COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

RESEARCH MANUAL

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 POLICIES ON CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH/THESIS

I. General Policies

1. There shall be an annual research agenda prepared by the College to set

direction and guidelines to all students enrolled in Thesis Writing.
2. The conduct of criminological research is a pre-requisite in partial
fulfillment for completing the degree Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
3. Students enrolled in Thesis Writing shall submit their title/topic to the
Research Professor, who will endorse the same to the College Dean for
approval.
4. Upon approval, the concerned student shall select a Thesis Adviser of
his/her own choice who will officially act as such. The official acceptance
of their Adviser signifies the start of Adviser-Advisee Relationship.
5. The Office of the Dean shall collate the list of approved Titles with the
corresponding names of their adviser and shall post the same on the CCJ
Bulletin Board.
6. Submission of the Thesis (4 copies) in the form prescribed by the College
of Criminal Justice and in temporary binding as well as the other
requirements must be made to the Office one (1) week prior to the date
scheduled for its defense.
7. After the Final Defense of the Thesis, students should submit final copy of
the Thesis to their Professor with the corresponding corrections and
suggestions given by the Panel of Examiners.
8. The College of Criminology reserves the right to reject substandard thesis.
Previously published works cannot be submitted to fulfill the thesis
requirements. Be mindful to indicate sources/references to avoid
plagiarism.

II. Oral Defense of the Thesis

1. There will be two (2) Oral Defense of the Thesis; the Pre-Oral consists of
Chapters 1 to 3 to be conducted during the first semester, and the Final
Defense consists of Chapters 4 and 5 to be conducted during the second
semester.
2. The Oral Examination will be conducted by a committee of at least three
qualified persons, excluding the adviser. The duty of the adviser is to assist
the students for clarifying situations when the needs arises and by taking
notes to enable him/her to advise the students in the revision that may
follow the examination. The adviser does not vote but may plead the case
of the advisees with the committee.
3. Presentation of both the Thesis Proposal and Final Defense which will be
supported by visual aids, should run from fifteen to thirty (15-30) minutes,
exclusive of the oral examinations to be made by the Panel.
4. The Dean of Criminal Justice may sit at the Defense, may ask questions,
but does not vote.

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 5. A “DEFERRED” grade is discouraged. If there are basic defects in the
Thesis, the panel members notify the Chairperson and asks for
postponement of the Oral Defense.
6. After the successful defense, the students through their Research
Professor shall file with the Office of the Dean of Criminal Justice copies
of the Thesis duly revised and signed by all members of the Examination
Panel. One copy shall be retained by the College of Criminal Justice, one
shall be submitted to the UDM Library and one to the Manila City Library.

III. Required Parts/Contents

A. PRELIMINARIES [Front Matter] consists of:

Title Page – present the title, the full name of the researcher, and the submission
statement, which include the faculty or school, the degree or course taken, and
the month and year in which the thesis is finally defended.
Certification – thesis adviser and research professor certify that the thesis
(manuscript) prepared by the researcher is correct in form and content and is
ready for oral defense.

Approval Sheet – which provides a space for the signature of the adviser, reader,
panelists, dean and other involved persons indicating their acceptance of the
work. The number of the panelists should be three (3).

Acknowledgment – it contains expressions of appreciation for assistance and

guidance in the preparation and completion of the study. It should be expressed
simply, honestly, sincerely and tactfully. Do not express gratitude to those who
never helped because it is a great intellectual dishonesty. Whether Christian or
non-Christian, always give thanks to the Almighty Lord for His spiritual
guidance.
Dedication – optional, and depending upon the researcher’s taste and style.

Abstract with Keywords – contains a brief descriptive summary of the research

study. It should include: title of the study, name of the researcher/s, course or
degree conferred, institution, background of the study, the problem, research
methodology, findings, conclusions, and recommendations.
Table of Contents – typed 1.3 inch from the topo of the bond paper, centered
between margins. It should be typed in capital letters. All chapter titles should
all be typed in capital letters without punctuation marks.

List of Tables – should contain the table number, table title and page.
List of Plates – full page illustration, including paragraph should be grouped as
plates (not pictures) and are listed in the front matter. All captions for figures and
plates should show what the figures is all about and what the people in the
pictures are doing. Plates should be places in the appendix/appendices.

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List of Figures - refers to graphs such as frameworks, pie graph, bar graph, etc.,
that shows data and other presentations in the study.
List of Appendices - An appendix is a section at the end of a research paper that
contains supplementary information. An appendix may contain figures, tables,
raw data, and other additional information that supports the arguments of your
research but do not belong in the main body.

B. TEXT [Body], consists of:

Chapter

1. Introduction

Background of the Study

❖ Should describe the problem-situation by considering global,
national, and local situation.
❖ Should justify the existence of the problem-situation by citing
statistical and authoritative sources as bases to support the
problem.
❖ It should be short as possible which should be an average of three
(3) pages.
❖ Use the deductive line of reasoning, from macro-perspective to
micro-perspective.
❖ Maintain an objective tone throughout the paper.
❖ Indicate what is wrong in the present system and explain your
desire to discover ways of enriching or improving something, thus
study.
❖ At the end of the introduction, cite motives and justification which
prompted you to conduct such study. Thus, a clinching statement
should be made to relate a background to the research problem.
Objectives of the Study
❖ Research objectives describe concisely what the research is trying
to achieve. It is a summary of the accomplishments a researcher
wishes to achieve through the research and provides direction to
the study.

Statement of the Problem

❖ Contains major (general or main) problem, and the minor (specific)

problems or sub-problems. General problem consists of the general
purpose of the study, which is usually patterned from the research
title. The general problem is broken down to specific problems or
sub-problems in order to be researchable units.

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 ❖ Arranged in a logical order from factual to analytical order following
the flow in the research paradigm.
❖ Specifically, correctly, and grammatically worded in the language of
research.
❖ It should not duplicate or overlap the other sub-problems.
❖ It should not be answerable by yes or no.
❖ Each specific problem has a corresponding statistical tool.

Assumptions (for Qualitative)

❖ Optional.
❖ Must have a material bearing upon the problem and should be
openly and unreservedly set forth.
❖ Need not be proven nor tested.
❖ General problem, hypotheses, respondents, locale of the study,
research instrumentation, among others may be assumed.

Hypotheses (for Quantitative)

❖ Required if significant relationship or difference between or among

variables is measured.
❖ Not proved or disproved. It should be tested.
❖ It should be measurable, testable and specific.

Significance of the Study

❖ It should be directed to whom the study will be most useful

(beneficiaries/end-users) and why the study would be useful to
them.

Scope and Limitation of the Study [The Setting, The Subject, The
Respondents, Time Frame]
❖ Indicates the coverage of the study (scope) and the variables
excluded (delimitation).
❖ Limitation – indicates the variables that are to be
contained/studied in the research study.
❖ Delimitation – those which are not part (excluded) of the study.

2. Review of Related Literature [Related Literature, Related Studies and

Synthesis]

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❖ Organized and presented thematically.

Thematic Review
Variable 1 (Centered)

Dimension 1 (Flushed Left)

Dimension 2 (Flushed Left)
Variable 2 (Centered)
Dimension 1 (Flushed Left)
Dimension 2 (Flushed Left)
❖ Recent as possible or not beyond ten (10) years in relation to the
present study.
❖ Three (3) related literature (both foreign and local) and three (3)
related studies (both foreign and local), exclusive of the
introduction, theoretical and conceptual framework.
❖ Only the variables and findings that are related or have bearing to
the study should be reviewed.
❖ Do not cite sources that are not found in the bibliography section
of the manuscript.
❖ Reviewed studies must highlight important findings, conclusions
and sometimes recommendations.
❖ There must have a clinching statement showing how the reviewed
materials had assisted the researcher in the present study.

Synthesis
❖ Concluding statement should give the reader a summary of all the
reviewed studies and how the present study benefited from those
reviewed studies.

Theoretical Foundation
❖ An explanation on how one or more variables are related to other
variables. An attempt to develop a general explanation of
phenomenon. It should be primarily concerned with explanation
and therefore focuses on determining cause-effect relationships. It
should be in the form of a diagram or illustration in order to be
understood.
❖ Indicate the name of the theory or theories including its author and
what the theory is all about.
❖ Indicate the applicability of the theory to the study.
❖ If there are many related theories, select the nearest theory and
explain its applicability to the present study.
❖ As much as possible, map out or illustrate the theory.

Conceptual Framework

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 ❖ It should include the systems of concept, assumptions,
expectations, and beliefs that support a research study.
❖ It should be in the mind of the researcher/s and therefore it is not
known by any other person.
❖ It may be expressed textually, in a diagram or illustration by
identifying the key factors, concepts, or variable of the study.

Paradigm of the Study

❖ Schematic diagram or illustration depicting what the concept of the

study is all about.
❖ Use Input-Process-Output Approach (IPO).
❖ Draw the schematic diagram/illustration and explain the
relationship of the boxes/circles, arrows, and everything in the
diagram for the reader to clearly understand its significance.
❖ The mapping or framework must be understood by any reader since
it is the “blueprint of the study”.
❖ A figure number below the diagram must be indicated as a caption.

Definition of Terms
❖ Lexical – dictionary; conceptual – published or unpublished
materials; operational – as used in the study.
❖ There must be an introductory sentence/paragraph before starting
defining a term.
❖ Arranged alphabetically.
❖ Always indent the term.
❖ Terms to be defined should be in bold print and a period (.).

3. Methodology

Research Design
❖ Must state the type of research, its meaning and how it is applicable
to the study.

Research Locale
❖ Setting - Should contain the description of the situs of the study,
the number of populations, political or social structure, land area,
economic activities, security conditions, etc.
❖ Should provide a map that points the exact location of the setting
of the study.

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 Sample and Sampling Technique

❖ Those from whom the data/information are to be collected or

gathered.
❖ Actual respondents should be indicated.
❖ Demographic profile of the respondents should be placed in this
section, which should be on graphic/table and textual mode.
❖ Sampling is a technique of selecting individual members or a subset
of the population to make statistical inferences from them and
estimate characteristics of the whole population

Research Instrument

❖ Indicates how the items in the instrument were formulated.

❖ Parts or section of the instrument must be explained.
❖ How it was improved/modified and incorporated in the final form.
❖ How it was distributed.
❖ How the final form of the instrument was used/distributed to the
respondents.
❖ Justify the use of the instrument.
❖ If the instrument was copied from sources and was modified,
indicate the modification and specify the name of the author.

Validation Process (for Qualitative)

❖ Narration of the steps undertaken by the researchers to establish
the appropriateness of the self-made tool to collect the data
necessary to answer the research problems formulated in the study
(ex. expert consultation etc.).
❖ To whom and how it was validated. (Validator’s credential, title,
position and affiliation that makes him fit to validate the self-made
tool...but not to include the name)

Validity and Reliability Testing (for Quantitative)

❖ Content validity - to determine if the self-made questionnaire will
generally answer the research problems thru expert consultation
❖ Reliability test - to determine if thru pilot test to the intended
respondents, a commonality or reliability of answers can be
established (aims to find out: (1) whether a clear result after testing
will be determined; and (2) to determine whether the self-made
questionnaire can be understood and properly answered by the
respondents)
❖ To whom and how it was validated. (Validator’s credential, title,
position and affiliation that makes him fit to validate the self-made
tool...but not to include the name)

Data-Gathering Procedures (for Quantitative)

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 ❖ Start from the approval of the permit to conduct the study to how
the instrument is distributed.
❖ Who were given the instrument.
❖ How many were given.
❖ How the instrument was retrieved.

Interview: Focus Group Discussion (for Qualitative)

❖ Preparation of the interview, types of the interview used, manner of
interview, persons interviewed, percentage of interviewed persons
and all incidental matters should be indicated.
Statistical Analysis (for Quantitative)

❖ The sub-problems must again be stated and accompanied by the

kind of statistics to treat the data gathered for each sub-problem.
❖ Statistical formula should be likewise indicated.

Data Analysis (for Qualitative)

❖ Thematic analysis is a method for analyzing qualitative data that
entails searching across a data set to identify, analyze, and report
repeated patterns (Braun and Clarke 2006).
❖ It is a method for describing data, but it also involves interpretation
in the processes of constructing commonalities among the answers
of the participants.

Ethical Considerations
❖ Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide
your research designs and practices. Scientists and researchers
must always adhere to a certain code of conduct when collecting
data from people.

4. Results and Discussions

Presentation of Data
❖ Present the data in the order of the sub-problems stated in the
statement of the problem.
❖ Table heading should be in an inverted pyramid.
❖ Numerical data found in the tables should be consistent with the
textual presentation.
❖ Table heading should be consistent with the title found under the
section for List of Tables.
❖ As much as possible, tables should not be divided.
❖ In case of graphs, titles of which shall be placed below them,
followed by textual discussion, and like tables, it should be
numbered in Arabic.

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 Ranking of Data

❖ Arrange the data according to their rank.

❖ Point out in the discussion the first three (3) highest rank or first
five (5) and how this rank affects the findings. In some cases, the
lowest ranks should also be discussed if they adversely affect the
outcome of the study.

Analysis of the Data

❖ Analyze in-depth to give meaning to the data presented in the table.

❖ When variables are correlated or differentiated, state whether the
correlation or difference is positive or negative; indicate the level of
significance and decide.
Interpretation of Data
❖ Establish the interconnection between and among data.
❖ Link the present findings with previous literature or existing theory.
❖ Use parallel observation with contemporary events to give credence
presented in the Introduction (Chapter 1).
❖ Draw out implication.

5. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

Summary

❖ Restates as briefly as possible the Statement of the Problem,

Importance of the Study, Method of Research Used, Respondents of
the Study, Research Instrument, and Statistical Treatment of Data.

Conclusions

❖ It should be a valid outgrowth of findings and therefore need not be

supported or justified.
❖ Flexibility is likewise considered; thus, some variables may be
subsumed in one paragraph.
❖ Should not contain numerals.
❖ Never repeat the findings in the conclusion section.
❖ No conclusions should be made that were not based from the
findings.
Recommendations

❖ It should be drawn from the findings and conclusion of the study.

❖ It must be feasible to be implemented, workable or functional,
doable, adaptable, and flexible.
❖ A suggestion for further studies must be included.

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 C. REFERENCE MATERIALS [back matter or end matter]

Bibliography [Author, year/period, title, facts of publication]

A. Books
B. Journals and Periodicals
C. Unpublished Materials (Thesis, Dissertations, Pamphlets)
D. Documents (Legal Sources)

Appendices

A. Letter-Request to Conduct the Study

B. Letter to the Respondents
C. Survey Questionnaire
D. Plates
Curriculum Vitae [Must be in narrative form with recent formal 2x2 picture]

IV. Parts of the Research Proposal

A. PRELIMINARIES [front matter] consists of:

1. Title Page

2. Certification
3. Table of Contents

B. TEXT [body], consists of:

CHAPTER 1 – Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Objectives of the Study
1.3 Statement of the Problem
1.3.1 Major Problem
1.3.2 Sub-Problems
1.4 Assumptions / Hypothesis
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study
1.6.1 The Setting
1.6.2 The Subject
1.6.3 The Respondents
1.6.4 Time Frame
CHAPTER 2 – Review of Related Literature

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 2.1 Thematic Review
Variable 1 (Centered)

Dimension 1 (Flushed Left)

Dimension 2 (Flushed Left)
Variable 2 (Centered)
Dimension 1 (Flushed Left)
Dimension 2 (Flushed Left)
2.2 Synthesis

2.3 Theoretical Foundation

2.4 Conceptual Framework

2.5 Definition of Terms

CHAPTER 3 – Methodology
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Research Locale

3.3 Sample and Sampling Technique

3.4 Research Instrument

3.5 Validity and Reliability Testing / Validation Process

3.6 Data-Gathering Procedure / Interview: FGD

3.7 Statistical Analysis / Data Analysis

3.8 Ethical Considerations

Timetable of the Research Activities

C. REFERENCE MATERIALS [back matter or end matter]
Bibliography

A. Books
B. Journals and Periodicals
C. Unpublished Materials (Thesis, dissertations, pamphlets)
D. Documents (Legal Sources)
Attached:

A. Letter-Request to Conduct the Study

B. Letter to the Respondents
C. Survey Questionnaire
D. Curriculum Vitae [Must be in narrative form with recent formal
2x2 picture]

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Prepared by:

BÉMA P. FULGENCIO-OBIAS
Criminological Research Professor

Noted:

DR. YOLANDA S. LIRA

Dean

Approved:

DR. RONALD A. HERRERA

VPAA

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SAMPLE FORMS

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 Universidad de Manila
C.M. Palma St. Corner Arroceros St. Mehan Gardens, Manila

COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

Criminological Research
August 10, 2017

CERTIFICATION FOR PRE – ORAL DEFENSE

This thesis hereto entitled

“The Oplan Tokhang Revisited: The Effect to the Philippine National Police Image”

Prepared and submitted by;

TUMANG, BRYAN JOHN D.

(group leader)

Llora, Ralph Anthony D.

Pecson, Joane Paolo B.
Rosales, Jhon David T.
Romarate, Warrel A.
Paminto, Khiel Ronalehte
Quinao, Nollie Ray E.
Dinglasan, John Ivan B.
Condina, John Israel B.

In partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology, is hereby approved in
form and content and recommended for oral defense

VOLTAIRE L. PERALES
Adviser

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 EVALUATION INSTRUMENT
PRE ORAL DEFENSE

SECTION: __________________
TITLE:________________________________________________________________________________
DATE: _____________________

PROPONENTS:
1 6

2 7

3 8

4 9

5 10

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 EVALUATION INSTRUMENT
PRE ORAL DEFENSE (THE MANUSCRIPT) (60%)

DELIVERANCE DESCRIPTION GRADING GIVEN CERTIFICATION

SCALE GRADE (SIGNATURE OVER
PRINTED NAME OF THE
PANEL MEMBER)
ACCEPTED Generally Sufficient and Consistent in form 80 – 100
and content
• Research problem was presented
clearly and objectively
• Cohesiveness of title, SOP, instruments _________________
and the treatment to be used for the
data needed in the study
• Variables of the study clearly define its
parameters and are sufficient to
answer the formulated research
problems
• Adequate theories, literatures and
references are presented for the
formulation of research objectives and
concepts
• Realistic and attainable research
proposal
• With minor corrections

CONDITIONALL Major revision is required to organize the 75 - 79

Y ACCEPTED proposed research study (Remediable)
• Research problem lacks clarity and
objectivity
• Researcher’s concept of the study was _________________
not accurately reflected in the
manuscript
• Inconsistencies among the title, SOP,
instruments and the treatment of data
• Wrong or insufficient variables were
used
• Wrong or inadequate theories,
literatures, studies presented in the
proposed study
• Unclear and wrong methodology
FOR Irremediable defects in the over – all content NA
POSTPONEMENT
and form
• Not in harmony with the identified _________________
research agenda
• Unrealistic and unattainable
• Research objectives lack significance
and value to the needs of the present
time

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 ORAL DEFENSE (40%)
POINTERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Answers
panel
inquiries and
questions
clearly,
correctly and
courteously
(10%)

Mastery of
the thesis
proposal
(10%)

Language
(5%)

Dedication
and initiative
(5%)

Presentation
*Clear and
well
structured
presentation
*Usage of
Time (10%)
TOTAL

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 FINAL EVALUATION
MANUSCRIPT

SCORE PERCENTAGE
EVALUATOR 1

EVALUATOR 2

EVALUATOR 3

FINAL GRADE: _________________ 60-100 52-93 44-87 36-80

59- 99 51-93 43-86 35-79
58-98 50-92 42-85 34-78
57-98 49-91 41-84 33-78
56-97 48-90 40-83 32-77
55-96 47-89 39-83 31-76
54-95 46-88 38-82 30-75
53-94 45-88 37-81

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
EVALUATOR
1

EVALUATOR
2

EVALUATOR
3

INDIVIDUAL
GRADE

SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE PANEL MEMBERS

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 FINAL DEFENSE

SECTION: __________________
TITLE:________________________________________________________________________________
DATE: _____________________

PROPONENTS:
1 6

2 7

3 8

4 9

5 10

GENERAL CRITERIA

THE MANUSCRIPT (50%)

IMPORTANT POINTS % GRADE

1. Thesis Text (writing style, content, language, readability and
structure/format of the text)
10
2. CHAPTER 4
a. The data presented in the order of the sub-problems stated in the
Statement of the Problems
b. Data presented are consistent both on the numerical and textual
presentation
20
c. Ranking, significant and dominant data were presented/discussed
clearly and logically
d. Data are supported with in – depth analysis and
correlated/differentiated with existing knowledge, literatures and
studies
e. The data is provided with appropriate interpretation

3. CHAPTER 5
a. Provides a comprehensive summary of the research study’s
objectives and methodologies
b. Salient findings were comprehensively presented and discussed
following the sequence of the sub – problems of the study 20
c. Conclusions are valid outgrowth of the study and are
supported/justified by treated data presented in the findings
d. Recommendations are doable, adaptable and flexible and were
all drawn from the findings and conclusions of the study
TOTAL
50

50- 100 42- 92 34 – 84 26 - 76

49- 99 41 – 91 33 – 83 25 - 75
48- 98 40- 90 32 - 82
47- 97 39 – 89 31 - 81
46- 96 38 – 88 30 - 80
45- 95 37 – 87 29 - 79
44- 94 36 – 86 28 - 78
43- 93 35 – 85 27 - 77

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 INDIVIDUAL GRADE (50%)
POINTERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Answers
panel
inquiries and
questions
clearly,
correctly and
courteously
(10%)

*Mastery of
the research
study
*Language
*Dedication
and initiative
(30%)

*Clear and
well
structured
presentation
*Usage of
Time (10%)
TOTAL

50- 100 42- 92 34 – 84 26 - 76

49- 99 41 – 91 33 – 83 25 - 75
48- 98 40- 90 32 - 82
47- 97 39 – 89 31 - 81
46- 96 38 – 88 30 - 80
45- 95 37 – 87 29 - 79
44- 94 36 – 86 28 - 78
43- 93 35 – 85 27 - 77

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MANUSCRIPT

EVALUATORS PERCENTAGE
EVALUATOR 1

EVALUATOR 2

EVALUATOR 3

PERCENTAGE GRADE
MANUSCRIPT FINAL GRADE: _________________
96-100 EXCELLENT
91-95 VERY SATISFACTORY
86-90 SATISFACTORY
81-85 PASS
75-80 PASS W/MAJOR CORRECTION

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
EVALUATOR 1

EVALUATOR 2

EVALUATOR 3

+MANUSCRIPT

FINAL GRADE

SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE PANEL MEMBERS

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