Suez University

Faculty of Petroleum
and Mining Engineering

Course Title: Thermodynamics

BSE 224
Sem. 2 – 2022-2023

Lecture No. 3:
Properties of Pure Substance

Dr. Salwa Mansour

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 Pure Substance
❖ Pure substance: A substance that has a fixed
chemical composition throughout, whether solid,
liquid or gaseous.
• The Pure Substance may change from one phase to
another one and may be existing in two phases.
Examples:
1. Water (solid, liquid, and vapor phases)
2. Mixture of liquid water and water vapor
3. Carbon dioxide, CO2
4. Nitrogen, N2
5. Mixtures of gases, such as air, as long as
there is no change of phase.
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 Phases Of Pure Substance
The arrangement of atoms in different phases:
(a) molecules are at relatively fixed positions in a solid,
(b) groups of molecules move about each other in the liquid phase, and
(c) molecules move about at random in the gas phase.

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 Phase Change Processes Of Pure Substances
❖ Compressed liquid (subcooled liquid): ❖ Saturated liquid:
A substance that it is not about to vaporize A liquid that is about to vaporize

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 Phase Change Processes Of Pure Substances
❖ Saturated liquid–vapor mixture: The state at which the liquid and vapor phases coexist in
equilibrium.
❖ Saturated vapor: A vapor that is about to condense.
❖ Superheated vapor: A vapor that is not about to condense (i.e., not a saturated vapor).

At 1 atm pressure, the temperature

As more heat is transferred, part of As more heat is transferred, the
remains constant at 100°C until
the saturated liquid vaporizes the last drop of liquid is vaporized
temperature of the vapor starts
(saturated liquid–vapor mixture). (saturated vapor). to rise (superheated vapor).
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Phase Change Processes Of Pure Substances

T-v diagram for the heating process of water

at constant pressure.

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 Saturation Temperature and Saturation Pressure
❖ Saturation temperature Tsat:
The temperature at which a pure
substance changes phase at a given
pressure. Or It’s the temperature at
which vaporization (boiling) starts to
occur at a given pressure (or saturation
pressure).
❖ Saturation pressure Psat:
The pressure at which a pure substance
changes phase at a given temperature.
Or It’s the pressure at which The liquid–vapor saturation curve of
a pure substance (numerical values
vaporization (boiling) starts to occur at are for water).
a given temperature (or saturation
temperature).
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 Property Diagrams For Phase-change Processes
• The variations of properties during phase-change processes are best studied and understood
with the help of property diagrams such as the T-v, P-v, and P-T diagrams for pure
substances.

T-v diagram of constant-pressure phase-change processes of a pure substance at various

pressures (numerical values are for water).

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 Property Diagrams For Phase-change Processes
❑ Saturated liquid line
❑ Saturated vapor line
❑ Compressed liquid region
❑ Superheated vapor region
❑ Saturated liquid–vapor mixture region (wet region)

Critical point: The point at

which the saturated liquid
and saturated vapor states
are identical.

At supercritical pressures
(P > Pcr), there is no
distinct phase-change
(boiling) process.

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Property Diagrams For Phase-change Processes

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 Property Tables
❑ For most substances, the relationships among thermodynamic properties are too complex to be
expressed by simple equations.
❑ Therefore, properties are frequently presented in the form of tables.
❑ Some thermodynamic properties can be measured easily, but others cannot and are calculated by using
the relations between them and measurable properties.
❑ The results of these measurements and calculations are presented in tables in a convenient format.

Enthalpy—A Combination Property

Flow work is the energy needed to

push a fluid and to maintain flow

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 Saturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture
❑Quality, x : The ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass of the mixture.
Quality is between 0 and 1
0: sat. liquid, 1: sat. vapor.
❑The properties of the saturated liquid are the same whether it exists alone or in a
mixture with saturated vapor.

The relative amounts of

liquid and vapor phases
in a saturated mixture
are specified by the
quality x. A two-phase system can be treated
as a homogeneous mixture for
convenience.
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 Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States
A partial list of TableA–4.

❑ Table A–4: Saturation properties of water

under temperature.
❑ Table A–5: Saturation properties of water
under pressure.

Enthalpy of vaporization, hfg (Latent heat of vaporization): The amount of

energy needed to vaporize a unit mass of saturated liquid at a given temperature
or pressure.

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Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States

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Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States

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 Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States
❑ Examples: Saturated liquid and saturated vapor states of water on T-v and P-v diagrams.
y v, u, or h.

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 Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States
❑ Example 3.1.

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 Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States
❑ Example 3.1.

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 Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States
❑ Example 3.2.

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Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States

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 Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States
❑ Example 3.2.

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 Superheated Vapor
• In the region to the right of the saturated • Compared to saturated vapor,
vapor line and at temperatures above the
superheated vapor is characterized by
critical point temperature, a substance
exists as superheated vapor.
• In this region, temperature and
pressure are independent properties.

A partial
listing of
Table A–6.
At a specified P,
superheated vapor
exists at a higher h
than the saturated
vapor.

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 Superheated Vapor
• Example 3.3.

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Superheated Vapor

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Superheated Vapor

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 Compressed Liquid
• The compressed liquid properties depend on temperature • Compressed liquid is characterized
much more strongly than they do on pressure. by

y → v, u, or h

A more accurate relation for h

A compressed liquid may be approximated as

a saturated liquid at the given temperature.

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Compressed Liquid

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 Example
❑ Example 3.4.

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 Example
❑Example 3.5.

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 Example
❑Example 3.5.

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 Example
❑Example 3.5.

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 Example
❑ Example 3.5.

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 Example
❑ Example 3.5.

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 The Ideal-gas Equation Of State
❑ Equation of state: Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature, and specific volume of a substance.
❑ The simplest and best-known equation of state for substances in the gas phase is the ideal-gas equation of
state. This equation predicts the P-v-T behavior of a gas quite accurately within some properly selected
regions.
Or Ideal gas equation of state

R: gas constant
M: molar mass (kg/kmol)
Ru: universal gas constant

Different substances have different gas

constants.

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 The Ideal-gas Equation Of State
Mass = Molar mass  Mole number

Ideal gas equation at two

states for a fixed mass

❑ Various expressions of ideal gas equation

• Real gases behave as an ideal gas at low densities

(i.e., low pressure, high temperature).

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 The Ideal-gas Equation Of State
❑ Example 3.6.

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 Is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas?
• At pressures below 10 kPa, water vapor can be treated as an ideal gas, regardless of its
temperature, with negligible error (less than 0.1 percent).

• At higher pressures, however, the ideal gas assumption yields unacceptable errors,
particularly in the vicinity of the critical point and the saturated vapor line.

• In air-conditioning applications, the water vapor in the air can be treated as an ideal gas.
Why? (the water vapor in the air can be treated as an ideal gas with essentially no error
since the pressure of the water vapor is very low)

• In steam power plant applications, however, the pressures involved are usually very high;
therefore, ideal-gas relations should not be used.

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Any Questions?

Thank You