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‫يصطهحبد طجيخ‬
Medical Terminology

Prof.Dr. Abdulsalam M. Dallak

21 Sep. University for Medical and Applied Sciences

‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ‬

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5 Ways to Learn

 Hearing
 Seeing
 Saying
 Writing
 Thinking

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 Definition: ‫انتؼشيف‬
 Is a science that deals with the proper
use of medical terms.
It is accurately describing the human body and
associated components, conditions, processes
and procedures in a science-based manner.
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Medical term formation and Construction
Formation: medical terms and words are
usually composed of two or more components:
 The root
 The prefix
 The suffix
 Compound Words
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Pronunciatio
n
Letters Pronunciation Example
• Ch K cholera
• Dys- dis dysuria
• Eu u euphoria
• Gn n gnathic
• Ph f phobia
• Pn n pneumonia , dyspnea
• Ps s psychology
• Pt t ptosis
• Rh r hemorrhage
• X z xiphoid
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A. The root ‫انجزس‬
The main part of the word
The word root is a term derived from a
source language such as Greek or Latin and
usually describes a body part.
Example: Cysto ) Bladder) ‫المثانة‬
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A. The root ‫انجزس‬

Stem (or root) words – main stem (part) of

word and can appear at the beginning (prefix)
in the middle or at the end of the word (suffix)

Gastr + o + enter = itis = gastroenteritis

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B. The prefix
The prefix can be added in front of the term
to modify the word root by giving additional
information about the location of an organ, the
number of parts, or time involved.
Example: A symptomatic ‫ثذوٌ اػشاض‬

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Some Prefixes

 Peri + cardio + logy = pericardiology

(around) (heart-pericardium) (study of)
 Hyper + therm + -ia = hyperthermia
(excessive) ( heat) (condition)
 Intra + muscul + -ar = intramuscular
(in, within) (muscle) (relating to)
 Macro + gloss + ia = macroglossia
(large - enlargement) (tongue) (condition)

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C- The suffix
Suffixes are attached to the end of a word
root to add meaning such as condition,
disease process, or procedure.
•Example: Appendicitis ‫انتهبة انضائذح انذوديخ‬

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D- Compound Words

A combining vowel is used to link a stem word to

another stem word to another one for a
compound word such as:
 Gastr + o + enter = itis = gastroenteritis
(stomach) (intestine) (inflammation)
 Oste + o + arthr + itis = osteoarthritis
(bone) (joint) (inflammation)
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GASTROENTEROLOGY

 GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY

 Study of the stomach and intestines

 Between roots the combining vowel is not dropped,

even if the second root begins with a vowel.

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
 Record of the electricity in the brain
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Construction ‫انتشكيت‬
The way in which medical terms are constructed can
be illustrated by the following examples:
1.Prefix, Root and suffix (Pericarditis)
2.Tow roots and a suffix (Osteo-myelitis)
3.Prefix and root (Dyspnea)
4.Root and suffix (Cystitis)
5.Prefix and suffix (Epistaxis)
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 A. The roots

Examples

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 Root (meaning) Root (meaning)

 Abdomin = Abdomen  Brachi = arm

 Lapar = Abdomen  Bronch = bronchus
 Acro = extremity, end  Carcin = cancer
 Aden = gland  Cardi = heart
 Audi = hearing  Celi = Abdomen
 Alg, algi, algesi= pain  Cephal = head
 Amyl = starch  Cervic = neck
 Arter = artery  chondr = cartilage
 Arthr = joint  Colp = vagina
 blast = immature cell  Cost = Rib
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 Root (meaning) Root (meaning)

 Crani = skull  Gyn = woman

 Cyst = bladder  Gloss (tongue)
 Hemo, Hemat = blood
 Cyt = cell
 hepat = liver
 Dactyl = finger, toe
 hist, histi = tissues
 Derm, dermat = skin  Hydro = water , fluid,
 Enter = intestine Hydrophobia
 Fibr = fiber  Hyster = uterus

 gastr = stomach  ili = ilium

 Kine, kinesi, kinet = movement
 gen = origin (genetic)
 Lact = milk
 gluc, glyc= sugar, glucose
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 Root (meaning) Root (meaning)
 Leuk = (white)  Nucle, kary = nucleus
 Lip, adip = lipid , fat  Oste or ossi = bone
 Men , mens = month ,  Papill = nipple
menstruation  Path = disease
 Mening = membrane around  Ped = foot
the brain
 Periton, pertitone =
 morph = form peritoneum
 Muc = mucus  phag = eat , ingest
 My = muscle  Phil = love (philic)
 Nasa = nose  Phleb = vien
 Nephr or Ren = kidney  Phob = fair (phobic)
 Neur = nerve
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 Root (meaning) Root (meaning)
 Pneum = lung  Somat = body
 Psych = mind
 Pulmo = lung  Steat = fatty
 Pyr, pyret = fever  Synov/i= synovial
 Ren = kidney
 Thorac or steth = chest
 Reticul = network
 Rhin = nose  Thromb = blood clot
 Sacchar = sugar
 Tox , toxic = poison
 Scapular - shoulder blade
 Scler = hard  Vas = blood vessel
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The Prefixes
Term: A -An
Meaning: lack of –Absence ‫ثذوٌ أو غيبة‬
Examples:
Atrophy: lack of growth ‫ضًىس في انًُى‬
Asymptomatic: Absence of symptoms
Acyanotic (Absence of cyanosis) ‫ثذوٌ اصسلبق‬
Anencephaly:‫ثذوٌ سأط‬Without head
Anuria: ‫ لهخ كًيخ انجىل‬Lack of urine
Anemia: ‫ فمش انذو‬loss of blood
Analgesia: lack of Pain ( ‫)ثذوٌ انى‬
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The Prefixes-Cont. (A)
Term: Ab
Meaning: away from-separation ‫ اَفصبل‬- ‫ثؼيذ‬
Example:
Abduction: ‫ ثؼيذ ػٍ يشكض انجغى‬away from body

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The Prefixes-Cont. (A)
Term: Ad
Meaning: toward-near ‫لشيت‬
Example:
Adduction: ‫ لشيت يٍ يشكض انجغى‬Near the body

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The Prefixes-Cont. (A)
Term: Aden-(o)
Meaning: gland ‫غذح‬
Example:
Adenoma: ‫ وسو انغذد‬Enlargement of gland
Adenocarcinoma: Tumors of gland
Adenitis : Inflammation of gland
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The Prefixes-Cont. (A)
Term: Ante-
Meaning: before ‫لجم‬
Example:
Antepartum: ‫ لجم انًيالد‬Before Birth
Antenatal: ‫ لجم انىالدح‬Before delivery

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The Prefixes-Cont. (A)
Term: Anti-
Meaning: against- Contra ‫ضذ‬
Example:
Antiviral: ‫ يضبد نهفيشوعبد‬Against virus
Antimicrobial: Against Microbe ‫يضبد نهًيكشوثبد‬
Anticonvulsive: ‫ يضبد نهتشُجبد‬Against Convulsion
Antibiotic: ‫يضبد حيىي‬Against bio
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The Prefixes-Cont. (A)
Term: Arteri -(o)
Meaning: artery- arterial ٌ‫ششيب‬
Example:
Arteriosclerosis: ٍ‫ تصهت انششايي‬Hardening of
arteries
Arteritis: ٌ‫انتهبة انششيب‬Inflammation of artery
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The Prefixes-Cont. (A)
Term: Arthr -(o)
Meaning: joint ‫يفصم‬
Example:
Arthritis:‫ انتهبة انًفبصم‬Inflammation of joint
Arthralgia: ‫ االو انًفبصم‬Pain at the joint
Arthrocentesis: Withdrawing fluids from the Joint
Arthrotomy: .An opening in the joint ‫فتحخ ثبنًفصم‬
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The Prefixes-Cont. (A)
Term: Audi-, Audio-
Meaning: relating to ear ‫يتؼهك ثبألرٌ أو عًؼي‬
Example:
Auditory: ‫ عًغ‬hearing
Audiology:‫ػهى انغًغ‬
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The Prefixes-Cont. (A)
Term: Auto-
Meaning: self, for oneself ‫يتؼهك ثبنزاد‬
Example:
Autoimmune: ‫ راتي‬self immunity

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The Prefixes-Cont. (B)
Term: Bi
Meaning: twice ٍ‫يشتي‬
Example:
bilateral :ٍ‫ كال انجبَجي‬Both sides

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The Prefixes-Cont. (B)
Term: Brady
Meaning: slow-decrease ‫ثظء أو لهخ‬
Example:
Bradycardia : slow heart beat
Bradypnea: decrease of respiratory rate

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The Prefixes-Cont. (B)
Term: bronch-, broncho-
Meaning: bronchus or bronchi ‫لصجخ أو شؼجخ هىائيخ‬
Example:
Bronchoscope: ‫يُظبس سئىي‬
Bronchitis: inflammation of bronchi

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The Prefixes-Cont. (C)
Term: Carcin (o)
Meaning: cancer ٌ‫عشطب‬
Example:
Carcinoma: ‫عشطبٌ خجيث‬Tumor

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The Prefixes-Cont. (C)
Term: Cardi-, Cardio-
Meaning: heart ‫لهت‬
Example:
Cardiomegaly: heart enlargement ‫تضخى لهت‬
Cardiology: science of heart study ‫ػهى انمهت‬
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The Prefixes-Cont. (C)
Term: Cephal (o)-
Meaning: head or brain ‫سأط أو ديبؽ‬
Example:
Cephalomeningitis: Inflammation of the meninges.
“The surrounding membranes of the brain”
‫” انتهبة انًخ وانغحبيب انًحيطخ ثه “األغشيخ انًحيطخ ثبنًخ‬

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The Prefixes-Cont. (C)
Term: Cholecyst (o)-
Meaning: Gall bladder ‫يشاسح‬
Example:
Cholecystolithiasis: stones in the gallbladder
Cholecystitis: inflammation of the gall bladder.
Cholecystectomy: removal of gall bladder.

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The Prefixes-Cont. (C)
Term: Col (o) , Colon (o)-
Meaning: Colon or Large Intestine ٌ‫لىنى‬
Example:
Colostomy: an opening in the large intestine
Colonoscopy: scope for the large intestine ‫يُظبس‬
ٌ‫األيؼبء انغهيظخ او انمىنى‬
Colectomy: removal of parts of large intestine
ٌ‫اعتئصبل األيؼبء انغهيظخ او انمىنى‬
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Term: Crani (o)
Meaning: skull ‫جًجًخ‬
Example:
Craniotomy: an opening in the skull
Cranioplasty: surgical grafting of the skull
‫تجًيم نؼظبو انجًجًخ‬

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The Prefixes-Cont. (C)
Term: Cyan (o)
Meaning: blue ‫اصسلبق‬
Example:
Cyanosis: bluish discoloration of the skin due
to lack of oxygen)
ٍ‫اصسلبق انجهذ َتيجخ َمص وصىل األكغجي‬
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The Prefixes-Cont. (C)
Term: Cyt (o)
Meaning :Cell ‫خهيخ‬
Example:
Cytology: science of studying the cell
‫ػهى دساعخ انخهيخ‬
Cytotoxic: poisoning of the cell ‫عًىو انخاليب‬
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The Prefixes-Cont. (C)
Term: Circum
Meaning: around ‫حىل‬
.Example:
Circumoral: around the mouth ‫حىل انفى‬

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The Prefixes-Cont. (C)
Term: Chondr (o)
Meaning: cartilage ‫غضشوف‬
Example:
Chondroblast: cartilage forming cell
Chondrectomy: removal of the cartilage
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The Prefixes-Cont. (C)
Term: Cost
Meaning: ribs ” ‫ػظبو انمفص انصذسي “انضهىع‬
Example:
Costal: related to the ribs.
Costectomy: resection of rib
‫اصانخ احذ ػظبو انمفص انصذسي‬
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The Prefixes-Cont. (D)
Term: Dent (o) , Denti
Meaning: Teeth ٌ‫أعُب‬
Example:
Dentology : the science that study teeth
ٌ‫ػهى دساعخ االعُب‬
Dentitis: inflammation of teeth

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Term: Derm (a) (ato)
Meaning: skin ‫جهذ‬
Example:
Dermatology : the science that study the skin
‫ػهى دساعخ انجهذ‬
Dermatitis: inflammation of the skin
‫انتهبة انجهذ‬
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The Prefixes-Cont. (D)
Term: Dis-
Meaning: absence, removal, separation
‫إصانخ أو فصم‬
Example:
Tissue Dissection: (to separate tissues for
anatomical study)
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The Prefixes-Cont. (D)
Term: Dia
Meaning: between ٍ‫ثي‬
Example:
Diaphragm : between the abdominal cavity
and chest cavity
‫انحجبة انحبجض يفصم تجىيف انجطٍ ػٍ تجىيف انصذس‬
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The Prefixes-Cont. (D)
Term: Dys
Meaning: difficult ‫صؼىثخ‬
Example:
Dyspnea : difficult breathing ‫صؼىثخ في انتُفظ‬
Dysphagia: difficult swallowing ‫صؼىثخ االثتالع‬
Dyspepsia: difficult digestion ‫ػغش انهضى‬
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 B. The prefix

Examples

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Prefix (meaning) Examples)
 A- (Absence) Acyanotic, Asymptomatic

Atrophy (lack of growth)

 Aden- (gland) Adenitis, Adenocarcinoma, Adenoma

 An – (without) Analgesia, Anemia, Anencephaly,

Anuria

 Ante- (Before ) Antenatal, Antepartum:

 Anti- (against) antibiotic , antidote , Anticonvulsive,

049 Antimicrobial, Antiviral.

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Prefix (meaning) (Examples)
 Arthr- Arthralgia, Arthritis , Arthrocentesis,
Arthrotomy
 Audi- (hearing ) Audiology, Auditory.
 Auto- (self) Autoimmune
 Bi , di ( two , twice ) binary, dimorphous,
bilateral( Both sides)
 Bio- (living organism )
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Prefix (meaning) (Examples)
 Brady- (slow ) bradycardia, Bradypnea.

 Bronch- (Bronchus) Bronchitis, Bronchoscope

 Carcin (Cancer) Carcinoma

 Cardi- (heart) Cardiology, Cardiomegaly

 Cephal- (head) Cephalomeningitis

 Chole – (gall -yellow) Cholecystectomy: removal of gall

bladder, Cholecystitis: inflammation of the gall bladder.

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 Prefix (meaning) (Examples)
 Chole- Cholecystolithiasis: stones in the gallbladder

 Chondr- (cartilage) Chondrectomy: removal of the cartilage

Chondroblast: cartilage forming cell

 Circum- (around) circumoral (around the mouth )

 Col- (colon) Colectomy: removal parts of large intestine

 Colon- (colon) Colonoscopy: scope for the large intestine

 Colo- (colon) Colostomy: an opening in the large intestine

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 Prefix (meaning) (Examples)
 Contra- (against ) Contraindication

 Cost- (ribs) Costal, Costectomy.

 Crani- (skull) Cranioplasty: surgical grafting of the skull

Craniotomy: an opening in the skull

 Cyan- (blue) Cyanosis: bluish discoloration of the skin

 Cyt- (cell) Cytology , Cytotoxic

 Dent (o) , Denti (teeth) Dentitis, Dentology.

 Derm- (skin)
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 Prefix (meaning) (Examples)
 Dia- (through) dialysis

 Di- ??? Diaphragm : between the abdominal cavity

 Dis- (to separate ) Dissection: (to separate tissues )

 Dys- (abnormal ) dyslipidemia

 Dys- (difficult ) dyspepsia: difficult digestion .

dysphagia: difficult swallowing.

dyspnea : difficult breathing

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Prefix (meaning) (Examples)
 Ecto- (outside) ectoderm
 En- (in ) enteral
 Endo- ( in , within) endoscope
 Epi- (on , over) epithelium
 Equi- (equal, same) equilateral
 Eryth- (red) erythrocyte
 Eu (true) eukaryotic??
 Ex- ( out) external
 Extra- (outside) extracellular
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Prefix (meaning) (Examples)
 Hemi- (half ) hemisphere

 Homo- (same) homosexual , homogenous

 Hyper- (excessive) hyperglycemia , hyperthermia

 Hypo- (little, under) hypoglycemia, Hypoinsulinemia

 In- , im- (not ) insignificant , impossible

 Inter- (between) interstitial, intercostal

 Intra- (within, inside ) intradermal, intracellular ,

intramuscular
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 Prefix (meaning) (Examples)
 Leuk (white ) leukocyte

 Macr- (large - enlargement) macrocyte , macroglossia

 Mal- (abnormal) malabsorption

 Micr- (small) microscope , microcyte

 Mon/o (one ) monocular

 Multi (many) multiple

 Neo- (new) neonatal

 Normo- (normal )
057 normocytic
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 Prefix (meaning) (Examples)

 Ortho- (skeleton , joint) orthopedics

 Per- (through ) percutaneous
 Peri- ( around ) pericarditis , pericardiology
 Poly- (many , much) polydipsia
 Post- ( after , behind) postmenopausal
 Pre- (before , in front) prenatal
 Prim/I (first) primitive
 Pro- (before) prodormal
 Pseudo- (false) pseudoephedrine

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 Prefix (meaning) (Examples)

 Retro- (backward) retroperitoneal

 Semi- (half, partial) semisolid

 Sub- (below , under ) sublingual

 Supra- (above) suprascapular

 Tachy- (fast) tachycardia

 Un (not) unconscious

 Uni- (one ) unicellular

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 C- The suffix

Examples

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 Suffix (meaning) (Examples)

 -ac (pertaining to) cardiac

 -al (pertaining to) renal, skeletal
 -algia , algesia (pain) myalgia , fibromyalgia
 -ar (pertaining to) muscular
 -ary (pertaining to) dietary
 -ase (enzyme) protease , amylase
 -centesis ( puncture) thoracentesis
 -cide (kill , killer ) suicide
 -clasis , clasia (breaking) osteoclasis
 -cyte (cell ) leukocyte
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 Suffix (meaning) (Examples)

 -dilation, dilatation (expansion) vasodilation

 -dipsi (thirst) polydipsia
 -ectomy (surgical removal) gastroectomy
 -edema (swelling) lymphedema
 -emia (blood condition ) anemia
 -gram (instrument record) sonogram , recording by
ultrasound
 -graph (instrument record) polygraph
 -graphy (record picture) radiography x-ray

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 Suffix (meaning) (Examples)
 -ia (pertaining to) phobia : fear

 -ian (pertaining to) physician : from physi (nature)

practitioner in medicine

 –iatrics (pertaining to) geriatrics: spicality in old age

 -ic (pertaining to) toxic

 -ical (pertaining to) anatomical

 -ics (pertaining to) orthopedics : skeleton, joint

 -ile (pertaining to)

063 febrile :fever
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 Suffix (meaning) (Examples)
 ism (pertaining to) alcholism : impaired control of
alcohol
 -ist (pertaining to) cardiologist , pharmacist
 -itis (inflammation) rhinitis, meningitis
 -logist (spcialist) oncologist , Pharmacologist
 -logy (study of) biology , physiology
 -lysis (dissolving) dialysis , hemolysis
 -malacia (softening) spleenomalacia
 -megaly (enlargment) hepatomegaly
 -meter (count) audiometer
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 Suffix (meaning) (Examples)

 -necrosis (death of) osteonecrosis

 -oid (pertaining to) toxoid
 -oma (tumor) carcinoma , blastoma
 -ory (pertaining to) respiratory
 -osis (pertaining to) histoplasmosis
 -Ous (pertaining to) venous : pertaining to vein
 -pathy (disease) cardiopathy, neuropathy
 -pexy (fixation) cystopexy
 -plasty (sugical repair) rhinoplasty

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 Suffix (meaning) (Examples)

 -rhaphy (suture) herniorrhaphy, Gastrorrhaphy

 -rhexis (rupture) amniorrhexis

 -rrhage, -rhagia (profuse flow) hemorrhage

 -rhea (flow) diarrhea , mucorrhea , Steatorrhea

 -sclerosis ( hardening ) arteriosclerosis

 -scope (instrument view) endoscope , microscope

 -scopy (examination view) laparoscopy , colonoscopy

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 Suffix (meaning) (Examples)
 sis (pertaining to) acidosis , toxoplasmosis
 -spasm (cramp) bronchospasm
 -stasis (stoppage, suppression) menostasis , hemostasis
 -stenosis (narrowing) arteriostenosis
 -stomy (opening) colostomy
 -tome (instrument of: cutting, incising) microtome
 -tomy (cutting, incising) tracheotomy , Enterotomy
 -tripsy (crushing) lithotripsy : crushing of the stone
 -uria (urine) polyuria
 -y (pertaining to) tetany :sustained muscle
contraction
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 Terms for describing positions

Imagine that when you’re studying a body you’re

looking at a map. Like you use the cardinal directions
to explain the location of certain regions (north,
northwest, southeast, etc.), you use directional terms
to describe the regions of the body.
Here are some commonly used directional terms:

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