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AAS Lecture PDF

This document provides an introduction and overview of the CH 301 course. It discusses important course details like reading the outline and lab signups. It also outlines the lecture topics which will include spectra, absorbance, and the Beer-Lambert law. Finally, it introduces atomic spectroscopy and how absorption spectroscopy works by discussing energy levels, monochromators, transmittance, absorbance, and Beer's law.

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Arjun Maharaj
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
22 views

AAS Lecture PDF

This document provides an introduction and overview of the CH 301 course. It discusses important course details like reading the outline and lab signups. It also outlines the lecture topics which will include spectra, absorbance, and the Beer-Lambert law. Finally, it introduces atomic spectroscopy and how absorption spectroscopy works by discussing energy levels, monochromators, transmittance, absorbance, and Beer's law.

Uploaded by

Arjun Maharaj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

Welcome to CH 301!

1
Important

• PLEASE read the Course Outline 


• Class attendance
• Tutorial and Lab sign-up
o Repeating students
• Highest CA – surprise!
• Labs are on rotation basis
• Textbooks: Skoog et al.; Harris

2
Lecture Outline

• Spectra and Energy


• Transmittance and Absorbance
• Beer-Lambert Law

3
Atomic Spectroscopy

The notes herein are from


Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Daniel C Harris (8th Ed)
4
Background
• When a molecule absorbs a photon, its E increases.
o The molecule is being promoted to an excited state.
o When the molecule returns to its normal (ground)
state, the energy absorbed is re-emitted out.

• In this case, Ereleased equals Egained.


o This energy is characteristic of the absorbing atom.

5
Background cont…

• Recall that energy, E,

E = hv Equation 1
where h is Planck's constant (6.626 ´ 10-34 J.s)

Since the speed of light,


c = vl Equation 2

Combining Equation 1 and 2 yields,


hc
E= Equation 3
l 6
• Thus, Equation 3 relates E to λ.

• Note, that c and h (being constant) really do


not influence E of the photon.
• Thus E essentially depends λ of light being
absorbed by it.
• Or equally, the E can be characterized by the
λ.
7
Applications to atomic spectrophotometry

• When light travels through a sample, the


irradiance of the beam of light is decreased.

Harris, p. 396 8
Application
• If the incident light hitting a sample is
controlled before impact, then light of specific
wavelengths can be selectively permitted to
pass through.

• This control is achieved by the use of a


monochromator.
9
Application cont…

• A monochromator can be a prism, a grating or even


a filter.

• Such light, of very narrow wavelength is termed as


monochromatic (“one color”).

• The intensity of light hitting the sample is termed


irradiance.

10
Application cont…

• Thus upon hitting an object of sample length b, the


irradiance of the incident light, Po decreases.

• This is due to some of the light being absorbed by the


sample.

• The irradiance of the beam of light emerging from the


other side of the sample is P.
Atomic Spectroscopy - Dr Shaneel Chandra 11
Transmittance, T

• Therefore, if there is some light being


absorbed by the sample,
P ≤ Po P < Po (why?)
• The fraction of light that is allowed to pass
through a sample is termed transmittance
and is determined as P/Po (T ranges from 0
to 1.
12
Absorbance, A

• Absorbance, A = log (Po/P) = -log T

• Absorbance is so important because it is


directly related to the concentration, c of the
light-absorbing species in the sample

• Beer’s Law states: A = ebc Equation 4


13
Beer’s Law (Beer Lambert Law)

• In Equation 4:
o b is the path length, commonly expressed in cm
o ε is the molar absorptivity (or extinction coefficient in
older literature). Its units are M-1 cm-1.

• Absorbance that is quantified through Beer’s


Law is dimensionless.
14
Beer’s Law (Beer Lambert Law)

• However a norm has developed in referring


to it as absorbance units.

• Equation 4, is at the heart of


spectrophotometry as applied to analytical
chemistry.

15
When Beer’s Law fails

• Beer’s Law (A  c):


o applies to monochromatic radiation.
o Works very well for dilute solutions.

16
Harris, p. 398
When Beer’s Law fails (cont…)

• Narrow beam of light needed: how does


this vary from white light?

• Think about E and  again.

17
Harris, p. 398
When Beer’s Law fails (cont…)

• Non-ideality: In concentrated solutions,


solute molecules influence one another as a
result of their proximity.

• At such proximity, their properties (including


ε) change somewhat.
18
Harris, p. 398

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