EET201 CN Lecture Notes Full PDF
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Manu CR SevenEET201 CN Lecture Notes Full PDF
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Manu CR SevenEET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
EET201 – CIRCUITS & NETWORKS
Module 1 Circuit theorems: DC and Sinusoidal steady state analysis of circuits with dependent and
independent sources applying Superposition principle, Source transformation, Thevenin’s, Norton’s
and Maximum Power Transfer theorems - Reciprocity theorem.
Module 2 Analysis of first and second order dynamic circuits: Formulation of dynamic equations of
RL, RC and RLC series and parallel networks with dc excitation and initial conditions and complete
solution using Laplace Transforms - Time constant - Complete solution of RL, RC and RLC circuits
with sinusoidal excitation using Laplace Transforms – Damping ratio – Over damped, under
damped, critically damped and undamped RLC networks.
Module 3 Transformed circuits in s-domain: Transform impedance/admittance of R, L and C - Mesh
analysis and node analysis of transformed circuits in s-domain. Transfer Function representation –
Poles and zeros. Analysis of Coupled Circuits: – Dot polarity convention – Sinusoidal steady state
analysis of coupled circuits - Linear Transformer as a coupled circuit - Analysis of coupled circuits in
s-domain
Module 4 Three phase networks and resonance: Complex Power in sinusoidal steady state. Steady
state analysis of three-phase three-wire and four-wire unbalanced Y circuits, Unbalanced Delta circuit,
Neutral shift. Resonance in Series and Parallel RLC circuits – Quality factor – Bandwidth –
Impedance Vs Frequency, Admittance Vs Frequency, Phase angle Vs frequency for series resonant
circuit.
Module 5 Two port networks: Driving point and transfer functions – Z, Y, h and T parameters -
Conditions for symmetry & reciprocity – relationship between parameter sets – interconnections of
two port networks (series, parallel and cascade) –– T-π transformation.
References:
S.No. Author Title of book Publisher
1 Suresh Kumar Electric Circuits & Networks Pearson
2 Van Valkenburg Network Analysis Pearson
3 Gopal G Bhise Engineering Network Analysis & Filter Umesh Publications
Design
4 M.S. Sukhija, T.K. Circuits and Networks, Analysis, Design Oxford University
Nagsarkar and Synthesis Press
5 A Sudhakar, Circuits and Networks, Analysis and McGraw Hill
Shyammohan S Palli Synthesis Education
6 Ravish R Singh Network Analysis and Synthesis McGraw Hill
Education
7 Charles K Alexander, Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Tata McGraw-Hill
Mathew N O Sadiku Publishing
COURSE OUTCOMES:
After the completion of the course the student will be able to:
CO1 Apply circuit theorems to simplify and solve complex DC and AC electric networks.
CO2 Analyse dynamic DC and AC circuits and develop the complete response to excitations.
CO3 Solve dynamic circuits by applying transformation to s-domain.
CO4 Analyse three-phase networks in Y and ∆ configurations.
CO5 Solve series /parallel resonant circuits
CO6 Develop the representation of two-port networks using network parameters and analyse
Page 1 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Course Contents and Lecture Schedule:
No. of
Sl. No. Topic
Hours
1 Network theorems - DC and AC steady state analysis 12
1.1 Linearity and Superposition principle - Application to the analysis of DC and AC 2
(sinusoidal excitation) circuits. Application of source transformation in electric
circuit analysis.
1.2 Thevenin’s theorem - Application to the analysis of DC and AC circuits with 3
dependent and independent sources.
1.3 Norton’s theorem - Application to the analysis of DC and AC circuits with dependent 3
and independent sources.
1.4 Maximum power transfer theorem - DC and AC steady state analysis with dependent 2
and independent sources.
1.5 Reciprocity Theorem - Application to the analysis of DC and AC Circuits.. 2
2 First order and second order dynamic circuits 9
2.1 Review of Laplace Transforms – Formulae of Laplace Transforms of common 2
functions/signals, Initial value theorem and final value theorem, Inverse Laplace
Transforms – partial fraction method. (Questions to evaluate the Laplace/inverse
transforms of any function / partial fractions method shall not be given in tests/final
examination. Problems with application to circuits can be given).
2.2 Formulation of dynamic equations of RL series and parallel networks and solution 1
using Laplace Transforms – with DC excitation and initial conditions. Natural
response and forced response. Time constant.
2.3 Formulation of dynamic equations of RC series networks and solution using Laplace 1
Transforms – with DC excitation and initial conditions. Natural response and forced
response. Time constant
2.4 Formulation of dynamic equations of RLC series networks with DC excitation and 3
initial conditions, and solution using Laplace Transforms – Natural response and
forced response. Damping coefficient. Underdamped, Overdamped, critically
damped and undamped cases.
2.5 Formulation of dynamic equations of RL, RC and RLC series networks and solution 2
with sinusoidal excitation. Complete solution (Solution using Laplace transforms).
2.6 Formulation of dynamic equations of RL, RC and RLC parallel networks and 2
solution using Laplace Transforms – with DC and Sinusoidal excitations. Damping
ratio.
3 Transformed Circuits in s-domain and Coupled circuits 9
3.1 Transformed circuits in s-domain: Transformation of elements (R, L, and C) with and 2
without initial conditions.
3.2 Mesh analysis of transformed circuits in s-domain 1
3.3 Node analysis of transformed circuits in s-domain. 1
3.4 Transfer Function representation – Poles and zeros 1
3.5 Analysis of coupled circuits: mutual inductance – Coupling Coefficient - Dot polarity 2
convention –– Conductively coupled equivalent circuits. Linear Transformer as a
coupled circuit.
3.6 Analysis of coupled circuits in s-domain 2
4 Three phase networks and resonance 6
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EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
4.1 Review of power, power factor, reactive and active power in sinusoidally excited 1
circuits. Concept of complex power
4.2 Steady state analysis of three-phase unbalanced 3-wire and 4-wire Y circuits, 2
Unbalanced ∆ circuits, Neutral shift
4.3 Resonance in Series and Parallel RLC circuits – Quality factor – Bandwidth – 3
Impedance Vs Frequency, Admittance Vs Frequency and Phase angle Vs frequency
for series resonant circuit.
5 Two port networks 9
5.1 Two port networks: Terminals and Ports, Driving point and transfer functions. 2
Voltage transfer ratio, Current transfer ratio, transfer impedance, transfer admittance,
poles and zeros.
5.2 Z –parameters. Equivalent circuit representation 1
5.3 Y parameters. Equivalent circuit representation. 1
5.4 h parameters. Equivalent circuit representation 1
5.5 T parameters. 1
5.6 Conditions for symmetry & reciprocity, relationship between network parameter 1
sets.
5.7 Interconnections of two port networks (series, parallel and cascade) 1
5.8 T-π Transformation 1
Page 3 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Module 1 Circuit theorems: DC and Sinusoidal steady state analysis of circuits with dependent and
independent sources applying Superposition principle, Source transformation, Thevenin’s, Norton’s
and Maximum Power Transfer theorems - Reciprocity theorem.
REVIEW OF BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Network elements may be classified into four groups.
i) Active or passive
ii) Unilateral or bilateral
iii) Linear or nonlinear
iv) Lumped or distributed
ACTIVE & PASSIVE ELEMENT
Active Element: An active element is capable of delivering an average power greater than zero to some
external device over an infinite time interval. For example, ideal independent voltage or current sources are
active elements. (An element which is capable of increasing the level of signal energy is called active element;
hence transistor, FET, OP-Amps are also treated as active element)
Passive Element: A passive element cannot supply average power that is greater than zero over an infinite
time interval. Resistors, capacitors and inductors fall into this category.
BILATERAL & UNILATERAL ELEMENT
Bilateral element: In the bilateral element, the voltage-current relation is the same for current flowing in either
direction. Eg:- Resistance, inductance & capacitance.
Unilateral element: A unilateral element has different relations between voltage and current for the two
possible directions of current. Eg:- Diode.
LINEAR & NON-LINEAR ELEMENT
Linear element: An element is linear if its parameter (R, L or C) does not change with change in applied
voltage or current. A linear element is one which satisfies the principle of superposition, i.e., the principle of
homogeneity and additivity. In a linear element, the current and voltage relationships is represented by a linear
equation either algebraic, differential or integral type.
Nonlinear element: An element is non-linear if it parameter (R, L or C) change with change in voltage or
current. It does not satisfy the principle of superposition. Eg:- thermistor (temperature dependent resistor),
LDR (light dependent resistor)
LUMPED & DISTRIBUTED ELEMENT
Lumped element: Lumped elements are those which for the purpose of analysis may be treated as physically
separate elements such as resistance, inductance and capacitance.
Distributed element: Distributed elements are those which are not separable for analysis purposes. For
example, resistance, inductance and capacitance of a transmission line are distributed along its length.
NETWORK & CIRCUIT
The interconnection of two or more circuit elements (resistor, inductor, capacitor, voltage source, current
source) connected in any manner is called a network.
If the network contains at least one closed path, it is called an electric circuit.
Every circuit is a network, but all networks are not circuits.
INDEPENDENT SOURCES
An ideal independent voltage/current source can deliver any amount of current for any duration at a specified
constant voltage.
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EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Passive Element: Resistance cannot deliver energy; inductance and capacitance can deliver energy
temporarily; but not for indefinite time
DEPENDENT SOURCES
An ideal dependent source is an active element whose voltage or current is dependent on either the voltage or
current in another part of the circuit. There are 4 types of dependent sources.
i) Voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS)
ii) Current controlled voltage source (CCVS)
iii) Voltage controlled current source (VCCS)
iv) Current controlled current source (CCCS)
Here, = voltage gain; r = trans-resistance; gm = transconductance; = current gain
Node: A node is a junction where two or more network elements are connected together.
Branch: An element or number of elements connected between two nodes constitute a branch.
Loop: A loop is any closed part of the circuit.
Mesh: A mesh is the most elementary form of a loop and cannot be further divided into other loops.
All meshes are loops but all loops are not meshes.
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
The algebraic sum of voltages in any closed path in a circuit is zero at all instants of time.
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
The algebraic sum of currents leaving (or entering) a node in a circuit is zero at all instants of time.
Sign Convention
A rise in potential can be assumed to be positive while a fall in potential can be considered negative.
(The reverse is also possible and both conventions will give the same result).
i) If we go from the negative terminal of the battery to the positive terminal, there is rise in potential
and so the emf should be assigned a positive sign.
ii) When current flows through a resistor, there is a voltage drop across it. If we go through the
resistance in the same direction as the current, there is a fall in the potential and so the sign of this
voltage drop is assigned negative.
Page 5 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Find the voltage between points A and B.
5
I1 1A
23
16
I2 2A
35
Writing KVL equation for the path from A to B,
V A 3 I1 4 3 I 2 VB 0
V AB V A V B 3 I1 4 3 I 2 3 4 6 1V
STAR – DELTA TRANSFORMATION
DELTA to STAR TRANSFORMATION STAR to DELTA TRANSFORMATION
RAB RCA RA RB RB RC RC RA
RA RAB
RAB RBC RCA RC
RBC RAB RA RB RB RC RC RA
RB RBC
RAB RBC RCA RA
RCA RBC RA RB RB RC RC RA
RC RCA
RAB RBC RCA RB
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EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Current division rule:
If I is the total current, then
R2
I1 I & I 2 I R1
R1 R2 R1 R2
Other branch resistance
Current one branch = Total Current ×
Total resistance
MESH ANALYSIS
R1 R2 R2 R1 I1 Vs1 Vs 2
R R2 R3 R3 I V V
2 2 s3 s 2
R1 R3 R1 R3 R4 I 3 Vs 4
SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
Source transformation is the process of replacing a voltage source V s in series with a resistance R
by a current source Is in parallel with the same resistance R or vice versa.
Source transformation is a powerful tool that allows circuit manipulations to ease circuit analysis.
Note: The arrow of the current source is directed toward the positive terminal of the voltage source.
Source transformation also applies to dependent sources.
Use source transformation technique to find Vo.
Page 7 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Now, using current division rule,
2
Current through 8Ω resistor, I 2 0.4 A
28
Voltage across 8Ω resistor, V = 3.2V
Use source transformation technique to find Io.
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Page 8 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Step 4:
10 / 7
Current through 7Ω resistor, I o 10.5 1.78 A
10 / 7 7
Use source transformation technique to find VA.
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Page 9 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Applying KVL,
15 50I 50I 5I 0
1
I A
7
1
VA 5I 50I 55 7.857V
7
Use source transformation technique to find Vx.
Applying KVL,
3 5 I Vx 18 0 -------------- (1)
3 I Vx -------------- (2)
From equations (1) and (2),
3 5(3 V x ) V x 18 0
V x 7.5V
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
Voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of voltages
across (or currents through) that element due to each independent source acting alone when all
other independent sources are replaced by its internal resistance.
Note: Dependent sources are not to be treated as sources while applying superposition theorem.
Page 10 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Superposition theorem helps us to analyse a linear circuit with more than one independent source by calculating
the contribution of each independent source separately. However, to apply the superposition theorem, we must
keep two things in mind:
1. We consider one independent source at a time while all other independent sources are turned off. This
implies that we replace every voltage source by 0V (or a short circuit), and every current source by
0A (or an open circuit). This way we obtain a simpler circuit.
2. Dependent sources are left intact because they are controlled by circuit variables.
Note: Superposition is based on linearity. For this reason, it is not applicable to the effect on power due to each
source, because the power absorbed by a resistor depends on the square of the voltage or current.
Using Superposition Theorem, find V.
Ans: -
Case 1: Voltage source is acting alone
(Current source is replaced by open circuit)
V1 = 0.5V
Case 2: Current source is acting alone
(Voltage source is replaced by short circuit)
V2 = 0.5V
Voltage V = V1 + V2 = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1V
Using Superposition Theorem, find V.
Ans: -
Case 1: Voltage source 6V is acting alone (Voltage source 3V is replaced by short circuit)
Page 11 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
V1 = +2V
Case 2: Voltage source 3V is acting alone (Voltage source 6V is replaced by short circuit)
V2 = -1V
Voltage V = V1 + V2 = +2 - 1 = 1V
Verification by Mesh Analysis:
1 1 1 I1 6
1 1 1 I 3
2
2 1 I1 6
1 2 I 3
2
Use Casio 991ES calculator to find I1 and I2.
I1 = 5A; I2 = 4A;
By Superposition theorem,
I1-I2 =1A; V = 1V
Using Superposition Theorem, find I.
Ans: -
Case 1: With 16V voltage source acting only, (12V
voltage source and 4A current source are
suppressed)
I1 1A
Page 12 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Case 2: With 4A current source acting only, (16V
and 12V voltage sources are suppressed)
2
I2 0.125 A
2 6 8
Case 3: With 12V voltage source acting only, (16V
voltage source and 4A current source are
suppressed)
I3 0.75A
By Superposition theorem,
Current, I I1 I 2 I 3 1 0.125 0.75 0.375 A
Verification by source transformation:
Current, I 16 2 12 6 0.375 A
6 28 16
Using Superposition Theorem, find I.
Case 1: With 12V voltage source acting only, (24V voltage source and 3A current source are suppressed)
7 4 I1 12
4 16 I 0
2
I1 2 A
Page 13 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Case 2: With 24V voltage source acting only, (12V voltage source and 3A current source are suppressed)
16 4 I1 24
4 7 I 0
2
I 2 1 A
Case 3: With 3A current source acting only, (12V and 24V voltage sources are suppressed)
Using Node analysis,
1 1 1 1
4 4 3 4 V A 0
1 1 1 VB 3
4 4 8
5 1
6 4 V A 0
1 3 VB 3
4 8
V A 3V
3
I3 1A
3
By Superposition theorem,
I I1 I 2 I 3 2 1 1 2 A
Using Superposition Theorem, find I.
Ans:- I = 4A
Using Superposition Theorem, find current through 6Ω resistance.
Case 1: With 15V voltage source acting only (10V voltage source is suppressed)
Page 14 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
15 14 I1 24 I1 0
15
I1 0.395A
38
Case 2: With 10V voltage source acting only (15V voltage source is suppressed)
8
I2 (1.25 3I 2 ) 0.714 1.714I 2
6 8
0.714
I2 0.263A
2.714
By Superposition theorem,
I I1 I 2 0.395 0.263 0.658 A
Using Superposition Theorem, find Ix.
Page 15 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Case 1: With 5A current source acting only (24V voltage source is suppressed)
Using Supermesh analysis,
I1 5 A ------- (1)
4 I 2 ( I 2 I 3 ) 6( I 2 I 1 ) 5( I 2 I1 ) 0 11I1 16 I 2 I 3 0 -------- (2)
3 I 3 2( I 3 I1 ) 6( I 2 I1 ) ( I 3 I 2 ) 0 4 I1 7 I 2 6 I 3 0 -------- (3)
1 0 0 I1 5
11 16 1 I 0
2
4 7 6 I 3 0
I1 5 A & I 2 3.483 A
I x1 3.483 A 5 1.517 A
Case 2: With 24V voltage source acting only (5A current source is suppressed)
9 I1 ( I1 I 2 ) 6 I 1 24 16 I1 I 2 24 -------- (1)
5 I 2 ( I 2 I1 ) 6 I1 0 7 I1 6 I 2 0 -------- (2)
Page 16 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
16 1 I1 24
7 6 I 0
2
I1 1.618 A
By Superposition theorem,
I x I x1 I x 2 1.517 1.618 3.135 A
Find the power dissipated in the resistor R by applying Superposition theorem.
Case 1: With 10V voltage source acting only (2A current source and 5V voltage source are suppressed)
2 I1 2 (2 I 2 ) 2( I 1 I 2 ) 10 4 I1 2 I 2 10 -------- (1)
2 I 2 2( I 2 I 1 ) 0 2 I1 4 I 2 0 -------- (2)
4 2 I1 10
2 4 I 0
2
I1 2 A I 2 1A
I R1 ( I1 I 2 ) 1 A
Case 2: With 5V voltage source acting only (2A current source and 10V voltage source are suppressed)
2 I1 2 (2 I 2 ) 2( I 1 I 2 ) 0 4 I1 2 I 2 0 -------- (3)
2 I 2 2( I 2 I1 ) 5 2 I1 4 I 2 5 -------- (4)
4 2 I1 0
2 4 I 5
2
I 1 0.5 A I 2 1A
I R 2 ( I1 I 2 ) 1.5 A
Case 3: With 2A current source acting only (10V and 5V voltage sources are suppressed)
Page 17 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Using Node analysis,
V1 2Vx V1 V1
2 ------- (5)
2 2 2
Vx V1 ------- (6)
5V1
2
2
V1 0.8V
V1
I R3 0.4 A
2
By Superposition theorem,
I R I R 1 I R 2 I R 3 1 1.5 0.4 2.9 A
Power dissipated in R, P I R 2 R 2.9 2 2 16.82W
Using Superposition Theorem, find the voltage Vx.
Ans:- Vx = 0
Find the current Iy using Superposition theorem.
Ans:- Iy = -0.73A (→)
Page 18 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM APPLIED TO AC CIRCUITS
Using Superposition theorem, find the current I through 2+j5 impedance.
Case 1: With 50∟0˚V voltage source acting only (20∟30˚A current source is suppressed)
500
I1 5.423 77.47 A
2 j9
Case 2: With 20∟30˚A current source acting only (50∟0˚V voltage source is suppressed)
Using current division rule,
j4
I 2 2030 8.677 42.53 A
2 j9
By Superposition theorem,
I I 1 I 2 5.423 77.47 8.677 42.53 7.6 4.32 A
Using Superposition theorem, find the current through 3+j4 impedance.
Page 19 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
METHOD 1:
Case 1: With 50∟90˚V voltage source acting only (150∟0˚V voltage source is suppressed)
j 5 (3 j 4)
Total impedance, Z T 5 5.83 j 2.5
3 j9
5090
Current drawn from voltage source, I 7.88 66.8 A
5.833 j 2.5
j5
I1 7.8866.8 4.15285.24 A
3 j9
Case 2: With 50∟0˚V voltage source acting only (150∟90˚V voltage source is suppressed)
5 (3 j 4)
Total impedance, Z T j 5 2.5 j 6.25
8 j4
500
Current drawn from voltage source, I 7.428 68.2 A
2.5 j 6.25
5
I 2 7.428 68.2 4.152 94.77 A
8 j4
By Superposition theorem,
I I 1 I 2 4.152 85.23 4.152 94.77 8.3 85.23 A
METHOD 2: -
Case 1: With 50∟90˚V voltage source acting only (150∟0˚V voltage source is suppressed)
8 j 4 (3 j 4) I A 5090
(3 j 4) 3 j 9 I 0
B
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EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Using Cramer’s rule,
8 j 4 (3 j 4)
(8 j 4)(3 j 9) (3 j 4) 2 5 j 60
(3 j 4) 3 j 9
5090 (3 j 4)
1 5090 (3 j9) 450 j150
0 3 j9
8 j 4 5090
2 5090 (3 j 4) 200 j150
(3 j 4) 0
1 450 j150
IA 7.87866.8
5 j 60
2 200 j150
IB 4.15248.37
5 j 60
I 1 I A I B 7.878 66.8 4.152 48.37 4.152 85.23 A
Case 2: With 50∟0˚V voltage source acting only (150∟90˚V voltage source is suppressed)
8 j 4 (3 j 4) I A 0
(3 j 4) 3 j 9 I 500
B
Using Cramer’s rule,
8 j 4 (3 j 4)
(8 j 4)(3 j 9) (3 j 4) 2 5 j 60
(3 j 4) 3 j 9
0 (3 j 4)
1 500 (3 j 4) 150 j 200
500 3 j9
8 j4 0
2 500 (8 j 4) 400 j 200
(3 j 4) 500
1 150 j 200
IA 4.152 41.63
5 j 60
2 400 j 200
IB 7.428 68.2
5 j 60
I 2 I A I B 4.152 41.63 7.428 68.2 4.153 85.24 A
By Superposition theorem,
I I 1 I 2 4.152 85.23 4.153 85.24 8.3 85.24 A
Using Superposition theorem, find the current I.
Page 21 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Case 1: With 13∟25˚V voltage source acting only (20∟-30˚V voltage source and 3∟50˚A current source are
suppressed)
13 25
I1 2.05643.43 A
6 j2
Case 2: With 20∟-30˚V voltage source acting only (13∟25˚V voltage source and 3∟50˚A current source are
suppressed)
20 30
I2 3.162168.43 A
6 j2
Case 3: With 3∟50˚A current source acting only (13∟25˚V and 20∟-30˚V voltage sources are suppressed)
Using current division rule,
Page 22 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
2 j5
I 3 350 2.554 179.76 A
6 j2
By Superposition theorem,
I I 1 I 2 I 3 2.056 43.43 3.162 168.43 2.554 179.76 A 4.63 153.9 A
Using Superposition theorem, find the current through j5Ω impedance.
Ans:- I 4.86164.41A
THEVENIN’S THEOREM
At a pair of terminals AB, any linear bilateral network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit composed
of a voltage source VTH in series with a resistance RTH. The voltage VTH is the voltage across the open
circuited terminals AB and RTH is the equivalent resistance of the network as seen from terminals AB with
all independent sources replaced by their internal resistances.
Note: Internal resistance of an ideal voltage source is zero (short circuit) and ideal current source is infinity
(open circuit)
Explanation:
Consider a network shown in figure.
To find load current through RL,
Step 1: Remove the load resistor RL from the network and calculate the open circuit voltage VTH across
points A and B.
V
VTH R2
R1 R2
Step 2: Remove the load resistor RL from the network and replace the voltage source by a short circuit and
calculate the resistance RTH between points A and B.
Page 23 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
R1 R2
RTH R3
R1 R2
Step 3: Obtain the Thevenin’s equivalent network as shown below.
Then,
VTH
IL
RTH RL
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit between terminals A and B and hence find the current through R L =
6Ω and 16Ω.
Step 1: Remove RL and calculate the open circuit voltage VTH between points A and B.
16 I 1 12 I 2 32
I 2 2 A
I 1 0.5 A
Current through 12Ω resistance, I I1 I 2 0.5 2 2.5 A
VTH 12 2.5 30V
(It will be easier if node analysis is used)
Step 2: Remove RL and replace the voltage source by a short circuit and the current source by open circuit;
calculate the resistance RTH between points A and B.
Page 24 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
4 12
RTH 1 4
4 12
Step 3: Obtain the Thevenin’s equivalent network as shown below.
If RL = 6Ω,
VTH 30
IL 3A
RTH RL 4 6
If RL = 16Ω,
VTH 30
IL 1.5 A
RTH RL 4 16
Find the current through the 3Ω resistor.
Step 1: Remove 3Ω resistor and calculate the open circuit voltage VTH between points A and B.
Page 25 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
50
I1 5A
10
50
I2 5 A
10
VTH V AB V AC VCB 5 I 2 2 I1 5 5 2 5 15V (Note: B is positive with respect to A)
Step 2: Remove 3Ω resistor and replace the voltage source by a short circuit and calculate the resistance RTH
between points A and B.
5 28
RTH 4.1
2 28
Step 3: Obtain the Thevenin’s equivalent network as shown below.
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EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Then,
VTH 15
I 2.11 A
RTH RL 4.1 3
Find the current through the 3Ω resistor.
Step 1: Remove 5Ω resistor and calculate the open circuit voltage VTH between points A and B.
Page 27 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Current drawn from source = I 30
5.556 A
6 4
(3 )
64
6
I1 5.556 3.333 A
10
4
I 2 5.556 2.222 A
10
VTH V AB 3 I 2 3 I 1 3 2.222 3 3.333 3.333V
Step 2: Remove 5Ω resistor and replace the voltage source by a short circuit and calculate the resistance RTH
between points A and B.
Note: Star Resistance = Delta Resistance /3
RTH 2.333
Step 3: Obtain the Thevenin’s equivalent network as shown below.
Then,
VTH 3.333
I 0.455 A
RTH RL 2.333 5
SOLUTION OF NETWORKS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES USING THEVENIN’S
THEOREM:
To find RTH,
METHOD 1:
VTH
RTH where
IN
VTH = open circuited voltage between A & B
Page 28 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
IN = short circuited current through AB.
METHOD 2:
VAB
Connect a current source of 1A across terminal A and B; find VAB; RTH VAB
1
Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.
Step 1: To find VTH, open circuit A and B.
I 2 I
I 0
V T H 8V
Step 2: To find RTH, short circuit A and B.
8 8
I N 2I I 2 6 A
4 4
V 8
RTH TH 1.333
IN 6
Step 3: Thevenin equivalent circuit.
Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.
Page 29 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Step 1: To find VTH, open circuit A and B.
5
I 0.25 A
20
VTH 10 I 8 I 18 0.25 4.5V
Step 2: To find RTH, short circuit A and B.
Using mesh analysis,
20 I 1 10 I 2 5 ……. (1)
10 I1 11I 2 8 I1
18 I 1 11I 2 0 ……. (2)
I N I 2 2.25 A
VTH 4.5
RTH 2
IN 2.25
Step 3: Thevenin equivalent circuit.
Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.
Page 30 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Step 1: To find VTH, open circuit A and B.
Using mesh analysis,
I 1 3 1 0 3 A ……. (1)
2 1 0 3 I 1 4 2 1 0 3 I 2 5 V x ……. (2)
V x 2 10 3 ( I 1 I 2 ) ……. (3)
2 10 3 I 1 42 1 0 3 I 2 5 2 1 0 3 ( I 1 I 2 )
2 I 1 42 I 2 5 2 ( I 1 I 2 )
32 I 2 8 I 1 8 3 10 3
I 2 0.75 mA
VTH 40 0.75 30V
Step 2: To find RTH, connect a current source of 1A between A & B.
Using mesh analysis,
I1 1 A ……. (1)
40 1 0 3 I 1 42 10 3 I 2 5 V x ……. (2)
V x 2 10 3 I 2 ……. (3)
40 1 0 3 I 1 4 2 1 0 3 I 2 5 2 10 3 I 2
32 I 2 40 I1 40
I 2 1.25 A
V AB 40 10 3 ( I 2 I 1 ) 40 10 3 0.25 10 10 3 V
RTH V AB 10 k
Step 3: Thevenin equivalent circuit.
Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.
Page 31 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Step 1: To find VTH, open circuit A and B.
15I 2I
I 0
V T H 0V
Step 2: To find RTH, connect a current source of 1A between A & B.
Using Node analysis,
VA 2 I VA
1 0 ……. (1)
5 10
V
I A ……. (2)
10
4VA VA
1
25 10
50
VA V
13
50
RA
TH 13
Step 3: Thevenin equivalent circuit.
Page 32 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
THEVENIN’S THEORE APPLIED TO AC CIRCUITS
At a pair of terminals AB, any linear bilateral network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit composed
of a voltage source VTH in series with an impedance ZTH. The voltage VTH is the voltage across the open
circuited terminals AB and ZTH is the equivalent impedance of the network as seen from terminals AB with
all independent sources replaced by their internal impedances.
Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent network for the terminals A and B.
Step 1: To find VTH, open circuit A and B.
500
VTH (4 j 6) 49.540.36V
7 j2
Step 2: To find ZTH, short circuit voltage source
(3 j 4)(4 j 6)
Z TH j1 4.83 1.12
7 j2
Step 3: Thevenin equivalent circuit.
Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent network for the terminals A and B.
Page 33 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Step 1: To find VTH, open circuit A and B.
590
VTH (2 j 6) 100 18146.3V
2 j2
Step 2: To find ZTH, short circuit voltage source
( j 4)(2 j 6)
ZTH 4 11.3 45
2 j2
Find the current through 5Ω resistor.
Step 1: To find VTH, open circuit A and B.
Using Node analysis,
V1 V V
6 0 1 2 0
4 j5
(0.25 j 0.2)V1 j 0.2V 2 6 0 ……. (1)
V2 V V
4 0 2 1 0
j2 j5
j 0.2V1 j 0.3V 2 4 0 ……. (2)
0.25 j 0.2 j 0.2 V1 60
j 0.2 j 0.3 V2 40
0.25 j 0.2 j 0.2
0.12536.87
j 0.2 j 0.3
60 j 0.2
1 2.6 90
40 j 0.3
1 2.6 90
V1 VAB 20.8 126.87V
0.12536.87
Step 2: To find ZTH, open circuit current sources
Page 34 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
j3 4
ZTH 2.453.13
4 j3
Step 3: Thevenin equivalent circuit.
20.8 126.87
I 3.1 143.47 A
2.453.13 5
NORTON’S THEOREM
At a pair of terminals AB, any linear bilateral network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit composed
of a current source IN in parallel with a resistance RN. The current IN is the current through the short circuited
terminals AB and RN is the equivalent resistance of the network as seen from terminals AB with all
independent sources replaced by their internal resistances.
Note: Internal resistance of an ideal voltage source is zero (short circuit) and ideal current source is infinity
(open circuit)
Explanation:
Consider a network shown in figure.
To find load current through RL,
Step 1: Short circuit the terminal AB and calculate the current through the short circuit IN.
V
IS
RR
R1 2 3
R2 R3
Page 35 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
R2
IN IS
R 2 R3
Step 2: Remove the load resistor RL from the network and replace the voltage source by a short circuit and
calculate the resistance RN between points A and B.
R1 R2
R N R3 (Note: RN = RTH)
R1 R2
Step 3: Obtain the Norton’s equivalent network as shown below.
Then,
RN
IL IN
R N RL
Obtain Norton equivalent network.
Step 1: To find IN, short circuit A and B.
IN = 9A
Step 2: To find RN, open circuit current source and short circuit voltage source
Page 36 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
4 12
RN 3
4 12
Step 3: Norton’s equivalent network.
Obtain Norton equivalent network.
Step 1: To find IN, short circuit A and B.
15 5 I1 15
5 5 I 9
2
I N I 2 1.2 A
Step 2: To find RN , short circuit voltage sources
5 10 10
RN
5 10 3
Step 3: Obtain the Norton’s equivalent network as shown below.
Page 37 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Then,
RN 10 / 3
IL IN 1.2 0.545 A
RN R L 10 / 3 4
Obtain Norton’s equivalent circuit.
Step 1: To find IN, short circuit A and B.
10
Ix 2.5 A
4
10
I N 2 2.5 7 A
5
Step 2: To find RN , find VTH
VTH 10 5 2 I x 10 5 2 2.5 35V
VTH 35
RN 5
IN 7
Step 3: Norton’s equivalent network.
Page 38 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
NORTON’S THEOREM APPLIED TO AC CIRCUITS
At a pair of terminals AB, any linear bilateral network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit composed
of a current source IN in parallel with an impedance ZN. The current IN is the current through the short
circuited terminals AB and ZN is the equivalent impedance of the network as seen from terminals AB with
all independent sources replaced by their internal impedances.
Obtain Norton’s equivalent network for the terminals A and B.
Step 1: To find IN, short circuit A and B.
50
IN 1 53.13 A
3 j4
Step 2: To find RN , find VTH
1 0.2V x 5 0 V x
Page 39 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
50
Vx 6.250V
0.8
VTH 6.25 0
RN 6.25 53.13
IN 1 53.13
Step 3: Norton’s equivalent network.
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM (for DC circuits)
A resistive load, being connected to a dc network, receives maximum power hen the load resistance is equal
to the internal resistance (Thevenin’s equivalent resistance) of the source network as seen from the load
terminals.
VTH
Load current, I
RTH RL
VTH 2 RL
Power, P I 2 RL
( RTH RL )2
If RL is a variable, for maximum power,
dP
0
dRL
( RT H R L ) 2 V T H 2 VT H 2 R L 2 ( RT H R L ) 0
( RT H R L ) 2 R L 2 ( R T H R L ) 0
RT H 2 2 RT H R L R L 2 2 RTH R L 2 R L 2 0
R L RTH
Maximum power is transferred when load resistance RL is equal to Thevenin’s equivalent resistance RTH.
Maximum power transfer: -
At maximum power, equivalent circuit is
Page 40 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
VTH
I
2 RTH
VTH 2 RTH VTH 2
Pmax I RL
2
4 RTH 2 4 RTH
Find the value of the resistance RL for maximum power transfer and calculate the maximum power.
To find RL for maximum power transfer:
73
RL RTH 2.1
73
To find maximum power,
50
VTH 3 75V
2
At maximum power, equivalent circuit is
VTH 75
I 17.857 A
2 RTH 2 2.1
Pm ax I 2 R L 1 7.85 7 2 2.1 669.64W
Page 41 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM (for AC circuits)
CASE 1 – LOAD IMPEDANCE IS COMPLEX
VOC
Load current, I L
( Rs RL ) 2 ( X s X L ) 2
VOC 2 RL
PL I L 2 RL
( Rs RL )2 ( X s X L )2
For maximum power transfer, denominator should be small ie. XL = -Xs .
Also, for maximum power transfer, dP 0
dRL
VOC 2 RL
PL
( Rs RL ) 2
( R s R L ) 2 1 R L 2( R s R L ) 0
( Rs 2 2 Rs RL RL 2 ) 2 Rs RL 2 RL 2 0
RL RS
Hence, for maximum power transfer, RL = Rs and XL = -Xs.
OR
Z L Z s * R s jX s
Load impedance should be complex conjugate of source impedance.
If source impedance is inductive, load impedance should be capacitive and vice versa for maximum power
transfer.
VOC 2 Rs VOC 2
Maximum power, Pmax I 2 Rs
(2 Rs ) 2 4 Rs
VTH 2
Pmax
4 RTH
Page 42 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
CASE 2 – LOAD IMPEDANCE IS PURE RESISTIVE
VOC
Load current, I L
( Rs RL )2 X s 2
VOC 2 RL
PL I L 2 RL
( Rs RL )2 X s 2
For maximum power transfer, dP 0
dRL
( Rs RL ) 2 X s 2 1 RL 2( Rs RL ) 0
( Rs 2 2 Rs RL RL 2 ) X s 2 2 Rs RL 2 RL 2 0
Rs 2 X s 2 RL 2 0
RL Rs 2 X s 2
For maximum power transfer, find the value of ZL in the network i) if ZL is an impedance and ii) ZL is pure
resistive.
i) If ZL is an impedance
For maximum power transfer, Z L Z S * (6 j 8)
ii) If ZL is a resistance
For maximum power transfer, Z L Z S 6 2 8 2 10
Find the impedance ZL so that maximum power can be transferred to it. Find maximum power.
To find ZL for maximum power transfer
Page 43 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
3 j3
3Ω & j3Ω parallel; 2.1245
3 j3
2.1245and 3Ω in series; 3 2.1245 4.7418.43
4.7418.43 and -j3Ω parallel; 4.7418.43 j 3 3 53.1 (1.8 j 2.4)
4.7418.43 j 3
For maximum power transfer, Z L Z S * (1.8 j 2.4)
To find maximum power transfer
3 j 3 j 3 I1 5 0
j3
3 I 2 0
3 j3 j3
20.12526.57
j3 3
3 j3 50
2 1590
j3 0
1590
I2 0.74563.43 A
20.12526.57
VTH 0.745 63.43 j 3 2.236 26.57 V
2
VTH 2.236 2
Pmax 0.7W
4 RL 4 1.8
Page 44 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
RECIPROCITY THEOREM
In a linear bilateral single source network, the ratio of excitation to response is a constant when position of
excitation and response are interchanged.
In any linear bilateral network, if a source of emf E located at one point produces a current I at a second
point, the same source of emf E at the second point will produce the same current I at the first point.
Emf E and current I are mutually interchangeable.
Note: Reciprocity theorem is not applicable to network with dependent sources.
According to Reciprocity theorem,
Verify Reciprocity theorem.
Case 1:
15 10 I1 20
10 20 I 0
2
I 2 1A
Case 2:
Page 45 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
20 10 I1 20
10 15 I 0
2
I 2 1A
Reciprocity theorem is verified.
Find the current through the 6Ω resistor and verify the reciprocity theorem.
Case 1:
1 j1 j1 I1 50
j1
2 I 2 0
1 j1 5 0
j1 0
I2 1.3956.31 A I
1 j1 j1
j1 2
Case 2:
1 j1 j1 I1 0
j1
2 I 2 50
Page 46 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
0 j1
50 2
I1 1.39 123.69 A
1 j1 j1
j1 2
I I 1 1.39 56.31 A
Since the current I is same in both the cases, the reciprocity theorem is verified.
Page 47 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, THRISSUR
EET201 – CIRCUITS & NETWORKS (2019 Scheme)
ASSIGNMENT 01 – MODULE 01
Maximum Marks: 10
Answer all questions.
S No. Question CO Mark
1. Using source transformation technique, reduce the following network into a 1 2
single source and single resistor between terminals A and B.
2. Using Superposition theorem, find the current through j3Ω. 1 2
3. Using Thevenin’s Theorem, find the current through (4 + j6)Ω impedance. 1 2
4. Determine Norton’s equivalent circuit. 1 2
Page 48 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
5. Find the value of resistance RL for maximum power transfer. Also, find the 1 2
maximum power.
COURSE OUTCOMES:
After the completion of the course the student will be able to:
CO1 Apply circuit theorems to simplify and solve complex DC and AC electric networks.
CO2 Analyse dynamic DC and AC circuits and develop the complete response to excitations.
CO3 Solve dynamic circuits by applying transformation to s-domain.
CO4 Analyse three-phase networks in Y and ∆ configurations.
CO5 Solve series /parallel resonant circuits
CO6 Develop the representation of two-port networks using network parameters and analyse
Page 49 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, THRISSUR
EET201 – CIRCUITS & NETWORKS (2019 Scheme)
ANSWER KEY
ASSIGNMENT 01 – MODULE 01
S No. Question
1. 3.75 V in series with 1.75Ω ----- (1 x 1 = 2 marks)
2. I1 = 2.5∟120˚A (with voltage source 5∟30˚V) ----- (1/2 mark)
I2 = 5∟-30˚A (with voltage source 10∟60˚V) ----- (1/2 mark)
I = 3.1∟-6.21˚A ----- (1 mark)
3. VTH = 80.61∟-82.88˚V ----- (1/2 mark)
ZTH = 6.28∟9.16˚Ω ----- (1/2 mark)
I = 6.52∟-117.34˚A ----- (1 mark)
4. IN = 10∟-90˚A ----- (1 mark)
ZN = 5Ω ----- (1 mark)
5. VTH = 8.2V ----- (1/2 mark)
RL = RTH = 20.83Ω ----- (1/2 mark)
Pmax = 0.81W ----- (1 mark)
Page 50 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Module 4 Three phase networks and resonance: Complex Power in sinusoidal steady state. Steady
state analysis of three-phase three-wire and four-wire unbalanced Y circuits, Unbalanced Delta circuit,
Neutral shift. Resonance in Series and Parallel RLC circuits – Quality factor – Bandwidth –
Impedance Vs Frequency, Admittance Vs Frequency, Phase angle Vs frequency for series resonant
circuit.
REVIEW OF 3-PHASE SYSTEMS
Any system with more than one phase is referred to as a polyphase system.
In a balanced 2-phase system, there are 2 equal driving voltages with a phase difference of 90˚ electrical.
In a symmetrical 3-phase system, the phase difference between the driving voltages is 120˚ electrical.
In an n-phase system (n > 2), the relative phase difference is 360˚/n.
A 3-phase generator has 3 independent armature windings (with same number of turns) which are 120˚ apart
in space and rotate in a uniform magnetic field.
Instantaneous values of voltages are given by,
e A E m sin t
e B E m sin( t 120 )
ec E m sin( t 240 ) E m sin( t 120 )
The order in which the voltage attain their peak values is called phase sequence. Here, abc is the phase
sequence. If the direction or rotation is reversed, the phase sequence is reversed and becomes acb.
Note: There are only 2 possible phase sequences – abc and acb.
Advantages of 3-phase system over 1-phase system:-
i) For same amount of power, 3-phase system is more economical (less amount of conductor material)
ii) 3-phase induction motors are self-starting; but 1-phase induction motor (with single winding) are not
iii) 3-phase machines are more efficient (for same output)
iv) 3-phase machines have lesser size (for same output)
Three possible configurations of connections of voltages sources are i) star and ii) delta.
Page 51 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
STAR CONNECTED SOURCE
If Vp is the magnitude of the phase voltage,
V an V p 0
V bn V p 120
V cn V p 120
Van Vbn Vcn Vp 0 Vp 120 Vp 120 Vp 10 1 120 1 120 0
Line voltage, Vab Van Vbn V p 0 Vp 120 V p 10 1 120 3V p 30
Vbc 3V p (30 120) 3Vp 90
Vca 3Vp (30 120) 3Vp 150
DELTA CONNECTED SOURCE
Taking Vab as reference,
V ab V p 0
V bc V p 120
Page 52 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
V ca V p 120
Vab Vbc Vca Vp 10 1120 1 120 0
In delta connection, line voltage = phase voltage.
BALANCED LOAD
A balanced load is one in which the phase impedances are equal in magnitude and in phase.
For a balanced star connected load, Z a Z b Z c Z
For a balanced delta connected load, Z ab Z bc Z ca Z
Calculate the line currents in the 3-wire star – star system shown in figure.
Total impedance, Z T 5 j 2 10 j 8 15 j 6
1100
IA 6.8 21.8 A
15 j 6
110 120
IB 6.8 141.8 A
15 j 6
Page 53 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
110120
IB 6.898.2 A
15 j 6
Calculate the line currents in the 3-wire star – star system shown in figure.
V ab V an Vbn 110 0 110 120 190.52 30 V
Vab 190.5230
I ab 3.175 15 A
Z ab 60 45
I bc 3.175 15 120 A 3.175 135 A
I ca 3.175 15 120 3.175 105 A
I a I ab I ca 3.175 15 3.175 105 5.5 45 A
I b 5.5 45 120 5.5 165 A
I c 5.5 45 120 5.5 75 A
UNBALANCED SYSTEM
An unbalanced system is due to i) unbalanced voltage sources or ii) an unbalanced load (unequal load
impedances).
UNBALANCED DELTA CONNECTED LOAD
The unbalanced delta load is supplied by balanced line-to-line voltages of 200V in the positive sequence.
Fin the line currents. Take Vab as reference.
V ab 200 0 V
Vbc 200 120 V
Vca 200 120 V
Vab 200 0
I ab 17.89 26.57 A
Z ab 10 j 5
Page 54 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Vbc 200 120
I bc 12.5 120 A
Z bc 16
Vca 200120
I ca 2083.13 A
Z ca 8 j6
I a I ab I ca 17.89 26.57 20 83.13 18.05 41 A
I b I bc I ab 12.5 120 17.89 26.57 29.15 139.76 A
I c I ca I bc 20 83.13 12.5 120 31.88 74.27 A
Find the line currents in the unbalanced 3-phase circuit. Also find the apparent power, active power and
reactive power absorbed by the load.
V ab 220 0 V
Vbc 220 120 V
Vca 220 120 V
Vab 220 0
I ab 4490 A
Z ab j5
Vbc 220120
I bc 22 30 A
Z bc j10
Vca 220 120
I ca 22 120 A
Z ca 10
I a I ab I ca 44 90 22 120 64 80.1 A
I b I bc I ab 22 30 44 90 38.1 60 A
I c I ca I bc 22 120 22 30 42.5 135 A
Complex power output, S V ab I ab * V bc I bc * V ca I ca *
2200 44 90 220120 22 30 220120 22120
6844.8 45 4840W j 4840
Apparent power, S = 6844.8VA
Real power, P = 4840W
Reactive power, Q = 4840Var
UNBALANCED DELTA
a) 3-phase 4-wire star
Page 55 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Here, O is the star point of load and n is the supply neutral.
V
I a an
ZA
Vbn
Ib
ZB
Vcn
Ic
ZC
Neutral current, I n I A I B I C
Note: In balanced 4-wire star, neutral current will be zero; 4th wire is not needed.
Three impedances Z A 12 0 , Z B 12 30 and Z C 10 45 are connected in star to a 3-phase
4-wire 416/240V supply system, the voltage being V ab 416 120 V , Vbc 416 0 V and
Vca 416 120 V . Determine the three line currents and current in the neutral wire.
Note: For a symmetrical 3-phase abc system, if phase voltage is V an V ph , then line voltage is
3V ph ( 30)V . For acb system, if phase voltage is V an V ph , then line voltage is
3V ph ( 30)V .
Here, since Vbc leads from Vab by +120˚, it is acb system.
V an 240 120 30 V 240 90 V
Vbn 240 30 V
V cn 240 150 V
Page 56 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Van 240 90
Ia 20 90 A
ZA 120
Vbn 24030
Ib 20 0 A
ZB 1230
Vcn 240150
Ic 24105 A
ZC 10 45
Neutral current, I n I A I B I C 20 90 20 0 24 105 14.15 13 A
Three impedances Z A 3 , Z B 2 j 3 and Z C 2 j1 are connected in star to a 3-phase 4-wire
100V supply system, the phase sequence being acb. Determine the line currents and neutral current.
100
Van 0V 57.7350V
3
Vbn 57.735 120 V
V cn 57.735 120 V
Van 57.735 0
Ia 19.245 0 A
ZA 3
Vbn 57.735120
Ib 16 63.7 A
ZB 2 j3
Vcn 57.735 120
Ic 25.82 93.43 A
ZC 2 j
Neutral current, I n I A I B I C 19.245 0 16 63.7 25.82 93.43 27.3 24.75 A
b) 3-phase 3-wire star
If load and supply voltages are balanced, VOn 0 .
If the load is unbalanced, there exists a potential difference between O and n ie., VOn 0
Solution of 3-wire unbalanced star:
METHOD 1 – Start to Delta Transformation
Page 57 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Z A Z B Z B ZC ZC Z A
Z AB
ZC
Z A Z B Z B ZC ZC Z A
Z BC
ZA
Z AZ B Z B ZC ZC Z A
Z CA
ZB
V ab
I AB
Z AB
Vbc
I BC
Z BC
Vca
I CA
Z CA
I A I AB I CA
I B I B C I AB
I C I CA I BC
METHOD 2 – MESH ANALYSIS
Page 58 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Z A Z B Z B I1 Van Vbn
Z
B Z B Z C I 2 Vbn Vcn
Z A ZB Z B I1 Vab
Z
B Z B Z C I 2 Vbc
I A I1
I B I 2 I1
IC I2
METHOD 3 – MILLMAN’S METHOD
At load star-point O,
I A I B IC 0
V AO VBO V
But, I A V AO Y A IB V BO YB and I C CO VCO YC
ZA ZB ZC
V AO Y A V BO YB VCO YC 0 since I A V A O Y A
But, V A O V an V nO ; V B O V b n V nO ; V C O V cn V nO
(V an V nO )Y A (Vbn V nO )Y B (V cn V nO )YC 0
(V an Y A VbnYB Vcn YC ) V nO (Y A YB YC ) 0
(V anY A Vbn YB Vcn YC ) VOn (Y A YB YC ) where VOn = displacement neutral voltage
Displacement neutral voltage, VOn VanYA VbnYB VcnYC
YA YB YC
Page 59 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
V A O V an V On
V BO Vbn VOn
VCO Vcn VOn
V AO
IA
ZA
VBO
IB
ZB
VCO
IC
ZC
Note: if not mentioned any other method, better use Millman’s method.
A 3-phase 3-wire system with V an 240 0 V , Vbn 240 120 V and V cn 240 120 V has a star
connected load with Z A 10 0 , Z B 10 45 and Z C 10 30 . Determine the line currents.
METHOD 1: STAR TO DELTA TRANSFORMATION
Z Z Z B Z C Z C Z A 10 0 10 45 10 45 10 30 10 30 10 0
Z AB A B
ZC 10 30
284.2249.87
28.4219.87
1030
Z A Z B Z B Z C Z C Z A 10 0 10 45 10 45 10 30 10 30 10 0
Z BC
ZA 10 0
284.2249.87
28.4249.87
100
Z A Z B Z B Z C Z C Z A 10 0 10 45 10 45 1030 10 30 10 0
Z CA
ZB 10 45
284.2249.87
28.424.87
1045
V ab V an Vbn 240 0 240 120 415.7 30 V
Vbc Vbn V cn 240 120 240 120 415.7 90 V
V ca V cn V an 240 120 240 0 415.7 150 V
Vab 415.7 30
I AB 14.6310.13 A
Z AB 28.4219.87
Vbc 415.7 90
I BC 14.63 139.87 A
Z BC 28.42 49.87
Vca 415.7 150
I CA 14.63145.13 A
Z CA 28.42 4.87
Page 60 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
I A I AB I CA 14.63 10.13 14.63 145.13 27.03 12.37 A
I B I BC I AB 14.63 139.87 14.6310.13 28.26 154.87 A
I C I CA I BC 14.63145.13 14.63 139.87 17.81 92.63 A
METHOD 2: MESH ANALYSIS
Z A Z B Z B I1 Van Vbn
Z
B Z B Z C I 2 Vbn Vcn
18.478 22.5 1045 I1 415.730
1045
19.82937.5 I 2 415.7 90
By Cramer’s rule,
18.47822.5 1045
284.2349.87
1045 19.82937.5
415.730 1045
1 7681.1737.5
415.7 90 19.82937.5
18.47822.5 415.730
2 5061.39 37.5
1045 415.7 90
1 7681.1737.5
I1 27.024 12.37 A
284.2349.87
5061.39 37.5
I2 2 17.8 87.37 A
284.2349.87
I A I1 27.024 12.37 A
I B I 2 I 1 17.8 87.37 27.024 12.37 28.25 154.88 A
I C I 2 17.8 87.37 A 17.8 92.63 A
METHOD 3 – MILLMAN’S METHOD
1 1
YA 0.1 0 S
Z A 10 0
1 1
YB 0.1 45 S
Z B 10 45
1 1
YC 0.1 30 S
Z C 1030
VanYA VbnYB Vcn YC
Displacement neutral voltage, VOn
Y A YB YC
2400 0.10 240 120 0.1 45 240120 0.1 30
0.10 0.1 45 0.1 30
62.652112.5
V AO V an VOn 240 0 62.652 112.5 270.25 12.37 V
V BO Vbn VOn 240 120 62.652 112.5 282.55 109.87 V
VCO V cn VOn 240 120 62.652 112.5 178.07 122.63 V
V AO 270.25 12.37V
IA 27.025 12.37 A
ZA 10 0
Page 61 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
VBO 282.55 109.87
IB 28.255 154.87 A
ZB 10 45
VCO 178.07 122.63
IC 17.807 92.63 A
ZC 10 30
A symmetrical 3-phase system feeds an unbalanced star connected load. The voltages across two arms of
the load are V AO 206 25 V and VCO 295 97.5 V where O denotes the star point. Find the voltage
of point O with respect to neutral of system.
V BO (V AO VCO ) (206 25 295 97.5 ) 253.3125.8V
Here, phase sequence is abc since VCO leads from VAO and VBO lags behind VAO.
V AB V AO V BO 206 25 253.3 125.8 355.18 19.47 A
355.18
Van (19.47 30) 205 10.53V
3
VOn Van V AO 205 10.53 206 25 51.77 73.33 V
Non-reactive resistors of 10, 20 and 25Ω are star connected to the R,Y and B phases of a 400V, symmetrical
system. Determine the current and power in each resistor and the voltage between star point and neutral.
Phase sequence is RYB.
Ans:- 16.5A, 2,72kW; 13.1A, 3.43kW; 11.2A, 3.14kW; 68V
Three impedances ZA, ZB, ZC are connected in star across a 440V 3-phase 50Hz supply. The currents in
lines b and c are 10 90 and 2090A . The voltage of star point with respect to supply neutral is 200150A
. The reference voltage is Van. Find ZA, ZB and ZC .
Ans:- 10+j42.72Ω, 32+4.62Ω, 6-j2.31Ω
Hint: I A ( I B I C ) ; V AO V an V On ; Z A V AO
IA
c) 3-phase 4-wire star with neutral impedance Zn
At load star-point O,
I A I B IC I n
V AO VBO VCO Von
But, I A V AO Y A IB V BO YB IC VCO YC In VonYn
ZA ZB ZC Zn
V AO Y A V BO Y B VCO YC VonYn since I A V AO Y A
But, V AO V an V nO ; V BO V bn V nO ; V C O V cn V nO
(V an V nO )Y A (Vbn V nO )YB (V cn V nO )YC V on Yn
(V anY A Vbn YB V cn YC ) V nO (Y A YB YC ) V on Yn
Page 62 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
(V an Y A Vbn YB V cn YC ) VOn (Y A YB YC Yn ) where VOn = displacement neutral voltage
Displacement neutral voltage, VOn VanYA VbnYB VcnYC
YA YB YC Yn
V AO V an V On
V BO Vbn VOn
VCO Vcn VOn
V AO
IA
ZA
V
I B BO
ZB
V
I C CO
ZC
A 3-phase 4-wire 380V supply is connected to an unbalanced load having phase impedances of
Z A 8 j 6 , Z B 8 j 6 and Z C 5 . Impedance of the neutral wire is Z n 0.5 j1 . Find the
phase currents and voltages of the load.
1 1
YA 0.1 36.87 S
Z A 8 j6
1 1
YB 0.1 36.87 S
Z B 8 j6
1
YC 0.2 S
ZC
1 1
Yn 0.894 63.43 S
Z n 0.5 j1
V Y VbnYB VcnYC
Displacement neutral voltage, VOn an A
YA YB YC Yn
219.40 0.1 36.87 219.4 120 0.136.87 219.4120 0.2
0.1 36.87 0.136.87 0.2 0.894 63.43
3 .2 1 6 6 .4 6 V
V AO Van VOn 219.4 0 3.2 166.46 222.5 0.2 V
V BO Vbn V On 219.4 120 3.2 166.46 218.5 120 V
VC O V cn VOn 219.4 120 3.2 166.46 217.2 120 V
V AO 222.5 0.2V
IA 22.25 37 A
ZA 8 j6
VBO 218.5 120
IB 21.85 83.13 A
ZB 8 j6
VCO 217.2 120
IC 43.44 120 A
ZC 5
VOn 3.2166.46
In 2.86 103 A
Zn 0.5 j1
A 3-phase supply system is feeding a star connected 3-phase load. The supply voltages are V an 1000 0 V
, Vbn 1000 120 V , V cn 1000 120 V . Find line currents.
Page 63 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Ans: I A 16 34.9 A I B 22.5 152.5 A I C 20.7 70.8 A
Determine a) the phase currents and b) the line currents for the unbalanced delta connected load if Z ab =
100Ω; Zbc = -j60Ω; Zca = 30+j60Ω and supply voltage is 230V between lines. Assume positive sequence
voltage for the balanced supply system.
Ans: I A 2.8906 81.83 A ; I B 2.1711 61.98 A ; I C 4.9875 106.67 A
A star-connected unbalanced load with impedances Za = 50Ω; Zb = 10+j5Ω; Zc = 5-j10Ω is connected across
a balanced 3-phase source with phase voltage 440/√3V. The per phase impedance of the voltage source Z s
= 0.2+j3Ω and impedance of each distribution line Zl =0.1+j0.2Ω. Determine a) the line currents b) the
voltage at the load terminals a, b and c and c) voltage of the neutral point with respect to the ground. Assume
positive voltage sequence.
Ans: I A 11.2088 10.72 A ; I B 19.541 117.82 A ; I C 19.46 95.59 A
V N 316.9474 161.73 A
A 3-phase 415V mesh-connected system has the following loads:25kW at power factor 1 for branch AB,
40kVA at power factor 0.85 lagging for branch BC, and 30kVA at power factor 0.6 leading for branch CA.
Find the line currents.
Ans: I AB 25000
34.78 0
3 415 1
40000
I BC 55.65 120 31.8 A
3 415
30000
I CA 41.74 120 53.13 A
3 415
I A 76.38 3.75 A
I B 87.85 162.6 A
I C 32.21 76.35 A
Page 64 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Resonance in Series and Parallel RLC circuits – Quality factor – Bandwidth – Impedance Vs
Frequency, Admittance Vs Frequency, Phase angle Vs frequency for series resonant circuit.
RESONANCE
Resonance is a very important phenomenon in many electrical applications. The study of resonance is very
useful, particularly in the area of communications. A circuit containing reactance is said to be in resonance if
the voltage across the circuit is in phase with the current through it. At resonance, the circuit behaves as a
pure resistor and the net reactance is zero.
SERIES RESONANCE
Consider the series RLC circuit.
The impedance of the circuit is Z R j ( X L X C )
At resonance, circuit is purely resistive.
XL XC 0 X L XC
1 1
o L o
oC LC
1
fo where fo is the resonant frequency of the circuit.
2 LC
At series resonance,
1. Impedance is minimum, Z = R.
V
2. Current is maximum, I o
R
3. Voltage across inductor VLo is equal to the voltage across capacitor VCo. Since Io is maximum, VLo
and VCo will be maximum. At resonance, voltage magnification takes place.
4. Behaviour of R, L and C with change in frequency
Page 65 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
R remains constant with change in frequency. XL is proportional to frequency (straight line) and Xc
is inversely proportional to frequency (rectangular hyperbola).
When f f o , impedance is capacitive and power factor is leading.
When f f o , impedance is resistive and power factor is unity.
When f f o , impedance is inductive and power factor is lagging.
Impedance Vs Frequency curve is shown below:
5. BAND WIDTH
For the series RLC circuit, bandwidth is defined as the range of frequencies for which the power
delivered to R is greater than or equal to Po/2 where Po is the power delivered to R at resonance.
There are two frequencies for which the power delivered to R is half the power at resonance. The
magnitude of the current at each half-power point is the same.
Io2 R
I12 R I 22 R
2
I
I1 I 2 o 0.707 I o
2
At half power point,
V V V /R Io
I
Z R ( X L X C )2
2
(XL XC ) 2
( X L X C )2
1 1
R2 R2
Io
Since I
2
( X L X C )2
1 2
R2
XL XC R
At resonance, X L X C 0
At half power points, X L X C R
Page 66 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
1
2 L R ------ (1)
2C
1
1 L R ------ (2)
1C
By adding (1) and (2);
1 1 1
(1 2 ) L 0
C 1 2
1 1 2
(1 2 ) L 0
C 1 2
1 1
L 0
C 12
LC 1 2 1
1
12 o 2
LC
o 12
Equation (2) – (1) gives,
1 1 1
(2 1 ) L 2R
C 1 2
1 2 1
(2 1 ) L 2R
C 12
(2 1 ) LC12 1 2RC12
1 1
(2 1 ) LC 1 2 RC
LC LC
R
(2 1 )
L
R
f 2 f1
2 L
R R
f f 2 f1 2 1
2 L L
6. QUALITY FACTOR
It is a measure of voltage magnification in the series resonant circuit. Also it is a measure of the
selectivity or sharpness of the tuning of a series RLC circuit.
VLo VCo
Qo
V V
VLo I o X Lo X Lo o L 1
Qo
V Io R R R o CR
1
o L L 1 L
LC
Qo
R R R C
Page 67 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
The ability of a circuit to select any particular frequency is decided by the sharpness of the resonant
circuit. A circuit with high Q (small R) has a narrow band width, a sharp response and high selectivity.
PHASE ANGLE Vs FREQUENCY CURVE
The phase angle as a function of frequency is shown in Figure.
At a frequency below the resonant frequency, current leads the source voltage because the capacitive reactance
is greater than the inductive reactance. The phase angle decreases as the frequency approaches the resonant
value, and is 0° at resonance.
At frequencies above resonance, the current lags behind the source voltage, because the inductive reactance is
greater than capacitive reactance. As the frequency goes higher, the phase angle approaches 90°.
Determine the resonant frequency of the circuit shown in figure.
1 1
fo 2.25 kHz
2 LC 2 0.5 10 3 10 10 6
For the circuit shown in figure, determine the impedance at resonant frequency, 10Hz above resonant
frequency, and 10 Hz below resonant frequency.
Page 68 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
1 1
fo 159.2 Hz
2 LC 2 0.1 10 10 6
At 10Hz below fo, f = 149.2Hz
X L 2 fL 2 149.2 0.1 93.75
1 1
XC 106.6
2 fC 2 149.2 10 10 6
Z R j ( X L X C ) 10 j (93.75 106.6) 16.28 52.1 (Z is capacitive)
At 10Hz above fo, f = 169.2Hz
X L 2 fL 2 169.2 0.1 106.31
1 1
XC 94.06
2 fC 2 169.2 10 10 6
Z R j ( X L X C ) 10 j (106.31 94.06) 15.81 50.77 (Z is inductive)
A series circuit with R = 10Ω, L = 0.2H and C = 40F has an applied voltage V 1 0 0 0 with a variable
frequency. Find the voltage with respect to the series resonance circuit a) r frequency b) current c) power d)
power factor and d) voltage across R,L,C at resonance. Also, find the quality factor and half-power points.
1 1
fo 56.3 Hz
2 LC 2 0.2 40 10 6
V 100
Io 10 A
R 10
P I o 2 R 10 2 10 1 000W
Power factor = 1
Voltage across R, V R I o R 10 10 100V
Voltage across L, V L I o X L 10 2 56.3 0.2 707.5V
10
Voltage across C, VC I o X C 707.5V
2 56.3 40 106
1 L 1 0.2
Qo 7.07
R C 10 40 10 6
Half-power points,
R 10
f1 f o 56.3 52.32 Hz
4 L 4 0.2
R 10
f2 fo 56.3 60.3Hz
4 L 4 0.2
A coil of inductance 10H and resistance 100Ω in series with a condenser is supplied at a constant voltage
from a variable frequency source. If the maximum current is 1A at 100Hz, find the frequency when the
current is 0.5A.
Ans: C = 0.25F, f1 = 102Hz, f2 = 98Hz
Page 69 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
PARALLEL RESONANCE
Consider the parallel circuit consisting of a coil and a capacitor.
The impedance of the two branches are Z 1 R jX L and Z 2 jX C
1 R jX L
Y1 2
R jX L R X L 2
1 j
Y2
jX C X C
R jX L j R X 1
Y Y1 Y2 2 j 2 L 2
R XL
2 2
XC R X L 2
R XL XC
At resonance, circuit is purely resistive. Hence, the condition for resonance is
XL 1
0
R XL
2 2
XC
XL 1
R2 X L2 X C
X L X C R 2 X L2
L
R 2 o 2 L2
C
1 R2
2 o 2
LC L
1 R2 1 1 R2
o fo
LC L2 2 LC L2
PHASOR DIAGRAM AT PARALLEL RESONANCE
At resonance,
I C I L sin
I o I L cos
Page 70 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
IMPEDANCE CURVE
R
At resonance, the circuit is purely resistive. The real part of admittance is ,
R 2 X L2
Hence the impedance at resonance (dynamic impedance or resistance) is given by
R2 X L2
ZD
R
At resonance,
L
R2 X L 2 X L X C
C
L
Dynamic resistance, Z D
CR
RESONANCE CURVE
Impedance is maximum at resonance; the current is minimum at resonance.
V V VCR
Io
ZD L L
CR
REJECTOR CIRCUIT
The parallel resonant circuit is often described as a rejector circuit since it presents its maximum impedance
at the resonant frequency and the resultant current is minimum.
BEHAVIOUR OF G, BL AND BC WITH CHANGE IN FREQUENCY
G = Conductance and B = Susceptance
1 j
BC j 2 fC
jX C X C
Page 71 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
1 j j
BL
jX L X L 2 fL
When f f o , inductive susceptance predominates and power factor is lagging.
When f f o , net susceptance is zero, the admittance is minimum, impedance is maximum and
power factor is unity.
When f f o , capacitive susceptance predominates and power factor is leading.
QUALITY FACTOR
Currents higher than the supply current can circulate within the parallel branches of a parallel resonant circuit.
The Q-factor of a parallel resonant circuit is the ratio of the current circulating the parallel branches of the
circuit to the supply current.
It is a measure of current magnification in a parallel resonant circuit.
I I sin X L
Qo C L tan L o
I o I L cos R R
BANDWIDTH
o R
Bandwidth 2 1
Q L
COMPARISON OF SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUITS
PARAMETER SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Current at resonance V VCR
Io and is maximum Io and is minimum
R L
Impedance at resonance Z R and is minimum L
Z and is maximum
CR
Power factor at resonance Unity Unity
Resonant frequency 1 1 1 R2
fo fo 2
2 LC 2 LC L
Q-factor o L o L
Qo Qo
R R
It magnifies Voltage across L and C Current through L and C
A coil of inductance 0.2H and resistance 60Ω is connected in parallel with a 20F capacitor across a 20V,
variable frequency supply. Calculate (a) the resonant frequency (b) the dynamic resistance (c) the current at
resonance and (d) the circuit Q factor at resonance.
Page 72 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
1 1 R2
fo 63.66 Hz
2 LC L2
L
ZD 166.7
CR
V
Io 0.12 A
ZD
o L 2 f o L
Qo 1.33
R R
A pure inductance of 150mH is connected in parallel with a 40F capacitor across a 50V, variable frequency
supply. Determine (a) the resonant frequency of the circuit and (b) the current circulating in the capacitor
and inductance at resonance.
1 1 R2
fo 2
2 LC L
Since R = 0;
1 1
fo 64.97 Hz
2 LC
Current circulating at resonance,
V V
I cir 0.817 A
X L 2 f o L
A two-branch parallel circuit has a choke coil in one branch and a lossless capacitor in the second. The
choke coil has a resistance of 25.1Ω and inductance of 10mH. Find the capacitance so that the circuit is in
resonance at 20kHz. Also find the effective resistance of the circuit.
Ans:- 0.00633F 62940Ω
Page 73 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, THRISSUR
EET201 – CIRCUITS & NETWORKS (2019 Scheme)
ASSIGNMENT 02 – MODULE 04
Maximum Marks: 10
Answer all questions.
S No. Question CO Mark
1. A symmetrical 3-phase 100V 3-wire supply feeds an unbalanced star-connected 4 2
load, in impedances of the load as Z A 5 0 , Z B 2 90 and
Z C 4 90 . Find the (a) line currents, (b) voltage across the impedances
and (c) the displacement neutral voltage.
2. A 3-phase 4-wire 380V supply is connected to an unbalanced load having phase 4 2
impedances of Z R 4 j 3 , Z Y 4 j 3 and Z B 2 . Impedance of the
neutral wire is Z n 1 j 2 . Find the phase currents and voltages of the load.
3. A delta connected 3-phase load has 10Ω between R and Y, 6.36mH between Y 4 2
and B and 636F between B and R. The supply voltage is 400V 50Hz. Calculate
the line currents for RBY phase sequence.
4. A 50F capacitor is connected in series with a coil having an inductance of 0.1H 5 2
and a resistance of 5Ω. The circuit is fed from 200V variable frequency source.
The frequency is varied till maximum current occurs. Find (a) frequency (b)
current in circuit (c) Q of coil (d) voltage magnification (e) voltage across
capacitor (f) voltage across coil.
5. A two-branch parallel circuit has a coil of 100Ω resistance and 0.005H 5 2
inductance in one branch and a 10nF capacitor in the second branch. It is fed by
a 100V variable frequency supply. Find (a) resonant frequency (b) Q (c) current
drawn from source (d) bandwidth (e) circulating current.
Page 74 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, THRISSUR
EET201 – CIRCUITS & NETWORKS (2019 Scheme)
ANSWER KEY
ASSIGNMENT 02 – MODULE 04
S No. Question Mark
1. I A 20.06 8.67 A 2
I B 19.7 238.8 A
I C 26.68 128.33 A
VOn 84.15 185.78 V
2. V On 26.6 141.4 V 2
I R 48.18 40.76 A
I Y 51.26 283.51 A
I B 97.55 117.1 A
I n 11.89 78.4 A
3. I R 49.57 126.2 A 2
I Y 166.56 36.89 A
I B 174.35 233.41 A
4. f o 71.17 Hz 2
Io = 40A
Q = 8.944
Voltage magnification = 8.944
Voltage across capacitor = 1788.8V
Voltage across coil = 1800V
5. fo = 22.28kHz 2
Q=7
ZD = 5000Ω
BW = 3183.1Hz
Circulating current = 0.14A
Page 75 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Module 2 Analysis of first and second order dynamic circuits: Formulation of dynamic equations of
RL, RC and RLC series and parallel networks with dc excitation and initial conditions and complete
solution using Laplace Transforms - Time constant - Complete solution of RL, RC and RLC circuits
with sinusoidal excitation using Laplace Transforms – Damping ratio – Over damped, under
damped, critically damped and undamped RLC networks.
REVIEW OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
The time domain network equations in the study of transients are differential equations. It is more convenient
to use Laplace transform for the solution of differential equations.
If f(t) is a function of t, defined for t > 0, the Laplace transform of f(t) written as L(f(t)) or F(s) is
L( f (t )) F (s) f (t )e st dt where s j
0
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS OF VARIOUS FUNCTIONS
1 Unit step function
e dt
st st
f (t ) u(t ) where F ( s ) u (t ) e dt
0 0
u (t ) 1 for t 0
e st
e e 1 0
0 for t 0
s 0 s s s
2 Unit impulse function
f (t ) (t ) where F ( s ) (t )e st dt 1
0
(t ) 0 for t 0
Note: Lt (t )dt 1
(t )dt 1
0
3 Exponential function
1
f (t ) e at F ( s ) e at e st dt e ( s a )t dt
0 0
sa
4 f (t ) cos t
1 st jt jt 1 1 1
F ( s)
20
e e e dt
2 s j s j
s
s 2
2
5 f (t ) sin t 1
1 1 1
F (s)
2j 0
e st e jt e jt dt
2 j s j s j
s 2
2
6 f (t ) t
e st e st
1
F ( s ) te st dt t 2
0
s s 0
s2
7 f (t ) t n
n!
F ( s)
s n 1
8 f (t ) t 2 2
F (s) 3
s
9 df (t ) sF ( s) f (0)
dt
10 d 2 f (t ) s 2 F ( s ) sf (0) f '(0)
dt 2
Page 76 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
11 t
F (s)
f (t )dt
0
s
12
e at f ( t )
F ( s ) e at f (t )e st dt f (t )e ( s a ) t dt F ( s a)
0 0
13 e at
cos t sa
( s a) 2 2
14 e at sin t
( s a) 2 2
15 teat 1
(s a)2
16 Initial Value Theorem
df (t ) df (t ) st
f (0) Lt f (t ) Lt sF ( s ) LT e dt sF ( s ) f (0)
t 0 s dt 0 dt
df (t ) st
Lt e dt Lt sF ( s) f (0)
s
0
dt s
0 Lt sF ( s ) f (0)
s
f (0) Lt sF ( s )
s
17 Final Value Theorem
df (t ) df (t ) st
f ( ) Lt f (t ) Lt sF ( s ) LT e dt sF ( s ) f (0)
t s0 dt 0 dt
df (t ) st
Lt e dt Lt sF ( s) f (0)
s 0
0
dt s 0
f () f (0) Lt sF ( s ) f (0)
s 0
f ( ) Lt sF ( s )
s0
s 10
Find the initial & final value of f(t). Given F ( s)
2s 3s 2
2
s 2 10 s 1 10 / s 1
f (0) Lt sF ( s ) Lt Lt
s s 2 s 2 3 s 2 s 2 3 / s 2 / s 2 2
s 2 10 s
f () Lt sF ( s ) Lt 0
s 0 s 0 2 s 2 3s 2
Verify initial and final value theorem. Given f (t ) 2 e 3 t cos 2t
f (0) 2 e 3 0 cos 2 0 3
f ( ) 2
2 s3
F ( s)
s ( s 3) 2 4
s 2 3s 1 3 / s
f (0) Lt sF ( s ) 2 Lt 2 Lt 2 1 3
s s s 6 s 13
2 s 1 6 / s 13 / s 2
s 2 3s
f ( ) Lt sF ( s ) 2 Lt 2
s0 s 0 s 2 6 s 13
Page 77 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
2
Find f(t). Given F ( s )
( s 1)( s 5)
2 A B
F (s)
( s 1)( s 5) s 1 s 5
2 1
A (s 1) F (s) s 1
s 5 s 1 2
2 1
B (s 5) F (s) s 5
s 1 s5 2
1 1 1
F (s)
2 s 1 s 5
1
f (t ) et e5t
2
s2
Find f(t). Given F ( s )
s ( s 1)( s 3)
s2 A B C
F (s)
s ( s 1)( s 3) s s 1 s 3
s2 2
A sF ( s) s 0
( s 1)( s 3) s 0 3
s2 1 1
B ( s 1) F ( s ) s 1
s( s 3) s 1 1 2 2
s2 1 1
C ( s 3) F ( s) s 3
s( s 1) s 3 3 2 6
2 1 1
F (s)
3s 2( s 1) 6( s 3)
2 1 1
f (t ) et e3t
3 2 6
s2
Find f(t). Given F ( s )
s ( s 3) 2
s2 A B C
F (s) 2 2
s ( s 3) s s s3
s 2 As ( s 3) B ( s 3) Cs 2 As 2 3 As Bs 3 B Cs 2 ( A C ) s 2 (3 A B ) s 3 B
Comparing coefficients of s2, s1 and s0,
A C 0
3A B 1
3B 2 (Solve these equations using 991ES/EX calculator)
1 2 1
A ; B ; C
9 3 9
11 2 1 1 1
F ( s)
9 s 3 s2 9 s 3
Page 78 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
1 2 1
f (t ) t e3t
9 3 9
3s 1
Find f(t). Given F ( s )
( s 1)( s 2 2)
3s 1 A Bs C
F (s) 2
( s 1)( s 2) s 1 s 2
2
3 s 1 A ( s 2 2) ( Bs C )( s 1) ( A B ) s 2 ( B C ) s (2 A C )
A B 0; B C 3; 2A C 1
2 2 7
A B C
3 3 3
2 1 2 3s 7 / 3 2 1 2 s 7 1
F ( s) 2 2
3 s 1 s 2
2
3 s 1 3 s 2 3 s 2
2 2 7
f (t ) e t cos 2t sin 2t
3 3 3 2
s 3
Find f(t). Given F (s)
s 4s 13
2
s3 ( s 2) 5 s2 5
F (s)
s 4 s 13 ( s 2) 9 ( s 2) 9 ( s 2) 2 9
2 2 2
5
f (t ) e2t cos 3t e2t sin 3t
3
s
Find f(t). Given F ( s )
( s 1)( s 2 4)
2
s s s2 4 s 2 1 1 s 1 s
F ( s) 2 2 2 2
(s 1)(s 4) 3 (s 1)(s 4) 3 s 1 3 s 4
2 2
1 1
f (t ) cos t cos 4t
3 3
s5
Find f(t). Given F ( s )
s ( s 2 s 5)
2
s5 A Bs C
F ( s) 2
s ( s 2 s 5) s s 2 s 5
2
s 5 A ( s 2 2 s 5) ( Bs C ) s As 2 2 As 5 A Bs 2 Cs
A B 0; 2 A C 1; 5A 5
A 1; B 1; C 1
1 s 1 1 s 1
F (s) 2
s s 2 s 5 s ( s 1) 2 2 2
f (t ) 1 e t cos 2 t
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS
Whenever a network containing energy storage elements such as inductor or capacitor is switched from one
condition to another by changing the supply or any circuit element, the response current and voltage changes
from their initial values to new values. These changes take a short spell of time to settle to new steady state.
The time taken to change from an initial steady state to the final steady state is known as transient period and
response during this period is known as transient response.
Page 79 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
An RL series circuit is initially relaxed. At t = 0, the switch is closed. The differential equation
governing the network can be written as
di
L Ri V ; i (0) 0
dt
By applying Laplace transform,
V
LsI (s) RI (s)
s
V
I (s)( Ls R)
s
V V L A B
I (s)
s ( sL R ) s ( s R ) s s R
L L
V L V
A sI ( s ) s 0
( s R L) s 0 R
V L V
B ( s R L) I ( s ) s R / L
R L s R / L
R
V 1 V 1
I (s)
R s R sR
L
R
V V t
i (t ) e L
R R
V V Rt
Here, is the steady state response (SSR) and e L is the transient response (TR). i(t) is the total response.
R R
Steady state response = i ( ) Lt i (t )
t
INITIAL CONDITIONS
RESISTOR :
v (t )
i (t )
R
Current through a resistor will change instantaneously if the voltage changes instantaneously.
INDUCTOR :
di(t )
v(t ) L
dt
t
1
L 0
i (t ) v (t )dt i (0) where i(0) is the initial current through the inductor.
CAPACITOR :
Page 80 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
dv(t )
I (t ) C
dt
t
1
C 0
v(t ) i (t )dt v(0) where v(0) is the initial voltage across the capacitor
RL CIRCUITS (FIRST ORDER SYSTEM)
A DC voltage of 100V is applied to a circuit having R = 10Ω and L = 10H connected in series. Find a)
current at 0.1sec after switching on and b) the time taken by current to reach half of its final value.
R
V t
i (t ) (1 e L ) 10(1 e t )
R
a) i (t 0.1) 10(1 e 0.1 ) 0.952 A
b) i() 10 A
i ( t ) 5 10(1 e t )
t 0.693A
Find the time constant in a series RL circuit.
R
V t
i (t ) (1 e L )
R
L V V
If t , i(t L R) (1 e1 ) 0.632
R R R
L
Here, T = time constant
R
Page 81 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
The rate of change of current is maximum at t = 0 and decreases with increase in t. If this initial rate
of change of current is maintained throughout, the current would reach its final value V/R in time T
= L/R.
The network is initially under steady state condition with the switch in the position 1. The switch is moved
from the position 1 to the position 2 at t = 0. Find current i(t) after switching.
i(0-) = current through inductance just before switching to position 2
i(0+) = current through inductance just after switching to position 2
In an inductance, i (0 ) i (0 ) ; current through an inductance can not change instantaneously.
10
i (0 ) 2A
5
i (0 ) i (0 ) 2 A
For t 0 ,
di
10i 2 0
dt
Taking Laplace Transform,
10 I ( s ) 2 sI ( s ) i (0 ) 0
I ( s) 2s 10 2 2
4 2
I (s)
2s 10 s 5
i ( t ) 2 e 5 t for t 0
In the network, the switch is closed at t = 0, a steady state having previously been attained. Find current i(t).
10
i(0 ) 1A
10
i (0 ) i (0 ) 1 A
For t 0,
di
5i 2 10
dt
Taking Laplace Transform,
Page 82 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
10
5I (s) 2 sI (s) i(0 )
s
10
I (s) 2s 5 2 1
s
10 2
s 5 s A B 2 1
I (s)
2s 5 s ( s 2.5) s s 2.5 s s 2.5
i (t ) 2 e 2.5 t for t 0
Find the expression for current in the coil at time t after the switch is closed. What is the final value of
current and how long will it take for the coil current to reach 95% of its final value?
150i1 100i2 100
di2
100i1 100i2 4 0
dt
100
150 I1 ( s ) 100 I 2 ( s )
s
100 I1 ( s ) 100 I 2 ( s ) 4 sI 2 ( s ) 0
150 100 I1 ( s ) 100 / s
100 100 4 s I ( s ) 0
2
3 2 I1 ( s ) 2 / s
25 s 25 I ( s ) 0
2
3 2/ s
25 0 50 / s 50 / s 50 / 3
I 2 (s)
3 2 3( s 25) 50 3s 25 s ( s 25 / 3)
25 s 25
50 / 3 A B 2 2
s ( s 25 / 3) s ( s 25 / 3) s ( s 25 / 3)
i 2 ( t ) 2 (1 e 25 / 3 t )
Final value I2 = 2A
i2 ( t ) 2(1 e 2 5 / 3 t ) 0.9 5 2
t 0.36 sec
In the parallel RL circuit is excited by a current source by opening the switch at t = 0 . Find the current
through inductance for t > 0.
Page 83 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
i1 i2 6
6
I1 ( s) I 2 ( s)
s
6
I1 (s) I 2 ( s) ------ (1)
s
di
3i1 i2 2
dt
( s 1)
I1 ( s ) I 2 ( s ) ------ (2)
3
From (1) and (2),
6 ( s 1)
I 2 ( s) I 2 ( s)
s 3
6 ( s 1) s 4
1 I 2 ( s ) I 2 (s)
s 3 3
18 A B 9 / 2 9 / 2
I2 (s)
s ( s 4) s s 4 s s4
9
i2 (t ) (1 e4t )
2
RC CIRCUIT (FIRST ORDER SYSTEM)
Consider a series RC circuit. The switch is closed at time t = 0.
For t > 0,
t
1
C 0
Ri i (t )dt vc (0 ) V
Assume initial voltage across capacitor, v c (0 ) 0
t
1
Ri i(t )dt V
C0
I ( s) V
RI (s)
Cs s
I ( s)( RCs 1) V
Cs s
Page 84 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
CV V /R
I (s)
RCs 1 s 1
RC
t
V RC
i (t ) e
R
Steady state current = 0
Here, time constant = RC
Steady state voltage across capacitor = V
In the network, the switch is moved from a to b at t =0. Determine i(t) and vc(t).
At t = 0-, the network has attained steady-state condition.
Voltage across 6F capacitor, vc1(0-) = 10V
For t > 0,
t t
1 1
vc (0 )
C1 0
idt Ri idt 0
C2 0
t t
1 1
vc (0 )
C1 0
idt Ri
C2 0
idt
I ( s) I (s) 10
I ( s)
6s 3s s
I ( s) 10
I ( s)
2s s
I (s)(2s 1) 20
10
I (s)
s 0.5
i ( t ) 10 e 0.5 t A
In the network, the switch is moved from a to b at t =0. Find v(t).
For t < 0,
Page 85 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
v c (0 ) v c (0 ) 2V
For t > 0,
t
1
C 0
vc (0 ) idt Ri 0
idt 1.5i 2
0
I (s) 2
1.5I (s)
s s
2
I (s)
1.5( s 2 / 3)
2 2
V ( s ) 1.5 I ( s ) 1.5
1.5( s 2 / 3) ( s 2 / 3)
v ( t ) 2 e 2 / 3 tV
For the circuit, find an expression for the current supplied by the source. How much time it will take for the
current to reach 25mA?
1
i1 (t )
50
t
1
100 104 0
700i2 i2 dt 10
Page 86 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
10000I 2 (s) 10
700I 2 (s)
s s
100
(s ) I 2 ( s) 1/ 70
7
1
I 2 (s)
100
70( s )
7
1 1007t
i2 (t ) e
70
100 t
1 1
i (t ) i1 (t ) i2 (t ) e 7
50 70
1 1 100t
i (t ) e 7 25 10 3
50 70
100 t
7
e 7
70(25 103 0.02)
20
t 0 .0 7 3 5 s e c
A resistance R and 5µF capacitor are connected in series across a 100V dc supply. Calculate the
value of R such that the voltage across the capacitor becomes 50V in 5s after the circuit is switched
on.
vc V (1 e t / RC )
50 100(1 e 5/ RC )
R 1.44 106
RLC CIRCUIT (SECOND ORDER SYSTEM)
Consider a series RLC circuit. The switch is closed at t = 0.
t
di 1
L Ri idt V
dt C0
1 I ( s) V
LsI (s ) RI ( s)
C s s
LCs 2 RCs 1 V
I ( s )( )
Cs s
V V
V /C L L =
I ( s)
LCs 2 RCs 1 s 2 R s 1 ( s s1 )( s s2 )
L LC
2
R R 1
s1 , s2
2L 2L LC
Page 87 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
2
Note: For as 2 bs c 0 , roots are s1 , s 2 b b c
2a 2a a
R
2L
2
R 1
2 L LC
1
o
LC
s1 , s 2
may be real, zero or imaginary.
The solution of differential equation will be
i ( t ) k 1 e s1t k 2 e s 2 t
2
R 1
Case 1: ; roots are real but unequal
2 L LC
s1
s 2
i ( t ) k 1 e s1t k 2 e s 2 t
i (t ) k1e ( ) t k2 e ( ) t e t k1e t k 2 e t
The response is overdamped.
2
R 1
Case 2: ; roots are real and equal
2 L LC
2
R 1
0
2L LC
s1 , s 2
V
I (s) L
( s s1 )2
i ( t ) k 1 e t k 2 te t e t ( k 1 k 2 t )
The response is critically damped.
Page 88 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
2
R 1
Case 3: ; roots are complex conjugates
2L LC
s1 j
s 2 j
i (t ) k1e ( j )t k2 e ( j )t e t k1e j t k 2 e j t
The response is underdamped.
R
Case 4: 0 ; roots are on imaginary axis
2L
s1 j
s2 j
i ( t ) k1 e j t k 2 e j t
The response is undamped.
An RLC series circuit is excited by a DC voltage source. At t = 0, the switch is closed. Find i(t).
t
di
3i 2 idt 2
dt 0
I ( s) 2
sI (s ) 3I ( s) 2
s s
s 2 I ( s ) 3 sI ( s ) 2 I ( s ) 2
2 2 2 2
I (s)
s 3s 2 ( s 1)( s 2) s 1 s 2
2
i ( t ) 2( e t e 2 t )
(Here, roots are real and unequal; overdamped system)
Page 89 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
An RLC series circuit is excited by a DC voltage source. At t = 0, the switch is closed. Find i(t).
t
di
2i 2 idt 2
dt 0
I (s) 2
sI ( s) 2I ( s) 2
s s
s 2 I ( s ) 2 sI ( s ) 2 I ( s ) 2
2
I ( s)
s 2s 2
2
s1 , s 2 1 j1
2 2 1
I ( s) 2 2
s 2s 2 s 2 s 1 1
2
( s 1) 2 12
i ( t ) 2 e t sin t
(Here, roots are complex conjugates with real negative; underdamped system; response is decaying sine)
An RLC series circuit is excited by a DC voltage source. At t = 0, the switch is closed. Find i(t).
t
di
2i idt 2
dt 0
I ( s) 2
sI (s ) 2I ( s )
s s
s 2 I ( s ) 2 sI ( s ) I ( s ) 2
2 2
I (s)
s 2 2 s 1 ( s 1) 2
s1 , s 2 1, 1
i ( t ) 2 te t
(Here, roots are negative real and equal; critically-damped system)
An RLC series circuit is excited by a DC voltage source. At t = 0, the switch is closed. Find i(t).
Page 90 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
t
di
dt 0
idt 2
I ( s) 2
sI (s)
s s
s 2 I (s) I (s) 2
2 1
I (s) 2 2 2
s 1
2
s 1
s1 , s 2 j1
i (t ) 2 sin t
(Here, roots are conjugates on imaginary axis, undamped system, response is oscillatory)
An RLC parallel circuit is excited by a DC current source. At t = 0, the switch is opened. Find v(t).
t
dv v 1 1
C vdt
dt R L 0 3
t
dv 1
4v 4 vdt
dt 0
3
4 1
sV (s) 4V (s) V (s)
s 3s
1
( s 2 4s 4)V ( s)
3
1 1
V ( s)
3( s 2 4 s 4) 3( s 2) 2
1
i(t ) te2t
3
In the network, the switch is closed and steady-state is attained. At t = 0, the switch is opened. Determine
the current through the inductor.
Page 91 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
For t < 0,
i L (0 ) 2 A
vC (0 ) 0V
i L (0 ) i L (0 ) 2 A
v C (0 ) v C (0 ) 0V
For t > 0,
t
di 1
dt C 0
L idt 0
1
LsI (s) Li(0 ) I ( s) 0
Cs
1
0.5sI ( s) 0.5 2 I (s) 0
200 106 s
I ( s )(100 10 6 s 2 1) 200 10 6 s
200 10 6 s 2s 2s
I (s)
100 10 6 s 2 1 s 2 10000 s 2 100 2
i(t ) 2cos100t
Find i(t) and vc(t) for the circuit when vc(0-)=10V and i(0) = 0A. The
t
di 1
L Ri idt 10 15
dt C0
t
di
3i 2 idt 5
dt 0
Page 92 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
5 A B 5 5
I (s)
( s 3s 2) ( s 1) ( s 2) ( s 1) ( s 2)
2
i ( t ) 5( e t e 2 t )
t t
1
t t
et e 2 t
vc (t ) i (t ) dt 10 2 5( e t e 2 t ) dt 10 10 10 10
C 0 0 1 0 2 0
1 e 2 t
10(1 e t ) 10( ) 10 15 10e t 5e 2t
2 2
OR
I ( s ) 10 2 I ( s ) 10 10 10 A B C 10 5 10 5 10
Vc ( s )
Cs s s s s ( s 1)( s 2) s s ( s 1) ( s 2) s s ( s 1) ( s 2) s
v c ( t ) 15 10 e t 5 e 2 t
The switch is thrown from position a to b at time t = 0. Just before the switch is thrown, the initial conditions
are iL(0-) = 2A and vc(0-) = 2V. Find the current for t > 0.
t
di 1
L Ri idt 2 5
dt C0
t
di
3i 2 idt 3
dt 0
I ( s) 3
I ( s) 2 3I (s) 2
s s
3 2s A B 1 1
I (s)
( s 3s 2) ( s 1) ( s 2) ( s 1) ( s 2)
2
i (t ) e t e 2 t
In the network shown in figure, the switch is opened at t= 0. Find out the current through the 1Ω
resistor after opening the switch.
vc (0) 1V ; iL (0) 1A
t
di 1
0.5 i idt 0
dt C
3s
I (s)
( s 1) 2 1
Page 93 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
i (t ) 3e t (cos t sin t )
R, L, C CIRCUITS WITH SINUSOIDAL EXCITATION
Find i(t) for the circuit when the switch is closed at t = 0.
di
5 10i 50sin 25t
dt
50 25
I ( s)(5s 10) 2
s 252
1250 250 As B C
I (s) 2 2
(5s 10)( s 625) ( s 625)( s 2) ( s 625) ( s 2)
2
0.397 s 0.795 0.397 0.397 s 0.795 25 0.397
I (s)
( s 2 625) ( s 2) ( s 2 252 ) 25 ( s 2 252 ) ( s 2)
i ( t ) 0.397 cos 25t 0.032 sin 25 t 0.397 e 2 t
Find vo(t) for the circuit when the switch is closed at t = 0.
t
1
2i 4 idt cos t
0
2
4 1 s
I (s)(2 ) 2
s 2 s 1
1 s2
I (s)
4 ( s 2)( s 2 1)
4I (s) s
Vo ( s )
s ( s 2)( s 2 1)
s2 As B C 0.4 s 0.2 0.4
Vo ( s ) 2
( s 2)( s 2 1) s 1 s 2 s2 1 s2
v o ( t ) 0.4 cos t 0.2 sin t 0.4 e 2 t
Find i(t) for the circuit when the switch is closed at t = 0. Assume zero initial conditions.
Page 94 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
t
di
2i 2 idt sin t
dt 0
2 1
I (s)(1 2 ) 2
s s 1
s As B Cs D 0.2 s 0.4 0.2 s 0.8
I ( s) 2 2
( s 1)( s 2 s 2)
2 2
s 1 s 2s 2
2
s2 1 s 2s 2
0.2 s 0.4 0.2 s 0.8 0.2 s 0.4 0.2( s 1) 0.6
s2 1 ( s 1) 2 1 s 2 1 s 2 1 ( s 1) 2 1 ( s 1) 2 1
i (t ) 0.2 cos t 0.4 sin t e t (0.2 cos t 0.6 sin t )
f (t ) sin( t ) sin t cos cos t sin
cos s sin
F (s)
s2 2 s2 2
f (t ) cos( t ) cos t cos sin t sin
s cos sin
F (s) 2
s 2 s2 2
Find i(t) for the circuit when the switch is closed at t = 0.
di
0.5 200i 150cos(200t 30)
dt
0.866 s 0.5 200
I ( s )(0.5 s 200) 150 2 2
s 200
2
s 200 2
0.866 s 100 259.8 s 30000
I ( s )( s 400) 300 2
s 200 s 2 200 2
2
259.8s 30000 As B C
I (s) 2
( s 200 )( s 400) ( s 200 ) ( s 400)
2 2 2
259.8s 30000 As 2 400 As Bs 400 B Cs 2 40000C
AC 0
400 A B 259.8 A
400 B 40000C 30000
Page 95 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
A 0.67 B 8.04 C 0.67
0.67 s 8.04 0.67
I (s)
( s 2 200 2 ) ( s 400)
i ( t ) 0.67 cos 200 t 0.0402 sin 200 t 0.67 e 400 t
Find i(t) for the circuit when the switch is closed at t = 0. Also find i(t) at t = 2sec. Assume zero initial
conditions.
For 0 t 2 ,
t
di 1
0.08 0
2.5 10i idt 10sin t
dt
12.5 10
I ( s)(2.5s 10 ) 2
s s 1
12.5 10 s 4s
I ( s )(2.5 s 10 )
s (2.5s 2 10 s 12.5)( s 2 1) ( s 2 4 s 5)( s 2 1)
4s As B Cs D
I (s) 2 2
( s 4 s 5)( s 1) s 4 s 5 s 1
2 2
As3 As Bs 2 B Cs 3 4Cs 2 5Cs Ds 2 4 Ds 5D 0
AC 0
B 4C D 0
A 5C 4 D 4
B 5D 0
A 0.5 B 2.5 C 0.5 D 0.5
4 0.5 s 0.5 0.5 s 2.5 0.5s 0.5 0.5( s 2) 1.5
I (s) 2 2
( s 4 s 5)( s 2 1) s2 1 s 4s 5 s2 1 ( s 2) 2 1
i (t ) 0.5 cos t 0.5 sin t 0.5 e 2 t cos t 1.5 e 2 t sin t
i ( t ) (0.5 0.5 e 2 t ) cos t (0.5 1.5 e 2 t ) sin t
i (t 2) (0.5 0.5 e 4 ) cos 2 (0.5 1.5 e 4 ) sin 2 0.2254 A
Page 96 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, THRISSUR
EET201 – CIRCUITS & NETWORKS (2019 Scheme)
ASSIGNMENT 03 – MODULE 02
Maximum Marks: 10
Answer all questions.
S No. Question CO Mark
1. Calculate i(t) when the switch after a long time, is quickly moved to position b. 2 2
2. The circuit is energised by a DC voltage. The switch has been closed for 2 2
infinite time. At t = 0, the switch is opened. Compute a) circuit current and
b) the output voltage vo after the switch is opened.
3. Compute i(t) and vc(t) when the switch is closed at t =0 sec. Assume zero initial 2 2
conditions in the circuit.
4. Find vo(t) when the switch is closed at t = 0. 2 2
5. The parallel circuit is excited by a sinusoidal current source. Compute 2 2
i1(t) and i2(t).
Page 97 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, THRISSUR
EET201 – CIRCUITS & NETWORKS (2019 Scheme)
ANSWER KEY
ASSIGNMENT 03 – MODULE 02
S No. Question Mark
1. i (t ) 2 e 3t
A 2
2. i ( t ) 5.5556 2.1368 e 2.7692 t A 2
v o ( t ) 55.5556 19.225 ( t ) 6.5748 e 2.7692 t
A
3. 4
i(t ) 0.0303(e0.219210 t e2.280810 t ) A
4
2
4 4
vc (t ) 50 5.317e2.280810 t 55.317e0.219210 tV
4. v o ( t ) 4.7059 e 0.5 t 4.8508 cos(2 t 165.9638 )V 2
5. i1 ( t ) 0.0983 e 0.533 3 t 2.9 886 cos(4 t 88.116 ) A 2
0.53 33 t
i2 ( t ) 0.0983 e 1.51626 cos(4 t 93.7153 ) A
Page 98 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Module 3 Transformed circuits in s-domain: Transform impedance/admittance of R, L and C - Mesh
analysis and node analysis of transformed circuits in s-domain. Transfer Function representation –
Poles and zeros. Analysis of Coupled Circuits: – Dot polarity convention – Sinusoidal steady state
analysis of coupled circuits - Linear Transformer as a coupled circuit - Analysis of coupled circuits in
s-domain
TRANSFORMED CIRCUITS IN S – DOMAIN
Voltage – current relationships of network elements can also be represented in the frequency domain.
Time domain s – domain equivalent
v(t ) Ri(t ) V ( s) RI ( s )
v(t ) V (s)
i(t ) I ( s)
R R
di(t )
v(t ) L
dt
V (s) L sI (s) i(0) sLI (s) Li(0)
I (s) i(0)
1
t I (s)
i(t ) i(t )dt i(0) Ls s
L0
t
1
C 0
v(t ) i (t )dt v(0)
Page 99 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
I ( s) v(0)
V (s)
Cs s
I (s) C sV (s) v(0) sCV (s) Cv(0)
dv (t )
i (t ) C
dt
The network is initially under steady state condition with the switch in the position 1. The switch is moved
from the position 1 to the position 2 at t = 0. Find current i(t) after switching.
10
i(0) 10 A
1
s-domain equivalent circuit is
10
I ( s)
s2
i ( t ) 10 e 2 t
The switch is thrown from position 1 to 2 at t = 0. Just before the switch is thrown, the initial conditions are
iL(0) = 2A and vc(0) = 2V. Find i(t) for t > 0.
s-domain equivalent circuit is
Page 100 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
2 5 2
(3 s ) I ( s ) 2
s s s
2s 3 2s 3 1 1
I (s)
( s 3s 2) ( s 1)( s 2) s 1 s 2
2
i (t ) e t e 2 t
The switch is opened at t = 0. Assuming that prior to the opening of the switch, the circuit had been in steady
state, find the node voltages v1(t) and v2(t).
iL (0) 1 A v C (0) 1V
1 1
(1 0.5s ) I (s) 0.5
s s
0.5s 1 s2 s2
I (s) 2
(0.5s s 1) s 2 s 2 ( s 1) 2 1
2
1 I ( s) 1 s2 s2 2s 2 s 2 s 1 s 1
V1 (s) 2 2
s s s s(s 2s 2) s(s 2s 2)
2
(s 2s 2) (s 1)2 1
v1 ( t ) e t cos t
s2 s 11 s 1 1
V2 ( s )
( s 1) 1 ( s 1) 1 ( s 1) 1 ( s 1) 2 1
2 2 2
v 2 ( t ) e t cos t e t sin t
Find vo(t) assuming zero initial conditions. Use mesh analysis.
Page 101 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
3 3
s 1 s I1 ( s ) 1
3 3
I ( s ) s
s 5 2 0
s s
3 3 9 s 2 8 s 18
1 s 5 2
s s s s
3 1
1
s s 3
2 2
3 s
0
s
3 s 3 3 2
V2 ( s ) sI 2 ( s ) s 2
s 2
s 8 s 18 ( s 4) 2
2
2 ( s 4) 2 2
2
3 4 t
v 2 ( t ) v o (t )
e sin 2t
2
The switch is closed at t = 0. Find the currents i1(t) and i2(t) when initial current through the inductor is zero
and initial voltage on the capacitor is 4V.
s-domain equivalent circuit is
Page 102 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
10
s2 ( s 1) s
I ( s )
1
1
( s 1) s 2 I 2 (s) 4
s
s
2 2s 2 4s 2
s 2 4s 5 s 2 2s 1
s s
10
( s 1)
s 6 s 2 16 s 10
1
4 1 s2
s2
s s
10
s2
s 6s 2
2
4 s
( s 1)
s
3s 2 8s 5 s ( s 1)(3 s 5) (3 s 5) 5 2
I1 ( s ) 2
s 2
s 2s 1 s ( s 1) 2
s ( s 1) s s 1
i1 ( t ) 5 2 e t
3s 1 s (3s 1) 3( s 1) 2 3 2
I 2 ( s) 2
s s 2 s 1 ( s 1) 2
( s 1) 2
s 1 ( s 1) 2
i2 ( t ) 3 e t 2 te t
Find v(t) using node analysis. VC(0) = 4V and iL(0) = 2A
s 2 1 8
V1 ( s )
1 1 1 V2 ( s ) 2
s s
s 2 2s 2
s
8
8s 6
1 2 1
1 s
s s
Page 103 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
s2 8
6s 4
2 2
1 s
s
8s 6 8( s 1) 2 1
V1 ( s )
s 2 s 2 ( s 1) 1 ( s 1) 2 1
2 2
v1 ( t ) 8 e t cos t 2 e t sin t
6s 4 6( s 1) 10
V2 ( s )
s 2 s 2 ( s 1) 1 ( s 1) 2 1
2 2
v 2 ( t ) 6 e t cos t 10 e t sin t
Using Mesh analysis, find the currents i1(t) and i2(t). All initial conditions are zero.
Ans:-
i1 ( t ) 15 14 e 2 t e 12 t
i2 ( t ) 7 8.4 e 2 t 1.4 e 12 t
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
DOT CONVENTION
When two coils are in a close proximity to each other, the magnetic flux caused by current in one coil links
with the other coil, thereby inducing voltage in the latter.
The mutual induced emf may be aiding or opposing the self-induced emf. Dot convention is used to determine
the polarity of mutual induced emf. By this convention, a dot is placed in the circuit at one end of each of the
two magnetically coupled coils to indicate the direction of the magnetic flux if current enters that dotted
terminal of the coil.
If both currents i1 and i2 enter (or leave) the dotted terminal, the sign of mutual induced emf will be same as
the sign of the self-induced emf. If one current enters the dotted terminal and the other leaves, the sign of the
mutual induced emf will be opposite to the sign of the self-induced emf.
Page 104 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
di1 di di di
e1 L1 M 2 e1 L1 1 M 2
dt dt dt dt
di di di di
e2 L2 2 M 1 e2 L2 2 M 1
dt dt dt dt
Mutual inductance can not be greater than the geometric mean of the self-inductances of the coils.
M
Coefficient of coupling, k ; 0 k 1
L1L2
The coefficient of coupling k is a measure of the magnetic coupling between two coils.
How to fix dots:
Connect an alternating source to any one winding and load to the second winding. Let us assume the
top end of source have the positive polarity. Dots are marked at the terminals having the same polarity.
Mark a dot at the top of coil 1 which has positive polarity. Now, we have to determine the terminal
of coil 2 having the positive polarity.
When current flows in coil 1, a flux 1 is created in the upward direction through core (direction of
flux is determined by right hand thumb rule). When this flux links the second coil, an emf and hence
a current flows. By Lenz’s law, this current will flow in a direction to oppose the original flux. Let 2
be the flux produced by current in coil 2. Flux 2 opposes the original flux 1. Applying right hand
thumb rule, the direction of current can be determined. Dot is fixed at the positive terminal which is
top of coil 2 in figure (a) and bottom of coil 2 in figure (b). Note the coils of second coil are wound
in opposite directions in figure (a) and figure (b).
Obtain the dotted equivalent circuit for the coupled circuit and hence determine the equivalent inductance
between A and B. Given L1 = 1H, L2 = 2H, L3 = 5H, M12 = M21 = 0.5H; M23 = M32 = 1H, M13 = M31 = 1H.
To fix dots:
Page 105 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Connect coil 1 to a source and coils 2 and 3 to loads as shown. Let the left end of voltage source has positive
polarity at one instant. Hence left end of coil 1 is allotted a dot. Using right hand thumb rule, the direction of
flux 1 will be towards left. Then by Lenz’s law, direction of fluxes 2 and 3 will be opposite to 1. Again,
using the right-hand thumb rule, the direction of currents in coils 2 and 3 are obtained as shown. Mark dots at
positive ends of coils 2 and 3.
Dotted equivalent circuit is given below.
Equivalent inductance is
L ( L1 M 12 M 13 ) ( L2 M 21 M 23 ) ( L3 M 31 M 32 )
(1 0.5 1) (2 0.5 1) (5 1 1) 7H
Obtain the dotted equivalent circuit for the coupled circuit and hence determine the equivalent inductance
between A and B. All values are in ohms.
To fix dots:
Dotted equivalent circuit is
COEFFICIENT OF COUPLING
The amount of coupling between the inductively coupled coils is expressed in terms of the coefficient
M
of coupling, which is defined as K . Coefficient of coupling is always less than unity and has a
L1 L2
Page 106 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
maximum value of 1. The greater the coefficient of coupling between the two coils, the greater the mutual
inductance between them, and vice-versa.
LINEAR TRANSFORMER
A transformer is generally a four-terminal device comprising two (or more) magnetically coupled
coils. The coil that is directly connected to the voltage source is called the primary winding and the
coil connected to the load is called the secondary winding. The resistances R 1 and R2 are included to
account for the losses (power dissipation) in the coils.
The transformer is said to be linear if the coils are wound on a magnetically linear material – a material
for which the magnetic permeability is constant. Such materials include air, plastic, bakelite and
wood. A linear transformer is sometimes called air-cored transformer although not all of them are
necessarily air-core.
Time domain and frequency domain analysis of coupled circuits
For time time-domain analysis,
di1 di
v1 i1 R1 L1 M 2
dt dt
di di
v2 i2 R2 L2 2 M 1
dt dt
For frequency-domain analysis,
V1 I 1 R1 j L1 I1 j MI 2
V 2 I 2 R 2 j L2 I 2 j MI1
SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF COUPLED CIRCUITS
Determine the currents I1 and I2.
Page 107 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
j 4 I 1 j 5 I 1 j 3 I 2 12 0
j1I 1 j 3 I 2 12 0
j 6 I 2 12 I 2 j 3 I 1 0
j 3 I 1 (12 j 6) I 2 0
j1 j 3 I1 12
j 3 12 j 6 I 0
2
12 j3
0 12 j 6 12 (12 j 6)
I1 13.01 49.4 A
j1 j3 j (12 j 6) 9
j 3 12 j 6
j 12
j3 0 j 36
I2 2.91 14.04 A
j1 j3 j (12 j 6) 9
j 3 12 j 6
Determine the voltage across 15Ω resistor.
20 I1 j 20( I1 I 2 ) j 5 I 2 120 0
(20 j 20) I 1 j15 I 2 120 0 ------ (1)
(15 j10) I 2 j 5( I1 I 2 ) j 20( I 1 I 2 ) j 5 I 2 0
j15 I1 (5 j 20) I 2 0 ----- (2)
Page 108 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
2 j 20 j15 I1 120
j15 15 j 20 I 0
2
I 2 2.53 10.12 A
V15 15 I 2 37.95 10.12 V
Determine the current I2.
4 I 1 j 3( I 1 I 2 ) j 2 I 2 120 0
(4 j 3) I1 j 5 I 2 120 0 ------ (1)
(6 j 8) I 2 j 2( I 1 I 2 ) j 3( I 1 I 2 ) j 2 I 2 0
j 5 I 1 (6 j15) I 2 0 ----- (2)
4 j3 j 5 I1 120
j 5 6 j15 I 0
2
I 2 7.68 2.94 A
Determine the currents I1 and I2.
Ans:- 2.1586.56,3.2386.56 A
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF COUPLED CIRCUITS
Find voltage v(t) for t > 0 across 1.5Ω resistor in the network. L1 = L2 = 1H and M = 0.5H.
Page 109 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
di1 di
0.5 2 10
dt dt
10
sI1 (s) 0.5sI 2 (s) ----- (1)
s
di2 di
1.5i2 0.5 1 0
dt dt
0.5 sI 1 ( s ) (1.5 s ) I1 ( s ) 0 ----- (2)
s 0.5s I1 ( s ) 10 / s
0.5s 1.5 s I ( s ) 0
2
10
i2 (t ) 1 e2t
3
v2 (t ) 5 1 e 2 t
Find the currents i1(t) and i2(t) for t > 0.
di1 di
i1 2 2 1
dt dt
1
(1 s) I1 ( s) 2sI 2 (s)
s
di2 di
i2 4 2 1 0
dt dt
2 sI 1 ( s ) (1 4 s ) I 2 ( s ) 0
1 s 2 s I1 ( s ) 1 / s
2 s 1 4 s I ( s ) 0
2
i1 ( t ) 1 0 .2 e 0.2 t
i2 ( t ) 0.4 e 0.2 t
Find i1(t).
Page 110 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
di1 di
2 3 2 cos t
dt dt
s
2sI1 (s) 3sI 2 (s)
s 1 2
t
di di
2 i2 dt 2 2 3 1 0
0
dt dt
2
3sI1 ( s) (2s ) I 2 ( s) 0
s
2s 3s s
I1 ( s ) 2
3s 2( s 1) I ( s ) s 1
2
s 2 0
i1 ( t ) sin 2t
Find the current i2(t) for t > 0.
di1 di
2i1 (i1 i2 ) 0.1 0.1 2 5
dt dt
5
(3 0.1s) I1 (s) (1 0.1s) I 2 ( s)
s
di di
2i2 0.2 2 0.1 1 (i1 i2 ) 0
dt dt
(1 0.1s ) I 1 ( s ) (3 0.2 s ) I 2 ( s ) 0
3 0.1s (1 0.1s ) I1 ( s ) 5 / s
(1 0.1s )
3 0.2 s I 2 ( s ) 0
Page 111 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
5
i2 (t ) 0.995e55.6t 0.371e14.4t
8
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A MUTUALLY COUPLED CIRCUIT
V I1 R1 I1 j L1 I 2 j M
0 I 2 R2 I 2 j L2 I1 j M
Equivalent electrical circuit is given below.
V I1R1 I1 j ( L1 M ) ( I1 I 2 ) j M I1R1 I1 j L1 I 2 j M
0 I 2 R2 I 2 j ( L2 M ) ( I 2 I1 ) j M I 2 R2 I 2 j L2 I1 j M
For the coupled circuit, the switch is in position 1 for a long time and is instantaneously moved to position
2 at t = 0. Find the load current in time domain.
Initial conditions are
72
i1 (0) 4.5 A
6
i2 (0) 0
Page 112 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
(4 4s) I1 (s) 4sI 2 ( s) 22
4sI1 ( s) (10 10s) I 2 (s) 22
11
I 2 (s)
3s 10s 5
2
1.739 1.739
I 2 ( s)
s 0.613 s 2.721
i2 (t ) 1.739 e0.613t e2.721t
Page 113 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, THRISSUR
EET201 – CIRCUITS & NETWORKS (2019 Scheme)
ASSIGNMENT 04 – MODULE 03
Maximum Marks: 10
Answer all questions.
S No. Question CO Mark
1. The switch after a long time, is quickly moved to position b. Obtain the 3 2
transformed circuit and hence find i(t).
2. The circuit is energised by a DC voltage. The switch has been closed for 3 2
infinite time. At t = 0, the switch is opened. Determine the transformed
circuit and hence compute a) circuit current and b) the output voltage v o
after the switch is opened.
3. Obtain the transformed circuit and hence determine i(t) and v c(t) when the 3 2
switch is closed at t =0 sec. Assume zero initial conditions in the circuit.
4. Obtain the transformed circuit and hence find vo(t) when the switch is closed at t 3 2
= 0.
5. The parallel circuit is excited by a sinusoidal current source. Obtain the 3 2
transformed circuit and hence compute i1(t) and i2(t).
Page 114 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, THRISSUR
EET201 – CIRCUITS & NETWORKS (2019 Scheme)
ANSWER KEY
ASSIGNMENT 04 – MODULE 03
S No. Question Mark
1. i (t ) 2 e 3t
A 2
2. i ( t ) 5.5556 2.1368 e 2.7692 t A 2
v o ( t ) 55.5556 19.225 ( t ) 6.5748 e 2.7692 t
A
3. 4
i(t ) 0.0303(e0.219210 t e2.280810 t ) A
4
2
4 4
vc (t ) 50 5.317e2.280810 t 55.317e0.219210 tV
4. v o ( t ) 4.7059 e 0.5 t 4.8508 cos(2 t 165.9638 )V 2
5. i1 ( t ) 0.0983 e 0.533 3 t 2.9 886 cos(4 t 88.116 ) A 2
0.53 33 t
i2 ( t ) 0.0983 e 1.51626 cos(4 t 93.7153 ) A
Page 115 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Module 5 Two port networks: Driving point and transfer functions – Z, Y, h and T parameters -
Conditions for symmetry & reciprocity – relationship between parameter sets – interconnections of
two port networks (series, parallel and cascade) –– T-π transformation.
TWO PORT NETWORKS
A pair of terminals through which a current can enter or leave a network is called a port.
A two port network is an electrical network with 2 separate ports for input and output.
Input port is connected to a voltage/current source. Output port is connected to a load or to another network or
to a voltmeter.
Examples of one-port and two-port networks are given below.
Assumption: Two port networks are composed of linear elements and contain no independent
sources. Dependents sources are permissible.
There are four variables V1, I1, V2 and I2 associated with a two port network. Two of these variables
can be expressed in terms of the other two variables. Thus there will be two dependent variables and
two independent variables.
Depending on the selection of independent variables, there are 6 combinations possible and hence 6
sets of parameters.
(V1 , V2 ) f ( I1 , I 2 ) Z parameters
( I1 , I 2 ) f (V1 , V2 ) Y parameters
(V1 , I 2 ) f ( I1 , V2 ) h parameters
( I1 , V2 ) f (V1 , I 2 ) g parameters
(V1 , I1 ) f (V2 , I 2 ) T parameters
(V2 , I 2 ) f (V1 , I1 ) T ' parameters
Parameter Equation
Open circuit impedance or Z-parameters V1 Z11 I1 Z12 I 2
V2 Z 21 I1 Z 22 I 2
Page 116 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Short circuit Admittance or Y-parameters I1 Y11V1 Y12V2
I 2 Y21V1 Y22V2
Hybrid or h-parameters V1 h11I1 h12V2
I 2 h21I1 h22V2
Invers Hybrid or g-parameters I1 g11V1 g12 I 2
V2 g 21V1 g22 I 2
Transmission or ABCD or T - parameters V1 AV2 BI 2
I1 CV2 DI 2
Inverse Transmission or T’ - parameters V2 A 'V1 B ' I1
I 2 C 'V1 D ' I1
OPEN CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE OR Z- PARAMETERS
V1 Z11 Z12 I1
V Z Z 22 I 2
2 21
V1 Z11 I1 Z12 I 2
V2 Z 21 I1 Z 22 I 2
V1 ; port 2 is open
Z 11
I1 I2 0
V2 ; port 2 is open
Z 21
I1 I2 0
V1 ; port 1 is open
Z 12
I2 I1 0
V2 ; port 1 is open
Z 22
I2 I1 0
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Find Z – parameters.
Page 117 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
METHOD 1
Port 2 open: - I2 = 0
I1 8 I2=0
Open
V1 6 V2
V1 14 I1
V1
Z 11 14
I1
V2 6 I1
V2
Z 21 6
I1
Port 1 open: - I1 = 0
V2 6 I 2
V2
Z 22 6
I2
V1 6 I 2
V1
Z12 6
I2
V1 14 6 I1
V 6 6 I
2 2
METHOD 2
V1 8 I1 6( I 1 I 2 ) 14 I 1 6 I 2
V 2 6( I 1 I 2 ) 6 I 1 6 I 2
V1 14 6 I1
V 6 6 I
2 2
Page 118 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Find Z – parameters.
V1 20 I 1 40( I 1 I 2 ) 60 I 1 40 I 2
V 2 30 I 2 40( I 1 I 2 ) 40 I1 70 I 2
V1 60 40 I1
V 40 70 I
2 2
Find Z – parameters.
R AB RCA 4 2 4
RA
R AB RBC RCA 4 2 8 7
R AB RBC 28 8
RB
R AB RBC RCA 4 2 8 7
RCA RBC 48 16
RC
R AB RBC RCA 4 2 8 7
Page 119 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
20 16
V1 I1 I 2
7 7
16 24
V2 I1 I 2
7 7
20 16
V1 7 7 I1
V 16
24 I 2
2
7 7
π to T / T to π transformation
R AB RCA R AB R BC RCA RBC
RA RB RC
R AB R BC RCA R AB R BC RCA R AB RBC RCA
R A RB RB RC RC R A R A RB RB RC RC R A R A RB RB RC RC RA
R AB RBC RCA
RC RA RB
Find Z – parameters.
Using π to T transformation,
Page 120 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
By inspection,
4 1
V1 I1
V 5 I
2 1 2
3
Find Z – parameters.
Using π to T transformation,
By inspection,
V1 5 4 I1
V 4 5 I
2 2
Find Z – parameters.
V1 30 I 1 20 I 2
V 2 3 I 1 20( I1 I 2 ) 17 I 1 20 I 2
Page 121 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
V1 30 20 I1
V 17 20 I
2 2
Find Z – parameters.
V1 8 I1 2( I 1 I 2 ) 10 I1 2 I 2
V 2 4( I 2 2 I1 ) 2( I 1 I 2 ) 10 I 1 6 I 2
V1 10 2 I1
V 10 6 I
2 2
40 10
If Z for the two-port network shown in figure, calculate the average power delivered to 50Ω
20 30
resistor.
60 I 1 10 I 2 100
80 I 2 20 I 1 0
60 10 I1 100
20 80 I 0
2
10
I2 A
23
2
10
P 50 9.45W
23
Page 122 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
SHORT CIRCUIT ADMITTANCE OR Y – PARAMETERS
I1 Y11 Y12 V1
I Y Y V
2 21 22 2
I1 Y11V1 Y12V2
I 2 Y21V1 Y22V2
I1 ; port 2 is shorted
Y11
V1 V 0
2
I2 ; port 2 is shorted
Y21
V1 V2 0
I1 ; port 1 is shorted
Y12
V2 V1 0
I2 ; port 1 is shorted
Y22
V2 V1 0
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Find Y – parameters.
METHOD 1
I1 I2
CASE 1: V2 shorted; Y11 Y21
V1 V1
2 4 4
V1 I1 I1
6 3
3
Y11 mho
4
4 3 4 1
I 2 I1 V1 V1
6 4 6 2
1
Y21 mho
2
Page 123 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
I2 I1
CASE 2: V1 shorted; Y22 Y12
V2 V2
8 2 8
V2 I2 I2
10 5
5
Y22 mho
8
8 5 8 1
I1 I 2 V2 V2
10 8 10 2
1
Y12 mho
2
3 1
Y 41 25
2 8
METHOD 2:
Using Node analysis,
V V V 3 1
I1 1 1 2 V1 V2
4 2 4 2
V V V 1 5
I 2 2 2 1 V1 V2
8 2 2 8
3 1
Y 41 25
2 8
Find Y – parameters.
V1 20 I 1 40( I 1 I 2 ) 60 I 1 40 I 2
V 2 30 I 2 40( I 1 I 2 ) 40 I1 70 I 2
Page 124 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
60 40
Z
40 70
0.0269 0.015
Y Z
1
0.015 0.023
Find Y – parameters.
I1 2
I2
V1 2 2 V2
3I1
Using Node analysis,
V V V 1
I1 1 1 2 V1 V2
2 2 2
V V V 5 1
I 2 3I1 2 2 1 V1 V2
2 2 2 2
1
1 2
Y
5 1
2 2
Find Y – parameters.
I1 1
I2
2V1
V1 1 1 V2
2V2
Using source transformation technique,
I1 V1 2V 2 2V1 V1 V 2 4V1 3V 2
I 2 V 2 V 2 V1 2V1 3V1 2V 2
4 3
Y
3 2
Page 125 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Find Y – parameters is s-domain.
Using Node analysis,
V V 1 1
I1 sV1 1 2 ( s )V1 V2
2 s s2 s2
V V V 1 1 1
I2 2 2 1 V1 ( )V2
5 s2 s2 5 s2
1 1
s s 2 s 2
Y
1 1 1
s 2 5 s 2
HYBRID OR h - PARAMETERS
V1 h11 h12 I1
I h h22 V2
2 21
V1 h11 I1 h12V2
I 2 h21I1 h22V2
V1 = short-circuit input impedance (Ω)
h11
I1 V 0
2
I2 = short-circuit forward current gain
h21
I1 V2 0
V1 = open-circuit reverse voltage gain
h12
V2 I1 0
I2 = open circuit output admittance (mho)
h22
V2 I1 0
Page 126 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Find h – parameters.
V1 I2
CASE 1: V2 = 0; h11 h21
I1 I1
V1 6 I1
h11 6
1
I 2 I1
2
1
h21
2
CASE 2: I1 = 0; h22 I 2 h12
V1
V2 V2
24 12
V2 I 2 8I 2
36
1
h22 mho
8
12 1
V2 I 2 12 V2
36 2
1
h12
2
1
6 2
h 1 1
2 8
3 2
If Z find h - parameters.
2 3
V1 3 I1 2 I 2 ---- (1) V1 h11 I 1 h12V 2 ----- (3)
V2 2 I1 3 I 2 ---- (2) I 2 h21 I 1 h22V 2 ----- (4)
Page 127 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Rearranging equation (2),
3 I 2 V2 2 I 1
2 1
I 2 I1 V2
3 3
Comparing with equation (4),
2 1
h21 h22 mho
3 3
From equation (1),
1 2 5 2
V1 3 I1 2 V2 I1 I1 V2
3 3 3 3
Comparing with equation (4),
5 2
h11 h12
3 3
5 2
h 3 3
2 1
3 3
TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS
V1 A B V2
I C D I
1 2
V1 AV2 BI 2
I1 CV2 DI 2
V1 ; 1/A = open-circuit voltage gain
A
V2 I2 0
I1 ; 1/C = open-circuit transfer impedance
C
V2 I2 0
V1 1/B = short-circuit transfer admittance
B
I2 V2 0
I1 1/D = short-circuit current gain
D
I2 V2 0
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
No equivalent circuit in terms of transmission parameters.
Find T – parameters.
Page 128 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
V1 I1
CASE 1: I2 = 0; A C
V2 V2
6V2 1
V1 6 I1 I1 I2=0
5
V1 6
A Open
V2 5 V1 5 V2
V I1 1
I1 2 mho C
5 V2 5
CASE 2: V2 = 0; B V1 D
I1
I2 I2
5
I 2 I1
7
I1 7
D
I2 5
17 17 7 17
V1 I1 I 2 I2
7 7 5 5
V1 17
B
I2 5
6 17
T 5 5
1 7
5 5
Find T – parameters.
V1 I1
CASE 1: I2 = 0; A C
V2 V2
4 2 4I 2
V1 I1 1 I1
6 3
2 1I
V2 I1 1
6 3
V1 2 2 V2
I1
C 3mho
V2
4I1 4 3V2
V1 4V2
3 3
V1
A 4
V2
Page 129 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
CASE 2: V2 = 0; B V1 D
I1
I2 I2
V1 I1
I1
I2
2
I1
2 D
I2
V1 I 1 2 I 2
V1
2B
I2
4 2
T
3 2
3 2
If Z find transmission parameters.
2 3
V1 3 I1 2 I 2 ---- (1) V1 AV 2 B I 2 ----- (3)
V2 2 I1 3 I 2 ---- (2) I1 C V2 D I 2 ----- (4)
Rearranging equation (2),
2 I 1 V2 3 I 2
1 3
I1 V2 I 2
2 2
Comparing with equation (4),
1 3
A mho B
2 2
From equation (1),
1 3 3 5
V1 3 V2 I 2 2 I 2 V2 I 2
2 2 2 2
Comparing with equation (4),
3 5
C D
2 2
1 3
2
T 2
3 5
2 2
CONDITION FOR RECIPROCITY
A network is said to be reciprocal if the ratio of the response to the excitation is invariant to an
interchange of the positions of the excitation and response in the network.
(A two-port network is reciprocal if the interchange of an ideal voltage source at one port with an
ideal ammeter at the other port produces the same ammeter reading.)
Page 130 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
CONDITION FOR RECIPROCITY IN TERMS OF Z-PARAMETERS:
Case 1: Case 2:
VS Z11I1 Z12 I 2 ' 0 Z11I1 ' Z12 I 2
0 Z21I1 Z22 I2 ' VS Z21I1 ' Z22 I 2
Z11 Z12 I1 VS Z11 Z12 I1 ' 0
Z
21 Z 22 I 2 ' 0 Z
21 Z 22 I 2 VS
Z 11 Z 22 Z 12 Z 21 Z 11 Z 22 Z 12 Z 21
Z11 VS 0 Z12
2 VS Z 21 1 VS Z12
Z 21 0 VS Z 22
VS Z 21 VS Z 12
I2 ' I1 '
Z11 Z 22 Z 12 Z 21 Z 11 Z 22 Z 12 Z 21
For reciprocity, I 1 ' I 2 ' ; hence,
Z12 Z 21
CONDITION FOR RECIPROCITY IN TERMS OF Y-PARAMETERS:
Case 1: Case 2:
I1 Y11VS I1 ' Y12VS
I 2 ' Y21VS I 2 Y22VS
For reciprocity, I 1 ' I 2 ' ; hence,
Y12 Y21
CONDITION FOR RECIPROCITY IN TERMS OF h-PARAMETERS:
Case 1: Case 2:
Page 131 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
VS h11 I1 h12
0 h11 I1 ' h12VS I1 ' VS
VS h11
I 2 ' h21 I1 h21
h11
For reciprocity, I 1 ' I 2 ' ; hence,
h12 h21
CONDITION FOR RECIPROCITY IN TERMS OF T-PARAMETERS:
Case 1: Case 2:
VS 0 AVS BI 2
VS BI 2 ' I2 '
B I1 ' CVS DI 2
A B VS 0
C D I I '
2 1
AD BC
0 B
1 BI1 '
I1 ' D
BI1 ' BI1 '
VS
AD BC AD BC
AD BC
I1 ' VS
B
For reciprocity, I 1 ' I 2 ' ; hence,
1 AD BC
B B
AD BC 1
A B
1
C D
CONDITION FOR SYMMETRY
A network is said to be symmetrical if the two ports can be interchanged without changing the port
voltages and currents.
V1 V2
I1 I2 0
I2 I1 0
CONDITION FOR SYMMETRY IN TERMS OF Z-PARAMETERS:
V1 V2
I1 I2 0
I2 I1 0
Z11 Z 22
Page 132 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
CONDITION FOR SYMMETRY IN TERMS OF Y-PARAMETERS:
Case 1: Case 2:
I1 Y11V1 Y12V2 0 Y11V1 Y12V2
0 Y21V1 Y22V2 I 2 Y21V1 Y22V2
Y11 Y12 V1 I1 Y11 Y12 V1 0
Y Y Y V I
21 Y22 V2 0 21 22 2 2
Y11Y22 Y12 Y21 Y11Y22 Y12 Y21
1 I 1Y22 2 I 2Y11
I 1Y22 I 2Y11
V1 V2
Y11Y22 Y12Y21 Y11Y22 Y12Y21
V1 Y22 V2 Y11
I1 Y11Y22 Y12Y21 I 2 Y11Y22 Y12Y21
For symmetry, V1
V2 ; hence,
I1 I2 0
I2 I1 0
Y11 Y22
CONDITION FOR SYMMETRY IN TERMS OF h-PARAMETERS:
Case 1: I 2 0 Case 2: I 1 0
V1 h11 I1 h12V2 V1 h12V 2
0 h21 I1 h22V2 I 2 h22V 2
h21 V2 1
V2 I1
h22 I 2 h22
h12 h21 h h h h
V1 h11 I1 I1 11 22 12 21 I1
h22 h22
V1 h11h22 h12 h21
I1 h22
For symmetry, V1
V2 ; hence,
I1 I2 0
I2 I1 0
h11 h22 h12 h21 1
h11 h12
1
h21 h22
CONDITION FOR SYMMETRY IN TERMS OF T-PARAMETERS:
Case 1: I 2 0 Case 2: I 1 0
V1 AV 2 B I 2
Page 133 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
V1 AV2 0 CV 2 DI 2
I1 CV2 V2 D
V1 A I2 C
I1 C
For symmetry, V1
V2 ; hence,
I1 I2 0
I2 I1 0
A D
Determine whether the two-port network represented by the following network equations is reciprocal.
V1 3V2 2 I 2
I1 4V2 3 I 2
Ans:
AD BC 1 Reciprocal
INTERCONNECTIN OF TWO-PORT NETWORKS
A. SERIES CONNECTION
For network Na,
V1a Z11a I1a Z12 a I 2 a
V2 a Z 21a I1a Z 22 a I 2 a
For network Nb,
V1b Z11b I1b Z12b I 2b
V2b Z 21b I1b Z 22b I 2b
In series connection,
I1 I1a I1b
I 2 I 2 a I 2b
V1 V1a V1b Z11a I1a Z12 a I 2 a Z11b I1b Z12b I 2b
(Z11a Z11b ) I1 ( Z12 a Z12b ) I 2
V2 V2a V2b Z 21a I1a Z 22 a I 2 a Z 21b I1b Z 22b I 2b
(Z 21a Z 21b ) I1 ( Z 22 a Z 22b ) I 2
Hence,
Z11 Z11a Z11b
Page 134 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Z12 Z12 a Z12b
Z 21 Z 21a Z 21b
Z 22 Z 22 a Z 22b
Z Z a Zb
Two identical sections of the network are connected in series. Calculate the Z- parameters of the resulting
network. Verify by direct method.
Ans:-
3 2
Za
2 3
3 1
Zb
1 3
Z Z a Zb
6 3
Z
3 6
Verification:
6 3
Z
3 6
B. PARALLEL CONNECTION
For network Na,
I1a Y11aV1a Y12 aV2 a
I 2 a Y21aV1a Y22 aV2 a
Page 135 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
For network Nb,
I1b Y11bV1b Y12bV2b
I 2b Y21bV1b Y22bV2b
In parallel connection,
V1 V1a V1b
V2 V2 a V2b
I1 I1a I1b Y11aV1a Y12aV2a Y11bV1b Y12bV2b
(Y11a Y11b )V1 (Y12 a Y12b )V2
I 2 I 2 a I 2b Y21aV1a Y22 aV2a Y21bV1b Y22bV2b
(Y21a Y21b )V1 (Y22 a Y22b )V2
Hence,
Y11 Y11a Y11b
Y12 Y12 a Y12b
Y21 Y21a Y21b
Y22 Y22 a Y22b
Y Ya Yb
Two identical sections of the network are connected in parallel. Calculate the Y- parameters of the resulting
network. Verify by direct method.
Ans:-
3 2
Ya
2 3
3 2
Yb
2 3
Y Ya Yb
Page 136 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
6 4
Y
4 6
C. CASCADE CONNECTION
For network Na,
V1a AaV2 a Ba I 2 a
I1a CaV2 a Da I 2a
For network Nb,
V1b AbV2b Bb I 2b
I1b CbV2b Db I 2b
In cascade,
V1 V1a Aa Ba V2 a Aa Ba V1b Aa Ba Ab Bb V2b
I I C =
Da I 2a Ca
Da I1b Ca Da Cb Db I 2b
1 1a a
Aa Ba Ab Bb V2
Ca Da Cb Db I 2
T Ta Tb
Find T – parameters for the circuits and verify that AD – BC = 1. If both the circuits are connected in
cascade, find overall transmission parameters.
Ans:
4 11
Ta 3 3
1 5
3 3
5
2
Tb 3
2 3
T Ta Tb
Page 137 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
86 41
T 9 3
35 17
9 3
T and π REPRESENTATIONS
A two-port network with any number of elements may be converted into a two-port three-element network.
Thus, a two-port network may be represented by an equivalent T network.
Z11 Z a Z c
Z12 Z 21 Z c
Z 22 Z b Z c
Z a Z11 Z 21
Z b Z 22 Z12
Z c Z12 Z 21
The Z parameters of a two-port network are Z11=10Ω, Z22=15Ω, Z12= Z21=5Ω. Find the equivalent T-
network.
Ans:
Z a Z11 Z 21 5
Z b Z 22 Z12 10
Z c Z12 Z 21 5
A two-port network may be represented by an equivalent π network also.
Y11 Ya Yc
Y12 Y21 Yc
Y22 Yb Yc
Ya Y11 Y21
Yb Y22 Y12
Yc Y12 Y21
Page 138 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
Given I1 5V1 V2 and I 2 V1 2V2 . Find equivalent π-network.
Ya Y11 Y21 4
Yb Y22 Y12 1
Yc Y12 Y21 1
NETWORK FUNCTIONS
For 1 port network,
V ( s)
Z ( s) = Transform impedance / driving point impedance
I ( s)
I (s)
Y (s) = Transform admittance / driving point admittance
V (s)
For 2-port network,
A. Driving point immittance functions
V1 ( s )
Z 11 ( s ) = Driving point impedance at input port
I1 ( s )
V2 ( s )
Z 22 ( s ) = Driving point impedance at output port
I 2 (s)
I1 ( s )
Y11 ( s ) = Driving point admittance at input port
V1 ( s )
I 2 ( s)
Y22 ( s ) = Driving point admittance at output port
V2 ( s )
Impedance / admittance is generally called immittance.
B. Transfer functions
V2 ( s )
Z 21 ( s ) = Transfer impedance function
I1 ( s )
I 2 (s)
Y21 ( s ) = Transfer admittance function
V1 ( s )
V2 ( s )
G21 ( s ) = Voltage transfer function
V1 ( s )
I 2 (s)
21 ( s ) = Current transfer function
I1 ( s )
Note: All initial conditions are zero.
Page 139 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
For the one-port network shown in figure, find the driving point impedance.
V (s) 1 s 2 2s 1
Z (s) 2 s
I ( s) s s
POLES & ZEROS OF NETWORK FUNCTIONS
In general, the network function N(s) may be written as
P ( s ) ao s n a1s n1 ...... an
N ( s)
Q( s ) bo s m b1s m1 ...... bm
where ao, a1, …. an and bo, b1, ….. bm are the coefficients of the polynomials P(s) and Q(s).
The numerator polynomial P(s) = 0 has n roots and the denominator polynomial Q(s) = 0 has m roots.
Roots of the numerator polynomial equated to zero are called zeros and roots of the denominator polynomial
equated to zero are called poles.
Network function can also be written as
P( s) (s z1 )(s z2 )......( s zn )
N (s) H
Q( s ) ( s p1 )(s p2 )......( s pm )
ao
where H is called scale factor, z1 , z2 ,........zm are called zeros of network function and p1 , p2 ,........ pm
bo
are called poles of the network function.
The network is completely defined by its poles, zeros and scale factor.
For the RC network shown in figure, find the driving point impedance. Plot the pole zero plot of this network
function.
1
4 2s
Z1 ( s)
1
Z1 (s )
2( s 2)
1 1 s 1
Z 2 (s)
2 s 2( s 2) s( s 2)
1 s( s 2) s 2 3s 1
1
Z in ( s) s 1 s 1
Page 140 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
s 1 s 1
Zin ( s )
s 3s 1 ( s 2.62)(s 0.38)
2
For the network shown in figure, find the driving point impedance. Plot the pole zero plot of this network
function.
12s 18 6(2s 2 3)
Z1 (s )
5 5s 5s
1 s 5s 2s 3 3s 5s 2 s 3 8s s3 4s
Z 2 ( s) 6 6(2s 2 3) 6(2 s 2 3) 6(2s 2 3) 3(2s 2 3)
3(2s 2 3)
Z 2 (s )
s( s 2 4)
3(2s 2 3) s 4 10s 2 9 ( s 2 9)( s 2 1)
Zin ( s) s
s ( s 2 4) s (s 2 4) s ( s 2 4)
Zeros are given by equation, ( s 2 9)(s 2 1) 0
Zeros are s j 3; s j1
Poles are given by equation, s( s 2 4) 0
Poles are s j 2; s 0
Page 141 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
For the network shown in figure, find the driving point impedance. Determine the poles and zeros of this
network function.
s 2 7s 10 ( s 2)(s 5)
Zin ( s)
(s 1)( s 3) ( s 1)( s 3)
Zeros are s 2; s 5
Poles are s 1; s 3
For the parallel RC network, find transfer impedance, Z21(s).
1
1
1
V2 ( s ) I1 (s ) s I1 ( s )
1 s 1
1
s
V2 ( s) 1
Z 21 ( s)
I1 (s) s 1
A network function is given by
Page 142 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
2s
N ( s)
( s 2)( s 2 2s 2)
Zeros are s 0
Poles are s 2; s 1 j
For the network shown in figure, find voltage transfer function G21(s), transfer impedance Z21(s) and driving
point impedance Z11(s).
V1 ( s ) V1 ( s ) V2 ( s)
I1 ( s ) 2V1 ( s ) V2 ( s )
1 1
V2 ( s) V1 ( s)
sV2 ( s) 0
1
V1 ( s) (s 1)V2 ( s)
V2 ( s ) 1
G21 ( s)
V1 ( s) s 1
I1 (s) 2( s 1)V2 ( s) V2 ( s) (2s 1)V2 ( s)
V2 ( s) 1
Z 21 ( s)
I1 (s) 2 s 1
V1 ( s) (s 1)V2 ( s)
s 1
V1 ( s ) I1 ( s)
2s 1
V ( s) s 1
Z11 ( s) 1
I1 ( s) 2 s 1
Page 143 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, THRISSUR
EET201 – CIRCUITS & NETWORKS (2019 Scheme)
ASSIGNMENT 05 – MODULE 05
Maximum Marks: 10
Answer all questions.
S No. Question CO Mark
1. The Z-parameters of a two-port network are Z11=Z22=10Ω, Z12=Z21=4Ω. Find I1, 6 2
V2, I2 and input impedance.
2. For the bridged T-network, find the driving-point admittance Y11 and transfer 6 2
admittance Y21 with a 2Ω load resistor connected across the port 2.
3. Find the transmission parameters of the network. 6 2
4. Find the input impedance admittance and transfer admittance. 6 2
5. Obtain T and π equivalents using star-delta transformation. 6 2
Page 144 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, THRISSUR
EET201 – CIRCUITS & NETWORKS (2019 Scheme)
ANSWER KEY
ASSIGNMENT 05 – MODULE 05
S No. Question Mark
1. I1 2.11 A 2
I 2 2.81 A
V2 5.626V
Input impedance = 9.478Ω
2. s 2 3s 1 2
Y11
s2
( s 2 2 s 1)
Y21
s2
3. A = 5; B = 26Ω; C = 1mho; D = 6 2
4. Y11 0.119 mho 2
Y21 0.31mho
5. 2
Page 145 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER:
APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Third Semester B.Tech. Degree Examination December 2020 (2019 Scheme)
Course Code: EET201 Course
Name: CIRCUITS & NETWORKS
Maximum Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
PART A
Answer all questions. Each question carries 3 marks.
Mark
1. State and explain maximum power transfer theorem in DC circuits. (3)
2. Replace the network given below with a single current source and a resistor (3)
3. Explain the classification of series RLC circuits bases on damping ratio. (3)
4. Obtain the expression for the voltage across a capacitor discharging through a resistor (3)
of resistor of resistance R. Assume that the initial voltage of the capacitor is Vo.
5. Determine the voltage v(t) across a 2Ω resistor, if the current is given by, (3)
2s 4 .
I (s) 2
s 4s 3
6. Derive the s-domain equivalent circuit of a capacitor having an initial voltage of Vo. (3)
7. Explain the phenomenon of neutral shift in three-phase 3-wire systems. (3)
8. Derive an expression for the Q-factor of series resonant circuits. (3)
9. Express ABCD parameters in terms of Z parameters. (3)
10. Determine whether the two-port network represented by the following network (3)
equations is reciprocal.
V1 3V2 2 I 2
I1 4V2 3 I 2
PART B
Answer any one full question from each module. Each question carries 14 marks.
MODULE 1
11. For the network given below,
a) Obtain the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit across the terminals A and B. (10)
b) Determine the power dissipated in the 2Ω resistance. (4)
Page 146 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
12. In the circuit given below,
a) Find the current i using superposition theorem. (10)
b) Determine the power supplied by the 20V source. (4)
MODULE 2
13a) A series RL circuit with R=10Ω is connected to a 50V DC supply at t = 0. Determine (7)
the value of the inductance L if the current through the inductor attains 50% of its
steady state value in 1 second.
b) The switch K in the circuit given below has been at position 1 for a long time. At t = (7)
0, the switch is moved to position 2. Determine the current flowing through the inductor
for t > 0.
14 For the circuit shown below, the switch K, initially at position 1 for a long time, is
changed to position 2 at time t = 0. Using Laplace transform technique,
a) Find the circuit current i(t) for t > 0. (8)
b) Obtain the expression for the voltage Vc(t) across the 0.5F capacitor. (6)
MODULE 3
15a) In the circuit given below, find the current flowing through the -1jΩ capacitor. (10)
Page 147 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
b) In the circuit given below, the switch K is closed at t = 0, when the initial current (4)
through the inductor is zero and initial voltage on the capacitor is 4V. Draw the
transformed circuit for t > 0 and write the mesh equations in s-domain.
16 The switch K in the circuit given below is in closed position for a long time. At t = 0,
the switch is opened.
a) Determine the transformed circuit for t > 0. (4)
b) Find the expression for the voltage across the inductor, for t . 0, using nodal (10)
analysis.
MODULE 4
17 A resistor, capacitor and an inductor are connected in series with a 230V, variable
frequency AC source. When the supply frequency is varied to 50Hz, a maximum
current of 2A flows and the corresponding voltage across the capacitor is 500V.
Determine,
i) Resistance, inductance and capacitance of the circuit (6)
ii) Q-factor and bandwidth of the circuit (4)
iii) The source frequencies at which the circuit current is 0.707 times the (4)
maximum current.
18 A 400V, 3-phase supply feeds an unbalanced 3-wire, star-connected load. The branch (14)
impedances of the load are ZR = 10Ω, ZY = -j5Ω and ZB = j15Ω. Calculate the line
currents.
MODULE 5
19a) Find the transmission parameters of the network shown in the figure. (8)
Page 148 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
b) Find the driving point impedance of the network given below. (6)
20a) Discuss the series and cascade interconnection of two port networks. (8)
b) The Y parameters of a two-port network are Y11 = 3mho, Y12 = -1mho, Y21 = -1mho (6)
and Y22 = 2mho. Determine the equivalent T network.
APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Third Semester B.Tech. Degree Examination December 2020 (2019 Scheme)
Course Code: EET201 Course
Name: CIRCUITS & NETWORKS
ANSWER KEY
Maximum Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
Mark
2.
5. v (t ) 2 e 3 t 2 e t .
10. AD BC 1 Reciprocal
11. a) VTH = 4V; ISC = 0.48A; RTH = 8.33Ω
b) P = 0.3W
12. a) 20V alone ---- 3.48A
6A alone ---- 4.7A
i = 8.18A
b) 163.6W
Page 149 of 150
EET201 CN Lecture Notes by TG Sanish Kumar, EED, GEC Thrissur
13a) i (t ) 5(1 e 10 t / L )
L = 14.4H
b) vc(0) = 3.33V
i ( t ) 4.71sin 1.414 t
14 a) vc(0) = 10V
i(0) = 2.5A
i (t ) 2.5e 1.5 t
b) vc (t ) 10 (1 e 1.5 t )
3
15a) I1 (4 j15) I 2 ( j 7) 50
I1 ( j 7) I 2 ( j 3) 0
I 2 27.67 18.43 A
b) 1 1 10
(3 ) I1 ( s ) (1 ) I 2 ( s )
s s s
1 1
(1 ) I1 ( s ) ( s 2) I 2 ( s ) 0
s s
16 vc(0) = 8V
v (t ) 0.68 e 0.27 t 4.68 e 1.85 t
17 R=115Ω; L=0.8H; C=12.7F
Q=2.18; BW=22.88Hz
fL = 38.56Hz; fU = 61.44Hz
18 V NO 467.78 64.52 V
Line currents 42.33 85.98 A; 77.39 125.06 A; 46.55 27 A
19a) A=2.5; B = 6Ω; C=1.5mho; D=4
b) 2( s 2 s 1)
Z (s)
s 2 3s 3
20b)
Page 150 of 150
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