Chapter 1 Matter in Our Surroundings 1

Anything that has mass and takes up space is referred to as matter.
hydrogen and oxygen, sugar and sand,

air and water, etc. Small, minuscule particles make up matter. Due to the space between them, matter
particles are attracted to one another.
States of Matter
• Matter can be classified as solid, liquid and gas on the basis of interparticle forces and the
arrangement of particles.
• These three forms of matter are interconvertible by increasing or decreasing pressure and
temperature. For example, ice can be converted from solid to a liquid by increasing the temperature.
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Fixed shape and No fixed shape but Neither definite

Shape and volume
volume has volume shape nor volume
Energy Lowest Medium Highest
Compressibility Difficult Nearly difficult Easy
Regular and closely Random and little Random and more

Arrangement of molecules
arranged sparsely arranged sparsely arranged
Flows from higher to Flows in all

Fluidity Cannot flow
lower level directions
Depends on
Free, constant and
Movement Negligible interparticle
random
attraction
Interparticle space Very less More Large
Interparticle attraction Maximum Medium Minimum
Density Maximum Medium Minimum
It depends on
Rate of diffusion Negligible interparticle Maximum
attraction.
Atomic view of the three states of matter

Solid Liquid
Gas
Physical Nature of Matter

• A physical property is that aspect of the matter that can be observed or measured without changing
its nature or composition.
• It is independent of the amount of matter present.
• Physical properties include appearance, colour, odour, density, texture, melting point, boiling point,
solubility, etc.
Characteristics of Particles of Matter

Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
• Everything that we can touch, see, hear, taste and also smell is matter.
• It is made up of really tiny particles which cannot be seen through the eye.
The particles of which the matter is comprised influence its state and properties (physical and chemical).
1. Particles of matter have spaces between them
• This characteristic is one of the concepts behind the solubility of a substance in other substances.
For example, on dissolving sugar in water, there is no rise in water level because the particles of
sugar get into the interparticle spaces between the water particles.
2. Particles of matter are always in motion
• Particles of the matter show continuous random movements due to the kinetic energy they possess.
• A rise in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the particles, making them move more
vigorously.
3. Particles of matter attract each other
In every substance, there is an interparticle force of attraction acting between the particles. To break a
substance we need to overcome this force. The strength of the force differs from one substance to another.
Diffusion
When the particles of matter intermix on their own with each other, the phenomenon is
called diffusion. For example, spreading of ink in water.
• During diffusion, the particles occupy the interparticle spaces.

• The rate of diffusion increases with increase in the temperature, due to increase in kinetic energy of
the particles.
Can Matter Change Its State?
Effect of change of temperature on state of matter

On increasing temperature, the kinetic energy of the particles of the matter increases and they begin to
vibrate with a higher energy. Therefore, the interparticle force of attraction between the particles reduces
and particles get detached from their position and begin to move freely.
• As a result, the state of matter begins to change.

• Solids undergo a phase change to form liquids.
• Similarly, liquids also undergo a phase change to form gases.
Melting point
The melting point of a solid is defined as the temperature at which solid melts to
become liquid at the atmospheric pressure.
• At melting point, these two phases, i.e., solid and liquid are in equilibrium, i.e., at this point both solid
state and liquid state exist simultaneously.
Fusion
When two atoms collide to create a heavier atom, such as when two hydrogen atoms combine to create one
helium atom, this process is known as fusion. This process generates enormous amounts of energy, many
times more than fission, and powers the sun. Furthermore, it doesn’t generate radioactive fission products.
The melting point at which ice a solid turns to water a liquid is 32°F (0°C).
Boiling point
The boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the vapour pressure
of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
The boiling point for any material is the temperature point at which the material transforms into the gas
phase in the liquid phase. This happens at 100 degrees centigrade for water. The Celsius scale was in fact
created on the basis of the ice/water melting point and the liquid water/vapor boiling point.
Latent heat of fusion

It is the amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at
atmospheric pressure at its melting point.
Latent heat of vaporisation

It is the amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of a liquid into gas at
atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.
Sublimation
The transition of a substance directly from its solid phase to gaseous phase without
changing into the liquid phase (or vice versa) is called sublimation.
Sublimation – Solid to Gas Phase

Transformation
Effect of change in pressure on state of matter

By applying pressure, the interparticle spaces between particles of matter decreases. Thus, by applying
pressure and reducing temperature we can convert a solid to liquid and a liquid to gas.
Flowchart for inter-conversion of the three states of matter
Evaporation
The phenomenon by which molecules in liquid state undergo a spontaneous transition
to the gaseous phase at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.
• For example, the gradual drying of damp clothes is caused by the evaporation of water to water
vapour.
Factors affecting evaporation

• Temperature: The rate of evaporation increases with an increase in temperature.
• Surface area: The rate of evaporation increases with an increase in surface area.
• Humidity: The rate of evaporation decreases with an increase in humidity.
• Wind speed: The rate of evaporation increases with an increase in wind speed.
Cooling due to evaporation

During evaporation, the particles of a liquid absorb energy from the surroundings to overcome the inter-
particle forces of attraction and undergo the phase change. The absorption of heat from the surrounding
makes the surrounding cool.
For example, sweating cools down our body.
Applications of Evaporative Cooling
• To keep water cool, it is kept in earthenware containers. Similar to the pores in cotton fabric, the
pores in the earthen pot’s surface area allow for more evaporation.
• To keep our body cool, we sweat a lot. Evaporation is what transpiration ultimately is. Our body’s
water evaporates, using energy in the process and lowering our body temperature as a result.
• We dress in cotton during the summer. Since cotton is a powerful water absorbent, it allows more
perspiration to come into touch with the air, promoting more evaporation. We have a cooling effect
when wearing cotton clothing because of this.

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Anything that has mass and takes up space is referred to as matter.

hydrogen and oxygen, sugar and sand,

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Fixed shape and No fixed shape but Neither definite

Energy Lowest Medium Highest

Compressibility Difficult Nearly difficult Easy

Regular and closely Random and little Random and more

Flows from higher to Flows in all

Interparticle space Very less More Large

Interparticle attraction Maximum Medium Minimum

Density Maximum Medium Minimum

Atomic view of the three states of matter

Physical Nature of Matter

Characteristics of Particles of Matter

• During diffusion, the particles occupy the interparticle spaces.

Can Matter Change Its State?

Effect of change of temperature on state of matter

• As a result, the state of matter begins to change.

Latent heat of fusion

Latent heat of vaporisation

Sublimation – Solid to Gas Phase

Effect of change in pressure on state of matter

Factors affecting evaporation

Cooling due to evaporation

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