NATIONAL URBAN

POLICY FRAMEWORK
STRATEGIC INTENT
 NATIONAL URBAN
POLICY FRAMEWORK
STRATEGIC INTENT
CONTENTS
Abbreviations ������������������������������������������������� 5

Inroduction����������������������������������������������������� 7

Urban Planning���������������������������������������������� 12

Urban Economy��������������������������������������������� 13

Physical Infrastructure����������������������������������� 14

Social Infrastructure�������������������������������������� 15

Housing & Affordability���������������������������������� 17

Transportation & Mobility������������������������������� 18

Urban Finance����������������������������������������������� 19

Urban Governance����������������������������������������� 21

Urban Information Systems���������������������������� 23

Environmental Sustainability�������������������������� 25

Annexure 1:
NUPF Outcomes Matrix
(illustrative for States to assess Cities) .................. 27

Annexure 2:
NUPF Outcomes Matrix
(illustrative for GoI to assess States) .........................27

Annexure 3:
NUPF Outcomes Matrix
(illustrative for GoI to assess overall NUPF) .............28

Annexure 4:
NUPF Integrated Outcomes Matrix ..........................28
ABBREVIATIONS

BID Business Improvement Districts

CCUP City Comprehensive Urban Plan

CEC City Economic Councils

DBT Direct Benefit Transfer

FAME Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of

(Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles

FAR Floor Area Ratio

GIS Geographic Information System

HPEC High Powered Empowered Committee

ICCC Integrated Command and Control Centre

LAP Local Area Plan

LEDP Local Economic Development Plan

MAAS Mobility as a Service

MoHUA Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

NITI National Institution for Transforming India

NMAM National Municipal Accounting Manual

NMT Non-Motorized Transport

NUP National Urban Plan

NUPF National Urban Policy Framework

OSR Own Source Revenue

SDG Sustainable Development Goals

SIUP State Integrated Urban Plan

SLB Service Level Benchmark

SPV Special Purpose Vehicle

TDR Transferable Development Rights

TPS Town Planning Scheme

UMTA Urban Mass Transport Authority

URDPFI Urban and Regional Development Plan

Formulation
and Implementation

VCF Value Capture Financing

Introduction
The 2011-2021 census decade is expected to see the
initial impact of national economic corridors and
India is one among the largest urban systems in green-field cities (i.e. industrial townships, coastal/
the world, with 377 million people residing in manufacturing zones) contributing significantly
urban areas in 2011. The transition, which will see towards rapid urban expansion. Also, cities are
India’s urban population reach a figure close to expected to support a large part of rural areas in
558.8 million by 2031 (MoHFW, 2019), is not simply terms of strengthening existing economic inter-
a demographic shift. It places cities and towns at dependence (covering raw material, natural
the center of India’s development trajectory. In resources, labor, land, logistics etc.) and leverage
the coming decades, the urban sector will play a economies of scale to ascertain that the outcomes
critical role in the structural transformation of are inclusive. The NUPF integrates these facts and
the Indian economy and in sustaining the high targets enhancing the economic opportunities
economic growth rate. Accelerated job creation through a set of interventions at all levels (city, state
emerges as a key issue in planning for India’s and national) which could drive India towards a
urbanization within the larger context of its five trillion dollar economy. The interventions are
growth and development. as follows:
• Creating plans and sustainable physical
Rapid spatial expansion and suburbanization has infrastructure to support enhancing ‘economic
resulted in addition of 91 Urban Agglomerations base’ of urban areas
(UA) during the census decade 2001-2011. In • Boosting local economy through set-of
fact, the mushrooming of new census towns enablers (finance, infrastructure, policy,
in the vicinity of potential UAs resulted in this regulation, institutional support and
increment and the resultant increase in the level governance) to provide necessary social
of urbanization. The emergence of census towns infrastructure including housing, informal
indicates sectoral transformation in the economy sector livelihood, common services platforms
which is manifested in insitu-urbanization. for networking etc.
Importantly, during 2001-2011, 2530 census towns • Promoting mass public transport systems,
were added as compared to only 242 statutory non-polluting modes, promoting pedestrian
towns. safety and cycling (to achieve safer and
healthy cities)
There are regional variations in the level of • Enhancing the finances of urban local bodies,
urbanization. South-west India comprising Goa, devolving powers to lead, set-outcome based
Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat and targets and leverage financial resources
Karnataka show higher levels of urbanization. independently
Also, the Union Territories of Delhi and Chandigarh • Create real-time urban information hub at
are highly urbanized. Some of the highly populous local level, integrated with the regional, state
states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar show low level and national level database for informed
of urbanization. Majority of Indian states are 20- decision making
40 percent urban. Odisha, Assam, and Himachal • Establish systems and technology to ensure
Pradesh are the least urbanized states in the country environment sustainability to minimize
with less than 20 percent level of urbanization. negative impact and improve urban resilience
The spatial pattern reveals regional imbalances (including readiness for manage pandemic)
since more urbanized and industrialized states
have large urban clusters with major share of India’s response to urbanization recognizes
million plus cities. These states invariably attract the international benchmarks as laid out in the
significant share of private investments as hubs of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030,
economic activities, industries and infrastructure. the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and the

National Urban Policy Framework: Strategic Intent 7

 New Urban Agenda (NUA). Given the growing percent used septic tanks. By 2030, India’s water
importance of the urban sector, India has demand is projected to be twice the available
stimulated the growth of this sector by launching supply unplugging severe water scarcity and a
six missions: Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and possible 6 percent loss in GDP (NITI, 2018). Close
Urban Transformation (AMRUT); Pradhan Mantri to 20 percent of urban households live in informal
Awas Yojana (PMAY) - Housing for All (Urban); settlements. As against the need of 2,60,000 buses
Smart Cities Mission (SCM); Swatch Bharat for public transport, only one-sixth (46,000 buses)
Mission (SBM); Heritage City Development and are available. As per estimates there is need for an
Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) and Deen Dayal infusion of US $1.2 trillion in urban infrastructure
Antodaya Yojana – National Urban Livelihoods in India by 2030.
Mission (DAY – NULM) along with schemes and
programs to improve urban mobility. The missions The 74th amendment has brought about
are aimed at improving the quality of life in urban decentralization in letter, but not in spirit. There is
areas. Integrated within the missions (AMRUT increasing dependency on grants (from 44 percent
and PMAY) is a set of accompanying reforms, in 2007-08 to 51 percent in 2017-18 of ULB’s
which aim to improve urban services, make city revenue share), due to limited fiscal and financial
functioning more transparent and functionaries autonomy of ULBs. Weak institutional and financial
more accountable. capacities of ULBs and other parastatals agencies
is affecting service delivery. Only about 1% of the
This National Urban Policy Framework (NUPF) Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) have investment grade
outlines an integrated and coherent approach credit rating of A- and above (MoHUA, 2017). This
towards the future of urban planning in India. is further exacerbated by inadequate expertise
The NUPF is not an attempt to provide a detailed, to undertake the complex planning, financing
top-down guidebook for how to build and manage and implementation tasks involved in urban
Indian cities. It recognizes that most urban issues management. Inefficiency and the dependence
are under the jurisdiction of States or Urban Local trap feed into each other forming a vicious cycle.
Bodies and that solutions must be customized to Outdated procedures of urban planning and near
the local context. One of the starting principles of absence of frameworks for regional economic
NUPF 2020 is that the imposition of a standardized, growth has led to creation of urban sprawls and
tightly codified prescription is not desirable. conflicts between urban and rural habitations.

A set of ten sutras (philosophies) and their To ensure sustainable and equitable growth of the
corresponding functional areas have been country, there is a need to shift from business as
developed into a list of priorities, actions and usual to a long-term, integrated approach towards
outcomes later in this document. This strategic economic growth and sustainable urbanization.
intent is in the form of a guidance for States to Already the third largest economy in the world
follow while formulating their urban policies. in purchasing parity terms, India was expected
to grow at over 7 percent per annum, with
Challenge and Opportunity aspirations for a possible 8 percent per annum in
During 2000s, India witnessed a ‘demographic the future years before the pandemic struck. . The
dividend’ indicating a rise in the percentage share GoI is promoting cooperative and competitive
of working age population. A high percentage share federalism, marked by a significant devolution of
of youth and working population in urban India revenues and responsibilities to the states while
could be an asset in the process of nation building fostering friendly competition and collaboration
if proper education, skill training and decent among states to drive better performance and
employment opportunities are made available to country’s overall development. The implementation
all. Also, with the improvement in life expectancy, of the Goods and Service Taxes (GST) is an example
the share of elderly population is rising which of both India’s federal model at work and the
demands better health support system. Notably, country’s commitment to reforms.
the pandemic has highlighted the importance of
health infrastructure in ensuring better resilience Rationale
against such natural disasters in future. The MoHUA recognizes that India’s growth story
is unfolding in its cities and post COVID-19 urban
Indian cities suffer from inefficiencies of service India shall have to increasingly contribute towards
delivery and face severe stress on infrastructure. realizing Hon’ble Prime Minister’s three-fold
As per Census 2011, tap water as main source of vision for:
drinking water was available to only 70 percent 1. Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self Reliant India)
of the urban households. Only 33 percent of them 2. Vocal for local
had access to a piped sewer system while 38 3. USD5 trillion economy by 2025

8 Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

These are closely related targets complementing As local governments start focusing on the
each other. Atmanirbhar Bharat demands reduced achievement of outcomes, a performance-oriented
dependence on imports by manufacturing such mindset will get deeply ingrained into the culture
products locally together with inculcating a of these organizations, leading to a virtuous cycle
citizen led movement towards using locally of constantly improving capacity. This is probably
produced products. In our journey towards USD5 the only way in which local governance capacity
Trillion Economy, the Service sector shall have can be systemically developed.
to contribute USD3 trillion followed by USD1
trillion each by Manufacturing and Agriculture. Core Principles
Both Atmanirbhar Bharat and vocal for local shall States and ULBs can achieve this by adopting the
become enablers for the vision of USD5 Trillion ‘core principles of Outcome-based Funding1:
economy. Urban areas that are manufacturing ƒ Integrated: One City – One Program – One
hubs, regional growth centres, transport hubs or Fund
ports, tourism destinations, capital cities, economic All funding will flow from a single window
zones or evolved as a financial, education, IT under a single mode of operation. Cities will
hub and more, are going to lead this change. no longer have to face a multiplicity of GoI
Atmanirbhar Bharat shall also include enhancing programs, each demanding that the city follow
our capacity, creativity, and skills.Therefore, to its own maze of cumbersome procedures.
become a manufacturing economy, we need to Instead, city administrations will be able to use
shift our focus from ‘Make in India’ to ‘Make for their scarce capacity and time to address the
world’ by importing raw material and exporting problems at hand. This would encourage them
value-added products. The progress towards an to think of long-term, integrated and systemic
Atmanirbhar Bharat is already visible in the World solutions rather than resorting to quick fix
Bank’s ‘Ease of Doing Business’ ranking where measures to comply with a top down mandate.
India has leapfrogged from rank 142 (2014) to 63
(2019). The set of reforms i.e. enforcing contracts; ƒ People-centric: Citizens First-Project Next
starting a business; registering property and The proposed approach puts citizens first
paying taxes, closely relates to urban reforms and rather than projects. Its central purpose is to
will enable India to improve its global ranking. give primacy to the needs of citizens and allow
their voices to be heard about what outcomes
Vision Statement matter most to them. These outcomes could, for
Keeping the national priorities and critical role of instance, include safer and more predictable
urban India , the NUPF envisions ‘urban areas with water supply (instead of just more pipelines),
distinct identity providing ease of living, responsive improved sanitation (instead of just more
governance, sustainable environment, rapid economic toilets), easier mobility (instead of just more
growth and livelihood opportunities for citizens’. buses or flyovers) and more learning (instead
of just more schools) and so on. As time
Strategic Intent progresses, citizens’ aspirations would evolve,
As we move towards an Atmanirbhar Bharat a and new outcomes could be prioritized.
paradigm shift will be needed in the way urban
programs are funded – a fundamental shift away ƒ C
ollaborative: Promotes Partnership
from the current project-based funding to an between Centre-State-Local Governments
outcome-based system that measures results, so Since the spirit of partnership underpins this
that public expenditure can be focused towards approach, it emphasizes collaboration between
achievement of citizens’ benefits rather than mere the centre, state and local governments,
completion of projects. Outcome-based funding allowing the needs and aspirations of citizens
provides flexibility in implementation, thus to come to the fore. It does not try to overturn
making the goal of achieving citizens’ aspirations existing institutional arrangements. Instead,
the singular focus of all efforts. The true winner it encourages all tiers of government to work
is the citizen - the man who lives in the slum, the together towards a common goal, setting the
woman who needs safe public transport, the child stage for a more collaborative future. Even so,
who is readying to join the knowledge economy of the most important alignment may well be the
tomorrow, amongst a host of other beneficiaries. It one that aligns the use of public funds with
is for them that we need to alter the course we have citizens’ aspirations.
followed for so long. This would enable emergence
of a vocal citizenry at the local level.

1
MoHUA to share a detailed conceptual framework on ‘outcome-based funding’ for ULBs and States together with
toolkit for preparation of CCUP and SIUP

National Urban Policy Framework: Strategic Intent 9

 ƒ Inclusive: Open to all States and Cities and partial credit guarantees, in much the
Unlike earlier programs, all states and cities same way as the Finance Commission supports
will be able to participate. Smaller and weaker states which have high tax effort but low
states and cities with low capacities would capacity. Whichever approach is considered,
counterintuitively be at an advantage as they states and cities would be incentivized to find
could receive higher incentives. Similarly, if solutions that best suit their budget, while also
considered fit by all, faster growing states and being given appropriate incentives to enlarge
cities may also be given higher incentives in their pie.
recognition of the fact that they face greater
challenges. ƒ Objective: Promotes Independent
Performance Evaluation
ƒ Demand Driven: States and Cities Decide the Independent monitoring and evaluation of
Outcomes they want to achieve performance would form the bedrock of the
In true democratic tradition, the key principles program. Ensuring the independence, integrity
of the program would be defined through a and efficiency of the evaluation process would
process of engagement between the centre, be critical as this would instil confidence that
states and cities. Most decisions would lie the process has been impartial and that the
within the domain of states and cities, most outcomes claimed have indeed been achieved.
importantly the choice of their specific Independent monitoring would also increase
priorities. the rigor in reporting systems.

ƒ Based on End Results: Promotes ‘Function’ ƒ Data Driven: Supports Evidence-based

Over ‘Form’ Decision Making
The program proposes a direct focus on Since the accurate measurement of outcomes
‘function’ as opposed to a dominant focus on is essential to the process, the approach will
‘form’. To exemplify, mobility is a function, promote data-driven governance. At present,
UMTA is a form; water is a function, Jal Nigam even a basic parameter such as the number
is a form; education is a function, school is a of households in a city is not verifiable. The
form. It is the performance of the function endeavour will, therefore, be to design, deliver
where the program’s focus will lie. There would and manage a comprehensive state-of-the-art
be complete neutrality to the form that states, data ecosystem that will allow for the seamless
and cities choose to achieve that function. flow of data between all tiers of government.
The MoHUA has already initiated the DataSmart
ƒ E
quitable: Uses Objective Formulae to cities program to develop a data culture. When
Determine Funding built upon, this will lead to greater efficiency,
Each state would have an allocation - the more robust data driven decision-making and
maximum funds it is entitled to draw down, more accurate measurement of performance.
subject to the achievement of its chosen
outcomes. A pre-determined formula would ƒ Transparent: Public Disclosure and Citizen
form the basis of a state’s allocation. This Engagement
could include a judicious mix of a state’s urban The new paradigm would embrace
population and its annual rate of population transparency as a core principle. Since the basic
growth, per capita income of the state or premise of this approach is citizen satisfaction,
any other formula that emerges from the all claims of performance would be publicly
engagement between the centre and states. disclosed for citizen evaluation and feedback
at all times during the program’s operation.
ƒ Encourages Commercial Financing: Raise
More, Gain More ƒ Fosters Innovation: Do More with Less
Since GoI will not be able to fund all the The magnitude, complexity and diversity
investments needed by an urbanizing country, of urban challenges makes it immensely
promoting self-financed urban growth becomes important to foster innovation to deliver
important. To incentivize such self-financing, community-centric, cost-effective and
GoI can provide additional incentives to states sustainable solutions. So far, however, supply-
and cities that access commercial financing, driven engineering solutions have been the
based on the ‘raise more, gain more’ principle. norm, resulting in the inefficient use of scarce
For cities with limited financial capacity, GoI resources. Business cannot continue as usual.
can consider intervening in the credit market This approach will therefore encourage
to reduce the cost of funds or help improve innovations that enable cities to achieve more
their access to credit by interest subventions with less.

10 Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

ƒ Builds Capacity: Promotes Learning by addressing thrust areas and local priorities with
Doing an objective of overall ‘more economically vibrant
The lack of capacity has long been a key and productive’ cities. The CCUP shall bring out
stumbling block for urban development. the Local Economic Development (LED) strategy
This approach recognizes the challenge, and with a purpose to strengthen its economic base,
believes that all learning takes place by doing, improve its economic future and quality of life for
not by being told what to do. As cities begin all. The economic focus shall directly contribute
to implement their own solutions and gather to the NUPF rationale’s of improving job base,
community feedback, local knowledge and Atmanirbhar Bharat and achievement of USD5
local solutions will come to the fore, generating trillion Indian economy.
a continuous cycle of learning. In due course
of time, city administrations would gain both State: Next level is for the States to integrate
the confidence and the capacity to deliver on CCUPs and prepare a State Integrated Urban
citizens’ expectations and be held accountable Plan (SIUP) enabling integration of programs and
to them for results. funding. The fundamental task for States shall be
to facilitate cities in realizing their real economic
ƒ Reorients GoI’s Role: Shifts from Driver to potential by integrating CCUPs, assessing ‘outcome
Facilitator based’ framework, identifying key interventions
The GoI would need to reimagine its role in required by State Government to support CCUPs
the NUPF. Once the new paradigm comes into (e.g. enabling frameworks i.e. policy, legislative,
effect, GoI will have a largely catalytic role regulatory, financial, institutional, safeguards),
to play in the urban sector. The main drivers align and prepare State level ‘outcome based’ in
would be states and cities. The GoI would the form of SIUP.
support capacity building of state and city
administrations - especially of the smaller GoI: MoHUA shall align and converge its resources
ULBs - by creating enabling mechanisms. It in the National Urban Plan (NUP) based on the SIUP
would also need to realign policy, promote and support State and ULBs on ‘outcome-based’
decentralization and create mechanisms to funding framework. GoI shall be re-orienting
help cities become financially sound and to be and limit its role to facilitator. The main drivers
able to borrow commercially. The GoI would would be states and cities. The GoI would support
need to anchor work in the fields of data driven capacity building of state and city administrations
governance and open innovation. - especially of the smaller ULBs - by creating
suitable learning mechanisms.
Implementation of ‘Strategic Intent’
by States and Cities Functional Areas
The strategic intent shall be achieved through The NUPF recognizes the diversity of challenges in
a mix of ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ approach urban India and therefore the framework follows
aligned to GoI’s promoting cooperative and a ‘loose fit, light touch’ approach, based on ten
competitive federalism. Ten functional areas have sutras (principles) which are applied to various
been identified in the Strategic Intent. Each city functional areas. The framework is divided into
will prepare a City Comprehensive Urban Plan ten sections, each addressing a different functional
(CCUP) containing the key actions listed in the ten area as listed below:
functional areas under the ‘city’ category. These 1. Urban Planning
would be aggregated at the State level; additionally, 2. Urban Economy
the State will add key areas listed under the 3. Physical Infrastructure
‘State’ category. These two would form the State 4. Social Infrastructure
Integrated Urban Plan (SIUP). These would be 5. Housing and Affordability
posed to the MoHUA for funding. 6. Transportation and Mobility
7. Urban Finance
For the first time, urban sector planning and 8. Urban Governance
funding shall be aligned to each other in a way that 9. Urbanization and Information System
‘outcomes’ for the people become central criteria 10. Environmental Sustainability
to support States and Cities. The strategic intent
shall unify Capacity, Finance and Governance to Each section begins with a brief overview of the
deliver high quality outcomes and achievement of major challenges in the area and is followed
NUPF rationales. by a rationale for policy-making, list of policy
actions and outcomes for the stakeholders i.e.
City: Preparing the City Comprehensive Urban Plan city, State and Government of India. The actions
(CCUP), as a strategic ‘outcome based’ document are illustrative in nature. All states/cities are free

National Urban Policy Framework: Strategic Intent 11

 to prioritize add and drop actions as long as they settlements originally created by colonialism, and
align to overall Strategic Intent. as a result, benefits of economic planning and
development schemes have not been fully realized.

Urban Planning Rationale

The early Master Plans aimed to be too detailed The primary objective of urban planning in
and even after years of planning and preparation the framework is to equip Indian cities to meet
exercises, zonal plans were often not completed. the needs and demands of a rapidly growing
The resulting growth of Indian cities, with population. Secondly, urban planning needs
their unplanned urbanization, congestion and to embrace people-centered development that
environmental degradation, is something that understands the diverse needs of all residents,
has consequently taken planners by surprise. particularly the poor, differently abled and the
Specifically, urban planning practiced in this way disadvantaged. Thirdly, master planning has
has led to problems such as rigid and unadaptable to be flexible to address the rapidly changing
nature of plans, unconnected to investment socio-economic conditions in cities and their
planning thus remained unimplemented and surroundings. Additionally, spatial and economic
failing to be truly comprehensive due to the planning shall be integrated at the regional level
missing link between the spatial and functional in order to create a more balanced network of
aspects. On a regional and national scale, this lack cities in the region. This will ensure that maximum
of integration of spatial planning and economic economic outcomes accrue from urbanization.
planning has increased the skewed hierarchy of

Summary of Actions
Level Key Actions
ƒ Prepare Master Plans (integrating spatial and economic focus)
ƒ Revisit Master Plans in every five years (based on consultative review)
ƒ Reserve developed land for EWS/ LIG
ƒ Prepare LAP and TPS (using smart IT tools)
City level
ƒ Extend planning area boundaries to include peri-urban areas
ƒ Master Plan to have a 2-year strategic, action-oriented plan linked to budget
ƒ Plan preparation to be participatory subsuming diverse stakeholder views
ƒ Use variable FAR/ TDR as density management & resource mobilization tools
ƒ Prepare State Urban Policy Framework (SUPF) aligned to NUPF
ƒ SUPF to guide cities with NCU/ NUPF recommendations/ frameworks
ƒ Issue new guidelines based on principles of convergence (remove schemes or departmental silos)
including for preparing LAPs and TPS
State level
ƒ Provide framework for public/ stakeholder participation (also ensuring Plan Execution to flow from
ward level consultations)
ƒ Timely approval of Master Plan of cities
ƒ Empower ULBs to prepare, own, operate and deliver service
ƒ rovide indicative structure/ guidelines for master plan
P
ƒ Provide framework for differential FAR/ TDR zones/ density management and resource mobilization
tools
Central level ƒ Coordinate with GoI agencies (e.g. SEBI for TDR) to enable legal framework
ƒ Guidelines on model Form-Based codes
ƒ Framework for inclusion of peri-urban areas/ census towns
ƒ Incorporate changes to the URDPFI (TCPO), as necessary

Outcomes
Short-term Mid-term Long-term
Revisit Master Plan (prepare Revise Master Plan (GIS based
Self-reliant and empowered
ULB level 2-year Strategic Plan with integrating spatial and economic
ULBs
economic focus) strategy)
Dynamic, iterative, adaptive,
Establish SUPF and guidelines on Implement convergence agenda
State level gender-responsive and evolving
LAPs and TAPs with LAPs and TPS
plans
Guidelines on Master Plan for Framework for resource Transition to long-term flexible
Central level
economic focus mobilization tools Master Plans

12 Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

Urban Economy
demands of increasing population and enterprises,
thus, preventing full exploitation of agglomeration
The hierarchy of settlements in India is highly economies. Congestion effects are currently
skewed with a few very large cities and a large preventing realization of full economic potential
number of villages. This derives from existing of urbanization in India.
colonial patterns of settlements which have
endured due to the lack of mechanisms designed Rationale
for the integration of spatial (regional, urban/ Cities have a two-way beneficial connection with
rural) with sectoral investment plans in the Five- their hinterlands. Firstly, a network is formed
Year Plans. Additionally, rather than seeing urban when several cities and villages are tied together
development as a cumulative effect of a number in a mutually beneficial manner, with a balanced
of economic development programs with impacts network consisting of both large cities and different
on settlement patterns, planning has instead, been size towns and villages. The role of spatial planning
understood as an independent program operating in this context is to coordinate and converge various
in silos. This narrow view is unable to maximize plans operating at different levels; local, regional,
the economic benefits associated with increasing state and national. Therefore, State Governments
urbanization. are primarily required to pursue actions towards
the integration of spatial and economic factors
The clustering of people and enterprises leads to of development at these different scales, which
higher levels of productivity and employment in turn, would lead to a balanced hierarchy of
generation, which can be beneficial for harnessing settlements that maximizes the spatial spread and
the effects of agglomeration economies. However, investments. Secondly, states should also plan the
congestion can also operate against agglomeration provision of basic infrastructure and services that
economies. This occurs when infrastructure enables pro-poor livelihood, e.g. vending zones for
and basic services are unable to keep pace with the street vendors.

Summary of Actions
Level Key Actions
ƒ Provide social protection to informal workers (policy and programme)
ƒ Promote Business Improvement Districts (BIDs)
City level ƒ Establish City Economic Councils/ CECs (in larger cities)
ƒ City dashboards capturing city-level investments, GDP, jobs/ growth database
ƒ Prepare Local Economic Development Plan (LEDP)
ƒ Identify cities with economic growth potential
ƒ Strategy on integrating the informal sector
State level
ƒ Allocating adequate resources for skilling and local economic development
ƒ Facilitating convergence of resources (programme and funding)
ƒ Framework for balanced network of settlements (rural-urban continuum)
Central level
ƒ Guidelines on identifying cities with economic growth potential (BIDs and CECs)

Outcomes
Short-term Mid-term Long-term
Assess economic worth and City dashboards on growth Inclusive, functional BIDs and
ULB level
prepare LEDP database & LEDP CECs
Skilling-reskilling and resource Leveraging human capital in
State level Facilitate cities in executing LEDP
allocation cities
Necessary frameworks & Support states/ cities in Contributing to achievement of
Central level
guidelines for Atmanirbhar Bharat achievement of LEDP Atmanirbhar Bharat

National Urban Policy Framework: Strategic Intent 13

 Physical
place in 2000 are not being enforced. As per the
study of MoHUA (2010), SWM accounts for 25-50

Infrastructure
percent of a ULB’s expenditure but cities recover
less than 50 per cent of the O&M cost. A high share
The HPEC (2011) has found that water utilities on of expenditure is on collection and transportation,
an average are able to recover only about 30-35 and little attention is paid to processing and
percent of the cost of operations and maintenance scientific disposal of the waste.
(O&M). There are three management models in
place for looking after water services (including Rationale
management of sewerage services): (1) system A list of outcomes and indicators relevant to the
management by department or parastatals of the needs of citizens will be collaboratively developed.
State government, (2) activity management by The final list of outcomes that emerges should thus
Urban Local Bodies, and (3) sector management be locally relevant, meet a broad range of citizen
by exclusive water supply and sewerage boards expectations and have the concurrence of all tiers
set up for the city. However, the gap between the of government.
revenues and costs of water supply often prevents
the municipal bodies from making any substantial The list can, for instance, include: sanitation, piped
investments on improving or even maintaining the water supply, waste management, public transport,
standards resulting in quality deterioration. affordable housing, and the rejuvenation of
natural ecosystems, transparent and improved
Urban areas in India are served by inadequate governance, better air quality, or any other area of
sewerage systems with a high percentage of the concern to urban residents. Since both states and
urban poor dependent on public toilets. There cities will need to play a role in achieving these
have been improvement in sanitation through the outcomes - in most sectors, cities are responsible
SBM which has led to provision of water supply for physical outputs while states are responsible for
and sewerage outlets in toilets. Nonetheless, the legal and policy measures - the clear articulation of
following issues remain to be addressed: Firstly, as outcomes will help align their efforts.
large parts of cities are not covered by sewerage
disposal systems/decentralized fecal sludge Next, to ensure that improvements are objectively
management, waste commonly finds its way into measured, a set of indicators would need to be
storm
water drains, natural water courses
and defined for each outcome. These indicators should
ultimately into major rivers. This problem gets be measurable and verifiable in a simple and easily
aggravated in the case of rivers near major cities. quantifiable manner; in other words, they should
Secondly, the sewage carried by the underground be SMART - Specific, Measurable, Attainable,
system has to ultimately allow to run off into Relevant and Time-bound.
natural drains following proper treatment. In
most of the cities however, the capacity treatment In a significant departure from the past, these
plants are much lower than the amount of sewage indicators would need to measure both quantity
flows needing treatment. Solid waste management as well as quality. In water supply, for instance,
is another area which needs attention. Neither the instead of just measuring the number of new
households nor ULBs of most Indian cities practice connections added, the indicator would also need
segregation of waste., The collection of the garbage to measure the regularity of water supply and
is irregular, processing is not done in most cases, the quality of water that finally reaches the user.
and Municipal Solid Waste Rules that were put in For urban mobility, instead of just focusing on the
number of buses provided, the indicator would
also need to focus on the quality of bus services
and the volume of passengers using these buses.
Thus, in effect, these indicators would measure
end results rather than intermediate outputs or
reforms such as improved financial management,
planning etc.

The recent pandemic has brought to focus the

importance of individual tap connections, covered
drains, sewerage system and access to individual
toilets. The shortage of these amenities is high in
the slums and low income neighborhoods. The City
Comprehensive Urban Plan must make adequate
provisions for the same.

14 Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

Summary of Actions
Level Key Actions
ƒ repare City Comprehensive Urban Plan (CCUP): which includes all the functional areas
P
ƒ ‘Outcome based funding’ plans for CCUP
ƒ Leverage GoI and State funding as per VCF/ other innovative frameworks
City level
ƒ Stronger institutional structure of SPVs, performance-based contracts
ƒ Natural ecosystems should be leveraged as infrastructure systems for resilience
ƒ Use integrated digital technologies further build on ICCC resources
ƒ Prepare SIUP: Strategic plan for physical infrastructure improvement
State level ƒ Provide viability gap funding for projects under CCUP and SIUP
ƒ Adopt SLBs (at least meeting GoI norms) consultatively
ƒ Provide guidelines for preparation of CCUP, SIUP and prepare NUP
ƒ Professional institute to guide ULBs in managing critical services
Central level
ƒ Define SLBs and ‘outcome-based funding’ support
ƒ Provide funding framework based on appraisal of outcomes based on SIUPs

Outcomes
Short-term Mid-term Long-term
Prepare CCUP (pipeline of Fructifying projects (development and
ULB level
projects) management)
Prepare SIUP (assess and approved
State level Support outcome-based funding Universal coverage
project pipeline)
Fund outcome-based CCUP and
Central level Monitoring of projects (independent agency)
SIUP & prepare NUP

Social Infrastructure
As outlined in the chapter on economic
development, investment in human capital is also
Post COVID-19, solutions to some of the concerns a key ingredient for economic development of any
and challenges raised above need to be integrated country. Investment in human capital can play a
with Healthy City (HC) concept developed by WHO. significant role in reducing poverty and enabling
‘A Healthy City is one that is continually creating and people to lead a healthy and productive life. Large-
improving those physical and social environments scale disparity exists in the volume and level of
and expanding those community resources which educational attainment especially in primary
enable people to mutually support each other in to higher secondary education among different
performing all the functions of life and in developing sections of urban areas. The access to quality school
to their maximum potential’ (Goldstein and education is not available uniformly to all sections
Kickbusch, 1996). Achieving healthy cities basically of urban society especially migrant population,
means building on each city’s own resources and street children and urban poor. Gender based
on the skills and managerial capacities of its people educational inequality is also a major challenge for
and formal and informal institutions. urban India. The dropout cases are higher among
girls than boys although learning outcomes of girls
As per the Report of the Committee on Slum are better than boys. Numerous agencies work
Statistics/Census (Sen. 20082), slum population towards the provision of education. Nonetheless,
in the country was estimated at 75 million in in recent years, municipal and government schools
2001. The 2011 Census reported a slight decline have been losing out to private schools.
to 65.49 million. Lack of basic services is one of
the most frequently mentioned characteristics Health has emerged as one of the key areas of
in all definitions of slums. Lack of access to concern for all levels of government, especially
improved sanitation facilities and improved water with the outbreak of the pandemic. Health and
sources is the most important feature, sometimes well-being are also the unfinished agendas of
supplemented by absence of waste collection Sustainable Development Goals. These are also
systems, electricity supply, surfaced roads and acknowledged as ensuring notable returns
footpaths, street lighting and rainwater drainage of investment in a country when achieved.
Hence, the issue of urban poverty is linked both to Investment in the health and well-being of citizens
physical as well social infrastructure. not only enriches individual potential but also
contributes to the overall development of the

2
Sen, Pronab. 2008. Committee constituted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation to look into
various aspects of Slum/Census and issues regarding the conduct of Slum Census 2011. New Delhi: Ministry of
Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India

National Urban Policy Framework: Strategic Intent 15

 all citizens are covered by social and health
protection, especially the urban poor and migrant
workers.

Rationale
First, provide employment in close geographical
proximity to all; second, education that focuses
on learning outcomes and developing life skills,
third, convergence of different health schemes
and agencies under the urban local bodies,
fourth, upgrading municipal and government
school infrastructure with digitally empowered
learning outcomes, with a focus on the poor and
the disadvantaged, and caring for the migrants,
women, children, widows, elderly and differently-
abled. Fifth, promote ‘Indianness’ by maintaining
monuments, heritage buildings and cultural
artifacts, developing public and cultural spaces,
country. Therefore, proper co-ordination between promoting Indian cuisines and soft power (e.g.
different stakeholders, viz, various ministries, rahadari). These will also attract residents to public
central, state and local governments and other spaces, as opposed to malls, and encourage social
parastatals as well as convergence of various interactions. This should take place alongside
government programmes (Missions) is needed ensuring the provision of other amenities and
to address the emerging health challenges. An social services, such as health and education,
enhanced budgetary allocation is needed along which should not only be available but also easily
with strengthening of capacities of ULBs so that accessible to all residents, including the poor.

Summary of Actions
Level Key Actions

ƒ Full implementation of Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)

ƒ Explore partnerships (civil society and private sector for better ‘outcomes’)
ƒ Address social infrastructure with adequate focus on health (nutrition) and
City level
education as integrated urban development in CCUP
ƒ Promote ‘Indianness’, cultural, monumental heritage
ƒ Focus on ‘moving out of poverty’ as outcome

ƒ Full implementation of DBT

State level ƒ Convergence of schemes and benefits with ‘outcome based’ focus
ƒ Social infrastructure as integrated urban development in SIUP

ƒ Framework for convergence of scheme and benefits on ‘outcome focus’

ƒ Digitally empower State and ULBs (facilitate full implementation of DBT)
Central level
ƒ Social infrastructure: health and education as integrated urban development in
NUP

Outcomes
Short-term Mid-term Long-term
Outcome based and citizen centric inclusive
ULB level Full DBT implementation
city
Digital empowerment of every Moving out
State level Facilitate convergence of schemes
stakeholder of poverty &
Provide guidelines for convergence (for all Universal access to social services to vulnerabilities
Central level
social sector services) all beneficiaries

16 Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

Housing &
for urban migrants and poor as a sub-scheme
under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) was

Affordability
announced in May, 2020 which seeks to fulfil the
vision of ‘AtmaNirbhar Bharat’. ARHCs will create
In pursuance of Government’s vision of facilitating a new ecosystem in urban areas making housing
housing to all by 2022, the Ministry of Housing available at affordable rent close to places of work
and Urban Poverty Alleviation launched Pradhan and will cut down unnecessary travel, congestion
Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) - PMAY (U) in 2015. and pollution.
PMAY (U) addresses urban housing shortage
by ensuring a pucca house to all eligible urban Rationale
households by the year 2022. Nearly 95% of housing shortage occurs for
households in the EWS and LIG sections. Keeping
Property rights are much more than a “title”, in view the median household income and EMI
particularly titles for individual households. In required to service housing loans, first, subsidy or
the unique environment of India, appropriate Government support is required for construction
regimes of property rights have to be evaluated of affordable houses, particularly the EWS.
against three criteria: (a) terms of exchange, i.e. Second, land is required in order to provide houses
rights to buy and sell; (b) effective protection from to all. Third, zonal and building regulations have
forced eviction - secure tenure; and (c) effective to be contextualized. When houses are small, the
protection from market-induced displacement. outdoor space becomes significant. In the case
of work-based settlements, the outdoor space
Promotion of rental housing had attracted less becomes even more critical as it is where the
attention until the pandemic crisis struck which house extends to become a work place. Fourth,
witnessed millions of migrant workers returning a clear distinction between houses for self-
to their native places. Official data is somewhat dwelling, and subsequent/speculative houses for
divergent on rental housing - while the Census other specific purposes (rental, investment etc.)
states that about 27.5 per cent of urban households should be made in the urban polices. Fifth, rental
lived in rented houses in 2011, the NSS found housing should be encouraged by giving vouchers
that close to 32.9 per cent of urban households (one type of cash transfer). The MoHUA should
lived on rent in 2018. Apart from the uncertainty prepare model guidelines for voucher linked
surrounding the numbers, the data tells us that rental housing. Sixth, there should be preference
between a quarter and a third of households in for promoting self-built housing. The reason is
Indian cities live in rented housing and the rental that self-built houses are already located on land
housing market is almost exclusively a private where key factors determining home locations -
market of small-scale providers. Moreover, studies affordability, livelihood, work opportunities and
have shown that providing rental housing can mobility - are already met. Income-poor urban
be cheaper for the government than subsidizing residents make housing choices largely on location
ownership. Importantly, rental housing is of work, not the quality of housing unit. Generally,
directly connected with livelihoods, education self-built housing is located on land that is without
and opportunity, even more so than ownership legal security of tenure. Therefore, security of
housing, according to some. Households may tenure should be given to already existing self-
choose to own a home away from the city for built housing. Seventh, accelerating the provision
investment and future use but will only rent where of housing for all, which also includes temporary
they are close to work and education. However, lodging facilities of night shelters or raynbaseras,
public policy has rarely encouraged rental housing women hostels, crèches, old-age homes and
in the private market. rehabilitation centers at public places with
adequate disaster mitigation strategies.
An Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHCs)

Summary of Actions
Level Key Actions
ƒ Allocate ‘developed land for EWS’ both in Master Plan and CCUP
ƒ Implement strategies to prevent slums as per SIUP
ƒ In-situ development with partnerships/ coalitions for urban change
City level
ƒ Development of Rental Housing
ƒ Implement ‘land title’ registration and ‘beneficiary involvement’
ƒ Convergence with other missions on ‘outcome basis’ e.g. NULM

National Urban Policy Framework: Strategic Intent 17

 Level Key Actions
ƒ Develop strategies to prevent slums under SIUP
ƒ Focus ‘in-situ’ and integrated systems
State level ƒ Provide appropriate framework on ‘land titling’ for property rights
ƒ Prepare State Strategy for Rental Housing
ƒ Adopt GoI enabling framework for private sector participation (VGF, low cost housing technology)
ƒ National housing stock must be created (as PMAY guidelines)
ƒ Universal coverage of beneficiaries under EWS housing
Central level
ƒ Framework for ‘rental housing’ (prepared in 2020)
ƒ Prepare enabling framework for private sector involvement

Outcomes
Short-term Mid-term Long-term
Development of Rental Housing and
ULB level Allocate ‘developed land’ for EWS
HFA
Legislative and regulatory frameworks as Preparing State Strategy for Rental Increasing
State level
enabling framework Housing affordable
Policy framework and promoting housing Housing for all
Central level Creation of National Housing Stock
finance

Transportation
slower commute; lack of facilities and street
infrastructure for non-motorized transport (e.g.

& Mobility
walking, cycling) and active travel which either
make it inconvenient or unsafe for pedestrians
A major driver of urban India’s increased traffic and cyclists; and lack of a comprehensive parking
congestion has been lack of policy-based reforms policy, leading to significant road space being
that gives greater primacy to private vehicles, taken away by street-parked private vehicles.
such as expanding roadway capacity at the cost Furthermore, the differently-abled face lot of
of public vehicles, which incentivizes purchase challenges in accessing public transport. Also,
of private vehicles adding to congestion. It is thus women face significant safety challenges on public
necessary to focus on moving people rather than transport. This in turn restricts their access to
vehicles, by encouraging walking, cycling and employment, education and services.
the use of public transport. The Government of
India had acknowledged the importance of this Rationale
principle in its National Urban Transport Policy First, seamless connectivity (e.g. feeder services) is
(NUTP) of 2017. The NUTP and AMRUT as well as required to be connected to the last-mile of public
Smart Cities Mission which aimed to fund urban transport. Second, the MoHUA should prepare
infrastructure (including transport) and essential guidelines for pedestrians to promote the street
services, together represent significant policy to function both as a channel for mobility and
steps towards advancing equitable urban mobility, access, and as a common public space, especially
smart mobility and reducing congestion. where street markets exist. Third, public transport
has to be expanded and made inclusive. It has
At present, there are several issues that exacerbate to be accessible to all parts of society especially
the problem of excess motorization. These the vulnerable groups and the differently-abled
challenges represent opportunities to improve ensuring their last mile connectivity in order to
equitable urban transport in India by providing create equity amongst citizens. Indian cities have
reliable, affordable, inclusive, accessible and to be caring cities by encouraging ‘availability of
integrated public transport as well as safe non- accessible and affordable transportation for older
motorized transport facilities ensuring last mile persons/ women/differently abled people. This
connectivity. There are issues such as different section of people face enormous difficulties in
modes of public transport operate in silos and moving from one place to another, even within
fragments, rather than as part of an integrated the city limits, because of transportation- and
network; lack of focused investment in road-based security-related issues. Fourth, master plans have
(e.g. bus) public transport leading to inadequate, to encourage a more dispersed but functional
low quality bus fleets and services and decreasing and closely knit pattern of urban settlements at
ridership; lack of designated space for road based the regional level, replace traditional concepts
public reduces its appeal to commuters who can of home-work-place relationships with transit-
afford other modes of transport, since they use oriented development, have a clustered pattern
the same space as private vehicles resulting in of both mono- and multi- functional settlements

18 Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

around a central core-city, linked by fast movement for personal vehicles and lower for public service/
corridors, enabling de-concentration and shared vehicles to discourage private vehicles
decentralization of population and use state-of-art especially in congested areas. Sixth, the triad -
transport technologies for inter-city and intra-city electric vehicles, self-driven vehicles and platform
mass transportation systems. The MoHUA should services - are likely to influence transport and
prepare guidelines for States to integrate transport mobility in hitherto unimagined ways. These
and mobility plans along with master plans will be based on a concept-cum-guidance note
learning from good practices of developed nations. prepared by MoHUA showing the way forward
Fifth, parking policies should allow for facilities for State Governments and cities. Seventh, need
for electric vehicle (EV) charging. Differential to regulate and streamline app based public
parking policies may be adopted to charge higher transport system.

Summary of Actions
Level Key Actions
ƒ Facilitate ‘mobility as shared services’ or MAAS model
ƒ CCUP to have comprehensive mobility plan and address street furniture
ƒ Implement design standards
ƒ Adopt ‘outcome’ based guidelines with ‘user convenience’ at core
ƒ Establish UMTA
City level
ƒ Implement real-time technology integrated with ICCC (open source data)
ƒ Implement green mobility plan with an aim to become carbon neutral
ƒ Ensure last mile connectivity of public transport
ƒ Encourage cycling and walking by constructing dedicated paths

ƒ Enable mobility ‘as shared services’ model

ƒ Integrate ‘mobility as a service’ in SIUP and facilitate UMTA
State level
ƒ Provide seamless convergence with other state schemes
ƒ Funding incentives for adopting greener technology
ƒ Framework for mobility ‘as shared services’ model
ƒ Provide ‘streets’ design standards (updated UDRPFI)
Central level
ƒ UMTA to integrate multi-modal plan and streamline institutions ‘SPV’
ƒ Provide guidelines based on ‘outcomes’ for different stakeholders

Outcomes
Short-term Mid-term Long-term
Form UMTA, focus on user Adopt ‘MAAS’, public access to real time
ULB level
convenience/ NMT in CCUP data
Facilitate convergence to green mobility + Transition to
State level Facilitate UMTA, guidelines on MAAS affordable and
integrated LU and TP
accessible green
Guidelines on MAAS and revisions in mobility
Central level Strengthened institutional set-up
URDPFI

Urban Finance
floated municipal bonds, which were not backed
by any state guarantee. Since small and medium
The HPEC (2011) found that some states have local governments were unable to access capital
partially devolved funds, while others have not markets directly on the strength of their own
devolved at all. The expected benefits to local balance sheets, and the cost of transactions was
bodies have not been realized. also a barrier, pooled financing mechanisms
were started. Pooling mechanism enable capital
The borrowing powers of local governments are investments to be pooled under one borrowing
limited and they have to seek the approval of the umbrella in order to reap the benefits of economies
State Government for any borrowing. Municipal of scale. Only Tamil Nadu and Karnataka have
bonds are one type of borrowing with great issued municipal bonds by pooling municipalities.
potential to raise money from the capital market. The total amount of capital raised in the municipal
Municipal bodies, especially in larger cities have debt market is Rs. 1224 crores (MoHUA). In July
taken recourse to raising resources by floating 2015, SEBI notified a new regulatory framework
municipal bonds. The Bangalore Municipal for issuing municipal bonds in India. The excessive
Corporation was the first municipal body to reliance on the private sector and funding through
raise funds by issuing bonds in the early 1990s municipal bonds needs to be revisited as it is
backed by a state government guarantee. Later neither sustainable nor transparent.
in 2002, the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation

National Urban Policy Framework: Strategic Intent 19

 of operation and maintenance costs as well as
costs of establishment & salaries) from their
own revenue receipts while larger bodies should
recover full revenue expenditure. Second, all
urban local bodies should spend some part of their
total expenditure for asset creation and capital
expenditure. Third, encourage cities to leverage
their assets to generate more revenue sources
and other sources of finance. Fourth, enhance
ULBs revenue generation capacities through
improvement of property tax and user charge
collections, implement credit enhancement plans,
adopted innovative financing methods such as
value capture and issuance of municipal bonds.
Municipal bodies often have a wide range of Fourth, make the property tax based on Annual
assets on their balance sheets ranging from Rental Value (ARV) buoyant. One way is to shift to
infrastructure networks to public buildings, from a Unit Area Method. The long-term solution lies
housing to municipal shopping centers as well as in making property tax based on ‘capital value’.
land. Asset management involves deciding what This will ensure that the property tax reflects the
to do with these assets. These can be leased out. current market value and hence is buoyant. Fifth,
The issue is how to determine the true economic urban local bodies should increasingly move over
cost. Another way is to sell the assets in order to to financing ‘lumpy’ capital expenditure using
generate resources upfront for infrastructure municipal bonds and the MoHUA could incentivize
creation. A necessary requirement for leveraging this. Appropriate VCF tools can be deployed to
land for revenue generation is proper upkeep of capture a part of the increment in value of land
land records. Presently, the system of keeping and buildings. In turn, these can be used to
of land and property records does not ensure a repay debt raised through bonds. Sixth, value
clear title. There is no convergence between the capture tools should be aligned to the strategic/
registration process, the property taxation system master plans. By developing infrastructure, the
and the record of rights maintained by the revenue quality of life will improve making the city an
department of the State Government. engine of regional growth. Municipal bonds have
several other benefits for municipal efficiency.
Apart from the traditional modes of revenue Funds mobilized through municipal bonds are
generation, there are many innovative sources used for economically viable projects. Successful
of resource generation to increase the resources implementation of projects based on municipal
of municipal bodies such as public-private bonds requires strong financial and administrative
partnership and value capture finance (VCF). Value capabilities in the municipalities. Municipalities
capture is based on the principle that private land will have to follow economic pricing for their
and buildings benefit from public investments in services so that their actual costs are recovered
infrastructure and policy decisions of Governments from the citizens. Investment grade credit rating,
(e.g. change of land use). As the additional value is modern accounting mechanisms (e.g. accrual
generated by actions other than landowner’s direct accounting), identification of viable projects, levy
investment, value capture is distinct from the user of appropriate user charges and transparency in
charges or fees that agencies collect for providing the decision-making process are necessary pre-
services. Value capture finance is a more efficient conditions for a successful bond issue. Seventh,
form of resource generation as compared to direct lack of coordination between central and state
sale of lands to raise funds. Conversion charges, budgets need to be addressed, as it makes
betterment charges, impact fees, and development structuring allocations for urban development
charges are the most frequently used VCF tools difficult. Eight, parking, etc. need to be accounted
in India. Recently, MoHUA has designed a VCF for at the ULB level and brought under the ambit
framework to be followed by the States and cities. of user fees. This should get stipulated within the
bye-laws and rationalized. The idea of differential
Rationale user charges based on neighborhood (higher for
First, revenues of urban local bodies have to business district or high-income neighborhoods/
increase year-on-year in order to cover increasing suburbs) or end use (small household, big
costs of operation and maintenance of municipal household, farmhouse, commercial unit) could be
facilities and capital works. Smaller urban local implemented.
bodies should be able to recover at least a part
of their revenue expenditure (which is a sum

20 Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

Summary of Actions
Level Key Actions
ƒ Implement ‘outcome based’ budgeting
ƒ Strengthen own source revenue (OSR), taxes and full cost recovery
ƒ Implement property tax reforms (full billing and recovery)
City level
ƒ Municipal database including property tax to be IT/ GIS based
ƒ Strengthen non-tax revenue: User charges and fees (VCF)
ƒ Integrate municipal revenue enhancement plans
ƒ Adopt ‘outcome based’ budgeting
ƒ To set norms for cities to meet their revenue expenditure from OSR
State level
ƒ SFCs to align with CFC and bring focus on ‘outcome based’ funding
ƒ Policy on investment support and PPP (guidelines/ law)
ƒ FC allocation criteria to focus on ‘outcomes based’ do-more-get-more
ƒ Framework for OSR, VCF, property tax & non-tax revenue rationalization plan
Central level ƒ Provide framework to internalize ‘climate finance’ e.g. carbon credits
ƒ Framework for Integrated Financial System (web integrated NMAM)
ƒ Establish dedicated ‘National Institute of Urban Finance and Policy’

Outcomes
Short-term Mid-term Terminal Outcomes
Adopt ‘outcome based’ budget, Revenue enhancement (OSR =>50
ULB level
rationalize income percent)
Provide framework for ‘outcome Prepare/ revise investment Financial sustainability and
State level
based’ budgeting policies/ law efficient service delivery
Frameworks for revenue
Central level Guidelines on climate finance
enhancement measures

Urban Governance
have only partially complied with devolution, and
this has typically not been accompanied by the
Urban development in India is a state subject. It was devolution of funds and functionaries.
only in 1993 that the 73rd and 74th Amendments
of the Constitution came into effect and were Most of the ULBs are understaffed (technical and
aimed to bring about a fundamental shift in the general), the existing staff has limited skills in
nature of governance. Article 243P (e) recognizes handling projects, and there is frequent transfer
a municipality as an institution of self-government of officers in the absence of dedicated municipal
and Article 243W proposes that the Legislature of a cadre. There is absence of suitable institutional
State may, by law, endow “the Municipalities with framework for supporting continuous capacity
such powers and authority as may be necessary building efforts, which is not based on demand
to enable them to function as institutions of self- but routine ad-hoc trainings. The platforms
government and such law may contain provisions and systems for people’s participation are not
for the devolution of powers and responsibilities functional. This has resulted in inadequate
upon Municipalities.” Following this, the NUPF collection of disaggregated data that can inform
acknowledges that state governments have the policy discourse and commensurate resource
principal constitutional responsibility for urban allocation. Many ULBs have still not been able to
development and has thus, attempted to offer utilize the advantages of capacity building using
considerable assistance to states for preparing digital means to improve the quality and cost
their own urban state policies. effectiveness of public services, and to collect
and manage data in ways that make it possible to
Thus, the state governments have the principal provide information in an integrated manner at
constitutional responsibility for urban the local level for decision-making.
development. Since then municipalities have been
created and elections are, by large, being held. The Rationale
Constitutional Amendment has recommended’ that First, fragmentation and multiplicity of agencies
state governments assign them a set of 18 functions at the city level must be addressed together with
under the Twelfth Schedule. However, as the empowering and extending the tenure of the
Administrative Reforms Commission (2008) noted, Mayor. Mayors to be able to address promotion
this has not led to real decentralization of power of economic activities and poverty alleviation
to the municipalities. The Amendment is even less leading to the growth of the city. Second,
clear on the devolution of finances leaving it to the appropriate governance arrangements must be
discretion of state legislatures. State governments decided and settled by State Governments at the

National Urban Policy Framework: Strategic Intent 21

regional, city, ward and area sabha levels. Third, City Government should have specialised
there is a need for comprehensive mapping/ legal municipal cadre. Fifth, full decentralization should
analysis of existing laws, policies and programmes be done, and capacities of local institutions must
and suggest inclusive policies. Fourth, in order to be built, especially regarding areas like health,
meet the skill gap between existing manpower, registration of migrant workers and ensuring their
government employees need to be trained in line entitlements (like PDS, health, education etc.), or
with developments in technology. Periodic skill and climate risk mitigation, given unforeseen situations
capacity building should be carried out for local like the current pandemic. Decentralization should
elected representatives and city officials. Every be based on the principle of subsidiarity3. The
city government should mandatorily have bye- principle of subsidiarity stipulates that functions
laws/corporation procedure rules/house rules shall be carried out closest to citizens at the smallest
according to which the functions of corporation unit of governance possible and delegated upwards
are to be carried out.  Also, the vacant posts need only when the local unit cannot perform the task.
to be filled. Fourth, responsibility of planning, The citizen delegates those functions they cannot
managing and resource raising, and allocation perform, to the community, functions that the
should be transferred to the municipalities. Fiscal community cannot discharge are passed on to local
transfers from the centre and state should be done governments in the lowest tiers, from lower tiers
in a systemic formula-based manner to incentivize to larger tiers, from local government to the State
city level economic activities. Additional Governments, and from the States to the Union.
transfer of funds should be based on mandatory This is recognition of human capital possessed
reforms to be implemented by the State and city by citizens and micro governance units, such as
governments. The Goods and Services Tax (GST) ward committees, Area Sabhas, neighbourhood
should have a share of Local GST transferred associations and RWAs (not mandated under
directly to the city governments. The final the 74th CAA). Data enumeration to be done
approval of municipal budget should be with the at zone/ward level annually - Urban Schemes
city government.  should be implemented and monitored at zonal/
ward level (representing lowest administrative
block). Seventh, largely, accountability of public
institutions has focused completely on prevention
of activities not specifically authorized by law
or rules and integrity of the public system or
maintenance of financial propriety, which in
practice means adherence to financial rules.
Attention should be paid to other dimensions of
accountability – responsiveness towards felt needs
of people, performance of municipalities in terms
of efficiency, effectiveness and transparency.

One way is to act on the recommendation of the

National Commission on Urbanization, which
had found that although local body elections
were being held there was no power of recall
of councilors and no real accountability of
councilors to the electorate till the next elections.
The involvement of citizens in decision-making
was almost zero and their interaction with civic
officials was largely restricted to pushing their
individual cases or meeting officials to resolve
their individual problems. The priority should be
to view citizens as partners and give them direct
citizen control through ward committees and
Area Sabha’s or directly using digital technology.
Extending e-governance to facilitate citizens’
suggestions and grievances redressal mechanism
will ensure citizen participation.

Also recommended by the II Administrative Reforms Commission (2008)

3
Summary of Actions
Level Key Actions
ƒ Undertake full charge as per Seventy-Fourth CAA
ƒ Create Municipal cadre
ƒ Strengthen contract management to manage SLAs with parastatals etc.
City level ƒ Prepare ‘citizen charter’ and compensate citizens for non-compliance
ƒ Set performance benchmark for funds, functions and functionaries (3Fs)
ƒ Conduct continuous capacity building at all levels
ƒ Implement concept of ‘community development corporations’ CDCs
ƒ Streamline provision of property and land title registrations
ƒ Facilitate capacity of ULBs and devolve powers to ULBs
State level ƒ Facilitate ULBs in adoption of ‘smart’ institutional set-up
ƒ Facilitate ULBs in adoption of ‘model municipal law’
ƒ Establish dedicated State Institute of Urban Affairs
ƒ Provide options for ‘smart’ institutional framework for ULBs
ƒ Review and revise Model Municipal Law 2013 to reflect new changes
Central level ƒ Establish ‘National Urban Innovation Hub’ as an independent agency
ƒ Establish ‘National Urban Projects Management Agency’ to build project development, operations
and contract management capacities

Outcomes
Short-term Mid-term Terminal Outcomes
ƒ Strengthened contract
Unifying all 18 municipal functions at
ULB level management (SLAs), strengthen
ULB level
Human Resources (HR)
ƒ Establish principle of subsidiarity
ƒ Adopt:
ƒ Devolve powers to ULBs
ƒ HR (legislative framework)
State level ƒ Establish principle of subsidiarity
ƒ Regulatory frameworks
ƒ SLA/ benchmarks
Streamlined funds,
ƒ Training & Capacity Building
functions functionaries
ƒ Establish principle of subsidiarity (directly facilitating
ƒ Establish ‘Municipal Cadre’ for Atmanirbhar Bharat)
ULBs
ƒ Capacity grid mechanism
Guidelines on SLA and contract (National/ Regional/ State
Central level
management Learning Hub)
ƒ Establish ‘National Monitoring
Mechanism’
ƒ Suggest smart Governance
framework

Urban Information
a number of applications without having a long-
term or definitive vision in place. A well-developed

Systems
digital infrastructure in contrast, allows cities
to access, share, collate and use the information
Cities consist of multiple and overlapping systems: contained in the sum of interactions among people,
the transport system, water and sewerage place and system. The ability to capture, classify
system, electrical system, and parking system. and analyse information from different systems
However, urban planning projects too often and use this to plan for city operations as a united
treat each of these systems in silos, without “system of systems” brings unexpected and broad
considering the interconnections between people, ranging benefits4.
systems and technology. Conventionally, cities
have been using information technology and Such an approach will however, require more
communication in three ways: (1) The use of a sophisticated systems of city governance
single application to address urgent problems, and management. These will extensively use
and the subsequent addition of more applications automation including Artificial Intelligence, the
as per the needs and priorities of the city. (2) The Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, etc. The
building of infrastructure and the later addition creation of diverse platforms and the collection
of accompanying services. (3) Experiments with and publishing of city data will provide the

3
This is also called city view and its power has been recognized by the European Union, which is offering funding
for cities in Europe to develop comprehensive urban planning tools.

National Urban Policy Framework: Strategic Intent 23

 opportunity to transform city life by allowing cities in a coordinated manner, lack of standard
and their citizens to create, monitor, and measure operating environment in a critical/emergency
progress of their cities in a more informed situation, inadequate technical skills required to
way. Access to urban data could lead to more manage digital infrastructure, absence of real-time
informed and empowered citizens as well as help monitoring of critical city infrastructure, etc.
governments in making more informed decisions.
Collation and analysis of open data will enable Rationale
identification of focus areas of intervention. The First, integrated application of digital technologies
city needs to have a holistic database on physical related to infrastructure and services and GIS
and social infrastructure covering the entire city based information should be used to improve
area and all segments and age groups of population municipal services. The improvement could
including migrants. Health and education are key happen in several ways, such as municipal
areas where data at a granular level are needed. operations being performed at a lesser cost or
Disaggregated data on municipal income and use fewer resources, making municipal activities
expenditure are also important for evidence based more accountable and transparent, improving
policy formulation at the local level. delivery of citizen services and performance
of infrastructure. Second, cities should build
The emergence of cloud-based services, more a centralized single source of Information of
powerful mobile devices, sensors, artificial all citizen centric services/functions/operation
intelligence, big data and analytics and open-data by consolidation of city infrastructure /assets
sharing present a huge opportunity for cities to into a single operations platform for delivery of
enter a new phase of technological development services, monitoring of environmental parameters
and also enable new ways to deliver services to as well as handle exigencies in disasters (e.g.
citizens. Intelligent sensor networks will soon COVID 19). The infrastructure so created should
become increasingly critical to the basic functioning be scalable (both horizontally and vertically) to
of cities. In the near future, we expect to see accommodate growing needs of the services and
smart cities and buildings that are net producers interoperable units (field devices, sensors etc.).
of renewable energy, connected and optimized Third, a large amount of data is generated by
transport systems and a range of e-services such as the use of city infrastructure and citizen services
e-health, e-education, e-commerce, e-governance and it carries vital city information and provides
and teleworking. This is expected to result in deep insight to the way city operates. This should
major changes across society, inevitably leading to be used extensively for planning, re-design, and
sustainable urbanization. proactive preparation for future growth as well
as for handling any emergency/ disaster situation.
Some of the major digital-related urban planning A possibility of monetization of the inter-
challenges are lack of empirical data at town/ state/ connected data generated in the city should also
national levels, lack of updated accurate base maps, be explored for long-term financial sustenance
lack of map data of underground infrastructure, of city operation. Fourth, State Governments
outdated techniques of ground survey, use of should experiment the use leapfrog technology to
citizens applications in silos, inadequate sharing vault over stages prescribed by the conventional
of data/information among city line departments development approach.

Summary of Actions
Level Key Actions
ƒ I ntegrated Command and Control Centre (ICCC) for spatial data infrastructure/ IoT
ƒ Urban Planning and Management (citizen services and building high resolution base maps using
LIDAR, DEM or advance tools)
ƒ ICT/ ITS based real-time data on urban mobility and passenger information
City level ƒ ICT (SCADA, GPS) for energy and utility management linked to unified ICCC
ƒ ICT applications for urban safety and security unified with ICCC
ƒ Create database on employment, health and education covering all segments of the population
including poor and migrants
ƒ Reflect aforementioned in CCUPs
ƒ Provide convergence and financial resources to achieve ‘outcome’ for the citizens at large and reflect
State level in the SIUP
ƒ State Data centers to provide data and related infrastructure
ƒ Provide guidelines and financial resources based on outcomes defined in the CCUPs and SIUP
Central level ƒ Establish ‘National Urban Database Agency’ to handle all form of urban databased/ big data analytics
and support every level in urban hierarchy

24 Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

Outcomes
Short-term Mid-term Terminal Outcomes
ULB level Align CCUP with ICCC services Expand and integrate all city
model services at ICCC
Unified information platform
State level Converge schemes, funds and Facilitate integration of all city on ‘outcome based’ framework
alignment to global frameworks services at ICCC (Capacity, Finance Governance)
Central level Provide guidelines on ‘outcome Established dedicated institution
based’ support to backstop

Environmental
global warming and climate change related
phenomenon such as flash floods, droughts,

Sustainability
and heat waves, which are exacerbated due to
poorly serviced areas, lack of affordable housing
A central principle of sustainable development is a resulting in the increase in informal settlements
holistic view of life where all objects and activities often located in low lying or hazardous areas.
are interconnected and mutually affect one
another and in turn are affected by each other. The Energy use in buildings and vehicles is also one
Government of India recognizes environmental of the key contributors to urban heat islands
sustainability as a key element towards sustainable (UHI) in cities and poor indoor and outdoor air
urbanization and is a signatory to multiple quality. Globally, cities are taking up voluntary
international agreements, including the Paris commitments to clean energy (e.g. 100% renewable
Agreement, the Sendai Framework for Disaster energy), driven by increased resilience, decreasing
Risk Reduction, and the Quito Declaration on dependence on fossil fuels and meeting carbon
Sustainable Cities and Human Settlements for All, emission mitigation targets. These cities are
International Solar Alliance among others to steer investing in energy efficiency (EE) improvements
India towards a low carbon, resource efficient and in parallel with push to renewable energy (RE)
sustainable future. generation to accelerate transition to zero energy
and zero carbon cities.
India’s cities are amongst the worst affected
in terms of air pollution with 6 out of 10 most Rationale
polluted cities worldwide being located in India First, environmental sustainability requires a long-
including Delhi, which is ranked as the world’s term vision and concerted policy framework. As
most polluted city (World Air Quality Report, for example, water bodies in India are extremely
2019). Urban air pollution is a complex problem polluted by both solid and liquid wastes. Industrial
with numerous sources including vehicular and domestic effluents find direct way to the rivers
exhaust, emissions from industry and power and seas. This water pollution not only adversely
plants, dust from construction sites and roads, impacts the cities’ immediate ecology but also
crop burning, garbage burning, inefficient use of all habitations which are downstream, which
energy in buildings, excessive use of biomass for necessitates riverine health to be mainstreamed
cooking and heating, hazardous industrial waste, in city master plans. On site sewerage solutions
among others. In many north Indian cities such as including fecal sludge management are strategies
the NCR, the problem becomes particularly acute to be adopted.
in winter as the pollution builds up near ground,
prompting emergency health warnings. Based on existing and on-going diagnostics, there
is an impending urgency to address deteriorating
Cities are the hubs of resource use as well as air quality, degradation of water resources and
the biggest generators of waste. The solid waste waterways, non-existent treatment and disposal
profile of urban areas covers household waste, of solid waste, and recurring risks from natural
construction and demolition waste, e-waste and disasters. Both short-term and long-term climate
more, which are expected to increase and worsen risks need to be integrated in long-range planning
in coming decades with rapid urbanization. The processes to mainstream urban resilience and
inadequate capacity for collection of solid waste risk mitigation practices in urban environmental
leads to open dumps spread across the cities. planning.
Urban flooding is a recurring phenomenon in
major economic hubs such as Mumbai, Chennai, Second, recognizing the complexity of cities
Bengaluru, and Gurugram. Urbanization has also and the dynamism and scale of urbanization,
exposed relatively higher number of people to environmental sustainability must be
the risks and vulnerability from natural disasters, mainstreamed at all levels of government, and by

National Urban Policy Framework: Strategic Intent 25

 enabling participation of all urban stakeholders. population concentrated in cities disaster risk
Environmental sustainability requires an mitigation and resilience schemes are imperative
integrated approach across urban sectors to to ensuring long term, sustainable social and
plan proactive measures to prevent, avoid and economic improvement. Infrastructure and
minimize adverse impacts from the natural physical assets are also at high risk due to poor
systems upon which our communities, businesses resilience to disasters. Fourth, large expanses of
and infrastructure systems depend. To this end, impermeable surfaces have been created, which
planners and developers must be conscious of exacerbate heat island effects and increase surface
the changing environmental landscape and must water runoff resulting in inundation of cities. As
ensure that their decisions respond intentionally cities become inundated by water, polluted with
and responsibly to environmental challenges. human waste and toxic materials, risk of illness
Third, as India falls under the high-risk zone for is heightens. Fifth, concerns about the impact of
potential mortality due to multiple hazards, which city expansion on natural ecosystems should be
include earthquakes, floods, cyclones, droughts, intrinsic to urban development plans, including
tsunami and landslides. With high densities of master plans.

Summary of Actions
Level Key Actions
ƒ Pollution monitoring
ƒ Adoption of Faster Adoption and Manufacture of (Hybrid and) Electric Vehicles (FAME)
ƒ Comprehensive sanitation plan to be part of CCUP
ƒ Expanding the green spaces
City level
ƒ Water management plans (5-10-year horizon) with specific reference to existing water bodies (sea,
river, ponds, lakes and tanks), integrate with CCUP
ƒ City Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience Plan (DRRRP) to be part of CCUP
ƒ Prepare City Energy Efficiency Plan
ƒ Prepare State Urban DRRRP
State level
ƒ Assist with convergence, technical support and ‘outcome basis’ to ULBs
ƒ Provide framework for water management, DRRRP, energy management plans
Central level
ƒ Facilitate financial resources on ‘outcomes basis’

Outcomes
Short-term Mid-term Long-term
ƒ Prepare plans (water, DRRRP,
energy, CCUP)
ƒ Integrate and mainstream Implement the ‘outcome based’
ULB level
health of water bodies plan
(sea,river, pond, tank etc.) in
Environment, social, sustainable
master plan
and resilient cities
Consolidate local plans to state Facilitate convergence with
State level
action plans diverse departments
Facilitate convergence with
Central level Provide necessary frameworks
diverse departments

26 Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

 Annexure 1:
NUPF Outcomes Matrix (illustrative for States to assess Cities)
Intents
Actions
Means of Verifications
(ten
Outcome based actions
functional (Objectively Verifiable Indicators)
as per CCUPs
areas)
ƒ Prepared
ƒ Notified
ƒ Integrated with economic focus
x Discussion paper on ‘integrated spatial and economic focus’ prepared
by city
x Stakeholder consultation completed on the discussion paper
Action 1: Master Plans
x Suggestions/ amendments incorporated in Master Plan done based on
(integrating spatial and
stakeholder consultation
economic focus) prepared
x Alignment of suggestions/ amendments to ‘strategic intent’ of NUPF,
Urban how it will contribute to:
Planning x Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self Reliant India)
x Vocal for local
x USD5 trillion economy by 2025
x Potential for direct and indirect jobs
ƒ Consultative review for Master Plan
Action 2: Master Plans x Technical status paper for discussion
revisited and revised in x Consultation
every two year x Review and incorporation of feedback
x Revisions/ amendments in Master Plan (as applicable)

Note: Appropriate weights/ scoring criteria’s may be decided by GoI in consultation with States and ULBs

Annexure 2:
NUPF Outcomes Matrix (illustrative for GoI to assess States)
Intents
Actions
(ten Means of Verifications
Outcome based actions as
functional (Objectively Verifiable Indicators)
per SIUPs
areas)
ƒ No. of cities prepared Master Plan
ƒ No. of Master Plan(s) Notified
ƒ No. of Master Plan(s) integrated with economic focus
x Discussion paper on ‘integrated spatial and economic focus’ prepared
by city
x Stakeholder consultation completed on the discussion paper
Action 1: Master Plans
x Suggestions/ amendments incorporated in Master Plan done based on
(integrating spatial and
stakeholder consultation
economic focus) prepared
x Alignment of suggestions/ amendments to ‘strategic intent’ of NUPF,
Urban how it will contribute to:
Planning x Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self Reliant India)
x Vocal for local
x USD5 trillion economy by 2025
x Potential for direct and indirect jobs
ƒ No. of Master Plan(s) revisited and revised
ƒ Process adopted on consultative review for Master Plan
Action 2: Master Plans
x Technical status paper for discussion
revisited and revised in every
x Consultation
five year
x Review and incorporation of feedback
x Revisions/ amendments in Master Plan (as applicable)

Note: Appropriate weights/ scoring criteria’s may be decided by GoI in consultation with States and ULBs

National Urban Policy Framework: Strategic Intent 27

 Annexure 3:
NUPF Outcomes Matrix (illustrative for GoI to assess overall NUPF)
Intents Actions
Means of Verifications
(ten functional Outcome based actions
(Objectively Verifiable Indicators)
areas) as per NUP
ƒ No. of states/ cities prepared Master Plan
ƒ No. of states/ Master Plan(s) Notified
ƒ No. of states/ Master Plan(s) integrated with economic focus (with
focus on process followed):
x Discussion paper on ‘integrated spatial and economic focus’
prepared by city
Action 1: Master Plans x Stakeholder consultation completed on the discussion paper
(integrating spatial and x Suggestions/ amendments incorporated in Master Plan done
economic focus) prepared based on stakeholder consultation
ƒ Alignment of suggestions/ amendments to ‘strategic intent’ of NUPF,
Urban Planning consolidated contribute to:
x Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self Reliant India)
x Vocal for local
x USD5 trillion economy by 2025
x Potential for direct and indirect jobs
ƒ No. of Master Plan(s) revisited and revised by State(s)
ƒ Process adopted on consultative review for Master Plan
Action 2: Master Plans
x Technical status paper for discussion
revisited and revised in
x Consultation
every five year
x Review and incorporation of feedback
x Revisions/ amendments in Master Plan (as applicable)

Note: Appropriate weights/ scoring criteria’s may be decided by GoI in consultation with States and ULBs

Annexure 4:
NUPF Integrated Outcomes Matrix
Longer-term Outcomes
Functional Areas
City State National
Dynamic, iterative, adaptive,
Self-reliant and empowered Transition to long-term
Urban Planning gender-responsive and evolving
ULBs flexible Master Plans
plans
Contributing to
Inclusive, functional BIDs Leveraging human capital in
Urban Economy achievement of
and CECs cities
Atmanirbhar Bharat
Physical Infrastructure Universal Coverage of all municipal services
Social Infrastructure Moving out of poverty & vulnerabilities
Housing and Affordability Increasing affordable Housing for all
Transportation and
Transition to affordable and accessible green mobility
Mobility
Urban Finance Financial sustainability and efficient service delivery
Urban Governance Streamlined funds, functions functionaries (directly facilitating Atmanirbhar Bharat)
Urbanization and Unified information platform on ‘outcome based’ framework (Capacity, Finance and
Information System Governance)
Environmental
Environment, social, sustainable and resilient cities
Sustainability

28 Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs