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IST ChiSquare Sample

Mechanical engineers tested new arc welding techniques and classified welds based on appearance and X-ray inspection. A chi-squared test of independence was used to determine if appearance and X-ray inspection were independent. The test statistic was above the critical value, so the null hypothesis of independence was rejected. Regression equations were calculated to estimate likely demand when price is Rs. 20 based on historical price and demand data.

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155 views3 pages

IST ChiSquare Sample

Mechanical engineers tested new arc welding techniques and classified welds based on appearance and X-ray inspection. A chi-squared test of independence was used to determine if appearance and X-ray inspection were independent. The test statistic was above the critical value, so the null hypothesis of independence was rejected. Regression equations were calculated to estimate likely demand when price is Rs. 20 based on historical price and demand data.

Uploaded by

msk123123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chi-Square

Mechanical engineers testing a new arc welding technique, classified welds both with respect to
appearance and an X-ray inspection

Appearance
Bad Normal Good
X-RAY Bad 20 7 3
Normal 13 51 16
Good 7 12 21
Test for independence using 0.05 level of significance.

To test for independence between appearance and X-ray inspection, we can use a chi-squared test of
independence. The null hypothesis is that the two variables are independent, while the alternative
hypothesis is that they are dependent.

First, we need to set up a contingency table using the observed frequencies:

Appearance
Bad Normal Good Row Total
X-RAY Bad 20 7 3 30
Normal 13 51 16 80
Good 7 12 21 40
Column
Total 40 70 40 150

Next, we calculate the expected frequencies under the assumption of independence. To do this, we
calculate the row and column totals and use them to calculate the expected frequencies:

Bad Normal Good


Bad 8 14 8
Normal 21.3333 37.3333 21.3333
Good 10.6667 18.6667 10.6667

Now, we can calculate the test statistic using χ² = Σ( (Oᵢⱼ - Eᵢⱼ)² / Eᵢⱼ ):

χ² = ((20-8) ^2 / 8) + ((7-14) ^2 / 14) + ((3-8) ^2 / 8) +


((13-21.3333) ^2 / 21.3333) + ((51-37.3333) ^2 / 37.3333) + ((16-21.3333) ^2 / 21.3333) +
((7-10.6667) ^2 / 10.6667) + ((12-18.6667) ^2 / 12.6667) + ((21-10.6667) ^2 / 10.6667)
χ² = 47.87

where Oᵢⱼ is the observed frequency and Eᵢ ⱼ is the expected frequency for each cell in the contingency
table.

Finally, we can compare the test statistic to the critical value from the chi-squared distribution with
degrees of freedom (df) equal to (r - 1) x (c - 1), where r is the number of rows and c is the number of
columns. At a 0.05 level of significance and df = 4, the critical value is 9.488.

Since the test statistic (47.87) > (9.488), we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is
evidence of dependence between appearance and X-ray inspection at the 0.05 level of significance.

Therefore, appearance and X-ray inspection are not independent of each other.

Calculate regression equations

Calculate the two regression equations on X on Y and Y on X from the data given below, taking
deviations from a actual means of X and Y

Price (Rs) 10 12 13 12 16 15
Amount Demanded 40 38 43 45 37 43

Estimate the likely demand when the price is Rs.20?

To calculate the regression equations, we need to first calculate the mean and deviations of X and Y:

Mean of X (Price) = (10+12+13+12+16+15)/6 = 13


Mean of Y (Amount Demanded) = (40+38+43+45+37+43)/6 = 41
Deviations from actual mean:

Price (X) Deviation from mean (X) Amount Demanded (Y) Deviation from mean (Y)
10 -3 40 -1
12 -1 38 -3
13 0 43 2
12 -1 45 4
16 3 37 -4
15 2 43 2
Regression equation of Y on X:
The formula for the regression equation of Y on X is: Y = a + bX, where a is the intercept and b is the
slope of the regression line.

b = ∑(X - Xmean)(Y - Ymean) / ∑(X - Xmean)²


a = Ymean - bXmean

Using the above formulae, we can calculate the slope and intercept of the regression line:

b = (-3*-1) + (-1*-3) + (0*2) + (-1*4) + (3*-4) + (2*2) / (-3²) + (-1²) + (0²) + (-1²) + (3²) + (2²)
b = -6 / 24
b = -0.25 (approx)

a = 41 - (-0.25 * 13)
a = 44.25

Therefore, the regression equation of Y on X is:


Y = 44.25 - 0.25X

Regression equation of X on Y:
The formula for the regression equation of X on Y is: X = a + bY, where a is the intercept and b is the
slope of the regression line.

b = ∑(X - Xmean)(Y - Ymean) / ∑(Y - Ymean)²


a = Xmean - bYmean

Using the above formulae, we can calculate the slope and intercept of the regression line:

b = (-3*-1) + (-1*-3) + (0*2) + (-1*4) + (3*-4) + (2*2) / (-1²) + (-3²) + (2²) + (4²) + (-4²) + (2²)
b = -6 / (50)
b = -0.12 (approx)

a = 13 - (-0.12 * 41)
a = 17.92

Therefore, the regression equation of X on Y is:


X = 17.92-0.12Y

Estimating likely demand when price is Rs.20:


To estimate the likely demand when the price is Rs.20, we can use the regression equation of Y on X:

Y = 44.25 –(- 0.25*20)


Y = 49.25

Therefore, the likely

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