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ROMANTIC POETRY
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Table of Contents

ROMANTIC POETRY 2022 ........................................................ 3

ROMANTIC POETRY 2021 ........................................................ 8
ROMANTIC POETRY 2020 ...................................................... 13
ROMANTIC POETRY 2019 ...................................................... 17
ROMANTIC POETRY 2018 ...................................................... 21

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1. What is the major assumption of the theory of contrariness by William Blake? (2022, 2018)
Ans. The theory of contrariness is a concept developed by the English poet and artist William
Blake in his work "The Marriage of Heaven and Hell." According to Blake, the theory of
contrariness is based on the idea that everything has its opposite, and that these opposites are
necessary for balance and harmony. He argued that without the presence of contrariness, there
could be no progress or growth, as there would be no driving force to push against and overcome
obstacles.

2. How are songs of innocence different from songs of experience? (2022, 2021)
Ans. "Songs of Innocence" and "Songs of Experience" are two collections of poetry written by
William Blake. The poems in "Songs of Innocence" are characterized by their themes of
childhood, innocence, and the natural world. They depict a world in which innocence and
goodness are the natural state of humanity, and in which the natural world is a place of beauty
and wonder. They optimistic and hopeful in tone.

In contrast, the poems in "Songs of Experience" explore darker themes such as suffering,
injustice, and the corrupting influence of society. These poems depict a world in which innocence
is lost and individuals must confront the harsh realities of the world. Their tone is more cynical
and despairing.

3. What was William Blake’s opinion about Christian Church? (2022, 2021)
Ans. William Blake was critical of the role of the church in his age and saw it as a corrupt and
oppressive institution that hindered the spiritual growth of individuals. In his poetry and artwork,
Blake often depicted the church as being deeply flawed and corrupt, and he saw it as being out
of touch with the needs and experiences of ordinary people.

For example, in his poem “Holy Thursday,” he critiques the church for being more
concerned with maintaining its own wealth and power than with helping the poor and
marginalized members of society. He also implies that the church is using the children as props
in a showy parade, rather than genuinely caring for their well-being. He writes:
“Is this a holy thing to see,
In the rich robes of a Priest
Who profits by the poor,
To give to the rich,

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A long and lordly life?”

4. What does Blake mean by “the hum of multitudes” in The Holy Thursday 1?
Ans. In the poem "The Holy Thursday" by William Blake, the phrase "the hum of multitudes"
refers to the noise and activity created by a large group of people. In the context of the poem,
this group of people is likely children who are participating in a procession on Holy Thursday,
which is a day in the Christian liturgical calendar that commemorates the Last Supper of Jesus
Christ.
The phrase "the hum of multitudes" suggests the energetic and lively atmosphere of the
procession, as well as the sense of unity and togetherness among the children participating in it.

5. What is signified in the following lines?

"A motion and a spirit, that impels
All thinking things"

Ans. The lines "A motion and a spirit, that impels / All thinking things" suggest that there is a
force or energy that drives and motivates all living beings. This force is responsible for the
movement and action of all living things, and that it is present in all beings that have the capacity
for thought and consciousness.
It's worth noting that the word "impels" means to drive or push forward, suggesting that
this force is not only present, but actively encourages movement and action.

6. What inspired Wordsworth to compose “The Prelude”?

Ans. "The Prelude," a long, autobiographical poem by English poet William Wordsworth, was
inspired by the poet's own experiences and reflections on his life. The poem covers a wide range
of subjects, including Wordsworth's childhood, his education, and his travels. The poem reflects
on the role that nature and the natural world played in Wordsworth's life and how these
experiences shaped his understanding of the world and his place in it.

7. What is the central theme of the “Tintern Abbey”? (2022, 2021, 2020, 2018)
Ans. "Tintern Abbey" is a poem by William Wordsworth that reflects on the poet's own spiritual
journey and the role that nature plays in that journey.
One of the central themes of the poem is the idea of the power of nature to inspire and
uplift the human spirit. Wordsworth writes about the way in which the beauty of the natural

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world has the ability to refresh and rejuvenate the mind and spirit, and how returning to a place
like Tintern Abbey, where he has previously experienced this feeling, can bring back memories
and emotions from the past, which also reflects the other important theme of the poem that is
the idea of change and the passage of time.

8. How does Wordsworth show his love for his sister in the “Tintern Abbey”?
Ans. In "Tintern Abbey," William Wordsworth shows his love for his sister, Dorothy Wordsworth,
through his descriptions of the natural world and his reflections on their shared experiences.
The poem is addressed to Dorothy, and Wordsworth writes about the way in which their shared
love of nature has brought them closer together and has had a profound impact on their lives.

9. Why is “The Prelude” called an autobiographical poem? (2022, 2020)

Ans. "The Prelude" is considered an autobiographical poem because it is based on the poet's own
experiences and reflections on his life. The poem covers a wide range of subjects, including
Wordsworth's childhood, his education, and his travels, and it is written in the first person, with
Wordsworth speaking directly about his own experiences and thoughts.

10. What is meant by figurative language?

Ans. Figurative language is a type of language that uses words or expressions in a non-literal
way in order to create a more vivid or imaginative description or to express an idea in a more
creative or impactful way. It is a powerful tool that writers and speakers use to add depth,
richness, and creativity to their language. Here are few figurative devices with examples;

Figurative Devices Examples

Simile She was as graceful as a dancer.
Metaphor The world is a stage.
Personification The wind whispered secrets through the trees.
Hyperbole I've told you a million times to clean your room.

11. Which are the prominent features of Romanticism in Shelley?

Ans. Percy Bysshe Shelley was a prominent Romantic poet, and many of his works are
characterized by the key themes and ideas of the Romantic Movement. Some of the prominent
features of Romanticism in Shelley's work include:

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 Focus on nature and the natural world

 Celebration of the individual
 Belief in the power of imagination and creativity
 A desire to break free from the constraints of society and tradition

12. Why is Shelley called a myth-maker?

Ans. Shelley is often referred to as a myth-maker because many of his poems draw on themes
and ideas from mythology and folklore. He was particularly interested in Greek mythology and
often used it as a source of inspiration for his work. In addition, Shelley was known for his use of
allegory and symbolism, which often involved the creation of myths and legends to convey his
ideas and themes.

13. What request Shelley makes to the sky lark in To a Sky Lark?

Ans. In the poem "To a Sky Lark," Percy Bysshe Shelley addresses the sky lark and makes a request
for the bird to share its song with him. The speaker asks the sky lark to "teach me half the
gladness / That thy brain must know" and to "sing to me of heaven."
The speaker's request for the sky lark to share its song reflects the Romantic belief in the
power of nature and the natural world to inspire and uplift the human spirit. The speaker sees
the sky lark as a source of joy and happiness, and he longs to experience the same sense of joy
and wonder that the bird must feel as it sings.

14. What is Hellenism?

Ans. Hellenism refers to the influence of ancient Greek culture, language, and ideas on modern
Western civilization. The term is often used to refer specifically to the period of Greek history
known as the Hellenistic period (323-30 BC), which saw the spread of Greek culture and influence
throughout the Mediterranean world following the conquests of Alexander the Great.
Hellenism has had a significant influence on Western culture and thought, and many
aspects of modern Western society, including art, literature, philosophy, and science, have been
shaped by Hellenistic ideas and values.

15. Why is John Keats called a sensuous poet?

Ans. John Keats is often referred to as a sensuous poet because his poetry is characterized by its
focus on sensory experience and the physical world. Keats was known for his use of vivid and

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sensory language, and his poetry often evokes strong emotions and physical sensations in the
reader.
Keats was particularly skilled at using rich and evocative imagery to convey the beauty
and wonder of the natural world, and his poetry is often characterized by its lush, vivid, and
sensuous descriptions of nature.

16. To what the expression “unheard melodies” in Ode to Grecian Urn refer?
Ans. In the poem "Ode to a Grecian Urn," the phrase "unheard melodies" refers to the sounds
and music that are depicted on the urn, which are frozen in time and cannot be heard or
experienced by the viewer. The urn has the ability to capture and preserve beauty and meaning
in a way that is timeless and enduring. It also reflects the idea that art has the power to transcend
time and to evoke emotions and experiences that might otherwise be lost to history.

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1. Can a poet be recognized by his age?

Ans. A poet can often be recognized by the era in which they lived and wrote, as the historical
and cultural context in which a poet writes can have a significant influence on their work. Poets
are often shaped by the events, ideas, and artistic movements of their time, and their poetry
can reflect these influences.
For example, John Keats, a poet who lived and wrote in the early 19th century, is often
associated with the Romantic Movement in English literature, which was characterized by a
focus on nature, emotion, and the individual. Keats's poetry reflects many of the key themes and
ideas of the Romantic Movement.

2. Why does Shells idealize West Wind so passionately?

Ans. In the poem "Ode to the West Wind," Percy Bysshe Shelley idealizes the West Wind
passionately because he sees it as a source of inspiration and renewal, and he longs to be able
to harness its power and use it to bring about change in the world. The West Wind is depicted
as a powerful elemental force that is able to sweep away the old and make way for the new, and
Shelley sees it as a symbol of the power of nature and the natural world.
The poem is written in the form of an ode, which is a poetic form traditionally used to
praise or glorify a person, place, or thing, and Shelley's impassioned language reflects his deep
admiration and awe for the West Wind.

3. What does Shelley want to learn from the Skylark?

Ans. In the poem "To a Skylark," Percy Bysshe Shelley addresses the sky lark and expresses a
desire to learn from the bird. Specifically, the speaker asks the sky lark to "teach [him] half the
gladness / That thy brain must know" and to "sing to [him] of heaven."
These lines suggest that the speaker sees the sky lark as a source of joy and happiness,
and he longs to understand and experience the same sense of joy and wonder that the bird must
feel as it sings.

4. Why is William Blake called a visionary poet?

Ans. William Blake is often referred to as a visionary poet because his poetry and artwork are
characterized by a deep sense of imagination and a focus on spiritual and mystical themes.

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Blake was known for his ability to see beyond the surface of things and to explore the deeper
meanings and mysteries of the world, and his poetry and artwork often reflects this visionary
perspective.

5. Why does Shelley call the West Wind as “Destroyer and Preserver”?

Ans. In the poem "Ode to the West Wind," Percy Bysshe Shelley describes the West Wind as both
a "Destroyer" and a "Preserver." It reflects his recognition of the dual nature of the world and the
forces that shape it.

On the one hand, the West Wind is described as "Destroyer" because it has the ability to
scatter leaves and uproot trees, suggesting that it has the power to destroy and transform the
natural world. It is described as "rushing" and "wild."
On the other hand, the West Wind is also described as a "Preserver" because it has the
ability to preserve and protect life and beauty, even in the face of destruction as it is described
as being able to "seal the flower, and save the leaf" and to "hurl my soul / Above the sky!".

6. Which was major cause of emergence of “Romantic movement”?

Ans. The Romantic Movement emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries as a reaction
against the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution.
The Romantic Movement was a reaction against the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason
and the Industrial Revolution's focus on progress and technological advancement. Romantics
rejected the Enlightenment's emphasis on universal truths, reason and scientific knowledge and
instead emphasized the subjective, emotional, and intuitive aspects of human experience. They
also rejected the Industrial Revolution's focus on progress and instead emphasized the
importance of nature, imagination, and the individual.

7. Which are the major romantic features in Blake’s poetry?

Ans. William Blake was a poet who was strongly influenced by the Romantic Movement, and his
poetry is characterized by many of the key themes and ideas of Romanticism. Some of the major
Romantic features in Blake's poetry include:

 Focus on the natural world

 Belief in the power of the imagination
 Celebration of the individual
 Desire to break free from the constraints of society and tradition

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8. How does Blake feel about the role of the church of his age? (2022, 2021)
Ans. William Blake was critical of the role of the church in his age and saw it as a corrupt and
oppressive institution that hindered the spiritual growth of individuals. In his poetry and
artwork, Blake often depicted the church as being deeply flawed and corrupt, and he saw it as
being out of touch with the needs and experiences of ordinary people.
For example, in his poem “Holy Thursday,” he critiques the church for being more
concerned with maintaining its own wealth and power than with helping the poor and
marginalized members of society. He also implies that the church is using the children as props
in a showy parade, rather than genuinely caring for their well-being. He writes:
“Is this a holy thing to see,
In the rich robes of a Priest
Who profits by the poor,
To give to the rich,
A long and lordly life?”

9. How are songs of experience different from songs of innocence? (2022, 2021)
Ans. "Songs of Innocence" and "Songs of Experience" are two collections of poetry written by
William Blake. The poems in "Songs of Innocence" are characterized by their themes of
childhood, innocence, and the natural world. They depict a world in which innocence and
goodness are the natural state of humanity, and in which the natural world is a place of beauty
and wonder. They optimistic and hopeful in tone.
In contrast, the poems in "Songs of Experience" explore darker themes such as suffering,
injustice, and the corrupting influence of society. These poems depict a world in which innocence
is lost and individuals must confront the harsh realities of the world. Their tone is more cynical
and despairing.

10. Why does Keats call the urn ‘a friend to man’?

Ans. In the poem "Ode on a Grecian Urn," John Keats describes the urn as a "friend to man"
because he sees it as a source of beauty and inspiration that has the ability to uplift and enrich
human experience. The urn is depicted as being covered in images of people and scenes from
Greek mythology and daily life, and the speaker reflects on the way in which these images
capture and preserve moments of beauty and meaning that might otherwise be lost to time.

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11. Why does Keats call nightingale an ‘Immortal Bird’ in his ode”? (2021, 2019)
Ans. In the poem "Ode to a Nightingale," John Keats describes the nightingale as an "immortal
bird" because he sees it as a symbol of beauty and transcendence that has the ability to
transcend the limitations of time and mortality. The nightingale is depicted as a creature of great
beauty and grace, and the speaker reflects on its ability to evoke powerful emotions and
memories through its song.

12. What is concluding message of the “Ode on a Grecian Urn”?

Ans. The concluding message of the poem "Ode on a Grecian Urn" is that beauty and art have
the power to transcend time and to offer a glimpse of eternal truth and beauty. Throughout
the poem, the speaker reflects on the images depicted on the urn and the way in which they
capture and preserve moments of beauty and meaning that might otherwise be lost to time. The
speaker suggests that the urn is a "friend to man" because it has the ability to enrich and uplift
human experience, and he sees it as a source of inspiration and enlightenment.

13. Why would the bees think that the warm days will never end in “To Autumn” by Keats?
Ans. In the poem "To Autumn," John Keats describes a scene in which bees are collecting nectar
from flowers. They are “content” and “full” as they gather nectar from the flowers, and that
they are oblivious to the fact that the warm days will eventually come to an end. This reflects
the idea that people often fail to appreciate the present moment and take it for granted, and
that they are blind to the fact that change and impermanence are an inherent part of the world.

14. Why is Wordsworth called a worshiper of nature”?

Ans. William Wordsworth is often referred to as a "worshiper of nature" because he was deeply
inspired by the beauty and power of the natural world and saw it as a source of spiritual
inspiration and enlightenment. Wordsworth believed that the natural world was a manifestation
of the divine and that it had the ability to connect us with deeper truths and meanings. He saw
nature as a source of solace and inspiration in a world that was increasingly industrialized and
urbanized, and he believed that it had the power to nourish the soul and enrich the human
experience.

15. What is ‘Blank Verse”?

Ans. Blank verse is a form of poetry that uses unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter. Iambic
pentameter is a rhythmic pattern of verse in which each line consists of five metrical feet, each

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foot consisting of one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable. Blank verse is
characterized by its use of this rhythmic pattern, but it does not have any rhyme scheme,
meaning that the end words of each line do not rhyme with each other.

16. What is the central theme of ‘The Tintern Abbey”? (2022, 2021, 2020, 2018)

Ans. "Tintern Abbey" is a poem by William Wordsworth that reflects on the poet's own spiritual
journey and the role that nature plays in that journey.

One of the central themes of the poem is the idea of the power of nature to inspire and
uplift the human spirit. Wordsworth writes about the way in which the beauty of the natural
world has the ability to refresh and rejuvenate the mind and spirit, and how returning to a place
like Tintern Abbey, where he has previously experienced this feeling, can bring back memories
and emotions from the past, which also reflects the other important theme of the poem that is
the idea of change and the passage of time.

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1. Why is Blake called a mystical poet?

Ans. William Blake is often referred to as a mystical poet because his poetry is characterized by
a deep sense of spirituality and a belief in the power of the imagination to access deeper truths
and meanings. Blake was deeply influenced by the mystic traditions of the Renaissance and the
Romantic periods, and his poetry often reflects his belief in the existence of a higher spiritual
reality that is beyond the reach of the physical world.

2. Briefly describe the central idea of “Chimney Sweeper”.

Ans. "The Chimney Sweeper" is a poem by William Blake that explores the theme of child labor
and the exploitation of children in the Industrial Revolution. The poem tells the story of a young
chimney sweeper who has been sold into child labor and forced to work in the sooty and
dangerous conditions of the chimneys. It also explores the theme of the loss of innocence and
the way in which the experiences of these young chimney sweepers have robbed them of their
childhoods and their sense of joy and wonder.

3. Point out personification in “Ode to Autumn”. (2020, 2018)

Ans. Personification is a literary device in which non-human things or concepts are described as
having human qualities or characteristics. "Ode to Autumn" is a poem by John Keats that uses
personification to personify the season of autumn as a living, breathing entity with its own
feelings and desires and is capable of physical actions and movements.
For example, Keats describes autumn as "cropping" and "smiling" and as having
"maturing suns" and "ripening apples." Other examples of personification in “Ode to Autumn”
include the description of autumn as “coiling” around the “crinkled leaves” and as “leaning”
against the “bendy straws.”

4. Define oxymoron and give example from “Ode to Grecian Urn”.

Ans. An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines two words or phrases that are opposite
or contradictory in meaning. Oxymorons are used to create a sense of irony or paradox, and they
often serve to highlight the complexity and ambiguity of language and thought.
An example of oxymoron from “Ode to Grecian Urn” is the term "unheard melodies"
because it combines two words that are opposite in meaning. "Unheard" means not heard or not

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perceived through the ears, while "melody" refers to a series of musical notes that are heard and
perceived through the ears. The combination of these two words creates a contradiction, as it is
impossible for a melody to be both heard and unheard at the same time.

5. What are the features of “Ode”?

Ans. An ode is a type of poem that is typically addressed to a specific subject and is written in a
formal, elevated style that reflects the poet's admiration and reverence for the subject. Some of
the key features of odes include:

 Grand and formal tone

 Elaborate and ornate language
 Celebration and praise of a specific subject

6. What is the central idea of Shelley’s “The Skylark”? (2020, 2018)

Ans. "The Skylark" is a poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley that celebrates the beauty and transcendent
nature of the sky lark, a small bird known for its beautiful song. The central idea of the poem is
the power of nature and the way in which it has the ability to lift the human spirit and connect
us with deeper truths and meanings. The poem celebrates the skylark as a symbol of the beauty
and joy of the natural world, and it suggests that nature has the power to bring joy and happiness
to our lives.

7. List out the common features of romantic poets.

Ans. There are several common features of Romantic poetry that are characteristic of the
Romantic Movement in literature, which emerged in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th
centuries. These features include:

 Emphasis on emotion and imagination

 Celebration of nature
 Individualism
 Exaltation of the imagination
 Emphasis on personal experience
 Use of vivid and emotive language

8. What is the negative capability in Keats’ poetry? (2020, 2018)

Ans. Negative capability is a term coined by the Romantic poet John Keats to describe the ability
to accept uncertainty and ambiguity without the need to impose one's own views or opinions

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on the world. Keats believed that this ability was essential for true artistic creation, as it allowed
the artist to explore and discover the truth without being constrained by preconceived notions
or expectations.

9. “A thing of beauty is a joy forever”. Explain. (2020, 2019)

Ans. The phrase "A thing of beauty is a joy forever" is a famous line from the poem "Endymion"
by John Keats. The line reflects Keats’s belief in the enduring power of beauty and its ability to
bring joy and pleasure to those who experience it. It suggests that beauty has the ability to enrich
the human spirit, and that it has the power to endure and transcend time.

10. Define the term ‘Pantheism”.

Ans. Pantheism is a belief system that holds that the universe is divine and that everything
within it is a manifestation of the divine. Pantheists believe that the universe is not separate
from the divine, but is instead an expression of it. This belief is often associated with the idea
that the universe is a living, conscious entity that is infused with the divine.

11. What is the significance of symbolism in romantic poetry?

Ans. Symbolism is a literary device in which an object or action represents something beyond
itself. It is used to convey meaning and to add depth and complexity to a work of literature.

The use of symbolism in romantic poetry is significant because it allows the poet to
explore complex themes and ideas in a more subtle and nuanced way, and it allows the poet to
use imagery and metaphor to connect with the reader on a deeper level. By using symbols to
represent abstract concepts, the poet is able to convey meaning and emotion in a way that is
more powerful and evocative than more straightforward language.

12. On what grounds is romantic poetry different from classical poetry?

Ans. One of the main differences between classical poetry and romantic poetry is in their themes
and subject matter.
Classical poetry focused on themes such as love, honor, and patriotism, and it used formal
structures and strict meter to convey these themes. Romantic poetry, on the other hand, focused
on more personal and emotional themes, such as the individual’s relationship to nature and the
inner self, and it used more free-form and expressive techniques to convey these themes.

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13. Is it justified to term Shelley a revolutionary poet?

Ans. Percy Bysshe Shelley is often considered a revolutionary poet due to his radical political
views and his commitment to social and political change. Throughout his career, Shelley was
known for his radical and revolutionary views, and he often used his poetry as a means of
advocating for social and political change.

14. Is Wordsworth’s definition of poetry relevant for Today’s poetry?

Ans. William Wordsworth had a specific definition of poetry that he outlined in his preface to the
Lyrical Ballads. In this preface, Wordsworth argued;
“Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings and emotions recollected in
tranquility”.
Wordsworth’s definition of poetry is still relevant personal and emotional themes are a
major characteristic of today’s poetry. However, it is also important to recognize that today’s
poetry is a broad and multifaceted art form that can take many different forms and encompasses
a wide range of styles, themes, and approaches.

15. Why is “The Prelude” called an autobiographical poem? (2022, 2020)

Ans. "The Prelude" is considered an autobiographical poem because it is based on the poet's own
experiences and reflections on his life. The poem covers a wide range of subjects, including
Wordsworth's childhood, his education, and his travels, and it is written in the first person, with
Wordsworth speaking directly about his own experiences and thoughts.

16. Briefly describe the theme of “Tintern Abbey”. (2022, 2021, 2020, 2018)

Ans. "Tintern Abbey" is a poem by William Wordsworth that reflects on the poet's own spiritual
journey and the role that nature plays in that journey.

One of the central themes of the poem is the idea of the power of nature to inspire and
uplift the human spirit. Wordsworth writes about the way in which the beauty of the natural
world has the ability to refresh and rejuvenate the mind and spirit, and how returning to a place
like Tintern Abbey, where he has previously experienced this feeling, can bring back memories
and emotions from the past, which also reflects the other important theme of the poem that is
the idea of change and the passage of time.

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1. Define Romanticism.

Ans. Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe
in the late 18th century and spread to the Americas in the 19th century. It was a response to the
Enlightenment, a period in which reason and scientific thought were highly valued.

Romanticism emphasized emotion, imagination, and the individual experience. It

celebrated the beauty of nature and the power of the human spirit. Romanticism also rejected
the strictures of classicism and the Enlightenment, and instead embraced a more fluid and
subjective approach to art and life. Romanticism had a major impact on literature, music, and
visual arts, and is still influential today.

2. Define Mysticism.
Ans. Mysticism is the belief in or pursuit of a direct, intuitive, or spiritual experience of ultimate
reality, especially through the contemplation of God or the divine.
In the context of Romantic poetry, mysticism often refers to the exploration of spiritual
or transcendental themes, such as the nature of the divine, the search for unity with the divine
or the universe, and the experience of enlightenment or spiritual revelation. Romantic poets
were often influenced by mysticism and incorporated mysticism into their poetry as a way to
express their own spiritual or philosophical beliefs. Examples of mysticism in Romantic poetry
include the exploration of the divine in the works of William Blake, and the search for unity
with nature in the poetry of William Wordsworth.

3. What is dualism in Blake’s poems?

Ans. Dualism is a philosophical concept that refers to the idea that there are two fundamental
principles or forces at work in the universe, often seen as good and evil, light and darkness, or
mind and matter. Dualism is a common theme in the poetry of William Blake. In Blake's poetry,
dualism often appears as a way of exploring the conflict between the rational and the irrational,
the material and the spiritual, or the individual and society.
One example of dualism in Blake's poetry is his concept of "contraries," which he saw as
two opposing forces or principles that are necessary for balance and harmony in the world.
Another example of dualism in Blake's poetry is the way he portrays the conflict between the
natural world and the civilized world.

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4. Why did Wordsworth visit Tintern Abbey for the first time?
Ans. Tintern Abbey is a ruined Cistercian monastery located in Monmouthshire, Wales. Founded
in 1131, the abbey became a popular destination for tourists and artists in late 18th century. One
such artist was Wordsworth who visited Tintern Abbey for the first time in July 1798. He was
drawn to Tintern Abbey because of its beauty and the sense of peace and solitude it offered. He
was also inspired by the abbey's history and the way it had been abandoned and left to ruin,
which he saw as a metaphor for the way that society had lost touch with nature and the spiritual.
The visit had a profound effect on the poet.

5. Define Wordsworth concept of Nature.

Ans. Wordsworth's concept of nature is central to his poetry and worldview. He believed that
nature is a source of inspiration, truth, and spiritual nourishment, and that it has the power to
transform and uplift the human spirit. Wordsworth saw nature as a living, dynamic force that
is intimately connected to the human experience and the world around us. He also believed that
nature has a healing and restorative power, and that it is essential to human well-being and
happiness.

6. Why does Shelley call the West Wind “preserver”?

Ans. Shelley describes the West Wind as a "preserver" because it has the ability to preserve and
protect life and beauty, even in the face of destruction as it is described as being able to "seal
the flower, and save the leaf" and to "hurl my soul / Above the sky!".

7. Define Ode.

Ans. An ode is a type of poem that is usually addressed to a particular person, place, or thing,
and that celebrates or praises its qualities or virtues. Odes often have a formal structure and
use elevated language and imagery to convey a sense of reverence or admiration.
Some of the most famous odes in Romantic poetry include "Ode to a Nightingale" by
John Keats and "Ode to the West Wind" by Percy Bysshe Shelley.

8. Explain: “If winter comes, can spring be far behind“ (2019, 2018)
Ans. "If winter comes, can spring be far behind" is a line from Shelley's poem "Ode to the West
Wind." It suggests that winter, with its darkness and cold, is a necessary precursor to spring,
which is a time of rebirth and renewal. The line captures the idea that change and renewal are
an inherent part of the cycle of life, and that one season inevitably leads to the next.
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In the context of the poem, the line is part of a larger meditation on the power of the
West Wind and its role in shaping the natural world. The line also reflects a sense of hope and
optimism, as it suggests that no matter how difficult the winter may be, the promise of spring is
always there to lift our spirits and bring new life to the world.

9. What does the breeze signify in ‘The Prelude”?

Ans. In "The Prelude," the breeze is a symbol of the passage of time and the changes it brings.
It represents the fleeting nature of life and the way that things come and go, but also the way
that the present is always connected to the past and the future.

In the poem, the breeze is described as a "gentle motion" that moves through the natural
world, touching and shaping everything it touches. It is seen as a force of change and renewal,
and it is associated with the idea of progress and movement.

10. What does “The Cloud” symbolize?

Ans. The poem "The Cloud" is written in the voice of the cloud itself, and it describes the cloud's
movements and transformations as it travels through the sky. The cloud is depicted as a dynamic
and ever-changing force, and symbolizes the power of the imagination and the way it can shape
and transform our experience of the world.

11. Who was Endymion?

Ans. Endymion is a figure from Greek mythology who was a young handsome shepherd. In the
poem "Endymion" by John Keats, Endymion is depicted as a young man who falls in love with the
moon goddess Selene and is granted eternal youth and beauty.

12. Why does Keats call the nightingale “immortal bird”? (2021, 2019)

Ans. In the poem "Ode to a Nightingale," John Keats describes the nightingale as an "immortal
bird" because he sees it as a symbol of beauty and transcendence that has the ability to
transcend the limitations of time and mortality. The nightingale is depicted as a creature of
great beauty and grace, and the speaker reflects on its ability to evoke powerful emotions and
memories through its song.

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13. Why does Keats call the urn “cold pastoral”?

Ans. In his poem "Ode on a Grecian Urn," John Keats refers to the urn as "cold pastoral" because
the scenes depicted on the urn are frozen in time, with no movement or change. The term
"pastoral" refers to a genre of literature that depicts the life of shepherds and rural life in a
romanticized or idealized way, and by calling the urn "cold pastoral," Keats is implying that the
scenes depicted on it are like a still, idyllic vision of rural life that is forever unchanging.

14. Explain: “Beauty is Truth, Truth beauty”.

Ans. "Beauty is truth, truth beauty" is a line from Keats's poem "Ode on a Grecian Urn." It suggests
that beauty and truth are interconnected and that one cannot exist without the other. In the
context of the poem, the line is part of a larger meditation on the nature of art and its ability to
capture and convey beauty and truth. It suggests that the beauty of the urn's images is not just
a surface quality, but is instead a reflection of deeper truth and meaning.

15. Explain: “A thing of beauty is a joy for ever”. (2020, 2019)

Ans. The phrase "A thing of beauty is a joy forever" is a famous line from the poem "Endymion"
by John Keats. The line reflects Keats’s belief in the enduring power of beauty and its ability to
bring joy and pleasure to those who experience it. It suggests that beauty has the ability to enrich
the human spirit, and that it has the power to endure and transcend time.

16. What was the effect of the French Revolution on the Romantic poetry?
Ans. The French Revolution had a significant impact on Romantic poetry, as it was a major event
that shaped the political and cultural landscape of the time. It was also a time of great
intellectual and artistic ferment. The Romantics were known for their emphasis on emotion,
imagination, and individualism, and they were deeply influenced by the ideals of the French
Revolution.
Many Romantic poets, including William Wordsworth and Percy Bysshe Shelley, were
supporters of the Revolution and saw it as a major step forward for humanity.

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1. Define imagination?

Ans. Imagination is the ability to create and use mental images and ideas in order to represent
or understand something that is not present or real.

In the context of Romantic poetry, imagination is often seen as a central and essential
aspect of the creative process as it was believed to be a unique and powerful human faculty that
allowed people to access and express their deepest feelings and experiences. Many Romantic
poets, such as William Wordsworth and Percy Bysshe Shelley, saw the imagination as a bridge
between the inner world of the individual and the outer world of nature and experience.

2. Why Blake was considered mad by his contemporaries?

Ans. Despite being considered one of the most important figures in the history of British
literature and art, Blake was considered mad or eccentric by many of his contemporaries due to
his unconventional views, artistic style and behavior.

Blake had a reputation for being reclusive and solitary, and he often expressed
unorthodox and controversial ideas in his work. He was also a vocal critic of the political and
social issues of his time, and he used his art and poetry as a means of expressing his beliefs and
challenging the status quo. Blake's artistic style was also considered unusual by many of his
contemporaries.

3. Mention salient features of Romanticism.

Ans. Romanticism was a cultural movement that emerged in the late 18th and early 19th
centuries and had a significant impact on literature, art, music, and other forms of creative
expression. Some of the key features of Romanticism include:

 Emphasis on emotion and imagination

 Individualism
 Nature
 Interest in the past
 Supernatural elements
 Political and social rebellion

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4. Explain the following line “oh there is a blessing in this gentle breeze”.
Ans. In the line "Oh there is a blessing in this gentle breeze" from William Wordsworth's "The
Prelude," the speaker is expressing his feelings of joy and appreciation for the natural world
around him. By saying that there is a blessing in the breeze, the speaker is implying that there is
something special and uplifting about this natural occurrence, and that it brings him a sense of
happiness and contentment. This line can be seen as a reflection of Wordsworth's belief in the
power of nature to uplift and nourish the human spirit, and his appreciation for the simple
pleasures that it offers.

5. What is difference between Humanism and Hellenism?

Ans. Humanism and Hellenism are two distinct philosophical and cultural movements that have
had a significant impact on Western thought and society. The difference between both is that
Humanism is a modern philosophical and cultural movement that emphasizes the value of the
individual creativity, personal freedom, and the potential of human beings, while Hellenism is a
term that refers to the cultural and intellectual achievements of ancient Greece and the influence
of ancient Greek culture, language, and ideas on modern Western civilization.

6. What is the theme of Tintern Abbey? (2022, 2021, 2020, 2018)

Ans. "Tintern Abbey" is a poem by William Wordsworth that reflects on the poet's own spiritual
journey and the role that nature plays in that journey.
One of the central themes of the poem is the idea of the power of nature to inspire and
uplift the human spirit. Wordsworth writes about the way in which the beauty of the natural
world has the ability to refresh and rejuvenate the mind and spirit, and how returning to a place
like Tintern Abbey, where he has previously experienced this feeling, can bring back memories
and emotions from the past, which also reflects the other important theme of the poem that is
the idea of change and the passage of time.

7. What are the phases in which Wordsworth has divided his attitude towards Nature?

Ans. William Wordsworth is known for his poetry that reflects his views on nature. These views
evolved over time, and he divided his attitude towards nature into three phases in his "Preface
to the Lyrical Ballads":

 THE FIRST PHASE: In this phase, Wordsworth believed that the beauty of nature had the
power to inspire and uplift people, and he saw nature as a source of truth and wisdom.

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 THE SECOND PHASE: During this phase, Wordsworth's views on nature became more
complex and nuanced. He still saw nature as a source of beauty and inspiration, but he
also began to recognize that nature could be harsh and unpredictable.
 THE THIRD PHASE: In the third phase of Wordsworth's attitude towards nature, he came
to see nature as a source of both joy and sorrow. He saw nature as a force that was both
powerful and mysterious, and he came to understand that the natural world was an
essential part of the human experience.

8. What is Negative capability? (2020, 2018)

Ans. Negative capability is a term coined by the Romantic poet John Keats to describe the ability
to accept uncertainty and ambiguity without the need to impose one's own views or opinions
on the world. Keats believed that this ability was essential for true artistic creation, as it allowed
the artist to explore and discover the truth without being constrained by preconceived notions
or expectations.

9. Explain O, Wind, “if winter comes, can spring be far behind?” (2019, 2018)

Ans. "If winter comes, can spring be far behind" is a line from Shelley's poem "Ode to the West
Wind." It suggests that winter, with its darkness and cold, is a necessary precursor to spring,
which is a time of rebirth and renewal. The line captures the idea that change and renewal are
an inherent part of the cycle of life, and that one season inevitably leads to the next.
In the context of the poem, the line is part of a larger meditation on the power of the
West Wind and its role in shaping the natural world. The line also reflects a sense of hope and
optimism, as it suggests that no matter how difficult the winter may be, the promise of spring is
always there to lift our spirits and bring new life to the world.

10. How does John Keats personify autumn season in the “Ode of Autumn”. (2020, 2018)

Ans. Personification is a literary device in which non-human things or concepts are described as
having human qualities or characteristics. "Ode to Autumn" is a poem by John Keats that uses
personification to personify the season of autumn as a living, breathing entity with its own
feelings and desires and is capable of physical actions and movements.
For example, Keats describes autumn as a "mellow" and "quiet" season that is "laden"
with the fruits of the harvest and the "mists" of the morning. His description of autumn as "sitting
careless on a granary floor," suggests that it is a figure that is at ease and content with its
surroundings. He also describes autumn as "bending" to "smooth the hay," suggesting that it is
a figure that is actively engaged in its surroundings and that it has the ability to shape and
transform the landscape.

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11. What is the theme of poem ‘The Sky Lark” by Shelley? (2020, 2018)
Ans. "The Skylark" is a poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley that celebrates the beauty and transcendent
nature of the sky lark, a small bird known for its beautiful song. The central idea of the poem is
the power of nature and the way in which it has the ability to lift the human spirit and connect
us with deeper truths and meanings. The poem celebrates the skylark as a symbol of the beauty
and joy of the natural world, and it suggests that nature has the power to bring joy and happiness
to our lives.

12. What are the poetic devices used by Shelley in his poem’ To a sky lark”?
Ans. "To a Skylark" uses a number of poetic devices to enhance its meaning and impact. Some of
the poetic devices used by Shelley in "To a Skylark" include:

 PERSONIFICATION: Shelley personifies the skylark as a "blithe spirit" that is "born of heaven"
and that sings "all day" with "unceasing joy."
 IMAGERY: Shelley uses vivid and descriptive language to create powerful imagery in the
poem. For example, “Like a cloud of fire; / The blue deep thou wingest.”
 ALLITERATION: It refers to repetition the same consonant sounds at the beginning of multiple
words. For example, “heaven” and “heart” in stanza one and “still” and “springest” in stanza
two.
 RHYME: "To a Skylark" is written in rhymed verse, with a regular pattern of rhyme
throughout the poem that helps to create a sense of structure and unity in the poem and
adds to its overall musicality. The rhyme scheme of the poem is ABABB.

13. What does the Apple in “A Poison Tree “by William Blake represent?

Ans. In the poem "A Poison Tree," William Blake uses the image of an apple to represent
temptation and the destructive power of anger and resentment. The speaker of the poem
nurses a grudge against a "friend" and allows this grudge to grow and fester, and as a result, bears
a poison apple. The poison apple suggests that holding onto grudges and nursing negative
emotions can have destructive consequences.

14. What is the theory of contraries by William Blake? (2022, 2018)

Ans. The theory of contrariness is a concept developed by the English poet and artist William
Blake in his work "The Marriage of Heaven and Hell." According to Blake, the theory of
contrariness is based on the idea that everything has its opposite, and that these opposites are
necessary for balance and harmony. He argued that without the presence of contrariness, there

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could be no progress or growth, as there would be no driving force to push against and overcome
obstacles.

15. What are the key features of Blake’s poetry?

Ans. William Blake was a British poet, painter, and printmaker who is known for his unique and
unconventional views and for his innovative and highly symbolic poetry. Some of the key
features of Blake's poetry include:

 Imagination and symbolism

 Individualism
 Emphasis on emotion
 Political and social commentary
 Use of myth and the supernatural

16. Elaborate the title “Songs of Innocence and Experience” by William Blake.
Ans. "Songs of Innocence and Experience" is a collection of poems written by William Blake that
explores the theme of the human experience and the relationship between innocence and
experience. The title "Songs of Innocence and Experience" reflects Blake's belief that the human
experience is shaped by both innocence and experience and that these two states are
inextricably linked. In his view innocence and experience are essentially opposites that together
form a whole as evident from the subtitle of collection “Shewing the Two Contrary States of the
Human Soul”.

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