The Causes and Effects of The Keys Missed in The Main Hoist Gear Reducer On The Ladle Cranes

AISTech 2019 — Proceedings of the Iron & Steel Technology Conference
6–9 May 2019, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA

DOI 10.1000.377.305
The Causes and Effects of the Keys Missed in the Main Hoist Gear Reducer on the Ladle Cranes
Wen-Kuei Chiu
China Steel Corporation

1, Chung Kang Rd., Hsiao Kang, Kaohsiung 81233, Taiwan, Republic of China
Phone: 886(7)802-1111 ext2431
Email: [email protected]
Keywords: Ladle Crane, Reducer, Gear, Drum, Key, Keyway, Fit
INTRODUCTION
Ladle crane is definitely one of the most common and important handling facility to transport hot metal in steel making plant.
Especially, main hoist mechanism plays an important role to prevent the ladle with hot meatal from dropping during
operation. Regular inspection about main hoist gear reducer includes gear tooth wearing, vibration, lubricant contamination,
bearing temperature, and synchronization of the dual driver. In 2016, there was a special case take place within the main hoist
gear reducer, the key of a drum gear was missing. Fortunately, a maintenance force noticed an abnormal sign, the temperature
difference between the two bearings of input shaft in the gear reducer are over 3 degrees in Celsius. Maintenance staff
decided to open the cover of gear reducer to replace the bearing. It was found that keys in the main hoist reducer were either
shifted or missing and staggers between keyseats and keyways. In order to know what caused the failures and how to
improve it, we tried to analyze it from design, operation, and maintenance.
POSITIONS AND PHENOMENA OF THE KEYS
Main Hoist Machinery

Figure 1 shows the arrangement of the main trolley of ladle cranes in this instance. It is a common design for ladle cranes
equipped with two motors to drive two drums and have two idle gears between the drum gears to maintain mechanical
connection of the two drivers.
Figure 1. Arrangement of the main trolley of ladle crane
© 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. 2907

Abnormal Phenomena in the Main Hoist Gear Reducer
Figure 2 shows the arrangement of the main hoist gear reducer. There were a few abnormal phenomena.
1. The key of the 2nd pinion in north was missing and a stagger was between the keyway and keyseat. (Figure 3)
2. The key of the drum gear in north was missing and a stagger was between the keyway and keyseat. (Figure 4)
3. The keys of the 2nd gear both in north and south were shifted, the oil reserved slots of bearings were broken by the shifted
keys. (Figure 5 and 6)
Figure 2. Arrangement of the main hoist gear reducer
Figure 3. The key of the 2nd pinion in north was Figure 4. The key of the drum gear in north was
missing, keyway and keyseat staggered. missing, keyway and keyseat staggered.
Figure 5. The key of the 2nd gear in north shifted. Figure 6. The key of the 2nd gear in south shifted.
FAILURE ANALYSIS - WHY KEYS SHIFTED?
Keys are used to transmit torque from a rotating machine element to the shaft. Gravity and centrifugal force act on keys when
the shafts are rotating. Setscrews, press fit or closed keyseats are usually designed to prevent keys from shifting. To move the
keys during operation, it shall satisfy the following conditions.
1. Axial force acts on the key.
2. The axial constraints of the key are not able to restrict it to move.
From the figurers above, we see the keyseats of the gear shafts are open type designs and there are no setscrews. What we
have to do first is to verify that the keys are loose fit in the keyseats and keyways.
2908 © 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology.

Dimension Check
Original Design of the Keys and Keyways

Refer to JIS B1301, the dimensions of keys and keyways of the 2nd pinion, the 2nd gear, and the drum gear are shown in table
1. In a normal fit condition, the side clearances between keys and keyseats are -0.062~0.62 mm and -0.074~0.074 mm, the
side clearances between keys and keyways are -0.031~0.093 mm and -0.037~0.111 mm individually. It seems that the key
might be shifted by axial force.
Table 1. JIS Standard Square Rectangular Keys and Keyways [1]
c
or
r
Shaft Hub Key
Key Keyway
b h Close Fit Normal Fit
Size b1,b2
Position b1 and b2 b1 b2
(bXh) C
Tolerances
Nom. Nom. Tolerance Nom. Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance
(h9)
(P9) (N9) (js9)
2nd Pinion 40X22 40 0 22 0 1.00~ 40 -0.026 0
-0.062 -0.130 1.20 -0.088 -0.062 ±0.031
Drum Gear 45X25 45 25 45
0 0 1.60~ -0.032 0
2nd Gear 56X32 56 32 56 ±0.037
-0.074 -0.160 2.00 -0.106 -0.074
Actual Dimensions of the Keys and Keyways

The worn keys and shafts did not be preserved completely after an overhaul. In addition, the drum gear with a staggered
keyway remains running in the reducer of the crane after a new key was inserted into it. We still found the width of the
keyway of the replaced 2nd pinion is 40.18 mm, which is greater than the designed value (40.031 mm) without any wear.
Besides, we found the side clearance between the key and the keyseat (0.3 mm) is greater than the designed value (±0.062
mm) in the other crane whose keys of drum gears were missing, too. These evidences showed that there were something
wrong in finishing and assembling.
Axial forces analysis

Figure 7 shows the gravity and centrifugal force acting on a loose-fitting key during operation. The resultant force vary as the
angle between gravity and centrifugal force changes. Radial force Fr, tangential force Ft, and the resultant force Fcom acting on
the key can be obtained from the equation 1, 2, and 3.
Figure 7. Forces act on the key during operation
F r  m  2 r  mg cos  (1)
F t  mg sin  (2)

F com  F r 2  F t 2  m  4 r 2  g 2  2  2 rg cos  (3)
Where m is mass of the key; ω is the angular velocity; r is the gyration radius of the key; gravitational constant g=9.81 m/s2.
The friction force between the key and keyway is μ0Fcom, where the coefficient of static friction, μ0, is 0.12 with oil on the
surface. When axial force, f, acts on the key is greater than the friction force, shown as equation 4, the key will move. In
other words, if the axial acceleration rate, a, is greater than μ0Fcom/m, shown as equation 5, the key will move, too.
f  ma   0 F com   0 m  4 r 2  g 2  2  2 rg cos  (4)

a  0  4 r 2  g 2  2  2 rg cos  (5)
When a key is rotating to the top of a shaft, i.e. θ=180°, it can be moved with a minimum acceleration rate.
Acceleration and deceleration of the main trolley drivers

Generally, operators stop hoisting or lowering during traversing. Let ω=0, equation 5 is simplified as equation 6.
a   0 g  1 . 18 m / s 2 (6)
To check the design data, acceleration rate and deceleration rate of the main trolley drivers and brakes are 0.25 m/s2 and
0.056 m/s2 individually. Even if the main trolley is decelerated by the drivers and brakes simultaneously, the inertial force is
still not great enough to move the keys.
Vibration
The master switch of the main hoist is a 5-stage design to control the hoist speed. Generally, a ladle is hoisted or lowered
slowly at the 1st stage speed and quickly at the 5th stage speed. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th stage speeds are interim, rarely last over 1
second during operation. By measuring vibration of the main hoist reducer, we found the maximum vibration velocity occurs
when it was hoisting or lowering at the 4th stage speed. Figure 8 shows vibration velocities of the main hoist gear reducer at
different positions with rated load at the 4th and 5th stage speed. With frequency analysis of vibration, shows as figure 9, it
verify resonance occurs at the meshing frequency of drum gears at the 4th stage speed. To compare the axial acceleration rates
of the main hoist reducer at the 4th stage speed due to vibration with friction, shown as table 2, it shows the acceleration rate
of the northern 2nd pinion is not sufficient to move the key. Furthermore, vibration is a kind of movement back and forth
rapidly. Even though it is great enough to move the keys of the 2nd gear and the drum gear, it is not able to push the keys out
of the keyseats at a frequency of 25 Hz.
Figure 8. Vibration velocities of the main hoist gear reducer during operation

Figure 9. Vibration frequency of the main hoist gear reducer
Table 2. Axial vibration of the main hoist reducer with rated load at 4th stage speed
Axial vibration Minimum axial acceleration rate to
Position
Velocity Acceleraiton Rate overcome friction (eq. 5, θ=180° )
2nd Pinion North 13.5 mm/s 2.12 m/s2 <3.35 m/s2
nd 2
2 Gear North 12.5 mm/s 1.91 m/s >0.62 m/s2
nd 2
2 Gear South 5.8 mm/s 0.91 m/s >0.62 m/s2
2
Drum Gear North 13.5 mm/s 2.12 m/s >1.08 m/s2
Impact of main trolley

Trolley bumpers are capable of absorbing the total energy at 100% full load rated speed. The relation of bumper force and
velocity of main trolley can be expressed as the formula below.
2
MV (7)
FS  MaS 
2
Where F is bumper force; M is the weight of main trolley; stroke of the main trolley bumper, S, is 150 mm; rated speed of the
main trolley is V=40 m/min=0.67 m/s. When the main trolley hits the dual bumpers at rated speed, keys in the main hoist
reducer will move. It can be verify as below.
V 2
a   1 . 5 m / s 2  g  0  1 . 18 m / s 2
2S
Furthermore, as the main trolley hits the bumpers with a velocity V> (2Sgμ0)0.5 =0.59 m/s=35.7 m/min, the keys will move.
While there are no limit switches furnished to slow down the trolley before it hit the bumpers, the keys may run out from the
keyways.
Improvement to avoid the keys shifted

To modify the designs of the keyseats from open type to close type is a good way to avoid the keys shifted, when keys are
loose fit on the keyways. Figure 10 and 11 shows the difference of the original designs and the improved ones.
Figure10. Keyseat of the drum gear before and after improved

Figure 11. Keyseats of the 2nd pinion and 2nd gear before and after improved
FAILURE ANALYSIS - WHY STAGGERS BETWEEN KEYSEATS AND KEYWAYS?
The drum shall be driven through gears pressed and keyed on each shafts and pinions/gears of the main hoist reducer. If a key
is missing and the allowable torque due to press fit between gear and shaft is lower than the torque of the driver, they will
slide against each other. The keyway and keyseat will be staggered.
Drive torque and allowable torque analysis
Torques with rated load at rated speed

On the basis of the hoist specification, the required power of the main hoist can be calculated as Pr= (MQ+MH)MV/(6.12η)
= 892.73 kW, where rated load is MQ=400 ton, weight of the load block is MH=42 ton, rated speed is MV=10 m/min,
mechanical efficiency is η=0.809. When it is running with rated load at rated speed, the torques of the 2nd pinion, the 2nd gear,
and the drum gear are shown in table 3.
Table 3. Torques with rated load at rated speed

Position Revolution (rpm) Torque (kg-cm)
2nd Pinion 256.36 169,590
2nd Gear 75.26 577,680
Drum Gear 15.81 2,749,916
Interference of the 2nd pinion and 2nd gear

According to DIN 7190, the allowable torque between gears and shafts without keys can be obtained in different interference
fit conditions, shown in table 4. In general condition, the fit safety factor of the 2nd pinion without a key is 1.05, it means the
pinion and the shaft do not slide against each other but over-speed or overweight. The fit safety factor of the 2nd gear without
a key is 0.67, it means they do slide against each other even with a lighter load or at a lower speed.
In figure 12 and 13, the keys of the 2nd gear are deformed with a step due to shear stress. In figure 14 and 15, adhesive wears
are shown on the inner surfaces of the 2nd gear boss after removing the shafts gently without scratching. The evidences shown
in figures also verified the gear and the shaft did slide against each other.
Table 4. Allowable torques between gears and shafts with rated load at rated speed
Shaft Diameter Out Diameter of Interference Length of Normal stress Allowable Torque Safety Factor
Position
dF (mm) Boss dAa (mm) U (μm) Seam l (mm) P (kg/mm2) Trr (kg-cm) Trr/Tr
2 nd
165 Max 93 4.87 287,145 1.69
Pinion 0.093
512 Avg. 60.5 115 3.01 177,766 1.05
(r6) 0.068 Min 28 1.16 68,387 0.4
355 165 2.64 454,077
Max 113 550,269 0.95
1744 20 4.62 96,192
2nd 235 355 165 1.7 293,299
Gear 0.113
Avg. 75.5 355,241 0.61
1744 20 2.98 61,942
(r6) 0.084
355 165 0.76 130,722
Min 38 158,414 0.27
1744 20 1.33 27,692

Figure 12. The key of the 2nd gear in north is Figure13. The key of the 2nd gear in south is
deformed due to shear stress. deformed due to shear stress.
Figure 14. Adhesive wear on the inner surface of the Figure 15. Adhesive wear on the inner surface of the
northern 2nd gear boss southern 2nd gear boss
Interference of the drum gear

Neither the hub of drum nor the boss of drum gear is a solid or a simply hollow design, shown as figure 16. The allowable
torque between the drum and the gear can’t be calculated by the equation in DIN 7190. To utilize FEM software to analyze
the interference of the hub and boss, the normal stress and distribution due to interference can be obtained exactly, shown as
figure 17. The allowable torque between the hub and boss without a key can be obtained in different fit conditions, shown in
table 5. On the basis of the design tolerance, the fit safety factor of the drum gear without a key is 1.08~1.93, it means the
boss and the hub do not slide against each other but over-speed or overweight.
Figure 16. The design of the drum with gear

Figure 17. Normal stress distribution between the hub and the boss
Table 5. Allowable torques between the hub and the boss with rated load at rated speed
Position
dF (mm) Boss dAa (mm) U (μm) Seam l (mm) P (kN) Trr (kg-cm) Trr/Tr
Drum Max 35 9,112 5,294,434 1.93
950 1150 235
Gear Min 20 5,096 2,960,979 1.08
Improvement to avoid slide between shaft and gear boss

The allowable torque between shaft and gear boss of the 2nd gear is lower than drive torque, it can cause adhesive wear during
operation. To modify the tightness from H7/r6 to H7/s6 or H7/t6 is a good way to avoid the adhesive wear, when the keys are
loose fit in the keyseats. Table 6 shows the safety factor of the improved designs.
Table 6. Allowable torques between hubs and bosses with rated load at rated speed
Position
dF (mm) Boss dAa (mm) U (μm) Seam l (mm) P (kg/mm2) Trr (kg-cm) Trr/Tr
355 165 4.05 695,516
Max 169 842,885 1.46
1744 20 7.08 147,339
nd
2 Gear
235 355 165 3.11 533,838
 0.169
Avg 131.5 647,647 1.12
(s6) 1744 20 5.43 113,809
 0.140
355 165 2.17 372,160
Min 94 450,999 0.78
1744 20 3.79 78,839
355 165 5.46 936,954
Max 225 1,135,440 1.97
nd
2 Gear
235 1744 20 9.53 198,486
 0.225
355 165 4.51 775,277
(t6) Avg 187.5 939,513 1.63
 0.196 1744 20 7.89 164,236
355 Min 150 165 3.57 613,599 743,585 1.29
CONCLUSIONS
The root cause of shifted or missing keys is loose fit between keys and keyseats due to poor processing or assembling. When
the main trolley hits the bumpers without adequate deceleration, the keys will move in the axial direction and run out of the
keyseats.
To improve this problem is to make sure the interference of fit between the keys and keyseats follow the origin design.
Besides, modify the keyseats from open type to close one for new gear shafts, and set a stop for the used shafts with open
keyseats. Furthermore, modify the tightness of the 2nd gear from H7/r6 to H7/s6 or H7/t6.
The keyseats of used gears and shafts were worn out. To save maintenance cost, shafts shall be removed without scratching
the hole of the gear. The keyways of the 2nd pinion and gear shall be enlarged or milled a new one in the opposite position.
REFERENCES
1. JIS B1301: Keys and their corresponding keyways, 1996.

2. DIN 7190: Interference fits - Calculation and design rules, 2001.

AUTHOR INDEX
AISTech® 2019
A Barbosa, Ronaldo ............................................... 1979

Abbel, Gert ........................................................ 2137 Barreto-Pohlen, Josef ......................................... 2791
Abdulsalam, Mohammad ........................ 2155, 2667 Bartholdt, C. ...................................................... 2373
Abel, Markus ....................................................... 797 Bartlett, Laura .................................................... 1029
Abraham, Sunday .................................... 1183, 2187 Bastos, Felipe ..................................................... 2001
Abreu, Cesar ...................................................... 2685 Basu, Pradyot ..................................................... 2775
Abreu Fraga, Rafael ........................................... 2333 Bauman, Jeff ...................................................... 1829
Accurso, John .................................................... 2791 Bavestrelli, Giovanni ......................................... 2593
Adjogble, Franck ................................................. 815 Baynes, Jocelyn ..................................................... 23
Agarwal, Rohit .................................................. 1009 Bellai, Deni ........................................................ 1745
Aguirre Ortiz, Francisco Raul ................. 1133, 2401 Benhui, Shi ........................................................ 1383
Ai, Lei .................................................................. 931 Bentsman, Joseph .............................................. 2075
Ai, Yu .................................................................... 97 Bernhard, Christian ............................................ 1441
Aimin, Guo ........................................................ 2013 Bertolissio, Arrigo ............................................... 145
Akishika, Issui ..................................................... 213 Bertoni, Nicola ................................................... 1303
Aksyushin, Maxim .............................................. 601 Beskow, Kristina ................................................. 485
Albanese, Ralph ................................... 299, 321, 519 Bettinger, Dieter .................................................. 577
Al-Dojayli, Maher ....................................... 299, 465 Beyens, Dries ....................................................... 891
Alessandrini, Andrea ......................................... 1849 Bharati, Sanghamitra ......................................... 2835
Almeida, Paulo .................................................... 451 Bhattacharya, Saptarshi ......................................... 83
Almqvist, Jonna ................................................... 531 Bhattacharyya, Anrin ........................................... 263
Alshawarghi, Hamzah ....................................... 1053 Bilgen, Christian ................................................ 1389
Alter, Michael ...................................................... 507 Binroth, Christian .............................................. 1745
Amano, Shota ...................................................... 987 Biswas, Siddhartha ............................................ 2093
Ambra, Antonio ................................................. 1953 Blanpain, Bart .................................................... 2101
Anand, Rajesh ..................................................... 311 Blazek, Kenneth ................................................. 1417
Andersson, Daniel ............................................. 2559 Block, Michelle ..................................................... 33
Andersson, Joakim Z. .......................................... 775 Blomqvist, Fredrik ............................................. 2559
Andrade, Marcelo ........................................ 163, 547 Bobek, James ....................................................... 329
Aníbal Morales Pereira, Julio ............................ 1197 Bobig, Paolo ...................................................... 1395
Ansió, Carlos ....................................................... 735 Bodley, Michael ........................................... 299, 519
Ansoldi, Marco .................................................... 745 Bodnar, Rick ............................................ 1183, 2187
Anthony, Mark ............................................ 321, 329 Bojikian Matsubara, Daniel ..................... 1873, 2333
Antunes Paiva, Inês Isabel ................................... 407 Bolcato, Giovanni ................................................ 123
Arafin, M. .......................................................... 1907 Boldrin, N. ......................................................... 1411
Araújo Silva, José Geraldo de ........................... 2769 Bolen, Janice ........................................................ 353
Araújo, Lucas Teixeira ...................................... 2769 Bolognini, Giammario ........................................... 75
Aspetsberger, Roman ........................................ 2531 Boman, Fredrik .................................................... 797
Assis, Paulo Santos ...................................... 399, 943 Borah, Sampurna ......................................... 719, 727
Bordignon, Michele ........................................... 2805
Bose, Souptik ......................................................... 83
B Bösenhofer, Markus ................................... 407, 2641
Babusiak, Ken ................................................... 1503 Bosserman, Tim ................................................... 835
Bacchetti, Lorenzo ................................... 2895, 2899 Böttner, Detlef ................................................... 1693
Baczynsky, Joseph ............................................. 2061 Bowman, Ian ...................................................... 1661
Bader, Anthony ................................................. 1699 Braam, Malte ....................................................... 347
Baltuch, Edmund G. .............................................. 67 Bragin, S. ........................................................... 1587
Baltuch, Siegmar U. .............................................. 67 Braz Trindade, Vicente ...................................... 2393
Banerjee, Amit ................................................... 1275 Breuer, Michael ................................................. 1599
Barati, Mansoor ................................................. 2281 Brooks, Geoffrey ............................. 687, 1123, 2461
Barbosa, Leticia ................................................. 1979 Brown, Gary ............................................ 1183, 2187

Brugger, Christian ............................................. 2521 Conville, Matthew ............................................. 2491
Brühl, Fritz ........................................................ 1809 Copetti, Giuliano ................................................. 473
Brunner, Joseph ................................................... 329 Costa, Giovanna Lorena Carneiro ..................... 2025
Burgel, G. .......................................................... 2373 Costa, Joaquim ................................................... 1979
Burns, Edward ..................................................... 473 Cotchen, J. Kevin ................................................. 649
Busolini, Loris ......................................... 1401, 2509 Cotton, Charles .................................................. 2619
Busser, John ................................................. 299, 519 Coura Giacomin, Rafael .................................... 2259
Cowden, Sean .................................................... 1067
C Cox, Jeffrey ....................................................... 2629
Calderón-Hurtado, Fabian ................................. 1141 Cramer, Ulrich ................................................... 1563
Cameron, Ian ....................... 275, 299, 353, 465, 519 Cudicio, Marco Peter ........................................... 155
Campagnolo, Luca ............................................... 123 Cullen, Daniel .................................................... 1661
Campbell, Michael .............................................. 823 Cunha Alves, Pedro ........................................... 1197
Campos, Alex ...................................................... 399 Cunha Aranda, Vinicius ..................................... 1291
Cândido, Gabriel .................................................. 451 Cuypers, Jan ......................................................... 891
Caplick, Christopher ............................................ 547
Cargill, Jeremy .................................................... 823 D
Carvalho, Daniel Augusto Godinho de ................ 897 Dai, Hong ........................................................... 2421
913, 979 Dai, Jianhua ......................................................... 611
Castro, Herbert .................................................... 897 D’Alessio, John ................................................... 383
Casuccio, Gary .................................................. 2155 Das, Achintya ...................................................... 701
Cerilli, Erminio .................................................. 2365 Das, Arijit .......................................................... 1479
Cestari, Luca ...................................................... 2573 Das, Debashis .................................................... 1009
Chaika, O. ............................................................ 479 Das, Lipsa .......................................................... 2219
Chakraborty, Soumava ...................................... 1029 Das, Satyajit ......................................................... 965
Chalavadi, Ganesh ............................................... 701 De, Amar ........................................................... 2093
Challapalli, Sri ......................................... 2509, 2573 De Luca, Andrea ................................................ 1935
Chan, Allen ........................................................ 1053 De Moor, Emmanuel ......................................... 1819
Chatterjee, Saikat ..... 55, 83, 1211, 1479, 2161, 2207 Degel, Rolf ......................................................... 2455
Chattopadhyay, Kinnor ..................... 55, 1141, 1211, DeMark, Donna ................................................. 1699
1331, 1455, 1467, 2207 Demuner, Leonardo Martins ...................... 897, 1291
Chattopadhyay, Partha ................................. 719, 727 Deng, Zhenqiang ............................................... 2311
Chaudhary, Puneet ....................................... 719, 727 Deo, Brahma ........................................ 719, 727, 859
Chedal-Anglay, Bruno ....................................... 1971 Desai, Navin ........................................................ 881
Chen, Wei .......................................................... 1345 Dias, Francislaynne Lages ....................... 2319, 2393
Chen, Xiangyang ............................................... 1615 Diaz, Jose Ignacio .............................................. 1971
Chen, Yongfeng ................................................. 2327 Dohi, Yusuke ....................................................... 213
Chen, Yuchao ...................................................... 789 Doizaki, Tetsuji ................................................. 1579
Chen, Yuxin ....................................................... 2101 Dolzan, Simone ................................................. 1829
Chen, Zhelin ...................................................... 2075 Donadon, Andrea ............................................... 2805
Cheng, Arthur ...................................................... 275 Donskoi, Eugene .................................................. 237
Chevrier, Vincent ................................................ 617 Dorstewitz, Frank .............................................. 2729
Chiu, Wen-Kuei ................................................. 2907 Drennan, William .............................................. 2075
Cho, Sang-Hyun ................................................ 2365 Dubois, Michel ........................................ 1791, 1801
Cho, Seong-Mook .................................... 1317, 2219 Dunbar, Malcom .................................................... 15
Chomyn, Kyle ............................................. 299, 465 Dunn, Michelle .................................................. 1123
Choubey, Krishna Murari .................................. 1275 Dunnett, K. ........................................................ 1907
Clesen, Romain ................................................... 329 Durocher, David ................................................ 2543
Codarin, Morris ................................................. 2805 Dyar, Cody ......................................................... 1699
Codutti, Andrea ................................................. 2805
Collins, L. .......................................................... 1907
Connolly, Brendan ............................................. 1067

E Gao, Zhengkai ..................................................... 611
Eichert, Thomas ................................................. 1061 Garcia Reis, Emanuelle ..................................... 2333
Eisenkoeck, Peter .............................................. 2373 Garcia-Hernández, Saul ..................................... 1141
Ekman, Tomas ................................................... 2559 Garg, Ashish ...................................................... 2775
Engdahl, Jonas ................................................... 2559 Garibaldi, Marco .................................................... 75
England, Alex ............................................ 835, 1249 Gaspera, Antonio Della ....................................... 155
Entwistle, Jason ........................................... 299, 321 Gautreau, Thierry ............................................... 1401
Gawron, Ryan ...................................................... 329
Gepitulan, Gary ................................................. 1579
F Ghobara, Yasser ........................................... 299, 519
Fabina, Larry ..................................................... 2629 Ghorbani, Hamid ................................................. 465
Fan, Jianglin ...................................................... 2629 Ghorui, Prabhat Kumar ........................................ 495
Fan, Xinku ......................................................... 2603 Ghose, Partha S. ................................................. 2703
Faria, Ricardo .................................................... 1873 Ghosh, Biswajit ................................................. 1009
Feilmayr, Christoph ................................... 407, 2641 Ghosh, PK ............................................................ 781
Feldhaus, Stephan .............................................. 1281 Gileva, Larisa Yu. ................................................ 417
Ferguson, Scott .................................................... 797 Gillgrass, Steven .......................................... 935, 951
Fernandez, Juan Ramon ....................................... 757 Gilmore, Jim ...................................................... 1265
Ferreira, Amarildo ............................................. 2025 Giroux, Louis ............... 137, 183, 199, 255, 427, 435
Ferreira, Helder .................................................. 1979 Giso, Nicolo ....................................................... 2593
Ferreira, Julio Cesar ........................................... 2685 Gleason, James .................................................. 1451
Field, Daniel ...................................................... 2271 Goli-Oglu, Eugene ............................................. 2343
Filatov, Sergei ..................................................... 417 Gomes, Christiano ............................................... 451
Filzwieser, Andreas ........................................... 2455 Gonçalves, Hugo ............................................... 2685
Fisher, Timothy ................................................... 129 Gonçalves, Marcílio ............................................. 451
Folco, Luca .......................................................... 473 Gong, Jian .......................................................... 1735
Fontana, Andrea ................................................ 2461 Gönülalan, Erdi .................................................. 1987
Foppe, Thomas .................................................. 2893 González, Marco ................................................ 1723
Fornasier, Marcellino ........................................ 1411 Goodman, Neil ..................................................... 593
Forrer, Manuel ................................................... 2859 Goodwin, Frank ................................................. 1781
Franks, Tony ...................................................... 1183 Gordon, Yakov .................... 311, 417, 443, 479, 507
Fredrick, Jeremiah ............................................... 835 Gorni, Antonio ................................................... 1873
Fredriksson, Ulf ................................................... 263 Gouveia, Antônio Maria Claret de ..................... 2769
Freitas Paixão, Vinicius ..................................... 2025 Grasselli, Andrea ................................................. 775
Frenzel, Jens ...................................................... 2659 Green, Edward ..................................................... 669
Frey, Larry ......................................................... 2761 Gregord, John .................................................... 1281
Fries, Uwe de ....................................................... 965 Greguoldo, Jacopo ............................................... 145
Fritschek, Harald ................................................. 577 Greisen, Zibrandt ............................................... 2343
Fuchshuber, Daniel ............................................ 2521 Grillo, Felipe ...................................................... 2119
Fujimoto, Hidekazu ............................................. 213 Grimm, Georg .................................................... 1081
Fukada, Kiyoshi ........................................... 213, 537 Grindey, John G. .......................................... 299, 519
Furtado, Henrique Silva ........... 869, 943, 2111, 2119 Grosseiber, S. ..................................................... 1537
Gruess, Ansgar ................................................... 1553
G Gu, Leigang ............................................. 1629, 2289
Gabrielsson, Bjorn ............................................. 1067 Guerrini, Edoardo ................................................ 805
Gadzala, Anthony ................................................ 329 Guiling, Yang .................................................... 1525
Gajic, Drazen ....................................................... 225 Gül, Hamdi ........................................................ 1987
Gambarine Soares, Silas ...................................... 869 Günbay, Serdar .................................................. 1987
Gandin, Franco .................................................. 1091 Gündüz, Oğuz .................................................... 1987
Gantner, Andreas ............................................... 1081 Guo, Muxing ...................................................... 2101
Gao, Nan ............................................................ 2155 Gusek, Christopher ............................................ 2659
Gao, Tai ............................................................... 611

H Huang, Frank ....................................................... 547
Haberkorn, Miles ............................................... 1183 Huang, Xianai .............................. 137, 255, 427, 435
Hackl, Gernot .................................................... 2851 Huddleston, Logan ............................................. 1029
Hackl, M. ........................................................... 1587 Hughes, David ..................................................... 365
Haghdoost, Amy ................................................ 2069 Hull, Weldon ....................................................... 823
Hagihara, Yoshiyuki .......................................... 1309 Hurley, Timothy ................................................ 2797
Halko, Jason ........................................................ 183 Husakovic, Adnan ............................................. 2743
Hällström, Mats ................................................. 1509 Hussey, Matthew ............................................... 2543
Han, Byeong-ha ................................................. 1257
Hanel, Martina ................................................... 2455 I
Hansen, Fabrice ................................................... 567 Ibarra, Ivonne ..................................................... 2709
Hansson, Carolyn M. ............................................... 1 Ichikawa, Kazuhira .............................................. 537
Harasek, Michael ....................................... 407, 2641 Iida, Atsuhisa ..................................................... 2825
Hartl, Franz ........................................................ 2743 Iida, Masakazu ................................................... 2843
Hartmann, Helmuth ........................................... 2609 Ilgar, Ersan ......................................................... 2069
Harvey, Andrew ................................................ 1907 Ilie, Sergiu ......................................................... 1441
Harvey, Richard ................................................... 359 Ilinca, Florin ...................................................... 1781
Haschke, Arno ................................................... 2751 Imanari, Hiroyuki .................................... 1579, 2447
Hashimoto, Eiji .................................................. 1579 Inoue, Hisashi .................................................... 2769
Hauzenberger, Franz .................................. 407, 2641 Ishii, Jun ............................................................... 537
He, Chunlai .......................................................... 931 Ito, Kiyoharu ........................................................ 881
He, Longze ........................................................ 1545 Ivlev, Sergey ........................................................ 601
He, Yang ............................................................ 2311 Iwamoto, Yukimasa ........................................... 1265
He, Yining ......................................................... 1607 Iwata, Koji ......................................................... 2427
Hemrick, James ................................................. 2819 Iwatani, Jo .......................................................... 1545
Hennessy, Denis ................................................ 2093 Izumskiy, Nikolai ................................................ 479
Henstock, Mitchell .............................................. 311
Hermann, Eduard ............................................... 1517 J
Hernández Duarte, Eduardo .............................. 1291 Jaiswal, Arvind Kumar ........................................ 495
Hernandez Paredes, Pablo Enoc .............. 1133, 2401 Janse van Vuuren, Rudi ..................................... 2461
Hertrich Giraldo, Ashton ..................................... 679 Jansto, Steven .................................................... 2353
Hinton, John ............................................ 1907, 1917 Jarvikivi, Mikko ................................................. 2255
Hirosawa, Toshiyuki ............................................ 537 Jennings, Bob ..................................................... 1503
Hittalamani, Basavarajappa K ........................... 2835 Ji, Fuzhong ......................................................... 2137
Hlade, Toby ....................................................... 2797 Jia, Hongsheng ..................................................... 931
Hodnik, Peter ..................................................... 1401 Jiao, Yuekan ........................................................ 225
Hoffmann, Mathias .............................................. 173 Jianchun, Cao ..................................................... 2013
Hoffmeyer, Kevin .............................................. 2697 Johnson, Kurt ..................................................... 2629
Hofmann, Axel .................................................... 965 Jolivet, Ryan ...................................................... 1765
Holm, Elizabeth ................................................. 2155 Jones, Jeremy A.T. .............................................. 627
Holmes, Daniel .................................................... 767 Jordan, Christian ........................................ 407, 2641
Holzhauer, Thomas ............................................ 1563 Joshi, Harsh ....................................................... 2835
Horgan, Alan ..................................................... 2697 Jungbauer, Andi ................................................. 1537
Horisawa, Teruo ................................................ 1841 Junior Correa, Willian ....................................... 1291
Horwood, Robert ......................................... 339, 359
Hosokawa, Kohei .............................................. 1175
Hsueh, J. ............................................................ 1959 K
Hu, Changzong .................................................. 1571 Kabosch, Dino ................................................... 1281
Hu, Deshun .......................................................... 611 Kacar, Yilmaz ............................................ 661, 1225
Hu, Ke ............................................................... 1753 Kadam, Rohini ................................................... 1123
Hu, Kun ............................................................. 2437 Kakihara, Masayoshi ......................................... 2825
Hu, Zhichun ....................................................... 2421 Kalugin, Marina ................................................... 601

Kanaya, Takafumi ............................................. 1841 L
Kaneko, Shohei ................................................. 2825 L, Mallikarjun ...................................................... 311
Kang, Myeong-Hun ........................................... 2147 Lachmund, Helmut .............................................. 849
Kang, Youn-Bae ................................................ 2147 Laimer, Brigitte ................................................. 2675
Kashihara, Yusuke ............................................... 537 Lammer, Gregor ...................................... 1081, 2859
Katayama, Daisuke ............................................ 1265 Lan, Peng ................................................. 1363, 2195
Katsumura, Tatsuro ........................................... 2035 Lanari, Andrea ..................................................... 145
Kaza, Marutiram .......................................... 495, 997 Lanzenberger, Ronald ........................................ 2859
Kazmaier, Darren ................................................ 353 Lanzendorfer, Thomas ....................................... 2497
Kelly, Michael ................................................... 2041 LaRoy, Bob .......................................................... 835
Kempken, Jens ................................................... 2609 Lavric, T. ........................................................... 2373
Kern, Wolfgang ................................................... 173 Lazo, Rafael ....................................................... 2411
Khalili, Hamoun ................................................ 2069 Leber, Martin ....................................................... 767
Khullar, Akshay ................................................. 2085 Lebid, V. .............................................................. 479
Kierkegaard, Pär ................................................ 1509 Lee, Du ................................................................ 299
Kikkawa, Tanehiro ............................................ 1641 Lee, J. ................................................................. 1907
Kikuchi, Naoki .................................................... 987 Lee, Joo-Hyeok .................................................. 2147
Kilato, Joachim .................................................. 1917 Lehman, Anders F. .............................................. 775
Kilpatrick, William ............................................ 2491 Lei, Ting ................................................................ 97
Kim, Geonu ......................................................... 661 Leist, Joe .............................................................. 109
Kim, Sung-Kwang ............................................. 2147 Leitner, Reinhold ..................................... 2521, 2531
Klaas, Mitchell .................................................... 383 Lencina, Rodrigo ............................................... 2101
Klipa, Nicholas .................................................. 1281 Lengauer, T. ....................................................... 1537
Knigge, Mathias ...................................... 1389, 1395 Lesne, T. ............................................................ 2373
Knights, Mike .................................................... 1395 Leung, Jackie ........................................... 1455, 1467
Kober, David ..................................................... 2585 Li, Bin ................................................................ 1629
Koblenzer, Harald .............................................. 1091 Li, Delin ............................................................... 137
Kohler, Gordon .................................................. 1849 Li, Donghui .............................. 43, 1455, 1331, 1467
Konar, Bikram ......................... 55, 1211, 1331, 1455 Li, Jingshe .......................................................... 2327
König, Bernhard ................................................ 2641 Li, Shaoxiang ........................................... 1363, 2195
Kopin, F. ............................................................ 2373 Li, Weifu ............................................................ 1345
Kortzak, Katharina .............................................. 849 Li, Yan-jiang ........................................................ 269
Kotzian, Daniel .................................................. 1553 Liang, Mingyi .................................................... 2219
Krassnig, Hans-Jörg .......................................... 2455 Liang, Wang ........................................................ 269
Krimpelstätter, Konrad ...................................... 1587 Liang, Xun-guo .................................................. 2289
Kronberger, Thomas ............................................ 577 Liddell, Duke ..................................................... 1829
Krüger, Matthias ................................................ 1683 Lima, Ernani ...................................................... 1979
Krupp, Ulrich ..................................................... 2393 Limmer, Krista ................................................... 2271
Kubbe, Andreas ................................................. 2729 Lin, Wei ............................................................. 2843
Kučera, Lubor ...................................................... 601 Linazasoro, Jon .................................................. 2791
Kuehas, Thomas ................................................ 2531 Linden, Wolfgang ...................................... 347, 2653
Kumar, Ashutosh ..................................... 1009, 1275 Lino, Roney ....................................................... 1979
Kumar, Avinash ................................................. 2085 Linzer, B. ........................................................... 1537
Kumar, D Satish .................................................. 997 Littig Berger, Anna Paula .................................... 869
Kumar, Satendra .................................................. 495 Liu, Chang ......................................................... 1113
Kumar, Sunil ............................................... 311, 859 Liu, Chengsong .................................................. 2131
Kuntz, Charles ................................................... 2761 Liu, Huasong ..................................................... 1363
Kuran, Orhan ....................................................... 745 Liu, Hui .............................................................. 2603
Kurz, Matthias ......................................... 1491, 2659 Liu, Jianhua ....................................................... 2311
Kuuskman, Kate ................................................ 2365 Liu, Rui .............................................................. 1425
Liu, Xianjun ....................................................... 1629
Liu, Xiliang .......................................................... 611

Liu, Zhanwen ......................................................... 97 Matsunaga, Takayuki ......................................... 2843
Löhe, Klaus ....................................................... 1491 Mattern, Tim ...................................................... 2791
Lopez, Beatriz .................................................... 2001 Matveienko, G. .................................................... 479
Lopez, Borja ...................................................... 2061 Mawer, Robert ............................................. 339, 359
Lopez, Esteban .................................................. 2709 Maxfield, Myrissa .............................................. 2187
Lora, Nathan ...................................................... 1899 May, Kasey ........................................................ 2491
Lourenço, Fábio Luiz ........................................ 1291 Mayrhofer, Anna ............................................... 2743
Lowry, Michael ................................................. 1425 McClanahan, Rex ................................................ 823
Lu, Zijun ............................................................ 2447 McCosby, Matthew ........................................... 1765
Lubinski, Steve .................................................. 1067 McCoy, Michael .................................................. 299
Lucas Fuentes, José Ignacio .............................. 1971 McLain, Jeffery ................................................. 1661
Luccini, Marco .................................................. 2593 McLean, Alexander ................................. 2281, 2311
Lukesch, Gernot ................................................ 2851 Medeiros Santos, Vanessa Rodrigues de ............. 913
Luo, Baolong ......................................................... 43 Meder, Kerstin ..................................................... 923
Luo, Lei ................................................................. 43 Meier, Marcel .................................................... 1281
Luo, Ming .......................................................... 2195 Meisch, Claude .................................................... 567
Luo, Yan ............................................................ 1233 Memoli, Francesco .............................................. 775
Luo, Youxin ........................................................... 33 Mengel, Christian .............................................. 1563
Lv, Baodong ........................................................ 611 Meurer, Daniel ................................................... 2851
Michelon, Giovanni ........................................... 1281
M Midha, Rishi ........................................................ 299
Ma, Alvin ........................................................... 2207 Miele, Marco ..................................................... 2659
Ma, Haibo .......................................................... 1425 Milligan, Elyce .................................................. 1607
Ma, Naiyang ........................................................ 163 Miskiw, Joseph .................................................. 2365
Ma, Tom .............................................................. 823 Mittal, Raghav ......................................... 2161, 2207
Ma, Xiaoping ..................................................... 2365 Mondal, Shubhajit ....................................... 719, 727
Maccagni, Massimo ............................................. 805 Monteiro, Mário ................................................... 451
Maccani, Gianluca ............................................. 1287 Morales, Jesus .................................................... 1723
Machado, Daniel .................................................. 451 Morales, Rodolfo ..................................... 1141, 1417
Machado, Marcelo Lucas Pereira ...................... 2383 Moreira Galinari, Clenice .................................. 1373
Maenhoudt, Mireille ............................................ 891 Moreland, John ...................................................... 33
Magalhães Mourão, Gabriel Marques ................. 943 Morgan, Randi ..................................................... 109
Mahashabde, Vinay ........................................... 2085 Morsut, Luigi ..................................................... 1411
Maia, Breno ................................................. 913, 979 Moser, Herbert ................................................... 1401
Maierhofer, Andreas ................................ 1553, 2751 Mukherjee, Amarnath ........................................ 1275
Maiolo, Joe ........................................................ 2629 Mukherjee, Atanu .............................. 83, 1479, 2161
Maity, Arunava ...................................... 55, 83, 1211 Murzin, Yury ....................................................... 601
Maity, Subhajit .................................................. 2085 Musso, Claudio .................................................... 451
Malakar, Parimal ......................................... 719, 727 Mutsam, Nikolaus .............................................. 1081
Malfliet, Annelies .............................................. 2101 Myasoedov, Sergei .............................................. 417
Malovini Loiola, Bruna Helena ........................... 943
Manning, Christopher .......................................... 617 N
Marincic, Ivan ................................................... 1765 N, Ragunath ........................................................... 55
Marsh, Jon ........................................................... 329 Nafade, Nikhil ................................................... 2411
Martin, Keith ....................................................... 329 Nagarajan, Tamil Selvan ..................................... 757
Martinez, Aracely .............................................. 2709 Naka, Yusuke ..................................................... 1841
Martinis, Alessandro ............................................ 679 Nakayama, Toru ................................................ 1753
Martins, AP ....................................................... 2119 Nawafune, Masashi ............................................. 881
Marukawa, Hidekazu ......................................... 1841 Neuer, Jochen ...................................................... 815
Mascarenhas Fernandes, Lúcio ......................... 1291 Ng, Ka Wing ................................ 137, 255, 427, 435
Masini, Riccardo ................................................ 1959 Nicholson, Wesley ............................................. 1183
Matsui, Takashi ................................................... 213 Nielsen, Jonathan ................................................. 805

Nielson, Samuel ................................................... 383 Paulon, Gabriele ................................................ 1401
Nieves, Leonardo ............................................... 1723 Pauluzzi, Dario .................................................... 679
Nightingale, Robert ............................................. 507 Pavlov, Alekander ............................................... 443
Nii, Toshihiro .................................................... 1735 Pearcey, Owen ................................................... 1765
Nikitenko, Eugene ............................................. 1595 Pearson, Dave ...................................................... 225
Nimbalkar, Anil ................................................. 1849 Pearson, Richard .................................................. 225
Nispel, Michael .................................................... 849 Peixoto, Johne Jesus Mol ................................... 1373
Niu, Huaiping .................................................... 1571 Pellecchia, Daniel .............................................. 2497
Noldin, José ......................................................... 849 Pellegrini, Giacomo ........................................... 2573
Nouchi, Taihei ..................................................... 537 Peng, Kaiyu ....................................................... 1113
Peng, Kang-Yung .............................................. 2299
O Peng, Yan ........................................................... 1383
Oberaigner, Wolfgang ....................................... 2531 Pennerstorfer, Paul ............................................. 2521
Ohkawa, Yukio .................................................. 2843 Pereda, Beatriz ................................................... 2001
Okada, Masanori ................................................ 1265 Peretic, Michael ............................. 1563, 1599, 1683
Okelo, Roman .................................................... 2721 Pernkopf, Franz ................................................. 1081
Okosun, Tyamo ................................................... 383 Perottet, Cédric .................................................. 2479
Okumura, Ei ...................................................... 2427 Pethke, Jürgen ...................................................... 263
Olia, Hamed ....................................................... 2219 Petrasch, Niklas ................................................. 1491
Oliveira, Heitor Cristo Clem de ....... 869, 2111, 2119 Petty, Randy ............................................. 1183, 2187
Oliveira, José Roberto de ................ 869, 2111, 2119 Peyha, Mario ...................................................... 1441
Oliveira, Vinicius Sinhorely .............................. 1291 Phát, Nguyen Thanh .......................................... 1849
Oliveira Daumas, Gustavo de ............................ 2769 Piazza, Manuele ................................................... 745
Oliveira Pezzin, Rodrigo de ................................ 869 Picciolo, Federico ................................................ 805
O’Malley, Ronald .............................................. 1029 Pigani, Alessandro ............................................. 1395
Ometto, Marco ......................................... 2509, 2573 Pinney, Michael ................................................. 2473
Onorin, Oleg ........................................................ 443 Pischak, John ..................................................... 1249
Osaka, Yuka ...................................................... 2447 Pistorius, P. Chris ........ 661, 1155, 1165, 1225, 1607
Osborne, David .................................................... 359 Pittner, John ....................................................... 1669
Ota, Hiroki ......................................................... 2035 Plessinger, Ryan ................................................ 1819
Ota, Ryutaro ...................................................... 1651 Pole, Mark ......................................................... 1699
Ottosson, Patrik ................................................. 2559 Poliakov, Andrei .................................................. 237
Ouyang, Biao ....................................................... 289 Polinov, Andrey ................................................... 443
Özyiğit, D. ......................................................... 1987 Polo, Andrea ............................................ 2509, 2573
Pothal, Gyanranjan ...................................... 719, 727
Potter, Michael ................................................... 2155
P Pownceby, Mark .................................................. 687
Page, Garrett .......................................................... 33 Preall, Tyler ......................................................... 935
Palfreman, Matthew .......................................... 1943 Premanand, Krishnan ................................. 347, 2653
Pandey, Shwetank ................................................ 997 Preuler, Lukas .................................................... 1441
Papinutto, Michele ............................................. 1411 Price, John ........................................................... 183
Paraiwa, Fungai ................................................... 951 Prokofyev, Boris .................................................. 601
Park, HeeKyoung (Jackie) ................................... 225 Pronk, Hans ....................................................... 1009
Parker, David ..................................................... 1861 Ptaszyk, Klaus ..................................................... 815
Parodi, Giorgio G. ................................................. 75 Pueschel, Louis Brian ........................................ 2497
Parreiras Tavares, Roberto .................................. 979 Pula, Ravi ............................................................. 519
Pasek, Jennifer ................................................... 2697 Purohit, Suneeti ................................................... 687
Patel, Jitendrakumar .......................................... 2365
Pathak, Sudhansu ............................................... 1009
Pathania, Ravinder ............................................. 2085 Q
Patil, Prakash ..................................................... 2835 Qi, Jiang ............................................................. 1383
Patrizio, Damiano ................................................ 745 Qi, Mingming .................................................... 2603
Qing, Jingjing .................................................... 1041

Qiu, Shengtao .................................................... 2281 Sambandam, Manjini ........................................... 495
Sammon, William ................................................ 163
R Sanchez, Bruno .................................................. 2791
Rahman, Mohammad M. ................................... 2245 Sandri, Matteo ................................................... 2573
Ramstorfer, Franz .............................................. 1291 Sanford, Christopher .......................................... 1281
Rantitsch, Gerd .................................................... 263 Santos, Dagoberto Brandão ............................... 2319
Rao, Srinivas ....................................................... 311 Santos, Juliana Gomes dos ................................ 2383
Ratz, Alexander ................................................. 1081 Santos Junior, Paulo Luiz .................................. 1373
Ravagnan, Giorgio ............................................... 123 Saparrat, Marcelo ............................................... 2709
Ravenscroft, Christopher ..................................... 669 Sarkar, Abhijit ..................................................... 881
Rebellato, Marcelo ........................ 1873, 2001, 2013 Sarkar, Sudipto .................................................. 2085
Reindl, Thomas ................................................. 2675 Sasse, Caesar ..................................................... 1809
Reis Lima, Willian dos ........................................ 913 Sato, Shingo ......................................................... 987
Reljic, Alexander ............................................... 1517 Schaaf, Preston .................................................. 2187
Ren, Ying ........................................................... 1233 Schaler, Martin .................................................... 577
Resende, Alexandre Dolabella .......................... 2851 Schaming, Bob ................................................... 1899
Reuter, Yves ........................................................ 567 Schaumann, Odette ............................................ 2609
Rhamdhani, Akbar ............................................... 687 Schenk, Johannes ......................................... 263, 979
Ribeiro, Mariana A. ............................................. 979 Schlobohm, John ............................................... 2763
Richard, Sebastian ............................................. 1683 Schlüter, Jochen ....................................... 1061, 2729
Richharia, Bipin ................................................... 757 Schmitz, Alexander ............................................. 567
Rieger, Johannes .................................................. 407 Schrenk, Todd ...................................................... 299
Roach, Jeff ......................................................... 1699 Schulze Schencking, Dirk .................................. 1893
Roberts, Mark .................................................... 1765 Schuppert, Felix ................................................. 2653
Robinson, Ian ..................................................... 1917 Schuster, Ingo .................................................... 1615
Rocha, Vinicius Cardoso da .............................. 1197 Schweighofer, D. ............................................... 2373
Rodríguez-Ibabe, Jose M. ........................ 2001, 2013 Scipolo, Vittorio ................................................ 2593
Rogers, Brian ....................................................... 299 Seaman, John ..................................................... 1861
Rohlfs, Henrique ................................................ 2685 Seemon, Anil ....................................................... 757
Rohrhofer, Andreas ................................... 923, 2743 Seetharaman, Sridhar ......................................... 1819
Romano, Enrico ................................................. 1829 Seilinger, A. ....................................................... 1587
Rose, Jordan ...................................................... 2255 Sengupta, Joydeep ............................................. 1455
Rosenbalm, David S. ............................................. 33 Senguttuvan, Anand ............................. 55, 701, 2161
Ruan, Xiaoming ................................................. 2219 Seshadri, Varadarajan ........................................ 1373
Rudge, D. ............................................................. 353 Setoguchi, Akito ................................................ 1101
Runde, Wilfried ................................................... 815 Shelton, Timothy ............................................... 2761
Russell, Bradford ............................................... 2721 Shen, William .................................................... 1943
Ryan, Barry ......................................................... 183 Shikhmetoff, Paul ................................................ 767
Rydarowski, Steven ............................................. 109 Shimoda, Naoki ................................................. 1525
Shimoyama, Izumi ............................................... 213
Shin, Min-chul ................................................... 1257
S Shinohara, Shutaro ............................................. 2447
Sabino Mota, Moacir Andretti ............................. 943 Shivaram, Pavan ................................................ 2851
Saccamozzone, Thomas .......................... 2877, 2887 Shore, S.M. ........................................................ 1959
Sadri, Afshin ................................................ 311, 375 Shukla, Ajay Kumar ............................................ 997
Sağlam, Ahmet .................................................. 1987 Shuli, Jozi .......................................................... 1935
Sah, Rameshwar .................................................. 495 Sieghart, Jörn ..................................................... 1693
Sahoo, Kanan Kumar ........................................... 859 Silaen, Armin ................................... 789, 1425, 2629
Sahoo, Susil Kumar ..................................... 719, 727 Silva, Aline Lima da ............................................ 913
Saito, Takeshi .................................................... 1309 Silva, Ana Paula ................................................ 2025
Sakalli, Erhan .................................................... 1987 Silva, Carlos Antônio da ............................ 943, 1373
Salgado, Raissa S. ................................................ 979 Silva, Carlos Noberto Paula da .......................... 2333

Silva, Cecília Laia da ........................................... 943 T
Silva, Douglas Figueiredo ................................. 2393 Takahashi, Yukio ................................................. 987
Silva, Itavahn Alves da .............................. 943, 1373 Takeuchi, Naoya ................................................ 1411
Silva, Ivan .......................................................... 2393 Tang, Dai ................................................. 1155, 1165
Silveira, Debora C.O. .......................................... 979 Tang, Guangwu ................................................... 789
Silveira, José Herbert Dolabela da .......... 1873, 2333 Tang, Haiyan ........................................... 1363, 2195
Simaan, Marwan A. ........................................... 1669 Tang, Yong ........................................................ 2851
Simoes, Jean-Paul ................................................ 567 Teegavarapu, Sudhakar ...................................... 1943
Singh, L.R. ........................................................... 311 Tellatin, Aldo ..................................................... 1935
Singh, Mrityunjay Kumar .................................. 1009 Teng, Lidong ....................................................... 775
Singh, Ranjay .................................................... 2085 Teworte, Rainer ................................................. 1061
Singh, Ranjeet ..................................................... 701 Tham, J. ............................................................. 1765
Sinha, Navneet ................................................... 1275 Thazhath Johnce, Swathish ........................ 923, 2743
Sly, David .......................................................... 1123 Thekale, Alexander ............................................ 2659
Smeulders, J.B.A.F. ........................................... 1709 Thomas, Brian ..................... 1317, 2075, 2175, 2219
Smith, Andrew ................................................... 2137 Thomasberger, Jörg ........................................... 2653
Sohn, Il .................................................................. 49 Thurston, Alex ................................................... 2691
Sollander, Hans ................................................. 1509 Tian, Kelly ......................................................... 2629
Soltys, Cameron .................................................. 465 Tian, Xiaogang .................................................. 1571
Solver, Christophe ............................................... 567 Tie, Zhangpeng .................................................. 1363
Somasundaram, John Caleb ............................... 2093 Tiekink, Wouter ................................................. 2137
Sonntag, Achim ................................................. 2551 Titov, Vladimir .................................................... 417
Souza Santos, Inamara Amanda .......................... 913 Tiussi, Gianni ..................................................... 2805
Spies, Wolfgang ............................ 1615, 1693, 2609 Tjaden, Stefan ...................................................... 407
Spirin, Nikolai ..................................................... 443 Todoschuk, Ted ................................... 199, 427, 435
Sprague, Tim ..................................................... 1183 Toepfer, Tristan ................................................. 1389
Sprock, August .................................................. 1599 Tomino, Takayoshi ............................................ 1753
Srishilan, C. ......................................................... 997 Tomiya, Hisashi ................................................. 2825
Stadlmayr, Richard ........................ 2531, 2675, 2751 Tonnicchi, Andrea ............................................. 2805
Stalheim, Douglas .................................... 1881, 2233 Tortorici, Pete .................................................... 1661
Stanford, Jacob .................................................. 2461 Toth, Kyle .............................................................. 33
Steranka, Steve ...................................................... 23 Touzo, Bruno ..................................................... 2101
Stohl, Klaus ....................................................... 2751 Towsey, Paul ....................................................... 299
Štokelj, Tina ........................................................ 473 Tran, Tu ............................................................. 2137
Storti, Ângelo ...................................................... 451 Tripathy, Jagnyaseni .......................................... 1699
Street, Stuart ................................................ 275, 383 Tsuzuki, Teppei ................................................. 1641
Strelbisky, Michael .............................................. 951 Turner, Paul ......................................................... 835
Stumper, Jean-Francois ....................................... 321 Tyler, James ......................................................... 951
Subbotin, Anton ................................................... 601
Suchanek, Peter ................................................... 951
Sugihara, Satohiko ............................................. 1175 U
Sugiyama, Koki ................................................. 2427 Uematsu, Hiroyuki ............................................. 1651
Sukhram, Mitren .................................. 299, 465, 519
Sumi, Hiroyuki .................................................... 213 V
Sumida, Keita .................................................... 1101 Valdes, Sofía ...................................................... 1723
Sun, Xiao-dong .................................................... 587 van der Plas, Dirk .............................................. 1009
Sun, Xiaohui ...................................................... 1233 Vanderzee, Robert ............................................. 1861
Suresh, Shainu ................................................... 2085 Vanover, Kyle ...................................................... 789
Sutherland, Luke .................................................. 365 Verdier, Steve .................................................... 2137
Suzuki, Atsushi .................................................. 1525 Vergauwens, Marc ............................................... 891
Suzuki, Yoshikazu ............................................. 1841 Verma, Chandra Shekhar ............................. 501, 713
Vesterberg, Per .................................................... 485

Viana Bielefeldt, Wagner .................................. 1197 Williams, K. ....................................................... 2373
Viana Jr., Marcos Antonio ................................... 897 Wilson, Logan ..................................................... 797
Viana Jr., Romeu ............................................... 1873 Winkler, Waltraud ............................................. 1081
Vickress, Dustin .................................................. 353 Wolf, Christian .................................................. 2869
Vidonis, Marco .................................................. 1091 Wollhofen, Richard ............................................. 577
Vieira, Estefano ................................................. 2119 Woods, Wesley .................................................. 1183
Vieira, Ludimila ................................................ 2111 Worl, Bethany .................................................... 2629
Viertauer, Andreas ............................................. 1081 Wowk, Michael ................................................. 2245
Vilela, Antônio Cezar Faria ............................... 1197 Wu, Jingxin ........................................................ 1571
Villagrossi, Enrico ............................................. 2573 Wu, Jinqiang ...................................................... 2327
Vinícius da Cruz, Lucas ...................................... 943
Vining, Keith ....................................................... 237 X
Vishwanath, Suryanarayan ................................ 2835 Xia, Qiang-qiang ............................................... 2289
Voglmayr, Bernhard ................................ 2531, 2751 Xiang, Li ............................................................ 2281
Vogt, Martin ...................................................... 2659 Xiao, Xuewen ...................................................... 289
Voss, Zane ........................................................... 649 Xie, Erhu ............................................................ 1629
Vyshinskya, O. .................................................... 479 Xie, Hao ............................................................... 587
Xiong, Wen ........................................................ 1525
W Xu, Mingzhi ....................................................... 1041
Walchuk, Brent .................................................... 835
Walker, Steve .................................................... 1249 Y
Walpole, Charles ................................................. 547 Yamamoto, Tetsuya ............................................. 213
Wan, Jie ............................................................. 1041 Yamamoto, Yasuyuki ........................................ 1309
Wang, Chuan ....................................................... 531 Yamauchi, Takashi ............................................ 1175
Wang, Gang ......................................................... 587 Yang, Daniel ...................................................... 2365
Wang, Guangwei ................................. 269, 531, 611 Yang, Hongliang ................................................ 1067
Wang, Jingsong ........................................... 587, 931 Yang, Shufeng ................................................... 2327
Wang, Kaidi ......................................................... 531 Yang, Tianjun ...................................................... 611
Wang, Peng ......................................................... 269 Yang, XingLiang ............................................... 1753
Wang, Pu ................................................. 1363, 2195 Yang, Yindong ......................................... 2281, 2311
Wang, Weijian ................................................... 1233 Yao, Liqin .......................................................... 1735
Wang, Yeke ............................................. 1629, 2289 Yasunari, Shinichi ............................................. 1753
Wang, Yong ......................................................... 931 Ye, Maolin ......................................................... 2327
Wang, Yu ............................................................. 789 Ye, Mingcheng .................................................. 1753
Wang, Yufeng ......................................... 1183, 2187 Yindong, Yang ................................................... 1383
Wang, Zhanjun ...................................................... 49 Ying, Winnie ............................................... 311, 375
Wappel, David ................................................... 2859 Yong, Haiquan ....................................................... 43
Ware, N. .............................................................. 687 Yongqing, Zhang ............................................... 2013
Wartha, Eva-Maria ............................................ 2641 Yoshioka, Hiroki ............................................... 2825
Watson, Keith .................................................... 1809 Yoshitsune, Masato ........................................... 1101
Webler, Bryan ............................... 1225, 1607, 2131 Yoshizawa, Kenji ............................................... 1101
2155, 2259, 2667 Young, Kevin ..................................................... 1765
Weghofer, Felix ................................................. 1745 Yu, Donglong ...................................................... 561
Wei, Zheng ........................................................ 1383 Yu, Hai ............................................................... 1571
Weinzierl, Klaus ................................................ 1517 Yu, Kintak Raymond ......................................... 1781
Weiqiang, Zhang ............................................... 2013 Yu, Xiaojun ....................................................... 1629
Weiß, Christian .................................................. 1441 Yue, Hongliang ...................................................... 97
Wenning, Nathan ............................................... 1829
Westin, Gunnar .................................................... 531
Weyer, Stephan .................................................... 567 Z
Wiegmann, Volker ............................................ 1061 Zaiganov, Sergei .................................................. 417
Wiener, Jakob ...................................................... 263 Zamolo, Mauro ........................................ 1925, 1931

Zanni, Gianmaria ................................................. 123
Zappulla, Matthew ............................................. 2175
Zeirzer, Christian ................................................. 923
Zelle, Jason ........................................................ 1943
Zhang, Bo .......................................................... 2101
Zhang, Fan ........................................................... 611
Zhang, Guifang .................................................. 1383
Zhang, Hongyu .................................................... 611
Zhang, Ji ............................................................ 1233
Zhang, Jianliang .......................................... 269, 531
Zhang, Jiaquan ......................................... 1363, 2195
Zhang, Lifeng ................................ 1113, 1233, 1345
Zhang, Nan .......................................................... 531
Zhang, Pei ............................................................ 931
Zhang, Peng ....................................................... 2365
Zhang, Qun .......................................................... 183
Zhang, Xueliang ................................................ 2327
Zhang, Yewen ................................................... 2421
Zhang, Zhonghua ............................................... 2195
Zhao, Liang ......................................................... 931
Zhao, Pei ............................................................ 2281
Zhao, Yanyu ...................................................... 1113
Zhong, Ming ...................................................... 1607
Zhong, Xingli ...................................................... 931
Zhou, Chenn ...................... 33, 383, 789, 1425, 2629
Zhu, Guoming ................................................... 2175
Zou, Zhongping ................................................... 289

The Causes and Effects of The Keys Missed in The Main Hoist Gear Reducer On The Ladle Cranes

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The Causes and Effects of The Keys Missed in The Main Hoist Gear Reducer On The Ladle Cranes

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AISTech 2019 — Proceedings of the Iron & Steel Technology Conference

6–9 May 2019, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA

China Steel Corporation

Keywords: Ladle Crane, Reducer, Gear, Drum, Key, Keyway, Fit

POSITIONS AND PHENOMENA OF THE KEYS

Main Hoist Machinery

Figure 1. Arrangement of the main trolley of ladle crane

© 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. 2907

Figure 2. Arrangement of the main hoist gear reducer

FAILURE ANALYSIS - WHY KEYS SHIFTED?

2908 © 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology.

Original Design of the Keys and Keyways

Table 1. JIS Standard Square Rectangular Keys and Keyways [1]

Shaft Hub Key

Actual Dimensions of the Keys and Keyways

Axial forces analysis

Figure 7. Forces act on the key during operation

© 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. 2909

f  ma   0 F com   0 m  4 r 2  g 2  2  2 rg cos  (4)

Acceleration and deceleration of the main trolley drivers

2910 © 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology.

Impact of main trolley

Improvement to avoid the keys shifted

Figure10. Keyseat of the drum gear before and after improved

© 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. 2911

FAILURE ANALYSIS - WHY STAGGERS BETWEEN KEYSEATS AND KEYWAYS?

Drive torque and allowable torque analysis

Torques with rated load at rated speed

Table 3. Torques with rated load at rated speed

Interference of the 2nd pinion and 2nd gear

2912 © 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology.

Interference of the drum gear

Figure 16. The design of the drum with gear

© 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. 2913

Improvement to avoid slide between shaft and gear boss

1. JIS B1301: Keys and their corresponding keyways, 1996.

2914 © 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology.

A Barbosa, Ronaldo ............................................... 1979

© 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. 2915

2916 © 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology.

© 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. 2917

2918 © 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology.

© 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. 2919

2920 © 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology.

© 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. 2921

2922 © 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology.

© 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. 2923

2924 © 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology.

© 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. 2925

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