I WANNA GO

TO CANADA!!

Global PARTY IN THE

U.S.A

Migration
Presentation by Group 5

TCW | 2023
 Agenda
Migration and Migrants Classification of the Cosmopolitanism
World and of Countries
Concepts of Global Factors Affecting
Migration Different Global Global Movements
Civilizations and of People
History of Global
Migration Categories Effects of Migration

TCW | 2023
 Definition
Migration
is the term used to describe people moving over a
certain distance from their "usual place of residence"
to another.

Migrants
Anyone who relocates to another country

Two main views on the term "migrant"

Inclusivist view Residualist view

a term used generally for individuals people needed to migrate, but it
who want to relocate away from their wasn't a sudden need, for
original residence example a war.
Types of Migration: Reasons for Migration:
Internal - This is a term when moving within a Climate Migration
country's borders, including between states, The movement of an individual or group of people who,
provinces, cities, and municipalities. generally due to a sudden or gradual shift in their
International - also called “Global migration” is surroundings brought on by climate change, are
the process through which individuals cross forced to leave or decide to move out of their usual
borders internationally to remain and reside in area of residence.
another country. Labour Migration
movement of people for job purposes across States or
Classified into 2: within their own country of residence
Legal immigrants - are those who relocated Irregular Migration
with the receiver country's consent properly movement of people that don't comply with the rules
Illegal immigrants - are those who relocated set forth by the country of origin, the country of transit,
illegitimately or the country of their final residence.
Forced Migration or Displacement
the migration of people who have been compelled to
move out or abandon their homes or their usual
residences because of a particular reason
 QUESTIONS

1. What are the two classifications of international or global

migration?
2. What are the reasons why people migrate?
 Preparatory
Stage

Carlos Sluzki’s Model of each of the family members' choice "to migrate"
indicates the start of the first phase.

Migration

Transgenerational The act of

Impact
STAGES OF migration
MIGRATION
the second generation of migrated families shows a delay
in the adaptation process. In general, an environment that
after a challenging journey, the migrant arrives
is similar to the country of origin delays the adaptive with not much-celebrated custom. An extended

PROCESS
changes, therefore there are no negative effects if the period of time could occur all throughout the
second generation socializes in this isolated environment. migration process.

Period of
Period of Decompensation Overcompensation
or Crisis in many instances, the days and weeks that
during this stage, the new reality, identity, and follow the migration do not show signs of stress.
environmental compatibility have been reshaped. Most of the time, participants are clueless of how
Problems dominate this stage. stressful the entire process is and how it affects
them in the long run.
 Classification of
the World and of
Countries
During the Cold War, leaders all over the globe
agreed to classify the world into 3 categories:

World Classification
1. First world - refers to the states which have
high income and are capital rich
2. Second world - refers to the former
communist-socialist, industrial states
3. Third world - refers to nations not aligned with
either the first world or second world
 Studies show that the pre-modern migration of human
populations began with the movement of Homo erectus out
of Africa across Eurasia about 1.75 million years ago. Homo
sapiens appears to have occupied all of Africa about
150,000 years ago;
some members of this species moved out of Africa
70,000 years ago .
modern non-African populations descend mostly from a

History
later migration out of Africa between 70,000 and 50,000
years ago
Migration to the Americas took place 20,000 to 15,000
years ago.
West-Eurasian back-migrations into Africa happened
between 30,000 to 15,000 years ago, as well as pre-
Neolithic and Neolithic back-migrations, followed by the
Arab expansion in Medieval times.
The Early Medieval Great Migrations including Turkic
expansion have left significant traces. In some places, such
as Turkey and Azerbaijan, there was a substantial cultural
transformation after the migration of relatively small elite
populations.
Early humans migrated due to many factors, such as American Era
changing climate and landscape and inadequate food- In 1989, this was the beginning of the American Era
supply for the levels of population. as the US had military alliances with 50 countries.
Promotion of free market capitalism was made
The Age of Exploration and European colonialism has led through a strong democracy and capitalist market
to an accelerated pace of migration since Early Modern further emphasizing the US’ global power.
times. The local populations or tribes, such as the However, its success in promoting such a market led
Aboriginal people in Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, to the dispersal of power to several other countries.
and the United States, were often numerically
overwhelmed by incoming settlers and by those settlers'
indentured laborers and imported slaves.

This left the US as the sole remaining superpower of the

world.
Post-American World
Country classification:
Fareed Zakaria (2008) refers the term Post-American
1. Developed - developed countries are countries that
World after a decade from the American Era
have progressive economies and advanced
The post-american World is illustrated by the
technological infrastructures
diffusion of power from states to other actors.
2. Developing - developing countries are low income
The diffusion of power signals the “rise of the rest”,
countries with less developed industrial bases.
as other states are given the power to play roles in
the world’s economic and political arena.
These two types of countries highlight the economic
Huntington (1996) claims that Asian Nations are
inequalities of states.
expanding their economic, political, and military
Therefore, these inequalities pushes people living
strength as a way to show the power they can be
in developing countries to find better
capable to hold in the world.
opportunities in developed countries
This provides evidence that the American Era and
This provides motivation for them to move from
Post-American World refers to a period power
one country to another to attain the ways of living
imbalance.
they are aspiring for
This ongoing movement of people from one
country to another is called Migration.
Different Global
Civilizations and
Categories

 Through the rising global

civilizations, the world has turned
into a multipower.

According to Samuel Huntington:

“The rivalry of the superpowers is replaced by the clash of civilizations. In
this new worlds, the most pervasive, important, and dangerous conflicts
will not be between social classes, rich and poor, or other economically
defined groups, but between peoples belonging to different cultural
entities”

He sees ‘civilizations’ as the most significant grouping in global society,

rather than ‘nation states’, or ‘global religions’
Increasing contact between civilizations often has the effect of
emphasizing differences rather than similarities
 WHAT ARE
'CIVILIZATIONS'?
For Huntington, civilizations are ‘cultural entities’ differentiated from each other by history,
language, cultural traditions and, most importantly, religion.

Global civilizations are divided into the following categories:

Western Hindu
Latin American Buddhist
Islamic Orthodox
Sinic Japanese
African
 Western Civilization
Western civilization arose in Europe

It became an increasingly dominant strand in world history

Its roots lay in the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome

which produced some of the greatest philosophers, thinkers,
and political leaders in human history

It took shape in medieval Europe, with its Christian religion, feudal

society, dispersed power-structures and growing economic
dynamism.

The mixed ancestry of Western civilization gave it a rich heritage

to draw on
 Western Civilization

Renaissance Modern

marked a new era of Western civilization has

intellectual and cultural been shaped by a
flowering in Western series of political and
Middle Ages civilization social upheavals
The arts, sciences, and ideas of democracy,
philosophy all experienced The
human rights, and
Western civilization a resurgence, and new Enlightenment
individual freedom
was shaped by the discoveries and innovations a time of great have become central to
Christian church paved the way for the intellectual and Western civilization,
rise of the university modern world.
philosophical
system in the 12th ferment
and 13th centuries
 Migration & Western
Civilization
The movement of people across borders and territories has shaped the political, social, and
economic development of Western societies, as well as their cultural and intellectual achievements.

Migration remains a contentious issue in Western societies. While some argue that migration is
essential for economic growth and cultural enrichment, others see it as a threat to national identity
and security.

TCW | 2023
Latin American
Civilization
"Latin American civilization" refers to the cultural and historical
heritage of the countries located in Central America, South America,
and the Caribbean that speak Romance languages, primarily Spanish
and Portuguese.

African slaves were also brought to Latin America by European

colonizers, and their cultural heritage has contributed significantly.

The indigenous civilizations of Latin America, such as the Maya, Aztec,

and Inca, had advanced societies with sophisticated cultural and
economic systems before the arrival of the Europeans.

The Spanish and Portuguese colonization of the region in the 16th and
17th centuries brought new cultural, religious, and political influences
Latin American
Civilization

01
occupied much of the territory that is now
northern Central America
their society collapsed around 900AD due to
political instability and environmental
Mayas factors.

occupied central Mexico

02
included different ethnic groups, which organized
into city-states and joined to form alliances.
The empire reached its peak just before the
Spanish arrived and brought about the fall of
Aztecs Tenochtitlan in 1521

started out as a pastoral tribe in the Andes near

03
Cusco
The first Incas emerged from caves in the
mountains, captured Cusco, and built the first
Inca homes
Incas The civil war made it easy for the Spanish to
conquer the weakened Empire
 Migration & Latin
American Civilization
The region has been shaped by a complex mix of migration patterns, including indigenous, European,
African, and Asian migrations.

The indigenous peoples of Latin America migrated across the continent for centuries before the arrival
of Europeans, establishing complex networks of trade and cultural exchange.

The region continues to experience significant internal and international migration, driven by economic,
political, and social factors.

TCW | 2023
Islamic Civilization

Islamic civilization refers to the various cultures and societies

that have developed in the Islamic world, primarily in the
Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Asia, which have been
influenced by Islam as a religion, ideology, and way of life.

It emerged in the 7th century with the advent of Islam

Committed to two basic principles:

oneness of God and oneness of humanity

 SALIENT FEATURES

open civilization and is not shy of

01 Based on the Islamic faith 03 deriving and drawing niceties of
other civilisations in the past

a civilization with a universal a well-balanced civilization

02 dimension 04
a perennial civilization and will not
05 last as long as Islam exists
 Migration & Islamic
Civilization
Muslims have migrated to various parts of the world over the centuries, spreading the message of Islam
and establishing new communities.
The migration of Muslim scholars and traders played a significant role in the spread of Islamic knowledge,
culture, and civilization to other parts of the world.
Muslims continue to migrate to different parts of the world for various reasons, including seeking better
economic opportunities, pursuing education, and escaping persecution or conflict.

TCW | 2023
 Sinic Civilization

The Sinic civilization, or Confucian civilization, refers to the shared and

TCW | 2023
related cultures of China and the Chinese communities in China, Hong
Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Korea, and Vietnam.

Sinification (or, to Sinicize) means the assimilation or

spread of Chinese culture.
Problem 2

Defining features:
its continuity over time
its emphasis on scholarship and learning
 Korea Vietnam Japan

Chinese influence can be traced Chinese influence can be traced unique as it consciously and
back to the Three Kingdoms period back to the Han dynasty when intentionally chose to emulate
Impressed by the economic China conquered Vietnam Chinese civilization.
success of Tang China, Korean Heavily influenced by Chinese Japan was never conquered by the
leaders sought to emulate Chinese culture Chinese
culture in their homeland. the Viets did not enthusiastically Japanese culture, including the tea
Korean culture retains many cooperate with their Chinese ceremony, calligraphy, and Zen
aspects of traditional Chinese overlords Buddhism, was heavily influenced by
culture, including Confucian resisted total Sinification Chinese culture
values, tea drinking, and the Viets mounted a massive revolt over time, Japan developed its own
calligraphy. and won their independence from unique cultural identity.
China.

SINIC CIVILIZATION
 Migration & Sinic
Civilization
Chinese migration has been motivated by a variety of factors, including economic opportunities,
political instability, and war.

In ancient times, migration played a key role in the spread of Chinese culture and civilization to
neighboring regions, such as Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.

Chinese migration to other countries has also led to cultural exchange and diversity, with Chinese
communities around the world maintaining their cultural traditions and practices.

TCW | 2023
 Hindu
Indus River Valley -the birthplace of Hinduism

Also known as the Harappan civilization

Originated around 4,500-5,000 B.C.E. and reached its peak between 2300 to
2000 BC.

Harappa and Mohenjodaro were two major cities of this civilization

"Hindu" originates from the Sanskrit word for river, "sindhu," which was
mispronounced by the Persians who designated the land around the Indus
River as Hindu.

The Indus Valley Civilization declined potentially due to climate change

The region has seen many military invasions throughout history

Muslims invaded the Indus Valley and referred to non-Muslims as Hindus

 Buddhist
originated in India and spread to Afghanistan, Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam

Buddhism died out in India but continued to thrive in other parts of Asia

The central message of Buddhism remained consistent, emphasizing the root of unhappiness as desire
and the attainment of illumination through meditation and compassion.

Buddhism assimilated local beliefs rather than fighting them, spreading through peaceful proselytization.

TCW | 2023
 Orthodox
The co-founding directors of the Orthodox Christian Studies Program
were struck by ways in which Orthodox authors had created artificial
categories of “East” and “West” and then used that distinction as a basis
for self-definition.

The history of Orthodox Christianity is typically narrated by Orthodox and

non-Orthodox alike as developing in the ‘East’, which is geographically
ambiguous, but usually refers to the region in Europe east of present-day
Croatia, Hungary and Poland.

‘West’ refers not simply to a geographical location, but to a form of

civilization that was shaped and influenced by Latin Christendom

Orthodox self-identification often engages in a distorted apophaticism:

Orthodoxy is what the “West” is not.
 Japanese

Between 1886 and 1911, more than 400,000 men and women left Japan for the U.S. and U.S.-controlled lands,
and significant emigration continued for at least a decade beyond that.

The two most popular destinations were the archipelago of Hawaii and America's Pacific coast

Japanese immigrants began their journey to the United States in search of peace and prosperity, leaving
an unstable homeland for a life of hard work and the chance to provide a better future for their children.
 African
Africa has experienced significant forced migrations of people,
including the trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean slave trades

-Ralph Austen
a historian
estimates that between 800 and 1900 CE, about 10 million
people were forcibly migrated, with 4 million crossing the
Sahara, 2 million coming to Egypt through the Nile Valley, and
another 4 million reaching the Middle East and India via the
Red Sea and Indian Ocean.

The assimilation of sub-Saharan slaves into these regions

occurred over a longer period of time compared to the Atlantic
slave trade
Sub-Saharan slaves in North Africa were integrated into densely
populated regions where their physical appearance was less
distinctive, and their status and social roles were diverse.
 QUESTION
How did the migration of different
civilizations impact the
development and spread of culture,
language, and technology
throughout history?
 Cosmopolitanism
is the ideology that states that all human beings regardless of gender, race, age, and the like– belong to a
single community that are bonded together due to one’s mortality. Cosmopolitanism can be traced back to
Ancient Greece by Diogenes of Sinope, the word cosmopolitanism is derived from two Greek words– cosmos
and polis which in turn makes cosmopolitan mean “citizen of the world”. Cosmopolitanism relates to migration
due to the fact that the ideology states that all human beings are similar and belong to a single community–
humanity.

TCW | 2023
 3 Elements of this Concept:

I Individualism U Universality G Generality

focused on the single
focuses on the focuses on the concern, however the
individual person equality of people, differences between the
as the worth of the rather than observing two is how they tackle
others through their society in regard to the
person themselves concern. Universality speaks
individual prowess,
without external about how everyone is
this concept is entitled to the single
factors such as
focused on the global concern, on the other
societal hierarchy population’s right to hand– generality speaks on
due to family, race, have a single concern how everyone is obliged to
gender, and the acknowledge how the
regardless of personal
global concern affects the
like. beliefs. whole of humanity.
 Concepts of
Global Migration

Concepts of Global Migration:

Voluntary Economic Migration
Forced Displacement
Refugee Crisis
Voluntary Economic Migration Forced Displacement
It refers to the act of migration undertaken by refers to the “movement of persons who have been
individuals who decide to move on their own accord. forced or obliged to leave their homes or place of
Rooted in the pursuit of economic stability. residence"
The decision to move is made willingly, often This is to avoid the effects of armed conflict,
driven by the prospect of better economic situations of generalized violence, violations of
prospects, access to education and services, or human rights or natural human-made
personal preference. disasters
It is usually seen in the condition of people in the This migration can either be within their own
global south country or between countries after being
such as in the regions of Asia and Africa displaced from their home country.
People from these regions move to other There are different types of displaced persons:
countries which have steadily growing labor Internally Displaced
markets and can provide them high salaries. Asylum Seeker
This kind of Migration is illustrated in Overseas Stateless Person
Filipino Workers (OFW) Victim of Human Trafficking
Refugee
Internally Displaced
According to the United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal
Displacement, an Internally Displaced Person (IDP), are “persons
or group of people who have been forced to flee from their
homes or places to avoid the effects of armed conflict,
situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or
natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed
an internationally recognized state border.

In short, refugees flee their homes and cross international

borders while IDPs do not cross an international border and
relocate within their country.
The displacement occurs as a result of the government
For their legal status/rights: IDPs are unqualified for
protection under international refugee law or receive
many types of aid, since they remain within the
jurisdiction of their own national government.
Asylum Seeker Stateless Person
Is someone who claims to be a refugee, but their The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
claims as one has a pending evaluation (UNHCR) defines a stateless person as someone who
is not recognized as a national by any state under its
Application for asylum may be due to persecution on law.
account of race, religion, nationality, or political beliefs They do not hold citizenship in any country. There
in their home country are several reasons why a person might be
stateless, including decisions or oversights related
Someone is an asylum seekers for as long as their to sovereignty, legality, technology, or
application is pending administration.

Every refugee is initially an asylum seeker but not

every asylum seeker will be recognized as a refugee.
 Refugee
Human Trafficking
A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee
Traffickers use a variety of tactics such as
their country and crossed an international border to
violence, deceitful job offers and promises of
find safety in another country as a result of
education and career prospects to coerce their
persecution, war or violence.
victims.
Refugees are defined by the 1951 Refugee Convention
The prevalence of humanitarian crises, like
as: “someone who is unable or unwilling to return to
conflicts or natural disasters, can worsen existing
their country of origin owing to a well-founded fear of
trafficking trends or create new ones.
being persecuted for reasons of race, religion,
Some forms of trafficking may directly result
nationality, membership of a particular social group,
from crises, such as the demand for sexual
or political opinion.”
services by armed groups or the forcible
The leading causes of refugees fleeing their home
recruitment of child soldiers, while others are
country include war, ethnic, tribal and religious
more subtle, as traffickers take advantage of
violence, with their situation full of danger, they cross
the widespread loss and disruption caused
national borders to seek safety in nearby countries
by crises and the inability of families and
and seek to gain access to assistance from other
communities to safeguard themselves and
states and aid organizations.
their children.
 Questions
1. What are the different types of displaced persons that were
mentioned? Name them.
2. What is the difference between Voluntary Migration and
Forced Migration?
 Factors Affecting Global
Movements of People

01 POLITICAL 03 CULTURAL

02 ECONOMIC 04 SOCIAL

05 ENVIRONMENTAL
Presentation by GROUP 5 BSPT1C

POLITICAL

TCW | 2023
POLITICAL CAUSES OF MIGRATION:
Conflict lack of liberty
war Loss of human rights.
oppression

Pull Factors:
more human rights, social services provided by the
government, a desire for liberty and equality, and the
presence of strong institutions that protect rights and do
not tolerate corruption.

 POLITICAL
State Persecution Lack of Political
War
Liberties
involves the harassment, discrimination and There are approximately 42 million
The lack of political liberties and rights,
torture of people who disagree with their people worldwide who have been
and endemic corruption act as push
government, have minority religious beliefs or forced to migrate due to war.
factors for migrants seeking greater
ethnic backgrounds. (National Geographics’ Earthpulse)
freedoms.
These people are forced to migrate to safer
Concerns that limit people’s freedoms War and armed conflict have diverse
countries
Asylum seeking is a direct result of the cause them to leave. causes but all these factors are
outflow of political migrants from an influenced by political issues.
oppressive state to a more democratic Most migrants leave for more democratic
country Most war migrants become refugees or
countries where they can pursue better
asylum seekers.
Persecutions in countries: careers, education and freedom.
Iraq
Afghanistan
Zimbabwe
China
Somalia

Presentation by GROUP 5 BSPT1C

Economic

Group 5 BSPT1C
A big reason for voluntary migration

Can be anything that would improve

someone's economic status

Presentation by
Pull factors include higher wages, better
employment opportunities, a higher standard
of living and educational opportunities.

Migrant workers - defined as people who

migrate with a view to being employed
(UN International Labour Organization)
 CULTURAL

Push Factors: Pull Factors:

slavery Famine people who want to live in democratic
political instability War societies
ethnic cleansing gender equality
educational or religious opportunities.

People who choose to flee or are forced to flee as a result

of these problems are often refugees.

The United States Committee for Refugees classifies a refugee

as someone who has been forced from their homes and
cannot return because of their religion, race, nationality, or
political opinion.
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
social factors influencing push Pull factors can include people
migration include lack of wanting to live in particular
healthcare and lack of religious environments.
tolerance
Push factors often are related to
Political push factors influencing the frequency of natural disasters
migration also include aspects of such as earthquakes, tsunamis,
war and terrorism, unfair legal hurricanes, or flash floods that a
systems and lack of governmental region could experience. Climatic
tolerance. push/pull factors, such as
droughts, also influence migration
Various social factors drive push patterns
migration.
 Questions

1. There are 5 factors that are mentioned: Cultural, Economic,

Environmental, ____ and ___. Type the missing 2 factors.

2. What Factor Affecting Global Movements of People is this

statement: These factors usually involve slavery, political
instability, ethnic cleansing, famine, and war.
 Presentation by GROUP 5 BSPT1C

EFFECTS OF
MIGRATION
TCW | 2023
 03
POSITIVE EFFECTS
Skilled workers lead to a greater economic may be positive for host countries as they increase
growth of the region their young working population and cultural
diversity
Migration raises world GDP, in particular by raising
productivity. boosts the working-age population.

The migration of a family member brings additional

helps in improving the quality of life of people
income through remittances, which can support
household consumption and investment

For a sending country, migration and the resulting Return of skilled persons increases local human
remittances lead to increased incomes and poverty capital, transfer of skills and links to foreign
reduction, improve health and educational outcomes, networks ("Brain Gain")
and promote productivity and access to finance

TCW| 2023
 NEGATIVE EFFECTS
Difficulty in adaptation , threats to family life,
loss of culture and social support are among Overcrowding
the most common problems

Loss of skilled labor and human capital stock ("Brain

Language and cultural barriers can exist.
Drain" and "Brain waste")

The social effects of migration amongst others consist Increased levels of pollution.
of change in family composition, family separations
and the abandonment of old people, child outcomes
Increased pressure on natural resources.
in terms of labour, health and education.

Disrupted family life can lead to poor diets and

Racial tensions and discrimination.
increased psychological problems.

Pressure on public services such as schools, housing,

and healthcare.
TCW | 2023
 Questions

Give at least 2 postive effects of migration.

Give at least 2 negative effects of migration.

TCW | 2023
References
Western Civilization: Roots, History and Culture | TimeMaps. (2022, September 5). TimeMaps. https://timemaps.com/civilizations/western-
civilization/

Early Latin America Civilizations. (2023). Mappin’s Website. http://www.mappin.net/early-latin-america-

civilizations.html#:~:text=The%20early%20Latin%20American%20civilizations,art%2C%20literature%2C%20and%20science

Great Civilizations of Latin America: Aztecas, Mayas and Incas | Kuoda Travel. (2020, February 23). Luxury Travel to Peru, Galapagos & Bolivia.
https://www.kuodatravel.com/great-civilizations-of-latin-america-aztecs-vs-mayas-vs-incas/

Early Latin America Civilizations. (2023). Mappin’s Website. http://www.mappin.net/early-latin-america-

civilizations.html#:~:text=The%20early%20Latin%20American%20civilizations,art%2C%20literature%2C%20and%20science

Baloch, Q. (n.d.). THE ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION. https://www.qurtuba.edu.pk/thedialogue/The%20Dialogue/1_1/04--Islamic%20Civilisatino.pdf

Smith, W. L. (2017). Cosmopolitanism. In Oxford University Press eBooks. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.133

Cosmopolitanism - New World Encyclopedia. (2020). Newworldencyclopedia.org.

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Cosmopolitanism#:~:text=Cosmopolitanism%20is%20the%20idea%20that,have%20first%20presented
%20this%20idea.

[email protected]. (2017, August 10). Beyond the Clash of Civilizations: A Pluralistic Universalism Between Cosmopolitanism and
Communitarianism - Schwarzman Scholars. Schwarzman Scholars. https://www.schwarzmanscholars.org/events-and-news/beyond-clash-
civilizations-pluralistic-universalism-cosmopolitanism-communitarianism/

‌Mariusz Urbański. (2022). Comparing Push and Pull Factors Affecting Migration. Economies, 10(1), 21–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10010021
References
Global migration and refugee crisis. (2022). Doctors without Borders - USA. https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/focus/migration-and-refugee-crisis

Understanding Migration and Displacement. (2020). Physiopedia. https://www.physio-

pedia.com/Understanding_Migration_and_Displacement#:~:text=Forced%20migration%20or%20displacement%20refers,of%20human%20rights%20or%20natural

‌ lobal
G Migration. (2016). Global Migration: Definition, Type & Response | StudySmarter. StudySmarter UK.
https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/geography/migration-and-identity/global-
migration/#:~:text=Global%20migration%20refers%20to%20the,seekers%2C%20economic%20migrants%20and%20refugees.

‌ oluntary Migration. (2015). Voluntary Migration: Examples and Definition | StudySmarter. StudySmarter UK. https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/human-
V
geography/population-geography/voluntary-migration/

Political Factors in Migration. (2013). Sciencing. https://sciencing.com/political-factors-migration-8212756.html

Causes of Migration. (2020). Causes of Migration: Political and Social | StudySmarter. StudySmarter UK. https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/human-
geography/population-geography/causes-of-migration/

Migration to Advanced Economies Can Raise Growth. (2020, June 19). IMF. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2020/06/19/blog-weo-chapter4-migration-to-
advanced-economies-can-raise-growth

‌ iang, Y. (2016). Positive effects of migration are often overlooked. / KPG. Positive Effects of Migration Are
J Often Overlooked. / KPG.
https://www.kylinprime.com/news/175/Positive-effects-of-migration-are-often-
overlooked.html#:~:text=Emigration%20can%20diminish%20unemployment%2C%20influence,of%20origin%20in%20diverse%20ways

Brain Drain: Feedback Effects. (2023). Geography.name. https://geography.name/feedback-effects/

Health and Social Effects of Migration | Health Knowledge. (2015). Healthknowledge.org.uk. https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/medical-
sociology-policy-economics/4c-equality-equity-policy/migration
 VELEZ COLLEGE

Thank
You!
Presentation by GROUP 5 BSPT1C

TCW | 2023