one symbol is transmitted per One symbol is transmitted with more than
hop. one hops.
Chip rate is equal to the symbol rate. Chip rate is equal to the hop rate.
Same carrier frequency is used to One symbol is transmitted over multiple
transmit one or more symbols. carriers in different hops.
39. State the principles of CDMA.
Principles of CDMA:
i. Many users share the same frequency.
ii. Each user is assigned a different spreading code.
40. Compare DS-SS and FH-SS.
DS-SS FH-SS
PN sequence is multiplied with narrow Data bits are transmitted in different
band signal. frequency slots which are changed by PN
sequence.
Modulation used is BPSK-coherent. Modulation used is M-ary FSK
noncoherent. Faster than DS-SS.
Fixed chip rate. Variable chip rate.
Long acquisition time is required. Short acquisition time.
Effect of distance is high. Effect of distance is less.

41. How the capacity can be increased in CDMA?

Capacity in CDMA can be increased by
i. Quiet periods during speech transmission is shared by many users.
ii. Flexible data rate.
iii. Soft capacity.
 iv. Error Correction coding used.
42. Write short notes on OFDM.
OFDM splits the information into N parallel streams which are modulated by N distinct carriers
and then transmitted. In order to separate the subcarriers by the receiver, they have to be orthogonal.

43. Why cyclic prefix?

In delay dispersive channel, inter carrier interference occur. To overcome the effect of inter
carrier interference and ISI, cyclic prefix is introduced. It is a cyclically extended guard interval
whereby each symbol sequence is preceded by a periodic extension of the sequence itself.
44. Write the goals of GSM standard.
Better and more efficient technical solution for wireless communication. Single standard was to
be realized all over Europe enabling roaming across borders.
45. What is W-CDMA?
It is a 3G wireless standard for cellular telephony. It provides better efficiency, higher peak rates
upto 2 Mbps. Bandwidth of 5 MHz. Supports multimedia applications.
46. What are the services offered by GSM?
Services offered by GSM are:
i. Telephone services
ii. Bearer or Data services
iii. Supplementary services
47. What is channel state information?(Nov/Dec 2018)
In wireless communications, channel state information (CSI) refers to known channel properties
of a communication link. This information describes how a signal propagates from the transmitter to
the receiver and represents the combined effect of, for example, scattering, fading, and power decay
with distance. The method is called Channel estimation
48.What is meant by spatial multiplexing?(Nov/Dec 2019)
Spatial multiplexing (often abbreviated SM or SMX) is a transmission technique in MIMO
wireless communication to transmit independent and separately encoded data signals, so- called
streams, from each of the multiple transmit antennas. Therefore, the space dimension is reused or
multiplexed ,more than one time.
PART B
1. Briefly explain Multiple-input multiple output systems.
2. Explain Pre-coding and Beam forming.(Nov/Dec 2018,2019)
3. Define Beam forming and briefly explain MIMO diversity gain. (April/May 2016)
4. Discuss transmit diversity with channel known at transmitter.
5. Distinguish between different beamforming techniques. (Nov/Dec 2017)
6. What is meant by MIMO systems? Explain the system model with necessary diagrams.
(Nov/Dec 2017)(Nov/Dec 2018, 2019)
7. Discuss transmit diversity with channel unknown at transmitter – The Alamouti scheme.
8. Explain receiver diversity in detail.(Nov/Dec 2018)
9. Discuss receiver diversity with selection combining and threshold combining.
10. Explain in detail spatial multiplexing of a MIMO system. (May/June 2016)
11. Explain in detail how inherent delay in multi user system is overcome by beamforming.
(May/June 2016)
12. Briefly discuss Maximal-Ratio combining and Equal-Gain combining.
13. Discuss the capacity of time-varying frequency-selective fading channels with respect to time-
invariant channels and time-varying channels.
14.Discuss in detail the classification of algorithms for MIMO based system. (Nov/Dec 2016)
15.Explain parallel decomposition of the MIMO channel.
16.Explain the architectures of spatial multiplexing with neat diagram. (April/May 2016).
17.Determine the capacity of frequency selective fading and explain the concept of water filling/
water pouring models. (Nov/Dec 2015).
18.Explain with relevant diagrams the layered space time structure with respect to MIMO systems.
(April/May 2016).
19.Explain the concept of diversity with CSI at the transmitter and derive the expression for the capacity.
(April/May 2019).
PART C
1. Prove that 2X2 MIMO system (without channel state information) at the transmitter provides the
diversity gain of 4 and array gain of 2 using Alamouti scheme. (April/May 2018)
2. Discuss in detail the capacity in fading and non fading channels. (April/May 2017)(Nov/Dec 2018)
3. Write a brief outline about the impact of channel in MIMO systems.
4. Compare the capacity of a fading and a non fading channel for information transmitted from a
wireless system.
5. What is the function of smart antennas and explain the various purposes of it.
6. Classify precoding schemes based on channel state information at transmitter and receiver sides .
7. Design the capacity for MIMO systems in flat fading channels and compare it with fading and non-
fading channels.
8. Describe MIMO systems with emphasis on their requirement in a wireless communication environment.
9. Derive an expression for the capacity of the following systems.
(i) SIMO system assuming that the channel is known at receiver.
(ii) MISO system assuming that the channel is known at transmitter.
(iii)MIMO system assuming that the channel is unknown at transmitter.
MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022
V.S.B Engineering College, Karur
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
MG8591 PRINCIPLESOF MANAGEMENT
2 MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONS
1. Define Management. (MAY 2011, MAY 2016, MAY 2017, NOV 2017)
Koontz and Weihrich defines Management as “the process of
designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together
in groups, accomplish their aims effectively and efficiently”.
2. What are the various levels of management?
The various levels existing in an average firm / company are: Top level
management, Middle level management, and Lower level management.
3. What are the various skills required of a manager?

Technical skill – Knowledge of and proficiency in working with tools and technology Human
skill – Ability to work with people Conceptual skill – Ability to recognize important element in
a situation and understand relationship among elements, and Design skill – Ability to solve
problems which will benefit the company

4. What are the roles played by managers? (MAY 2011, MAY 2015)
Interpersonal roles: Figurehead, Leader, Liaison.
Informational roles: Recipient, Disseminator, Spokesman.
Decision roles: Entrepreneur, Disturbance handler, Resource allocator, Negotiator

5. What are the functions of a manager/management?(MAY 2012, MAY 2016)

Planning, Organizing, Directing, and Controlling. Some people include
additional roles such as Leading, Staffing, Coordinating, etc.

6. What does mass interview program convey?

The results of mass interview program conveyed that the upward
communication in organization creates positive attitude in work environment.

7. What is scientific management? (MAY 2015)

Scientific management is an approach that emphasizes the scientific study of work
methods in order to improve worker efficiency and productivity. It includes task and rate
setting, planning the task, employee selection and training, standardization of working
conditions, material, equipment etc, specialization and mental revolution
8. What are the major contributions of Taylor?
The major contributions of F.W.Taylor are as follows
MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022
He developed the principle of division of labor/work
He developed method study
He advocated time study
He developed certain principles to breakup each job into small
independent elements He developed the concept of fair day’s
work
He proposed the functional organization desirable qualities for
SI engine fuel.

9. Write Fayol's fourteen principles of management.

1) Division of work2) Authority and Responsibility 3) Discipline 4) Unity of command
5) Unity of direction 6) Subordination of Individual interest to general interest 7)
Remuneration 8) Centralization 9) Scalar chain10) Order 11) Equity 12) Stability of
Tenure 13) Initiative

10. What do you mean by ‘unity of command’?

‘Unity of command’ is an important principle proposed by Henry Fayol. This
implies that an employee should receive orders from one superior only.

11. What do you mean by ‘Unity of direction’?

It means that there should be complete identity between individual and
organizational goals, as well as between departmental goals. They should not pull in
different directions.

12. What is authority?

It is the power given to a person to get work from his subordinates.

13. List the factors that are involved in either producing (or) preventing knock.
Fayol classified business activities into six groups: Technical, Commercial,
Financial, Accounting, Security, and Administrative (Managerial).
14. What is a ‘scalar chain’?
A scalar chain is a hierarchical chain of authority which extends from the
top to the bottom of an organization and defines the communication path. However,
horizontal communication (gangplank) is also encouraged as long as the managers in the
chain are kept informed.
15. What is ‘Esprit-de-corps’?
It means ‘Unity is strength’. In an organization, there should be harmony and unity
amongst the employees.
16. What is meant by ‘Business environment’?
An organization, being a subsystem of broader societal system, has to work within the
framework provided by the society and its various constituents. These constituents are
combined to constitute environment for a given organization. Thus environment
MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022
includes all the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting
the total organization or any of its part.

17. What are the major components of the business environment?

Economic, Political, Legal, Technological, Social, Cultural, and Competitive
environments

18. Mention the nature of management.

Management is Multidisciplinary, it’s a continuous process, it’s a universal activity,
its dynamic and not static, it’s a profession, it’s a group activity.

19. What are the functional areas of management?

Financial management, marketing management, human resource management,
material management, production management, purchasing management etc

20. Is Management an art or science?

Management is both an art and science. It’s a science because it contains general
principles and also art because it requires skills to achieve desired results.

21. What are the differences between administration and management?(MAY 2013)
1 It is higher level function It is lower level function

2 It refers to owners of management It refers to employees

3 It acts through management It acts through organization

4 Lays down policies Executes the same

22. What are the new ideas of Robert Owen?

He firmly believed that workers performance was influenced by working
conditions and treatment of workers

23. Define motion study, time study and fatigue study.

Motion study is a study of movement of an operator in performing an operation
with the purpose of eliminating useless motions.
Time study determines the proper time for performing the operations. The
operation which takes minimum time is the best one.
Fatigue study indicates the amount and frequency of rest required in completing
the job.

24. What does illumination experiment convey?

No consistent relationship between output of workers and illumination of factory.

25. What does relay assembly test room experiment convey?

MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022
Socio-psychological factors such as recognition, attention, participation etc. are keys for
higher productivity.

PART B
1. Discuss the role of manager and important functions of management. Management:
Science and Art – Discuss.(MAY 2017, MAY 2016, MAY 2015, MAY 2014)

2.Discuss about the overall development of management thought. Explain the

important contributions of Henry Fayol and Taylor in the field of management
thoughts. (NOV 2017, MAY 2016, MAY 2015, MAY 2014, MAY 2013, MAY 2012)

3.Explain briefly about the different factors affecting the organizational

environment. (MAY 2015)

4. What is organizational culture? Explain the types of organizational culture.

Explain the issues of organizational culture in modern organizations. (MAY
2017, MAY 2011)

5.Explain the types of Business organization. (Or Elucidate any four types of
organization). (MAY 2017, MAY 2015, MAY 2014)

PART C
1. Explain the trends and challenges of management in global scenario. Brief about the
functions of MNC
MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022

UNIT 2
PLANNING
1. What is planning?
Planning involves selecting missions and objectives and the actions to achieve
them. It requires decision making that is, choosing future courses of action from among
alternatives.

2. What are the various steps in planning?

Being aware of opportunities; Establishing objectives; Developing premises;
Determining alternative courses; Evaluating alternative courses; Selecting a course;
Formulating derivative plans; and Quantifying plans by budgeting.
3. What are the objectives/purposes of planning?(MAY 2013, MAY 2015, MAY 2016,
MAY 2017)

It’s a primary function of an organization. It helps in achieving objectives. It is done

to cope with uncertainty and change. It helps in facilitating control. It helps in
coordination. It increases organizational effectiveness. It’s a dynamic process.

4. What are planning premises?

Planning premises are defined as the anticipated environment in which plans are
expected to operate. They include assumptions or forecasts of the future and known
conditions that will affect the operation of plans.
5. Mention the benefits of planning.
Focuses attention on objectives, minimizes uncertainty, facilitates control,
improves coordination, increases organizational effectiveness, encourages innovation, and
improves competitive strength

6. What are the various types of plans?

Plans are classified into: Purposes or missions; Objectives;
Strategies; Policies; Programs; Procedures; Rules; and Budgets

7. What is an Objective?
Both goal and objective can be defined as statements that reflect the end towards
which the organization is aiming to achieve. However, there are significant differences
between the two. A goal is an abstract and general umbrella statement, under which
specific objectives can be clustered. Objectives are statements that describe—in precise,
measurable, and obtainable terms which reflect the desired organization’s outcomes.

8. What is a Strategy?What do you understand by strategic management?

(MAY2012,NOV 2017)
According to Chandler, Strategy is “the determination of the basic long-term goals
and objectives of an enterprise, making the best choices for the future and the adoption of
action and the allocation of resources necessary to carry out these goals”.
MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022
• What is a Policy? (NOV 2017)
Policies are guidelines or general limits within which the members of an enterprise
act. They are general statements of understandings which guide thinking and actions.
Policies exist at various levels of the enterprise-corporate, divisional and departmental.

10. What is a Procedure?

A procedure is a systematic way of handling regular events. It is stated in terms of
steps to be followed in carrying out certain kinds of work. According to Terry, a
procedure is series of related tasks that make up the chronological sequence and the
established way of performing the work to be accomplished.

11. What is a Rule? (NOV 2017)

A specific statement telling the people what should or what should not be done.

12. What are the characteristics of objectives?

1. Objectives are multiple in number; 2. Objectives may be either tangible or
intangible; 3.Objectives have a priority; 4. Objectives are generally arranged in a
hierarchy and5. Objectives sometimes clash with each other.

12. Define Decision making.

Decision making is defined as selection of a course of action from among alternatives;
it is at the core of planning. It is a process of selection from a set of alterative courses of
action one which is thought to fulfill the objective of the decision problem more
satisfactorily than others.

14. What are the steps in decision making? What are the types of decisions?
(MAY 2016)
Premising; identifying alternatives; Evaluating the alternatives in terms of the goal
sought; and Choosing the alternative. There are two types of decisions they are
Programmed decisions and non-programmed decisions.
15. What are the various decision-making conditions?
Decision making under certainty; Decision making under risk; and Decision
making under uncertainty.
16. Distinguish between ‘risk’ and ‘uncertainty’ in decision making.
‘Risk’ condition exists when the probabilities of occurrence of various outcomes of the
decision are known.
‘Uncertainty’ condition exists when these probabilities are unknown.

17. What are top down and bottom up approaches?

Top down approach means that the top level management provides guidelines to
the bottom level management.
Bottom up approach means that the low level management provides information
to the top level management.
18. List few examples of objectives.
Maximise net profit over a period of time 2.Create a friendly workplace 3. Be service
to community.
MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022

19.What is KRA?
KRA-Key Result Areas are identified on basis of organizational objectives and
planning premises where organizational health can be measured.

20. What is Management By Objectives (MBO)?

Management By Objectives (MBO) is the process whereby the superior and
subordinates of the organization jointly identify common goals, define each individual’s
major areas of responsibility in terms of results expected of him, and use these measures
as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members.

21. What is MBO process? (MAY 2011)

Setting of organizational objectives; Formulation of departmental objectives;
Establishing goals or targets of subordinates; Establishing quantitative standard for
performance; andAppraisal of performance and counseling.

22. What are the benefits and weaknesses of MBO?

Improvement of managing, clarification of organization , personnel satisfaction , team
work, development of effective control, fast decision making.
Failure to teach the philosophy of MBO, Failure to give guidelines, difficulty in setting
goals, Emphasis on short term goals, inflexibility, time consuming.

23. What are the steps in policy formulation process and type of policies?
Definition of policy, Creation of policy alternative, evaluation of policy, choice
of policy, communication of policy, implementation and review.Types of policies:
Formulated policies, appealed policy, imposed policy, written policy and implied
policy.

24. Mention any two features of decision making.(MAY 2011)

1. Decision making is a selection process. The best alternative is selected among many
available alternatives.
2. Decision making is a goal-oriented process. Decisions are made to achieve some goal
or objective.
3. Decision making is the end process. It is preceded by a detailed discussion and
selection of alternatives.
4.Decision making a human and rational process involving the application of intellectual
abilities. It involves deep thinking and foreseeing thins.

25. What are the planning tools and techniques available in business management?
(MAY 2017)
It is classified under the following headings
• Production planning tools such as machine chart, load chart, gantt chart,
• Project planning tools such as PERT/CPM, etc.
• Tools for allocation resources : Budgeting, etc.
• Techniques for assessing the environment: Forecasting, benchmarking, etc.
MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022

PART B
1. Explain the general planning process adopted by business organizations. Explain the
planning premises with types.
2. Explain in detail the various types of planning. (NOV 2017)
3. What are the steps involved in strategic planning? (MAY 2014)
4. Discuss the various types of decision. Explain the process followed while taking a
decision in normal situation. Is decision making a rational process? Discuss. (NOV
2017, MAY 2017, MAY 2016, MAY 2015, MAY 2014, MAY 2013).

5. What is MBO? State and explain the common steps involved in designing a
scheme of MBO. (MAY 2017, MAY 2015, MAY 2013, MAY 2012)

PART C
1. Explain in detail about the TOWS matrix and SWOT analysis. (May 2015)

2. What are the objectives of planning? Illustrate how you will set objectives for
manufacturing Organization.(MAY 2016)

3. Define policies with its types. (Nov 2015).

MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022

UNIT 3
ORGANISING
1. Define the term ‘Organization’.
"Organizations are collections of people that have been established for the pursuit of
specific objectives on a more or less continuous basis."
2. What is Organizing?(MAY 2011, MAY 2013, MAY 2016)
Organizing involves establishing a structure of roles for people to fill in an
organization and ensuring that all the tasks necessary to accomplish goals are assigned to
people who can do those best.

3. Mention any four characteristics of an organization.

a) Common objectives; b) Specialization or Division of Labor; c) Authority structure,
and d) Group of persons.

4. List out the steps involved in organization process.

[i] Consideration of objectives; [ii] Grouping of activities into departments; [iii]
Deciding which departments will be key departments; [iv] Determining levels at which
various types of decisions are to be made; [v] Determining the span of management; and
[vi] Setting up a coordination mechanism.

5. State the important factors in determining an effective span of management.

1.Capacity of superior; 2. Capacity of subordinates; 3. Nature of work; 4. Type of
technology; and 5. Delegation of authority.

6. Define the term ‘Departmentation’.

The horizontal differentiation of tasks or activities into discrete segments is called
departmentation. The aim is to take advantage of the division of labor and specialization
up to a certain extent.

7. What are the various types of departmentation?

1.Departmentation by functions; 2. Departmentation by Territory; 3. Dpartmentation by
customers; 4. Departmentation by equipment or process and 5. Departmentation by
products or services.
8. What is departmentation by product?
This form is suited for large organizations manufacturing a variety of products. Under
this method, for each major product, a separate department is created and is put under the
charge of a manager who may also be made responsible for producing a profit of a given
magnitude. Within each department, all the needed manufacturing, engineering,
marketing, manpower and other facilities are created

9. What is meant by ‘Delegation of Authority’? (MAY 2017)

A manager in an enterprise cannot himself do all the tasks necessary for the
accomplishment of group goals. He, therefore, assigns some part of his work to his
subordinates and also gives them necessary
MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022
.
10.What is line authority? Give an example of how functional authority works in an
organization. (MAY 2015)
Line authority is the direct authority which a superior exercises over a number of
subordinates to carry out orders and instructions. In an organizing process, authority is
delegated to subordinates to perform activities. Functional authority can be regarded as
a part of the authority of line personnel. For example, the production manager delegates
authority to plant engineer, plant superintendent an quality officer. These people issues
instructions directly to foreman. This authority is called functional authority.

11. What is staff authority?

A staff person assists the line people in attaining their objectives. Staff authority is
surely advisory.
12. What is Centralization?
The organization is centralized when power is concentrated in the hands of a
few people.
13. What is Decentralization? What are the advantages? (MAY 2013, MAY 2016)
If the power is widely distributed among subordinates of the organization, it is
decentralization. Advantages are: 1) It reduces burden of management so that it can focus
more attention and strategic management. 2) It encourages the decision making and
assumption of authority and responsibility. 3) It facilitates the growth and diversification
in the organization. 4) It promotes the establishment and use of broad controls which
may increase motivation. 5) It facilitates setting up profit centers.

14. What is Staffing?

The managerial function of staffing is defined as filling positions in the
organization structure. This includes identifying work-force requirements, inventorying
the people available, and recruiting, selecting, placing, promoting, appraising, planning
the careers, compensation, and training of both candidates and current jobholders to
accomplish their tasks effectively and efficiently.

15. What is Manpower Planning?

Manpower Planning is the process by which a firm ensures that it has the right
number of people and the right kind of people at the right places at the right time, doing
work for which they are economically most useful.

16. What is recruitment?

Recruitment is defined as the process of identifying the sources of prospective
candidates and to stimulate them to apply for the jobs. Recruitment is the generating of
applicants for specific positions.

17. What are the various sources of external recruitment? (MAY 2012)
1.Re-employing former employees; 2. Friends and relatives of present employees;
3.Applicants at the gate; 4. Colleges and technical institutions; 5. Employment
exchanges; 6. Advertising the vacancy; 7. Labor unions; and 8. Competitors’
organizations.
17. What are the various steps in the selection process?
Designing application blank; Receiving applications; Screening of applications;
Conducting selection tests; Conducting formal interview; Examining the previous work
MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022
history; Checking references; Provisional selection; Physical/medical examination; Final
selection; Employment.
19. What is application blank?
It is a good means of quickly collecting verifiable historical data from the candidate. It
is highly structured in which the questions are standardized and determined in advance.
Besides, it tests the applicant’s ability to write, organize his thoughts and present facts.

20.What is Performance Appraisal?

Performance appraisal is the evaluation of employees through proper and
systematic procedures which reflects the effectiveness, efficiency or productivity of an
employee. On the basis of their performance, rewards and incentives are given to the
employees.
21. Mention the various methods of performance appraisal.
1. Ranking method, 2. Paired comparison method, 3. Rating scale method, 4. Checklist
method, 5. Critical incidents method, 6. Field review, 7. Confidential report, etc.

22. What are the importance’s of organizing?

To facilitate administration, to increase efficiency, to improve growth and
diversification, to better use of human resource, to improve communication, and to
stimulate creativity.

23. What do you understand by organizational chart? What are the types of
organization chart? (NOV 2017)
Organizational chart is graphical representation of organizational structure. The
relationship existing between the members of an organization can be understood by an
organizational chart. Types are :Vertical chart, Horizontal chart, Circular chart.

24. What are the types of organization structure?

Functional structure, divisional structure, matrix structure, team structure,
network structure, organic structure and mechanistic structure.

25. What are the differences between formal and informal organization?
Point of view formal organization informal organization

Origin Created deliberately Created spontaneously

Purpose Created for achieving objectives Created for achieving satisfaction

nature Planned and official Unplanned and unofficial

MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022
PART B
1. Explain the need and importance of departmentation and the factor which influences
the effective span of management. (NOV 2014, MAY 2013
2. Explain the nature and purpose of organization. Describe about the process of
organizing. Explain the parameters involved in forming an organizational chart. (MAY
2016, MAY 2015, MAY 2013, MAY 2012)

3. List the difference between formal and informal organization. (NOV 2015, MAY 2015)

4. Explain different types of organizational structures with advantages and

limitations. (MAY 2017, MAY 2016, MAY 2015)

5. Explain the concept, merits and demerits of centralization and decentralization.

(MAY 2013, MAY 2012, NOV 2012)

PART C
1. State and explain the basic steps involved in a typical selection procedure. Discuss
in detail about the performance appraisal. (MAY 2015, MAY 2012, NOV 2012)

2. Explain about the human resource planning. Distinguish between training and
development. Explain the various methods of training. (NOV 2017, MAY 2017)
MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022
UNIT 4
DIRECTING
1. What are the various approaches to (theories of) leadership?
Traits approach; Behavioral approach; Managerial Grid; Fiedler’s contingency
approach; Path-Goal approach, etc.

2.Brief about leadership styles. (or) Different management strategies in leadership?

(MAY 2013, MAY 2016)

They are 1.Democratic 2. Autocratic 3. Free-rein

Autocratic leader: He is one who does not involve his subordinates in decision making
process. He demands strict obedience and relies on power. The autocratic leader is thus
one who commands and expects compliance and leads by the ability to punish or reward.
Democratic (participative) leader :He consults with subordinates on proposed actions and
decisions and encourages participation from them.
Free-rein leadership (or) Laissez-faire :This type of leader uses his power very little and the
subordinates are given high degree of independence or free-rein in their operation. The
leader depends largely on his subordinates to set their own goals and the means of
achieving them.

3. What is Country Club management?

It is a management style which gives more importance to people and less
importance to production. It is strongly oriented to employee needs and keeping
subordinates happy.
4. What are the four types of managements explained in the Managerial Grid?
Impoverished management; Country club management; Dedicated management;
Autocratic task management.

5. Define Motivation. (MAY 2011)

It is a process of stimulating people to action to achieve/ accomplish desired goals.
6. Mention the important theories of motivation.
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory, 2. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, 3. McGregor’s
Theory X and Theory Y, 4. McClelland’s Achievement Theory, 5. Vroom’s Expectancy
Theory, 6. Porter & Lawler Model, 7. Adam’s Equity Theory, 8. Skinner’s Reinforcement
Theory and 9. Alderfer’s ERG Theory.

7. What are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

Physiological needs, Safety needs, Social needs, Self- Esteem needs and Self-
actualization needs.
MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022
8. Write the essence of Maslow’s Hierarchy theory of motivation?
If you want to motivate someone, according to Maslow, you need to understand
what the level of the need hierarchy that person is currently on, and focus on satisfying
those needs at or above that level.

9. What are ‘Hygiene’ factors in Herzberg’s theory?

Fair company policies; Knowledgeable supervisor; Good relationship with
supervisor and co-workers; Fair salary; Job security; Good working conditions, etc. The
absence of these factors makes workers dissatisfied, but the presence of these factors does
not create high levels of motivation.

10. What are ‘Motivators’ in Herzberg’s theory?

Achievement at work; Recognition; Chance for advancement; Challenging work;
Increased responsibility, etc. The presence of these factors leads to high levels of
motivation and job satisfaction, but their absence does not lead to strong dissatisfaction.

11. Write about the ERG theory of Motivation.

ERG stands for existence, relatedness, and growth needs
Existence needs -- physiological and safety aspects of an individual
Relatedness needs -- involve relationship with other people, social status
Growth needs -- individual making creative efforts to achieve full potential in the
environment and to reach self-actualization stage.

12. What is Communication?

It is the art of developing and attaining understanding between people. It is the process
of exchanging information and feelings between two or more people.

13. What are the various types of communication?

Formal, informal, upward, downward, horizontal, diagonal, oral, written, and non-verbal
are the various types of communication.

14. What is grape vine communication?

Informal communication is called grape vine communication. It is the
interpersonal relationship other than formal relationship like friendship, club
membership or bridge group which constitutes an informal channel.

16. Mention the major barriers to communication.

Semantic barriers: Words/symbols with different meanings; Badly expressed message;
Faulty translation; Unclarified assumptions; Specialist’s language (jargon).
Psychological barriers: Premature evaluation; Inattention; Poor retention; Distrust, threat
or fear of communicator; Failure to communicate; Information overload.
MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022
Organizational barriers: Organizational policy, rules and regulations; Complexity in
organizational structure; Organizational facilities; Status relationships.

17. What are semantic barriers?

These barriers arise from the language capacity of the persons involved in
communication. They are semantic distortion, poorly expressed message, faulty
translations, unclarified assumptions, etc.

18. What are the types of motivation?

There are four types of motivation they are positive motivation, negative motivation,
extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.

19. What are the steps in motivation process?

Analysis of situation, preparing, selecting and applying a set of appropriate motivating
tools, follow ups are the steps in motivation process.

20. Mention 3 needs in McClelland’s theory?

Need for power, need for affiliation and need for achievement are the three needs
available in McClelland’s theory.

21. What are the special motivational techniques?

Money, participation, quality of working life, job security, effective communication,
power of authority, incentives are the special motivational techniques.
22. What do you mean by job rotation, Job enlargement and Job enrichment? (MAY
2015, MAY 2017, NOV 2017)

Job Enlargement : Job enlargement changes the jobs to include more and / or different
tasks. Job enlargement should add interest to the work but may or may not give
employees more responsibility.
Job Rotation : Job rotation moves employees from one task to another. It distributes the
group tasks among a number of employees.
Job Enrichment : Job enrichment allows employees to assume more responsibility ,
accountability, and independence when learning new tasks or to allow for greater
participation and new opportunities .

23. Who is a leader? What are the qualities of a leader? (MAY 2012)
Leader is someone who can influence others and who has managerial authority.
Honesty, confidence, patience, focus, dedication, consistency, motivate others, effective
communication, individuality are the qualities of an effective leader.

24. What are the methods of communication?

Formal and informal communication (written communication and oral
communication) are the methods of communication.
MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022
25.What do you mean by the term ‘Noise’ in communication? (MAY 2016)
Noise is any type of disruption that interferes with the transmission or
interpretation of information from the sender to the receiver.

PART B
1. Explain the different characteristics, functions and traits of leader. What are the
essential qualities of a good leader? (MAY 2015, MAY 2016)

2. Explain about the theories and types of leadership. (NOV 2012)

3. Explain about the theories of Motivation. Compare and discuss the Maslow and
Herzberg’s theory of Motivation. (NOV 2017, MAY 2017, MAY 2015, MAY 2014)

4. What are the various barriers in communication? How will you overcome these
barriers? (NOV 2017, MAY 2017, MAY 2013, MAY 2012, NOV 2012)

5. Explain the process of communication. Brief about the role of IT in

communication.(MAY 2016)
6. “Job performance of Individual is significantly influenced by the employee’s
attitude” – Discuss. (MAY 2017)

PART C
1. Job performance of Individual is significantly influenced by the employee’s
attitude” – Discuss. (MAY 2017)
MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022
UNIT 5
CONTROLLING
1. What are the steps in controlling process?
Establishing standards; Measuring performance; Comparing performance with
standard;Taking corrective action.

2. What are the three types of control with respect to time? (MAY 2013)
[a]Feed forward control, [b]Concurrent control, and [c] Feedback control.

3. Distinguish between feedback control and feed forward control techniques.

S.No. Feedback Feed forward

1. It measures only the output of the It measures the input of the process
process

2. It is submissive approach It is aggressive approach

3. Less benefit More benefit

4. What is a Budget?
Budget is a financial and/or quantitative statement prepared prior to a definite period
of time, of the policy to be pursued during that period, for the purpose of achieving a given
objective.

5. Define budgetary control. (MAY 2012, NOV 2017)

It is a process of comparing the actual results with the corresponding budget data in
order to approve accomplishments or to remedy differences by either adjusting the budget
estimates or correcting the cause of the difference. [Terry].
6. What are the objectives of budgetary control? (or) Why controlling is important?
(MAY 2017)
a] Maximization of profits; b] To plan and control the income and expenditure of
the organization; and c] To provide adequate working capital.

7. What are classifications of budget?

Functional classification- Sales, production, cash, capital and master budget
Time classification- Short, current and long term budget
Activity level- Fixed and flexible budget.

8. What is a Zero Base Budget (ZBB)?

Zero base budgeting is a latest technique aimed at cost reduction and optimum
utilization of resources. In zero-base budgeting, every year is taken as New Year and
previous year is not taken as a base and planning starts from the scratch.
MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022
9. What is clan control?
It is an approach to organization control based on informal arrangement. It relies on
group norms and a strong corporate culture and it gives employees the responsibility for
controlling themselves. Employees are encouraged to work beyond minimum acceptable
levels.

10. What is Human Resource Accounting?

It is accounting for people as an organizational resource. It involves measuring the
costs incurred by organizations to recruit, select, hire, train, and develop human assets. It
also involves measuring the economic value of people to the organization.

11. What is MIS?

Management Information System (MIS) is a system of gathering, integrating,
comparing, analyzing and dispersing information internal and external to the enterprise in
a timely, effective and efficient manner.

12. What is ‘Real-time information’?

It is an offshoot of the development of computers and information technology. It is the
gathering of information about what is happening while it is happening, that is, “online”.
It is a means of getting real-time control in areas of importance to the manager

13. What are the characteristics of control?

It is universal, continuous process, its action based, its forward looking, it is closely
related to planning.

14. What are the steps involved in process of controlling?

Establishing standards, measuring performance, comparing actual with standard,
finding out deviations and correcting the deviations.

15. What are the requirements of effective control?

Suitability, flexibility, economical, simple, motivation, forward looking,
objective, less time are the requirements of effective control.

16. What are the different budgetary control methods?

Definite objectives, support of top management, flexibility, budget committee, budget
education, good feedback, participation, communication, reward and punishment.

17. What is PERT?

PERT-Project Evaluation and Review Technique; its event oriented, it’s a control
device, it’s a probabilistic model.

18. What is CPM?

CPM- Critical Path Method is activity based, it’s a planning device, it’s a
deterministic model.

19. What is meant by optimistic time?

Optimistic time is the shortest time every activity goes exceptionally well.
MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022
20. What is the role of MIS?
MIS is involved and useful in Marketing, manufacturing, logistics , finance and
accounting, top management.

21. What are the uses of computers in controlling?

Payroll, accounting , business management , personnel management information, cost
accounting, manufacturing information control, banking and credit are the uses of
computers in.

22. What is meant by productivity? (NOV 2017)

Productivity is a measure of how much input required to produce a given output.
(productivity= output/input)..

23. What are the factors affecting productivity?

Technology, Human resources, government policy, machinery and equipment, skill
of worker, materials, plant equipment , capital etc.

24. What is meant by EOQ?

EOQ= Economic order Quantity. It is the optimum quantity of material to be
ordered so that wastages are very minimum.

25. What are the advantages of budgetory control system?(MAY 2011)

1. It improves the planning in the organization.

2. It provides a better utilization of resources in the organization.
3. This system helps to take corrective action at right time in the organization.

PART B
1. Define controlling. Explain the steps involved in the process of controlling. (MAY
2017, MAY 2011)

2. Explain the steps in the implementation of budgetary control and non-budgetary control
techniques (or Explain the various controlling technique). Explain the different types of
budgets.(NOV 2017, MAY 2015, MAY 2013, MAY 2012)

3. Distinguish direct control from preventive control. Explain the preventive control
mechanism towards achieving a unified global management theory.(MAY 2016, MAY 2015)
MG8591 Principles of Management Academic Year2021-2022
4. Define productivity and identify the problems involved in measuring the productivity of
knowledge workers. What tools and techniques do you suggest to improve productivity in
Indian Organizations (IT Sector)? (MAY 2016, MAY 2012, MAY 2011)

5. Explain the term operations management and major activities associated with operations
management. (NOV 2011)

.PART C

1.Case Study: (NOV 2017)

Modern Manufacturing Company has been using a budgetary control system for the last three
years. When asked to explain the system, Mr.John, the Managing Director of the company,
observed: “We’re pretty flexible in our budgetary system. Every manager is given a total
amount that he or she can spend for the next year. We don’t care how it is used as long as the
total isn’t exceeded and organizational objectives are achieved”.

(i) Discuss the merits of the company’s approach to budgeting.

(ii) (ii)Do you agree or disagree with this approach? Explain your view.
 V.S.B. ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KARUR
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Academic Year: 2021-2022 (EVEN Semester)
EC8651 TRANSMISSION LINES AND RF SYSTEMS
2 MARKS and 16 MARK QUESTION
UNIT I
TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
2 MARKS:
1. Define the line parameters?
The parameters of a transmission line are:
 Resistance (R)
 Inductance (L)
 Capacitance (C)
 Conductance (G)
 Resistance (R) is defined as the loop resistance per unit length of the wire. Its unit
is ohm/Km
 Inductance (L) is defined as the loop inductance per unit length of the wire. Its
unit is Henry/Km
 Capacitance (C) is defined as the loop capacitance per unit length of the wire. Its
unit is Farad/Km
 Conductance (G) is defined as the loop conductance per unit length of the wire. Its
unit is mho/Km

2. What are the secondary constants of a line? Why the line parameters are
called distributed elements?
The secondary constants of a line are: Characteristic Impedance Propagation Constant.
Since the line constants R, L, C, G are distributed through the entire length of the line, they are
called as distributed elements. They are also called as primary constants.

3. Define Characteristic impedance

Characteristic impedance is the impedance measured at the sending end of the line. It is
given by Z0 = ГZ/Y, where
Z = R + jωL is the series impedance
Y = G + jωC is the shunt admittance

4. Define Propagation constant

Propagation constant is defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of the sending end
current or voltage to the receiving end current or voltage of the line. It gives the manner in the
wave is propagated along a line and specifies the variation of voltage and current in the line as a
function of distance. Propagation constant is a complex quantity and is expressed as γ = α + j β
The real part is called the attenuation constant whereas the imaginary part of propagation
constant is called the phase constant.
5. What is a finite line? Write down the significance of this line?
A finite line is a line having a finite length on the line. It is a line, which is terminated, in
its characteristic impedance (ZR=Z0), so the input impedance of the finite line is equal to the
characteristic impedance (Zs=Z0).

6. What is an infinite line?

An infinite line is a line in which the length of the transmission line is infinite. A finite
line, which is terminated in its characteristic impedance, is termed as infinite line. So for an
infinite line, the input impedance is equivalent to the characteristic impedance.

7. What is wavelength of a line?

The distance the wave travels along the line while the phase angle is changing through 2π
radians is called a wavelength.

8.What are the types of line distortions?

The distortions occurring in the transmission line are called waveform distortion or line
distortion.
Waveform distortion is of two types:
a) Frequency distortion
b) Phase or Delay Distortion.

9. How frequency distortion occurs in a line?

When a signal having many frequency components are transmitted along the line, all the
frequencies will not have equal attenuation and hence the received end waveform will not be
identical with the input waveform at the sending end because each frequency is having different
attenuation. This type of distortion is called frequency distortion.

10. How to avoid the frequency distortion that occurs in the line?
In order to reduce frequency distortion occurring in the line, a) The attenuation constant
α should be made independent of frequency. b) By using equalizers at the line terminals which
minimize the frequency distortion. Equalizers are networks whose frequency and phase
characteristics are adjusted to be inverse to those of the lines, which result in a uniform
frequency response over the desired frequency band, and hence the attenuation is equal for all
the frequencies.

11. What is delay distortion?

When a signal having many frequency components are transmitted along the line, all the
frequencies will not have same time of transmission, some frequencies being delayed more than
others. So the received end waveform will not be identical with the input waveform at the
sending end because some frequency components will be delayed more than those of other
frequencies. This type of distortion is called phase or delay distortion.
12. How to avoid the frequency distortion that occurs in the line?
In order to reduce frequency distortion occurring in the line,
a) The phase constant β should be made dependent of frequency.
b) The velocity of propagation is independent of frequency.
 c) By using equalizers at the line terminals which minimize the frequency
distortion.
Equalizers are networks whose frequency and phase characteristics are adjusted to be
inverse to those of the lines, which result in a uniform frequency response over the desired
frequency band, and hence the phase is equal for all the frequencies.
13. What is a distortion less line? What is the condition for a distortion less line?
A line, which has neither frequency distortion nor phase distortion is called a distortion
less line. The condition for a distortion less line is RC=LG. Also,
a) The attenuation constant should be made independent of frequency.
b) The phase constant should be made dependent of frequency.
d) The velocity of propagation is independent of frequency.

14. What is the drawback of using ordinary telephone cables?

In ordinary telephone cables, the wires are insulated with paper and twisted in pairs,
therefore there will not be flux linkage between the wires, which results in negligible inductance,
and conductance. If this is the case, the there occurs frequency and phase distortion in the line.

15. How the telephone line can be made a distortion less line?
For the telephone cable to be distortion less line, the inductance value should be
increased by placing lumped inductors along the line.

16. What is Loading?

Loading is the process of increasing the inductance value by placing lumped inductors at
specific intervals along the line, which avoids the distortion

17. What are the types of loading?

a) Continuous loading
b) Patch loading
c) Lumped loading

18. What is continuous loading?

Continuous loading is the process of increasing the inductance value by placing a iron core or a
magnetic tape over the conductor of the line.

19. What is patch loading?

It is the process of using sections of continuously loaded cables separated by sections of
unloaded cables which increases the inductance value

20. What is lumped loading?

Lumped loading is the process of increasing the inductance value by placing lumped
inductors at specific intervals along the line, which avoids the distortion

21. Define reflection coefficient

Reflection Coefficient can be defined as the ratio of the reflected voltage to the incident
voltage at the receiving end of the line Reflection Coefficient K=Reflected Voltage at load
/Incident voltage at the load.
22. Define reflection loss
Reflection loss is defined as the number of nepers or decibels by which the current in the
load under image matched conditions would exceed the current actually flowing in the load.

23. What is Impedance matching?

If the load impedance is not equal to the source impedance, then all the power that are
transmitted from the source will not reach the load end and hence some power is wasted. This is
called impedance mismatch condition. So for proper maximum power transfer, the impedances
in the sending and receiving end are matched. This is called impedance matching.

24. Define the term insertion loss

The insertion loss of a line or network is defined as the number of nepers or decibels by
which the current in the load is changed by the insertion . Insertion loss=Current flowing in the
load without insertion of the network/Current flowing in the load with insertion of the network

25.When reflection occurs in a line?

Reflection occurs because of the following cases:
1) when the load end is open circuited
2) when the load end is short-circuited
3) when the line is not terminated in its characteristic impedance
When the line is either open or short circuited, then there is not resistance at the receiving
end to absorb all the power transmitted from the source end. Hence all the power incident on the
load gets completely reflected back to the source causing reflections in the line. When the line is
terminated in its characteristic impedance, the load will absorb some power and some will be
reflected back thus producing reflections.

26. What are the conditions for a perfect line? What is a smooth line?
For a perfect line, the resistance and the leakage conductance value were neglected. The
conditions for a perfect line are R=G=0. A smooth line is one in which the load is terminated by
its characteristic impedance and no reflections occur in such a line. It is also called as flat line.

16 MARKS:
1. Discuss in detail about inductance loading of telephone cables and derive the attenuation
constant, phase constant and velocity of signal transmission for the uniformly loaded cable.
2. Explain in detail about the reflection on a line not terminated in its characteristics impedance.
3. A transmission line operating at 500 MHz has Z₀=80Ω, α= 0.04 Np/m, β=1.5 rad/m. Find the
line parameter series resistance (R Ω/m), series inductance (L H/m), shunt conductance (G
mho/m) and capacitance between conductors (C F/m).
4. A distortion less transmission line has attenuation constant α=1.15×10ˉᶟ Np/m, and
capacitance of 0.01 n F/m. the characteristic resistance L/C=50Ω find the resistance
inductance and conductance per more of the line.
5. Derive the general transmission line equation for the voltage and current at any point on a line.
6. write a brief note on frequency and phase distortion.
7. The characteristics impedance of a 805m-long transmission line is 94 -23.2⁰Ω the attenuation
constant is 74.5×10ˉ⁶ Np/m. and the phase shift constant is 174×10ˉ⁶ rad/m at 5KHz calculate
the line parameters R,L,G and C per meter and the phase velocity on the line.
8. Derive expression for the attenuation and phase constant of transmission line in constant
R,L,G and C. The constants of a transmission line are R= 6ohms/km, L=2.2m H/km,
C=0.005×10ˉ⁶ and G=0.25×10ˉ⁶ mho/km. Determine the characteristics impedance and
propagation constant at 1000 Hz.
9. Derive the expression for the input impedance of a transmission line Hence obtain the input
impedance for a loss less line.
10.write a short note on reflection factor and reflection loss.
11.Derive the expression for the input impedance of a loss less line.
12.Draw the L-type equivalent circuit model of a two-conductor transmission line and derive the
transmission line equations.
13.Discuss the reflection coefficient of different transmission lines.
14.A transmission line operating at 10⁶ rad/s has α= 8 d B/m, β= 1 rad/m. and z₀= 60+ j40ohms,
and is 2meter long. The line is connected to a source of 10 v, Zg=40ohms and terminated by a
load of 20 + j50ohms. Determine the current at the middle of the line.
15. A low loss transmission line of 100 ohms characteristic impedance is connected to a load of
200ohm. Calculate the voltage reflection coefficient and the standing wave ratio.
16. Discuss the theory of open and short circuited lines with voltage and current distribution
diagram and also get the input impedance expression.
17. A transmission line has the following per unit length parameters : L = 0.1μ H, R =5 ohms,
C = 300 pF and G = 0.01 mho. Calculate the propagation constant.
 UNIT II
HIGH FREQUENCY T RANSMISSION LINES
2 MARKS:
1. State the assumptions for the analysis of the performance of the radio frequency line.
a. Due to the skin effect, the currents are assumed to flow on the surface of the
conductor. The internal inductance is zero.
b. 2.The resistance R increases with square root of f while inductance L
increases with f . Hence ωL>>R.
c. The leakage conductance G is zero.
2. State the expressions for inductance L of a open wire line and coaxial line.
a. For open wire line ,
b. L=9.21*10-7(µ/µr +4ln d/a)=10-7(µr +9.21log d/a) H/m
c. For coaxial line,L = 4.60*10-7[log b/a]H/m
3. State the expressions for the capacitance of a open wire line For open wire line.

C=(12.07)/(ln d/a)µµf/m

4. What is dissipationless line?

A line for which the effect of resistance R is completely neglected is called
dissipationless line .

5. What is the nature and value of Z0 for the dissipation less line?
For the dissipation less line, the Z0 is purley resistive and given by, Z0=R0 = ( L/c) ½

6. State the values of a and b for the dissipation less line.

Answer:
α=0 and β=w (LC) ½

7. What are nodes and antinodes on a line?

The points along the line where magnitude of voltage or current is zero are called nodes
while the the points along the lines where magnitude of voltage or current first
maximum are called antinodes or loops.

8. What is standing wave ratio?

The ratio of the maximum to minimum magnitudes of voltage or current on a line having
standing waves called standing waves ratio.

9. What is the range of values of standing wave ratio?

The range of values of standing wave ratio is theoretically 1 to infinity.

10. State the relation between standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient.
Ans: S = 1+ΙKΙ/1- ΙKΙ
11. What are standing waves?
If the transmission is not terminated in its characteristic impedance ,then there will be
two waves traveling along the line which gives rise to standing waves having fixed
maxima and fixed minima.
12. What is called standing wave ratio?
The ratio of the maximum to minimum magnitudes of current or voltage on a line having
standing wave is called the standing-wave ratio S.

13. State the relation between standing were ratio S and reflection co-efficient k.
The relation between standing wave ratio S and ref lection co-efficient k is,
i. S =1+ΙKΙ/1- ΙKΙ,k = S-1/S+1
14. How will you make standing wave measurements on coaxial lines?
For coaxial lines it is necessary to use a length of line in which a longitudinal slot,
one half wavelength or more long has been cut. A wire probe is inserted into the
air dielectric of the line as a pickup device, a vacuum tube voltmeter or other
detector being connected between probe and sheath as an indicator. If the meter
provides linear indications, S is readily determined. If the indicator is non linear,
corrections must be applied to the readings obtained.

15. Give the input impedance of a dissipationless line.

The input impedance of a dissipationless line is given by,

16. Give the maximum and minimum input impedance of the dissipationless line.
a. Maximum input impedance
b. Minimum input impedance

17. Give the input impedance of open and short circuited lines.
The input impedance of open and short circuited lines are given.

18. Why the point of voltage minimum is measured rather than voltage maximum?
The point of a voltage minimum is measured rather than a voltage maximum
because it is usually possible to determine the exact point of minimum voltage
with greater accuracy.

19. What is the use of eighth wave line?

An eighth wave line is used to transform any resistance to an impendence with a
magnitude equal to Roof the line or to obtain a magnitude match between a
resistance of any value and a source of Ro internal resistance.

20. Give the input impendence of eighth wave line terminated in a pure resistance
Rr. The input impendence of eighth wave line terminated in a pure resistance Rr. Is given
by Zs = (ZR+jRo/Ro+jZR). From the above equation it is seen that ΙZsΙ = Ro.

21. Why is a quarter wave line called as impendence inverter?

A quarter wave line may be considered as an impendence inverter because it can
transform a low impendence in to a high impendence and vice versa.
22. What is the application of the quarter wave matching section ?
An important application of the quarter wave matching sectionis to a couple a
transmission line to a resistive load such as an antenna .The quarter .wave
matching section then must be designed to have a characteristic impendence Ro
so chosen that the antenna resistance Ra is transformed to a value equal to the
characteristic impendence Ra of the transmission line. The characteristic
impendence Ro of the matching section then should be Ro’ = ( Ra Ro) ½.

23. What do you mean by copper insulators?

An application of the short circuited quarter wave line is wire line or the center
conductor of a coaxial line. This application makes se of the fact that the input
impendence of a quarter wave shorted line is very high, such lines are sometimes
referred to as copper insulators.

24. Bring out the significance of a half wavelength line.

A half wavelength line may be considered as a one- to . one transformer. It has its
greatest utility in connecting load to a source in cases where the load source
cannot be made adjacent.

25. Give some of the impendence .matching devices.

The quarter wave line or transformer and the tapered line are some of the
impendence matching devices.

26. Explain impendence matching using stub.

In the method of impendence matching using stub ,an open or closed stub line of
suitable length is used as a reactance shunted across the transmission line at a
designated distance from the load ,to tune the length of the line and the load to
resonance with an antiresonant resistance equal to Ro.

27. Give reasons for preferring a short- circuited stub when compared to an open
circuited stub.
A short circuited stub is preferred to an open circuited stub because of greater
ease in constructions and because of the inability to maintain high enough
insulation resistance at the open .circuit point to ensure that the stub is really open
circuited. A shorted stub also has a lower loss of energy due to radiation, since the
short circuit can be definitely established with a large metal plate, effectively
stopping all field propagation.
28. What are the two independent measurements that must be made to find the location
and length of the stub?
The standing wave ratio S and the position of a voltage minimum are the
independent measurements that must be made to find the location and length of
the stub.
29. Give the formula to calculate the distance of the point from the load at which the
stub is to be connected.
The formula to calculate the distance of the point from the load at which the stub
is to be Connected is, S1 = (ф +π-cos-1|K|)/(2β)

30. Give the formula to calculate the distance d from the voltage minimum to the point
stub be connection.
The formula to calculate the distance d from the voltage minimum to the point of
stub be connection is, d= cos-1|K| /(2β)

16 MARKS:
1. Explain the application of smith chart A 30 m long loss less transmission line with
Z0=50ohms operating at 2 MHz is terminated with a load ZL=60+j40ohms if U=0.6C find
the reflection coefficient y, the standing wave ratios and the input impedance.
2. i) Derive the expression that permit easy measurement of power flow on a line of
negligible losses.
3. ii) Derive the expression for input impedance of open and short circuited lines.
4. Discuss the various parameters of open wire and co axial lines at radio frequency.
5. (i) An ideal loss less quarter wave transmission line of characteristics impedance 60ohms
is terminated in a load impedance ZL. Give the value of the input impedance of the line
when
6. ZL=0, ∞ and 60ohm.

7. 5.i) A 100ohm, 200 m long loss less line transmission line operators at 10 MHz and its
terminated into an impedance of 50-j200ohm the transit time is 1μs. Determine the length
and location of short circuited stub line
8. 6. (i) Draw and explain the operation of quarter wave line.

9. It is required to match a 200 ohms load to a 300 ohms transmission line to reduce the
SWR along the line to 1. What must be the characteristic impedance of the quarter wave
transformer used for this purpose if it is directly connected to the load?
10. What are the drawbacks of single stub matching and open circuited stubs?
11. i) Derive equation of attenuation constant and phase constant of transmission line in terms
of line constants R, L, C and G and explain the significance of reflection coefficient and
insertion loss.
12. A generator of 1v, 1kHz supplies power to a 100km open wire line terminated in 200
ohms resistance The line parameter are R= 10ohm/km, L=3.8 Mh/km G= 1×10
mho/km. c=0.0085
13. μF/km calculate the impedance, reflection coefficient power and transmission
efficiency.
14. Explain the parameters of open wire line and co axial at RF. Mention the standard
assumptions made for radio frequency line.
15. Derive the expressions for the input impedance of the dissipation less line. Deduce the
input impedance of open and short circuited dissipation less line.
 UNIT-III
IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN HIGH FREQUENCY LINES
2 MARKS:

1. Give the formula to calculate the length of the short circuited stub.
a. The formula to calculate the length of the short circuited stub is, L=λ/2π tan-
1
((s)½ /(s-1))
b. This is the length of the short . circuited stub to be placed d meters towards the
load from a point at which a voltage minimum existed before attachment of the
stub.

2. What is the input impendence equation of a dissipation less line ?

The input impendence equation of a dissipation less line is given by
(Zs/Ro)=(1+|K|(ф-2βs)/ (1-|K|(ф-2βs)

3. Give the equation for the radius of a circle diagram.

The equation for the radius of a circle diagram is R=(S2-1)/2S and C =
(S2+1)/2S. Where C is the shift of the center of the circle on the positive Ra
axis.

4. What is the use of a circle diagram?

The circle diagram may be used to find the input impendence of a line m of
any chosen length.

5. How is the circle diagram useful to find the input impendence of short and open
circuited lines?
An open circuited line has s =α the correspondent circle appearing as the
vertical axis .The input impendence is then pure reactance , with the
value for various electrical lengths determined by the intersections of the
corresponding βs circles with the vertical axis. A short circuited line may be
solved by determining its admittance .The S circle is again the vertical axis,
and suceptance values may be read off at appropriate intersection of the βs
circles with the vertical axis.

6. List the applications of the smith chart.

The applications of the smith chart are,
(i) It is used to find the input impendence and input admittance of
the line.
(ii) The smith chart may also be used for lossy lines and the locus of
points on a line then follows a spiral path towards the chart
center, due to attenuation.
(iii) In single stub matching

7. What are the difficulties in single stub matching?

The difficulties of the smith chart are
 (i) Single stub impedance matching requires the stub to be located at a definite
point on the line. This requirement frequently calls for placement of the stub at
an undesirable place from a mechanical view point.
(ii) For a coaxial line, it is not possible to determine the location of a voltage
minimum without a slotted line section, so that placement of a stub at the exact
required point is difficult.
(iii) In the case of the single stub it was mentioned that two adjustments were
required ,these being location and length of the stub.

8. What is double stub matching?

Another possible method of impedance matching is to use two stubs in which
the locations of the stub are arbitrary, the two stub lengths furnishing the
required adjustments. The spacing is frequently made λ/4.This is called double
stub matching.

9. Give reason for an open line not frequently employed for impedance matching.
An open line is rarely used for impedance matching because of radiation
losses from the open end, and capacitance effects and the difficulty of smooth
adjustment of length.

10. State the use of half wave line .

The expression for the input impendence of the line is given by Zs = Zr Thus
the line repeats is terminating impedance .Hence it is operated as one to one
transformer .Its application is to connect load to a source where they can not
be made adjacent.

11. Why Double stub matching is preferred over single stub matching.
Double stub matching is preferred over single stub due to following
disadvantages of single stub. Single stub matching is useful for a fixed
frequency. So as frequency changes the location of single stub will have to be
changed. The single stub matching system is based on the measurement of
voltage minimum .Hence for coaxial line it is very difficult to get such voltage
minimum, without using slotted line section.
16 MARKS:

1. i) Discuss the application of quarter wave line in impedance matching and copper
insulator.
ii) A 30 m long lossless transmission line with characteristic impedance Z₀ of 50Ω is
terminated by a load impedance ZL=60 + j 40Ω The operating wavelength is 90 m.
Find the reflection coefficient, standing wave ration and input impedance using
SMITH chart.
2. A 50 Ω transmission line is connected to a load impedance ZL= 60+j80Ω. The
operating frequency is 300MHz A double stub matching an eight of a wave length
apart is used to match the load to the line find the required lengths of the short
circuited stubs using SMITH chart.
3. i) A 75 Ω lossless transmission line is to be matched to a resistive load impedance of
ZL=100Ω via a quarter wave section find the characteristic impedance of the quarter
wave transformer.

4. ii) A 50Ω lossless transmission line is terminated in a load impedance of

ZL=(25+j50)Ω Use the SMITH chart to find
(1). Voltage reflection coefficient.
(2). VSWR
(3). Input impedance of the line given that the line is 3.3 wavelength long and.
(4). Input admittance of the line.
5. A 50 Ω lossless line feeder line is to be matched to an antenna with ZL=(75-j20)Ω at
100MHz using single stub . calculate the stub length between the antenna and stub
using SMITH chart.
6. Discuss the operation of a quarter wave line and illustrate its application.

7. A lossless line in air having a characteristic impedance of 300 ohms is terminated by

unknown impedance. The first voltage minimum is located at 15 cm from the load the
standing wave ratio is 3.3. Calculate the wavelength and terminating impedance.
8. A load having an impedance (450-j600) ohms at 10MHz is connected to a 300ohms
line calculate the position and length of a short circuited stub to match this load to the
line using SMITH chart.
9. A 100 + j50ohms is connected to a75 ohms lossless line. Find the reflection
coefficient, load admittance and input impedance at the generator using smith chart.
10. Explain the realization of quarter wave transformer.
11. Explain the technique of single stub matching and discuss operation of quarter wave
transformer.
12. Draw and explain the principle of double stub matching.

13. A UHF lossless transmission line working at 1 GHz is connected to an unmatched line
producing a voltage reflection coefficient of 0.5(0.866 + j 0.5). Calculate the length
and position of the stub to match the line.

14. Discuss double stub matching.

15. Show that the incident and reflected waves combine to produce a standing wave.
 UNIT IV WAVE GUIDES
2 MARKS:

1. What are guided waves? Give examples

The electromagnetic waves that are guided along or over conducting or dielectric
surface are called guided waves. Examples: Parallel wire, transmission lines

2. What is TE wave or H wave?

Transverse electric (TE) wave is a wave in which the electric field strength E is
entirely transverse. It has a magnetic field strength Hz in the direction of propagation and
no component of electric field Ez in the same direction.
3. What is TH wave or E wave?
Transverse magnetic (TM) wave is a wave in which the magnetic field strength H is
entirely transverse. It has a electric field strength Ez in the direction of propagation and no
component of magnetic field Hz in the same direction.

4. What is a TEM wave or principal wave?

TEM wave is a special type of TM wave in which an electric field E along the
direction of propagation is also zero. The TEM waves are waves in which both electric and
magnetic fields are transverse entirely but have no components of Ez and Hz. it is also
referred to as the principal wave.

5. What is a dominant mode?

The modes that have the lowest cut off frequency is called the dominant mode.

6. Give the dominant mode for TE and TM waves

Dominant mode: TE10 and TM10

7. What is cut off frequency?

The frequency at which the wave motion ceases is called cut-off frequency of the
waveguide.

8. What is cut-off wavelength?

It is the wavelength below which there is wave propagation and above which there is
no wave propagation.

9. Write down the expression for cut off frequency when the wave is propagated in
between two parallel plates.
The cut-off frequency, fc = m/ (2a (µE)1/2)

10. Mention the characteristics of TEM waves.

It is a special type of TM wave
It doesn’t have either E or H component
Its velocity is independent of frequency
Its cut-off frequency is zero.
11. Define attenuation factor
Attenuation factor = (Power lost/ unit length)/(2 x power transmitted)

12. Give the relation between the attenuation factor for TE waves and TM waves
αTE = aTM (fc/f)2
13. Define wave impedance
Wave impedance is defined as the ratio of electric to magnetic field strength
Zxy= Ex/ Hy in the positive direction
Zxy= -Ex/ Hy in the negative direction

14. What is a parallel plate wave guide?

Parallel plate wave guide consists of two co nducting sheets separated by a dielectric
material.

15. Why are r ectangular wave-guides preferred over circular wave-guides?

Rectangular wave-guides preferred over circular wave guides because of the
following reasons.

16. Rectangular wave guide is smaller in size than a circular wave guide of the same
operating frequency
It does not maintain its polarization through the circular wave guide
The frequency difference between the lowest frequency on dominant mode and the
next mode of a rectangular wave-guide is bigger than in a circular wave guide.

17. Mention the applications of wave guides

The wave guides are employed for transmission of energy at very high frequencies
where the attenuation caused by wave guide is smaller. Waveguides are used in
microwave transmission.Circular waveguides are used as attenuators and phase shifters

18. Why is circular or rectangular form used as waveguide?

Waveguides usually take the form of rectangular or circular cylinders because of its
simpler forms in use and less expensive to manufacture.

19. What is an evanescent mode?

When the operating frequency is lower than the cut-off frequency, the propagation
constant becomes real i.e , γ = α . The wave cannot be propagated. This non-propagating
mode is known as evanescent mode.

20. What is the dominant mode for the TE waves in the rectangular waveguide?
The lowest mode for TE wave is TE10 (m=1 , n=0)

21. What is the dominant mode for the TM waves in the rectangular waveguide?
The lowest mode for TM wave is TM11(m=1 , n=1)
22. What is the dominant mode for the rectangular waveguide?
The lowest mode for TE wave is TE10 (m=1 , n=0) whereas the lowest mode for TM
wave is TM11(m=1 , n=1). The TE10 wave have the lowest cut off frequency compared to
the TM11 mode. Hence the TE10 (m=1 , n=0) is the dominant mode of a rectangular
waveguide. Because the TE10 mode has the lowest attenuation of all modes in a
rectangular waveguide and its electric field is definitely polarized in one direction
everywhere.

23. Which are the non-zero field components for the for the TM11 mode in a
rectangular waveguide?
Hx, Hy ,Ey. and Ez.

24. Define characteristic impedance in a waveguide

The characteristic impedance Zo can be defined in terms of the voltage-current ratio
or in terms of power transmitted for a given voltage or a given current. Zo (V,I) = V/I

25. Why TEM mode is not possible in a rectangular waveguide?

Since TEM wave do not have axial component of either E or H ,it cannot propagate
within a single conductor waveguide
26. Explain why TM01 and TM10 modes in a rectangular waveguide do not exist.
For TM modes in rectangular waveguides, neither m or n can be zero because all the
field equations vanish ( i.e., Hx, Hy ,Ey. and Ez.=0). If m=0,n=1 or m=1,n=0 no fields are
present. Hence TM01 and TM10 modes in a rectangular waveguide do not exist.

27. What are degenerate modes in a rectangular waveguide?

Some of the higher order modes, having the same cut off frequency , are called
degenerate modes. In a rectangular waveguide , TEmn and TMmn modes ( both m ≠0 and
n≠ 0) are always degenerate.
28. What are the performance parameters of microwave resonator?
The performance parameters of microwave resonator are:
 Resonant frequency
 Quality factor
 Input impedance

29. What is resonant frequency of microwave resonator?

Resonant frequency of microwave resonator is the frequency at which the energy in
the resonator attains maximum value. i.e., twice the electric energy or magnetic energy.

30. Define quality factor of a resonator.

The quality factor Q is a measure of frequency selectivity of the resonator. It is
defined as
Q = 2 π x Maximum energy stored / Energy dissipated per cycle =ω W/ P Where W is the
maximum stored energy P is the average power loss
31. What is a resonator?
Resonator is a tuned circuit which resonates at a particular frequency at which the
energy stored in the electric field is equal to the energy stored in the magnetic field.

32. How the resonator is constructed at low frequencies?

At low frequencies upto VHF ( 300 MHz) , the resonator is made up of the
reactive
elements or the lumped elements like the capacitance and the inductance.

33. What are the disadvantages if the resonator is made using lumped elements at
high frequencies?
The inductance and the capacitance values are too small as the
frequency is increased beyond the VHF range and hence difficult to realize .

34. What are the methods used for constructing a resonator?

 The resonators are built by
 using lumped elements like L and C
 using distributed elements like sections of coaxial lines
 using rectangular or circular waveguide

35. What is a transmission line resonator or coaxial resonator?

Transmission line resonator can be built using distributed elements like
sections of coaxial lines. The coaxial lines are either opened or shunted at the end
sections thus confining the electromagnetic energy within the section and acts as the
resonant circuit having a natural resonant frequency.

36. Why transmission line resonator is not usually used as microwave resonator?
At very high frequencies transmission line resonator does not give very high
quality factor Q due to skin effect and radiation loss. So, transmission line resonator is
not used as microwave resonator

16 MARKS:

1. i) Derive the expression for TM wave components in wave guides using Bessel
function. ii) Write the brief note on excitation of modes in circular wave guides.
2. Derive the equation for Q-factor of rectangular cavity resonator for TE₁₀₁ mode.

3. Derive the TM wave components in circular wave guide using Bessel function?
4. Calculate the resonant frequency of an air filed rectangular resonator of dimensions
a=3cm, b=2cm, d=4cm operating in TE₁₀₁ mode.
5. Derive the solution of field equation using cylindrical co-ordinates.
6. Draw the field configuration of different TM and TE modes for a circular guide.
7. A circular air filed copper cavity is excited in the TM₀₁₀ mode at 9.375 GHz. The
cavity has ratio length radius = 1.5. Find the Q-factor.
8. Derive expressions for the field components existing in a rectangular cavity.
9. Discuss the propagation of TM waves in a circular waveguide with relevant expression
for the field components.
10. Explain the field components of the TE waves in a rectangular cavity resonator with
relevant expression.
11. Calculate the cutoff wavelength, guide wavelength and characteristic wave impedance
of a circular wave guide with an internal diameter of 4 cm for a 10 GHz signal
propagated in it in the TE₁₁ mode.
12. A rectangular wave guide with dimension a=2.5cm, b=1cm is to operate below 15 GHz
How many TE and TM modes can the wave guide transmit if the guide is filed with a
medium characterized by σ=0, ͼ=4 ͼ0, βr=1? Calculate the cutoff frequency of the
modes.
13. Discuss the propagation of TM waves in a rectangular waveguide with relevant
expressions and diagrams for the field components.

14. A rectangular waveguide measuring a = 4.5 cm and b = 3 cm internally has a 9 GHz

signal propagated in it. Calculate the guide wavelength, phase and group velocities and
characteristic impedance for the dominant mode.
 UNIT V RF SYSTEM DESIGN CONCEPTS

2 Marks:
1. Define Transducer power gain?
The gain of amplifier when placed between source and load is called transducer power
gain(GT).
GT = Power delivered to load
Available power from source

2. Define Stability.
Stability in a network means when the magnitudes of reflection co-efficient are than
unity.
│ΓL│ ˂1 and │ΓS│˂ 1

3. Define unilateral power gain.

The amplifier power gain when feedback effect of amplifier is neglected i.e. S12
It is called unilateral power gain.

4. Draw the VSWR circle for reflection coefficient 1.

Reflection coefficient (Γ) for an impedance ZL attached to a transmission line with
characteristic impedance Z0

5. Define maximum available gain.

Maximum unilateral transducer power gain is obtained when
Γs = S*11 and Γլ = S*22
GTU max = │S21│2
(1- │S11 │ )( 1- │S22│2)
2

6. Define noise figure.

Noise factor(F) is a measure of how the signal to noise ratio is degraded by a device:
F = (Sn ∕Nin) ∕ (Sout∕Nout)
Sout is the signal level at the output and
Nout is the noise level at the output.
Noise Figure (NF) is the noise factor expressed in decibels:
NF dB = 10*log(F)

7. Define unconditional stability with regard to microwave transistor amplifier.

Unconditional Stability: A network is unconditionaly stable if the real part of input
impedance Zin and the output impedance Zoutis greater than zero for positive real source and
load impedance at a specific frequency.
PART B & C
1.Describe the process of stabilizing the noise of performance of a transistor by plotting noise
circles on the √S plane.
2.Write brief on noise figure.
3. Show that the noise figure of a three stage amplifier is F=F1 + F2 -1 +F3 -1 where F1 ,F2
and F3 are noise figures and GA1 and GA2 are power gains. GA1 GA2
4. A microwave amplifier is characterized by its S-parameters. Derive equations for power
available gain and transducer gain.
5. Derive the transducer power gain for a transistor amplifier.
6. Write brief note on: 1) Operating power gain 2)Available power gain.
7. Design a microwave amplifier for maximum transducer power gain.
8. Derive the equation for power gain, available power gain and transducer power gain.
9. With reference to RF transistor amplifier, discuss the considerations for stability and gain.
10. Write the mathematical analysis of amplifier stability.
 EC 8004WIRELESS NETWORKS Academic Year 2021-2022

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

EC8004 WIRELESS NETWORKS

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

UNIT - I: WIRELESS LAN

1. What is infrared (IR) transmission?

Infrared light transmission is one of the important technologies used in wireless LAN. It is based on
the transmission of infrared light at 900 nm wavelength.

2. What is the principle behind infrared technology?

Infrared technology uses diffuse light reflected at walls, furniture etc or directed light when line of
sight (LOS) exists between sender and receiver.

3. Define – Spread Spectrum.

Spread spectrum involves spreading the bandwidth needed to transmit data. The main
advantage of using spread spectrum is the resistance to narrow interference.

4. What is the principle behind FHSS?

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum is evolved in order to avoid jamming. Hence in this method,
the transmitter shifts the center frequency of transmitted signal. The shifts in frequency or frequency
hops, occur according to a random pattern is known only to the transmitter and receiver.

5. What is IEEE 802.11?

The IEEE 802.11 is the first WLAN standard that has secured the market in large extent. The
primary goal of the standard was the specification of a simple and robust that offers time bounded
and asynchronous services.

6. What is HIPERLAN?
The HIPERLAN stands for High PERformance Radio LAN is an initiation of RES-10 group of the
ETSI as a PAN European standard for high speed wireless local networks

7. What is meant by BRAN?

The BRAN (Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN) is standardized by the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). Primary motivation of BRAN is the deregulation
and privatization of the telecommunication sector. BRAN technology is independent from the
protocols of the fixed network. BRAN can be used for ATM and TCP/IP networks.

8. What is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth is an inexpensive personal area Ad-hoc network operating in unlicensed bands and owned
by the user. It is an open specification for short range wireless voice and data communications that
was developed for cable replacement in PAN (Personal Area Network).

9. What is Piconet and Scatternet?

Bluetooth specification defines a small cell called as piconet which has upto 8 devices grouped
together. Two or more Piconet grouped together known as Scatternet.

10. What is the need for WIMAX?

 EC 8004WIRELESS NETWORKS Academic Year 2021-2022

The main reason for the development of WIMAX( World Interoperability Microwave Access ) is
the demand of high data rates not only the faster downloading but also for the use of new
applications like VoIP, Video, streaming multimedia conferencing and interactive gaming.

11. What is WIMAX?

WIMAX is the air interface for the actual radio interface network, where both fixed and mobile
users can have access to the network. Its specification is IEEE 802.16.

12. State the MAC management function. (N/D)-2017

Synchronization - Functions to support finding a wireless LAN, synchronization of internal clocks,
and generation of beacon signals.
Power Management - Functions to control transmitter activity for power conservation, e.g., periodic
sleep, buffering, without missing frame.
Roaming - Function for joining a network (association), changing access points, scanning for access
points.

13. What is the functionality L2CAP? List the different types of logical channels. (N/D)-2017
L2CAP is a data link control protocol on top of the baseband layer offering logical channels
between Bluetooth devices with QOS properties.
Connectionless: These unidirectional channels are typically used for broadcasts from a master to its
slave(s).
Connection-oriented: Each channel of this type is bidirectional and supports QOS flow
specifications for each direction.
Signaling: This third type of logical channel is used to exchanging signaling messages between
L2CAP entities. Each channel can be identified by its channel Identifier (CID).

14. Give any three differences between HIPERLAN 1 AND HIPERLAN2 (A/M 2018)
HIPERLAN1: This high speed WLAN supports mobility at data rates above 20Mbit/s. Range is 50
m, connections are multi-point-to-multi-point using ad-hoc or infrastructure networks.
HIPERLAN2: This technology can be used for wireless access to ATM or IP networks and supports
up to 25Mbit/s user data rate in a point-to-multi-point configuration. Transmission range is 50m
with support of slow (<10m/s) mobility. This standard has been modified over time as a high
performance WLAN with QOS support.

15. What is IEEE 802.11? What is the function of MAC layer in IEEE 802.11? (A/M 2018)
IEEE 802.11 WLAN is designed to support a network where most decision-making is distributed to
mobile stations. Wireless LAN has the following components.
Wireless medium Stations
Basic service set
Extended service set
Distributed system

16. What are the characteristics of wireless communication? (N/D)-2015

Path loss, Fading, Interference, Doppler shift

17. Classification of the MAC protocols.

 Contention-based protocols without reservation/scheduling
 Contention-based protocols with reservation mechanisms
 Contention-based protocols with scheduling mechanisms
 Protocols that do not fall to any of these categories
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18. State the issues in designing a MAC protocol for adhoc wireless networks. (A/M-2015)
 Bandwidth Efficiency
 QoS support
 Synchronization
 Hidden and Exposed Terminal Problems
 Error -Prone Share Broadcast Channel
 Prone Share Broadcast Channel

19. What is the principle behind infrared technology? What are the advantages and
disadvantages of infrared technology? (N/D 2018)
The molecules emit infrared radiation as they move, and emit more radiation, including visible light,
as they get hotter. This is why a heated metal emits a red or white glow. The function of the
thermopile is to absorb infrared radiation and convert it to heat.
Advantages:
1. These devices very cheap
2. These devices consume low power, light weight.
Disadvantages:
1. It requires both transmitter and receiver in line of sight.
2. Used for very short distance applications.

20. What is wireless USB?

It is a form of Universal serial Bus (USB) technology that uses radio frequency links rather than
cables to provide the interfaces between a computer and peripherals, such as monitors, printers,
external drives, head sets, MP3 players and digital cameras.

21. Define Wireless HART.

It is a wireless sensor networking technology based on the highway addressable Remote Transducer
Protocol (HART). Developed as a multivendor, interoperable wireless standard, wireless HART was
defined for the requirements of process field device networks.

22. What is the need for LRWPAN?

The low rate wireless personal access network is intended to serve a set of industrial, residential,
and medical applications with very low power consumption, low cost requirement, and relaxed
needs for data rate and QOS.

23. What is Zigbee.

It is a wireless technology developed as an open global standard to address the unique needs of low
cost, low power wireless IoT networks. The Zigbee standard operates on the IEEE 802.15.4 physical
radio specification and operates in unlicensed bands including 2.4 GHz, 900 MHz and 868 MHz.

24. Give the differences between HIPERLAN1 and HIPERLAN 2.

Parameter HIPERLAN1 HIPERLAN 2

Access to ATM fixed
Application Wireless LAN
networks
Range 50 m 50 to 100 m
Data rate 23.5 M bits/s > 20 M bits/s

25. List some differences between Zigbee and 6LowPAN.

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Parameter 6LowPAN Zigbee

PHY & MAC based in PHY & MAC based in
Specifications
IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4
Scalability Supports 2 power 128 IP Supports 2 power 32 IP
address address
Topologies Supports tree, mesh Supports Cluster, mesh, star
Frequency bands 2450 MHZ, 915 MHZ and 2450 MHZ, 915 MHZ and
868 MHZ 868 MHZ
Network Security AES 128 possible AES 128 possible
Applications WPANS with IP Smarty energy and home
connectivity applications

26. Write the necessity of MAC protocol for communication. (N/D)-2015

In computer networking, a media access control address (MAC address) or Ethernet hardware
address (EHA), hardware address, adapter address or physical address is a quasi unique identifier
assigned to most network adapter or network interface cards(NIC) by the manufacturer for
identification.

27. What is meant by hidden and exposed problems? (N/D)-2015

In the case of hidden terminal problem, unsuccessful transmissions result from collisions between
transmissions originated by a node such as node A which cannot hear the ongoing transmissions to
its corresponding node B. The probability of such a collision is proportional to the total number of
terminals hidden from node A.
In the case of exposed terminal, unsuccessful transmissions result from nodes such as node A being
prevented from transmitting, because their corresponding node is unable to send a CTS. Again such
unsuccessful transmissions are proportional to the number of exposed terminals. Both these events
lead to degradation of a node’s throughput.

UNIT - II: MOBILE NETWORK LAYER

1. What is a Mobile IP?

Mobile IP is a protocol developed to allow internetwork mobility for wireless nodes without them
having to change their IP addresses.

2. What are the benefits of Mobile IP?

The major benefit of Mobile IP is that it frees the user from a fixed location. Mobile IP makes
invisible the boundaries between attachment points, it is able to track and deliver information to
mobile devices without needing to change the device’s long-term Internet Protocol (IP) address
.
3. What is Care-Of Address (COA)?
The Care of Address defines the current location of the MN from an IP point of view. All IP packets
sent to the MN are delivered to the COA, not directly to the subnet.

4. What is agent advertisement?

Home Agent (HA) and Foreign Agent (FA) advertise their presence periodically using agent
advertisement messages. These advertisement messages can be seen as a beacon broadcast into the
subnet.
5. What is the need for registration?
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The main purpose of the registration is to inform the HA of the current location for correct
forwarding of packets.

6. What is triangular routing?

Tunneling in its simplest form has all packets to Home Network and then sent to MN via a tunnel.
The inefficient behavior of a non-optimized mobile IP is called triangular routing.

7. What is DHCP?
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is based on the bootstrap protocol (BOOTP),
which provides the framework for passing configuration information to hosts on a TCP/IP network.
DHCP adds the automatically allocate reusable network addresses and configuration options to
internet hosts.

8. What is SIP?
The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is an application-layer control (signaling) protocol for creating,
modifying and terminating sessions with one or more participants. It is a IETF (Internet Standard)
RFC 3261 protocol.

9. Why are ad hoc networks needed?

Ad hoc networking is often needed where an infrastructure network cannot be deployed and
managed. The presence of dynamic and adaptive routing protocols enables quick formation of ad
hoc networks and is suitable for emergency situations like natural disasters, spontaneous meetings
or military conflicts

10. List out the applications of ad hoc Networks

 Military applications and battlefields
 Collaborative and distributed computing
 Emergency search and rescue operations
 Wireless sensor and mesh networks

11. What is DSDV?

Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) is a table driven routing scheme for ad-hoc mobile networks. The
main contribution of the algorithm was to solve the routing loop problem.

12. When the agent solicitation message has to be sent by mobile node? (N/D)-2017
If no agent advertisement is present or the inter-arrival time is to high and the MN has not received a
COA by other reason.
So, the mobile node must send the agent solicitations.

13. Why is routing in multi-hop ad-hoc networks complicated? (N/D)-2017

Asymmetric links
Redundant links: In adhoc networks nobody controls redundancy so there might be many redundant
links up to the extreme of a completely meshed topology.
Interference: Links come and go depending on transmission characteristics one transmission might
interfere with another one and nodes might overhear transmissions of other nodes.
Dynamic topology: Frequent changes in topology and valid only for a short period of time.

14. What is a mobile IP? What are the entities of mobile IP? (A/M 2018)
 Mobile IP is an internet protocol designed to support host mobility.
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 Its goal is to provide the ability of a host to stay connected to the internet regardless of their
location.
 Mobile IP is able to track a mobile host without needing to change the mobile host’s long-
term IP
address.

15. What is mobile assisted handoff? (N/D)-2015

A mobile assisted handoff (MAHO) is a process used in GSM cellular networks where a mobile
phone assists/helps the cellular base station to transfer a call to another base station. It is a
technique used in mobile telecom to transfer a mobile phone to a new radio channel with stronger
signal strength and improved channel quality. Mobile assisted handoff can also be referred to as
mobile assisted handover.

16. What is the need for self organization in a adhoc networks. (A/M-2015)
The general idea of a self-organization is that a global order arises from local interactions between
system components and a higher level of order is called emergent property of the system. Therefore
we could say that an ad hoc network can be considered as a self-organizing system and connectivity
as an emergent property.

17. Define SIP. Write the functions of sip. (N/D 2018)

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a signaling protocol used for initiating, maintaining, modifying
and terminating real-time sessions that involve video, voice, messaging and other communications
applications and services between two or more endpoints on IP networks.
Functions:
 1.Name mapping and redirection
 2.Capabilities negotiation
 3.Participant management
 4.Capabilities management

18. Differentiate proactive and reactive routing protocols. write examples for each. (N/D 2018)
Proactive: A table -driven approach, follows a static route throughout the lifetime
Reactive: Dynamically changes the Routing decisions based on the present network
conditions.
Ex :
 1.Distance Vector (DV) Protocol
 2.Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP)

19. What is COAP?

COAP is a web transfer protocol which is used in constrained nodes or networks such as WSN, IoT,
M2M etc. Hence the name Constrained Application Protocol. The protocol is targeted for Internet of
Things devices having less memory and less power specifications, as it is designed for web
applications and it is also known as “The web of things protocol”

20. Compare proactive and reactive protocols.

Proactive Reactive
Route from each node to every other node
Routes from source to destination only
in the network
Routes are ready to use instantaneously Routes constructed when needed, higher
connection setup delay
Periodic route update packets Route update when necessary
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Large routing tables Small or No routing tables

UNIT – III 3G OVERVIEW

1. What is 3GPP?
3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) is a collaborative project aimed at developing globally
acceptable specifications for third generation mobile systems. The 3GPP caters to a large majority
of the telecommunications networks in the world.

2. What is CDMA 2000?

Code division multiple access 2000 (CDMA 2000) is a third generation (3G) standard developed by
the international telecommunication union. This protocol uses CDMA access to send voice and data
and signals between mobile phones and cell sites. Data communication speeds ranging from 114
Kbps to 2 MBps are supported by this standard.

3. List the specifications of IMT2000.

 Support high speed data services
 Global standard
 Worldwide common frequency band
 Improved spectrum efficiency
 2Mbps for pedestrian use

4. What are the 3G applications provided by CDMA 2000?

 Wireless Internet
 Wireless Email
 Wireless teleconferencing
 Telemetry
 Wireless commerce

5. What is packet data serving node?

It is an essential element in the treatment of packet data services that will be offered, and its location
in the CDMA 2000mnetwork. The purpose of PSDN is to support packet data services, the overall
capacity of the PSDN is determined by both throughput and the number of PPP sessions that are
being served.

6. What are the functions of PDSN?

 Establishes, maintains and terminates PPP sessions with subscriber
 Supports both simple and mobile IP packet services
 Initiates authentication, Authorization and accounting for mobile station client to AAA
server
 Routes packet to and from external packet data networks

7. List the functions of AAA server.

 Authentication associated with PPP and mobile IP connections
 Accounting
 Authorization (Service profile and security key distribution and management

8. What is TD CDMA?
TD CDMA is part of the UMTS standard for the 3rd generation of mobile communications. TD
CDMA, an acronym for Time division code division multiple access, is a channel access method
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based on using spread spectrum multiple access across multiple time slots. TD CDMA is the
channel access method for UTRA-TDD HCR, which is an acronym for UMTS terrestrial radio
access time division duplex high chip rate.
9. What is UMTS? What are the layers of UMTS? (A/M 2018)
The UMTS network architecture is partly based on existing 2G network components and some new
#G network components. It inherits the basic functional elements from GSM architecture on the
core network (CN) side. The CN provides circuit switched (CS) functions as well as packet
switched (PS) junctions.

10. Name the functions of radio network control? (N/D 2018)

A radio network controller (RNC) is a governing element in the UMTS radio access network
(UTRAN) and is responsible for controlling the Node Bs that are connected to it. The RNC carries
out radio resource management, some mobility management functions and encrypts data before it is
sent to and from the mobile.

11. List the functions provided by 3G-GGSN? (N/D 2018)

Gn - These interfaces (“n” for network) connect to the mobile portion of the network, such as the
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN).
The SGSNs connect to the mobile stations themselves through the radio network.
Gi - These interfaces (“i” for IP) connect to the IP packet portion of the network, such as the
Internet or private corporate networks.
Ga-These interfaces (“a” for administration) connect to the network management and operations
portion of the network, such as the charging servers.

12. What are the applications of 3G?

Applications for a 3G wireless network range from simple voice-only communications to
simultaneous video, data, voice and other multimedia applications.

13. What is UMTS?

Universal Mobile telecommunications Services (UMTS) is a new radio access network based on 5
MHz WCDMA and optimized for efficient support of 3G services. UMTS can be used in both new
and existing spectra.

14. What are the layers of UMTS?

The access layer includes air interface and provides functions related to OSI layer 1, layer 2, and the
lower part of layer 3.
The non-access layer deals with communication between user equipment (UE) and core network
(CN) and includes OSI layer 3 (upper part) to layer 7.

15. What is radio resource control (RRC)?

The radio resource control (RRC) layer broadcasts system information, handles radio resources such
as code allocation, handover, admission control, measurement/control report.

16. What are the duties of Radio network control (RNC)?

 Intra UTRAN handover
 Macro diversity combining/ splitting of Iub data systems
 Outer loop power control
 IU interface user plane setup
 Serving RNS (SRNS) relocation
 Radio resource allocation
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17. What are the planes of UTRAN?

 Control plane
 User plane
 Transport network control plane.

18. What are the functions provided by 3G-MSC?

The following functionality is provided by the 3G-MSC:
 Mobility management
 Call management
 Supplementary services
 Short message services (SMS)
 OAM (operation, administration, and maintenance) agent functionality.

19. What is Transport Network Control Plane (TNCP)?

Transport Network Control Plane (TNCP) carries information for the control of transport network
used within UCN.

20. What is 3G-SGSN?

The 3G-SGSN (serving GPRS Support Node) provides the appropriate signaling and data interface
that includes connection to an IP-based network toward the 3G-GGSN, SS7 towards the
HLR/EIR/AUC and TCP/IP or SS7 toward the UTRAN.

21. What is 3G-GGSN?

The GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) is connected with SGSN via an IP-based network.
It provides interworking with the external PS network.

22. What is SMS-GMSC?

The SMS-GMSC (gateway MSC) is a MSC which can receive a terminated short message

23. What are the functions of MAC sub layer and Radio link control layer in UMTS?
The MAC sub layer is accountable for efficiently transferring data for both real time and non real
time services to physical layer and provides data transfer services on logical channels. It is also
responsible for
 Service multiplexing on Random access channel (RACH)
 Forward access channel (FACH)
 Access control on RACH and FACH
 Contention revolution on RACH
Radio link control sets up a logical link over the radio interface and is responsible for fulfilling Qos
requirements, It includes
 Segmentation and assembly of packet data unit
 Transfer of user data
 Error correction through Retransmission
 Sequence integrity
 Flow control
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UNIT – IV INTERNETWORKING WITH WLANS AND WWANS

1. Give the advantages of Multicarrier modulation over single carrier schemes. (A/M 2018)
MCM’s advantages are better performance in the inter symbol-interference environment and
avoidance of single-frequency interferers. However, MCM increases the peak-to-average ratio of the
signal, and to overcome inter symbol interference a cyclic extension or guard band must be added to
the data.

2. What is meant by multi carrier modulation? Mention its merits and demerits? (N/D 2018)
Multi-carrier modulation (MCM) is a method of transmitting data by splitting it into several
components, and sending each of these components over
separate carrier signals. The individual carriers have narrow bandwidth , but the composite signal
can have broad bandwidth.
Advantages:
 Makes efficient use of the spectrum by allowing overlap.
 By dividing the channel into narrowband flat fading sub channels, OFDM is more resistant
to frequency selective fading than single carrier systems are.
 Eliminates ISI and IFI through use of a cyclic prefix.
 Using adequate channel coding and interleaving one can recover symbols lost due to the
frequency selectivity of the channel.
 Channel equalization becomes simpler than by using adaptive equalization techniques with
single carrier systems.
Disadvantages :
 The OFDM signal has a noise like amplitude with a very large dynamic range, therefore it
requires RF power amplifiers with a high peak to average power ratio.
 It is more sensitive to carrier frequency offset and drift than single carrier systems are due to
leakage of the DFT.
3. What is the need to integrate 3G and WLANs?
The integration of 3G wireless and WLANs is highly significant to make wireless multimedia and
other high data rate services a reality for a large population. A multimedia 3G/WLAN terminal can
access high bandwidth data services where WLAN coverage is offered, while accessing wide area
networks using 3G at other places.
4. What are the objectives on internetworking?
 To allow independent evolution of 3GPP (WWAN) and WLAN standards. The extent of
independence between these standards should be minimized or localized at the point of
interconnection.
 To support legacy WLAN should be able to access 3GPP services without substantial
hardware/software upgrades
 Single subscription
5. What are the requirements of internetworking?
 Common billing and customer care
 3GPP based access control and charging
 Access to 3GPP based packet switched services
 Service continuity
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6. List some internetworking schemes to connect WLANs and 3G networks

 Mobile IP approach
 Gateway approach
 Emulator approach
7. What are two generic approaches of internetworking?
 Tight Coupling
 Loose coupling
8. List some advantages of tight coupling architecture
 Seamless service continuation across WLAN and GPRS
 Reuse of GPRS AAA
 Reuse of GPRS infrastructure and protection of cellular operators investment
 Common provisioning and customer care
9. What are the functions provided by WAF?
 Signals the WLAN interface activation when a mobile enters a wireless area
 Transfers uplink LLC PDUs from MS to GIF using 802.11 MAC transmission facilities
 Supports Qos by implementing transmission scheduling in the GIF and in MS
10. What is Wb/Wr interface?
This interface connects the WLAN access network with the visited 3GPP data network or home
3GPP data network. The Wr interface transports authentication, authorization and other related
information. The Wb interface transports charging related information. To accommodate the
existing WLAN access networks, which support RADIUS or DIAMETER, the Wr/Wb interface
uses DIAMETER protocol toward the AAA server.
11.What is Wn interface?
It is used to transport tunneled data between home packet data gateway in the home network and the
visited data border gateway in the visited network. If the packet data is routed by the packet data
gateway then there are two ways of transporting the user packet data to the packet gateway.
One method is to establish a secure tunnel between WLAN access network and packet data gateway
called network based tunneling, other method establishes a direct secure tunnel between the WLAN
user client ad packet data gateway called client based tunneling.
12.What is Wx interface?
This interface connects the AAA server with HLR/HSS. The AAA server retrieves the
authentication vectors over this interface from HLR/HSS. The AAA server also retrieves the WLAN
access related subscriber information using this interface. This interface is based on MAP or
DIAMETER protocol.
13.What is Wf interface ?
This interface connects the AAA server with 3GPPP charging control function or charging gateway
function. This interface transports charging data toward the 3GPP charging control/gateway
function. This interface is based on DIAMETER or GPRS tunneling protocol.
14. What is local multipoint distribution service (LMDS?)
LMDS is a new type of stationery broadband wireless access technology designed for a mass
subscriber marketplace. It is based on 2.4 GHz and above millimeter micro frequencies. Now
LMDS provides a potential for in building bandwidth that is cheaper than fiber or copper.
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15. What are advantages of LMDS?

 Ease/speed of deployment
 Fast realization of revenue
 Scalable architecture
 No stranded capital when customers leave
 Lower entry/deployment costs than wireline
16. What are the applications of LMDS?
 Corporate applications can include anything from Ethernet and fast Ethernet LAN extension
to full scale campus networking, alternative cable TV, video conferencing, high speed
internet access and corporate video on demand.
 Multiple virtual private networks for corporations and government agencies or ATM
telephony and streaming video, including video conferencing.
17. What is Multichannel multipoint distribution system(MMDS)
MMDS is a new wireless access technology that is especially helpful for the internet. MMDS
signals have wavelengths longer than LMDS and can travel farther without losing significant power
.18. What are the features of MMDS?
 MMDS has a narrow spectrum allocation
 Access schemes are FDMA, TDMA, OFDM or CDMA
 Most of the MMDS are line of sight systems
 Transmission power in the range of 1 to 100 watts
19. What is network based and client based tunneling
The Wn interface used to transport tunneled data between home packet data gateway in the home
network and the visited data border gateway in the visited network. If the packet data is routed by
the packet data gateway then there are two ways of transporting the user packet data to the packet
gateway.
One method is to establish a secure tunnel between WLAN access network and packet data gateway
called network based tunneling, other method establishes a direct secure tunnel between the WLAN
user client ad packet data gateway called client based tunneling.
20. Compare LMDS and MMDS.
Feature LMDS MMDS
28 – 31 GHz (US), 2 – 42 2.5 to 2.7 GHz
Frequency range
GHZ rest of world
Propagation Good for medium range, Good for short range, LOS
characteristics LOS
Cell Architecture Multiple, small microcells Single, Large microcell
Range Upto 5 miles Upto 35 miles
Data rate Typically upto 45 Mbps, Typically 0.5 to 3 Mbps
burst rate upto 311 Mbps
Target Market Large and medium Residential, small
enterprises enterprises
Access Schemes FDMA, TDMA, CDMA FDMA, TDMA, CDMA,
OFDM
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UNIT – V 4G & BEYOND

1. What are the goals of 4G?

The ambitious goal of 4G is to allow everyone to access the Internet anytime and everywhere. The
provided connection to Internet will allow users to access all types of services including text,
databases and multimedia. Unlike 3G, 4G is IP based, that is every user connected to the Internet
will have an IP address.

2. What are the features of 4G Wireless Systems?

The features of 4G Wireless Systems are
 Support interactive multimedia, voice, video, wireless internet and other broadband services.
 High speed, high capacity and low cost per bit.
 Global mobility, service portability, scalable mobile networks
 Seamless switching, variety of services based on Quality of Services requirements.

3. Write a short note on security challenges in 4G.

The security challenges with IP network is one of the most significant factors that slows down the
further adoption of network technologies. An end to end system approach to security is required in
next generation wireless networks, including:
 Platform hardening
 User/Operator authentication, authorization and auditing
 Secure protocols, communication and data storage
 Software and configuration integrity

4. Define 4G network.
4G can defined as MAGIC
MAGIC
 Mobile Multimedia
 Anytime Anywhere
 Global Mobility Support
 Integrated Wireless Solution
 Customized Personal Services
Also known as Mobile Broadband Everywhere

5. What are the challenges of 4G?

The main challenges are
 Multimode user terminals
 Wireless System Discovery and Selection
 Terminal Mobility
 Network Infrastructure and QoS Support
 Security and Privacy
 Fault tolerance and Survivability
 Multiple Operators and Billing Systems
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6. List out the applications of 4G

 Virtual Presence
 Virtual Navigation
 Tele-Medicine
 Tele-Geo-Processing applications
 Gaming
 Cloud Computing
 Crisis detection and prevention
 Education

7. What are the technologies used in 4G?

 Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM)
 Smart Antenna Techniques
 OFDM – MIMO Systems
 Adaptive Modulation and Coding with Time Slot Schedule
 Cognitive Radio

8. What are the types of MCM that are likely preferred for 4G?
The two different types of MCM that are likely preferred for 4G are:
 Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) using TDMA

9. Define Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM).

Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM) is a baseband process that uses parallel equal bandwidth sub
channels to transmit information and is normally implemented with Fast Fourier Techniques (FFT)
techniques.

10. What is Smart Antenna?

A Smart Antenna is a multi- element antenna where the signals received at each antenna element are
intelligently combined to improve the performance of the wireless system.

11. What is meant by receiver diversity?

The Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) configuration of the radio channel is known as receiver
diversity. The input the channel is single transmitter signal that feeds two receiver paths. Depending
on multipath fading and the correlation between two receiver gain is achieved in the form of fading
resistance.

12. What are the benefits of Smart Antenna Technology?

 Reduction in Co – Channel Interference
 Range Improvement
 Increase in Capacity
 Reduction in Transmitted Power
 Reduction in Handoff
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13. What is meant by MIMO?

MIMO means Multiple Input and Multiple Output that represents multiple individual, parallel data
streams that are carried on the air interface.
14. Define Cognitive Radio.
The Federal Communications Commission FCC defined Cognitive Radio as “A radio that can
change its transmitter parameters based on interaction with the environment in which it operates and
the main functions of Cognitive Radio are Spectrum Sensing, Dynamic Spectrum Management and
Adaptive Communications.
15. What is IMS?
 The IP multimedia system is an architectural framework for delivering internet protocol
multimedia services.
 It provides a service control platform that allows creation of new multimedia and
multisession applications utilizing wireless and wireline transport capabilities.
 IMS based services enable communications in variety of modes including voice, text,
location, pictures , video or any combination of these.
16. What are the aspects of IMS?
The aspects of IMS are of fundamental importance to deliver these features,
 IP based transport of both real time and no real time services
 Introduction of a multimedia call model based on SIP
17. List some of the wireless access technologies.
 Point to point bridges
 Satellite communication systems
 Direct broadcast satellite
 High altitude long operation
 Multichannel multipoint distribution services
 Wireless mesh systems
 High data rate
18. What is mobile virtual network operator?
A MVNO is company that provides mobile phone services, but does not have its own licensed
frequency allocation of radio spectrum, nor does it necessarily have the entire infrastructure required
to provide to provide mobile telephone service.
19. What are the characteristics of an MVNO?
 MVNO generally provide both voice and data services to end users through a paid up
subscription agreement
 To become an MVNO, one should join together a partnership that consists of a connectivity
of a regular telecom, a customer base, and a sales channel. Most important, they need unique
and compelling data services.
20. What is LTE?
Long term evolution has been designed to support only packet switched services, to provide
seamless internet protocol connectivity between user equipment and packet data network, without
any disruption to the end users applications during mobility.
EC 8004WIRELESS NETWORKS Academic Year 2021-2022

EC 8004 WIRELESS NETWORKS

PART B QUESTIONS

UNIT 1

1. What are the basic differences between wireless WANs and WLANs, and what
are the common features? Consider mode of operation, administration,
frequencies, capabilities of nodes, services, national/international regulations.
2. With a neat sketch explain about MAC mechanism of IEEE 802.11.
3. Compare IEEE 802.11,Hiper LAN2, and Bluetooth with regard to their ad-hoc
capabilities. Where is the focus of these technologies?
4. If Bluetooth is a commercial success, what are remaining reasons for the use of
infra red transmission for WLANs?
5. Discuss the architecture, access method and frame format of IEEE 802.11
6. Explain WLAN technologies in detail?
7. Why is the PHY layer in IEEE 802.11 subdivide? What about hiperLAN2 and
Bluetooth?
EC 8004WIRELESS NETWORKS Academic Year 2021-2022

8. Compare the power saving mechanisms in all three LANs introduced in this
chapter?
9. Discuss the architecture of HIPERLAN 1 and HIPERLAN 2.
10. Explain Bluetooth protocol stack?
11. What are advantages and problems of forwarding mechanisms in Bluetooth
networks regarding security, power saving and network stability?
12. Name the reasons for the development of WATM. What is one of the ain
differences to internet technologies from this point of view? Why did WATM not
succeed as stand - alone technology, what parts of WATM succeeded?
13. Explain the frame format in Bluetooth technology?
14. Explain in detail Bluetooth security features and security levels with proper
diagrams?
15. Discuss Wimax. What are the main differences between WIFI and Wimax?
16. Compare 6LowPAn and Zigbee
17. Discuss in detail about 6lowPAN with neat sketch.
18. Draw and explain the architecture of Zigbee nework.

UNIT 2
1. What are the differences between AODV and the standard distance vector
algorithm? Why are extensions needed?
2. Discuss briefly about agent discovery and Registration process in Mobile IP.
3. Discuss in detail about IPv6 in the internet.
4. With example describe destination sequence distance vector routing protocol and
mention its features.
5. Explain the mobile IP session initiation protocol for IP packet delivery in Mobile
IP networks.
6. Explain about how tunnelling and encapsulation works in mobile IP networks.
7. Discuss in detail about the functions of DHCP protocol.
8. How does dynamic source routing handle routing? What is the motivation behind
dynamic source routing compared to other routing algorithm from fixed networks?
9. What are the benefits of location information for routing in ad-hoc networks,
which problems arise?
10. With neat sketch discuss about COAP protocol.
UNIT 3
EC 8004WIRELESS NETWORKS Academic Year 2021-2022

1. What are three channel types that are used in UMTS? Discuss the role of each
channel type.
2. With neat sketch explain the UTRAN logical architecture.
3. With neat diagram discuss the protocol model for UTRAN interfaces.
4. Discuss briefly about various interfaces used in UTRAN.
5. Draw and explain the 3GPP architecture.
6. Give the detailed radio access network overview. Explain in detail functions of
Node B and RNC. Discuss UMTS bearer service layered architecture.
7. Discuss the responsibilities of RNC in the UMTS network.
8. Explain the UMTS core network architecture with neat diagram.
9. Discuss in detail about TD – CDMA and TD – SCDMA.

UNIT 4
1. Discuss about various methods of internetworking schemes to connect WLANS
and 3G networks
2. With neat sketch describe about the internetworking architecture for WLAN and
GPRS.
3. Discuss about system integration and protocol stack with tight coupling
4. With neat sketch discuss the system integration and protocol stack with loose
coupling
5. Explain in detail about Local multipoint distribution service with neat diagram
6. Compare the LMDS with MMDS
7. Explain in detail about Multichannel multipoint distribution service with neat
diagram

UNIT 5
1. Discuss the 4G features and challenges. And list out the applications of 4G
2. Write short notes on i) smart antenna techniques ii) Multi carrier modulation
3. Compare 3G and 4G
4. Discuss about technologies used in 4G
5. With neat diagram explain about the architecture of IMS
6. Describe in detail about the LTE network architecture with neat sketch
7. Write short notes on MVNO.
8. What is multi input and multi output system? Explain and compare.
EC 8004WIRELESS NETWORKS Academic Year 2021-2022