Computer Literacy Mendoza Et Al FINAL 12.14.2022

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Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
JPLPC-Malvar Campus
G. Leviste St., Poblacion, Malvar, Batangas, Philippines 4233
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Accountancy, Business, Economics, and International Hospitality Management
EFFECTS OF COMPUTER LITERACY TO THE ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCEOF THE MANAGEMENT
ACCOUNTING STUDENTS
A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of College of Accountancy, Business,

Economics and International Hospitality Management
Batangas State University TNEU JPLPC-Malvar
Malvar, Batangas
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Management Accounting
By :
Amigo, Melissa P.
Mendoza, Trishia C.
Resorez, Lyca D.
December, 2022
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

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APPROVAL SHEET
This research entitled “EFFECTS OF COMPUTER LITERACY TO THE

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE BS MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
STUDENTS” as proposed and submitted by Melissa P. Amigo, Trishia C. Mendoza
and Lyca D. Resorez in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of
Science in Management Accounting, has been examined and recommended for the
acceptance for Oral Examination.
SHARON G. ANGULO, DBA

Thesis Adviser
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with the grade of ______.
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
DENNIS B. LEGASPI, DBA

Chairperson
WILBERT D. LUMBERA, MBA CHRISTOPHER VINCENT A. ARELLANO, MPA

Member Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Management Accounting.
Date DENNIS B. LEGASPI, DBA

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Dean, CABEIHM
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This study was made successful through the guidance of the significant persons
who guided and helped the researchers throughout the process of thesis completion. Their
utmost gratitude is given to the following individuals who helped broaden their
perspective as they went through this study.
First and foremost, to Almighty God, for all the blessing that He gave to the
researchers, and for the guidance, light, and strength entrusted and made all things
possible.
To the Researchers’ parents who patiently supported them financially, morally,
and spiritually from the time they started until the paper’s completion and for those
support that boosted their morale and spirit in finishing this academic work.
To the Dean of CABEIHM and the chairperson, Dr. Dennis B. Legaspi, for the
motivation encouragement, and support to student researchers.
To Dr. Sharon Angulo, their thesis adviser, for her support and encouragement
throughout the process of this research study and for being approachable to all their
queries and clarifications.

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To Mr. Wilbert Lumbera, their thesis statistician, for his support and
encouragement, for boosting the researcher’s morale and spirit, and for his expertise in
treating the data statistically.
To Mr. Christopher Vincent Arellano , panel member, for his guidance and
recommendations that made this research a good piece of academic output.
To Dr. Ronel Sapungan, their thesis editor and grammarian, for his guidance on
editing and checking the research manuscript.
To the researcher’s respondents, friends and classmate, who contributed to the
completion of this study and for boosting researchers’ confidence to overcome challenges
during difficult times.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………………. i
APPROVAL SHEET….…………………………………………………….... ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT……………………………………………………… iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………..……. v
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………..…... vii
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………...…… viii
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………… ix
CHAPTER
I.THE PROBLEM
Introduction…………………………………….………………………. 1
Statement of the Problems…………………………….……………….. 4
Theoretical Framework………………………………….……………... 5
Conceptual Framework…………………………………….…………... 8
Research Hypothesis……………………………………….…………... 10
Scope and Limitation of the Study……………………………….…….. 10
Significance of the Study………………………………………………. 12
Definition of Terms………………………………………………......... 13

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II.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Conceptual Literature………………………………………………….. 15
Related Literature……….……………………………………………… 24
Synthesis……………..……………………………………………........ 31
III.RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURE

Research Design………………………………………………………. 36
Respondent of the Study...…………………………………………….. 37
Sampling Design……..……………………………………………...... 38
Data Gathering Instrument……………………………..…….……...... 38
Data Gathering Procedure..……………………………………………. 40
Statistical Treatment of Data…………………………………………… 42
IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 43
V. SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary……………………………………………………………….. 70
Findings……………….....……………………………………………... 71
Conclusions……………………………….…………………………… 74
Recommendations………..…………………………………………….. 75
BIBLIOGRAPHY 78
APPENDICES 86
A. QUESTIONAIRE…………………………………………………….. 87
B. VALIDATIONS ……………………………………………………... 98
C. RESULTS …………………………………….………………………. 101
D. CERTIFICATES……………………………………………………... 110

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E. RESULTS OF STATISTICS………………………………………… 113

F. DOCUMENTATIONS………………………………………………... 136
G. CURRICULUM VITAE……………………………………………… 162
LIST OF TABLES
Title Page
4.1.1 Distribution of the Respondents in terms of Age……….............................. 46
4.1.2 Distribution of the Respondents in terms of Gender…….………………… 48
4.1.3 Distribution of the Respondents in terms of General Weighted Average..... 49
4.1.4 Distribution of the Respondents in terms of Year Level…………………... 51
4.2.1 Assessment on the Effects of computer literacy to the academic
performance in terms of Information and Communications Technology 53
(ICT) Skills……………………………………………………………….
4.2.2 Assessment on the Effects of computer literacy to the academic

57
performance in terms of Access to Information…………….……………
4.2.3 Assessment on the Effects of computer literacy to the academic 61

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performance in terms of Information Processing………………………...
4.2.4 Summary of Composite Mean…………………………………………….. 64
4.3.1 Significance difference between the Profile of the respondents and the
assessment on the Effects of Computer Literacy to the Academic 66
Performance of the BS Management Accounting Students………….......
4.4.1 Propose Recommendation on the Effects of Computer Literacy to the

71
Academic Performance of the BS Management Accounting Students…..
List of Figures
Figure Page
1.1 Theoretical Framework ………….…............................................................ 6
1.2 Conceptual Paradigm of the Study …............................................................ 9

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ABSTRACT
Computer literacy has always been a huge concern among educators and learners
in schools, colleges, and universities. Determining its role, value, and impact on the kids'
academic progress is of the utmost importance. Thus, this descriptive study was
conducted to determine the effects of computer literacy on the academic performance of
the BS Management Accounting students in terms of ICT skills, access to information
and information processing. This also examined the profile of the respondents in terms of
age, gender, general weighted average and year level self- made questionnaires and were
administered among 164 BS Management Accounting students of Batangas State
University TNEU JPLPC Malvar Campus. After analyzing, the data were processed
using frequency and percentage, weighted mean, composite mean, ANOVA, and t-test. It
was discovered that the majority of respondents were under the age of 21, feminine, and

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mostly from fourth year students with a general weighted average between 1.25 and 1.49.
After assessing the effects of computer literacy, information and communications
technology skills and information processing, it was found Moderately Effect to the
academic performance while access to information was Highly Effect. It was further
found that the respondents’ profile such as age, gender, college year level and weighted
average had no significant difference when tested the null hypothesis. Based on the
findings, the researchers provided proposed recommendation to the BS Management
Accounting students to develop the computer literacy.
Keywords: Effects, Computer Literacy, Accounting Information Software or AIS,
Academic Performance.

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Chapter I
THE PROBLEM
Introduction
Computer literacy plays an important role in academic performance of
Management Accounting students because of accounting information system subject.
Nowadays students use software application for academic purposes, especially for
management accounting students who always use the gadget or the Microsoft excel to
easily input data or account and not doing the traditional way of putting data in ledger.
The basis of the academic performance was the general weighted average of the
Management Accounting students.
Computer plays a significant role in activities of people’s personal life, education,
and business; thus it is really essential to enhance computer literacy, which was defining
our knowledge about software and hardware and understanding about the computers.
Schools introduced computer literacy programs to enhance students’ academic
performance. Computer literacy plays a vital role in the student's academic achievement
that needed to be computer proficient to be able to operate in any academic contexts.
According to Karen LaPlant (2016), computer literacy is described as the
knowledge and ability to effectively utilize computers and related technology, with skill
levels ranging from basic use to advanced problem solving and programming. Since the

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COVID-19 pandemic started, the way of learning of students changed from the
traditional face to face classes to online class learning. This required students the
knowledge and skill in computer to adapt the changes in virtual learning environment.
Computer literacy refers to knowledge of computer software and the ability to use
computers effectively, which is now required for the majority of jobs in office-based
workplaces. It covers everything from basic computer hardware and software use to more
advanced computer programming. Manipulating data with Microsoft and other computer-
based learning programs are two examples. For a number of years, education authorities
have responded to the importance of school students developing computer literacy by
including it as part of the school curriculum, directly as a cross-curriculum capability,
and by assessing the extent to which students are computer literate. Assessments of
computer literacy, even though they vary, indicate that there are substantial variations in
levels of computer literacy among students.
Education is considered as an instrument of social change and transformation as
well as human capacity development. However, this goal cannot be achieved if the
required inputs such as computer literacy, effective teaching etc. are not provided.
Computer literacy courses are very important in acquainting undergraduate students with
basic computing ideas, concepts and aptitudes as well as promoting innovation through
information technology

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According to Cohen (2010), computer literacy is imperative for every individual,
particularly for the students. Reynolds (2008) defined computer literacy as being
knowledgeable about hardware and software capabilities and understanding how
computers and the internet can enhance students' educational experiences. It was the
basic understanding of operating computers and similar technology, such as tablets and
smartphones. Hence, being computer literate gives a learner an opportunity to cope up
with the rapidly changing environment in technology.
Many people especially those who did not grow up immersed in technology have
trouble understanding the systems necessary for computer literacy. Though not always
obvious to people with an intuitive understanding of how to use computers, computer
usage requires problem-solving skills, the ability to process text and symbols, and the
development of various technical and cognitive skills. There was once a time when
computer skills were an optional skill set.
Accounting Information System (AIS) competencies include the use of software,
including proficiency in the development, use of spreadsheet models, and the use of
technology to enhance communication that accounting students find it difficult to comply
in the use of AIS. Without the basic knowledge and understanding in AIS, accounting
students struggle in the department.

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In the light of foregoing considerations, the researchers decided to conduct this
study to determine the knowledge of students when it comes to computer literacy because
the researchers personally experienced the computer software during online. It was
difficult for them to do the online class because of having a hard time to cope up. Many
years pass, most of the BS Management Accounting students are currently taking up an
On the Job training wherein they are in the field of Accounting Management where
practicing and performing various accounting software. During the on the job training of
the researchers, it opens the eyes that the generation nowadays always use computers and
other software as tools that affect the academic performance of Bachelors of Science in
Management Accounting students in Batangas State University TNEU-JPLPC Malvar.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The study aimed to determine the effects of computer literacy to the academic
performance of the BS Management Accounting students. Specifically, it sought answers
to the following questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the BS in Management Accounting students in
terms of:
1.1 age;
1.2 gender;

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1.3 general weighted average; and
1.4 year level?
2. How do the BS Management Accounting students assess the effects of computer
literacy to the academic performance in terms of:
2.1 ICT skills;
2.2 access to information; and
2.3 information processing?
3. Is there a significant difference on the academic performance of BS Management
Accounting Student in computer literacy when grouped according to their profile?
4. What implication may be proposed on the computer literacy and effects on the
academic performance of the BS Management Accounting students?
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Computer literacy improve the knowledge and ability of students for higher
academic performance. Computer literacy is the knowledge and ability to use computer
and technology efficiently. Computer literacy can also be referred to the comfort level
someone has by using computer programmers and other application that are related to
computers. The occurrence of computer literacy continues to grow at an outstanding rate.
A computer is an electronic device that has the ability to accept data, store data, process
data by following a set of instructions (programmer) to produce result. Computer always

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change; they become smaller, faster and more powerful. These changes have motivated
the modern society to become comfortable with basic computer related skills. Computers
are like common pen and paper for writing especially primary and post primary school
students.
Most people agree that education is the cornerstone of any country's technological
and economic progress. This study focused on the effects of computer literacy on the
academic performance of the BS Management Accounting students of Batangas State
University TNEU-JPLPC Malvar. The researchers would use some variables to assess the
respondents about the effects of computer literacy. Figure 1.1 shows the theoretical
framework that the researchers used as a guide and foundation for the present study.
Figure 1.1 Process of Computer Literacy

(Dr. Aitokhuehi & Dr. Ojogho, 2014)

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The processed of computer literacy model or diagram indicates that computer
literacy was the bed rock of sound academic performance. The diagram also indicates
that when being computer literate, ICT skill was developed and when the skill was
developed by the use of internet facilities students can easily access to information. Once
they can manage easily and have access to information, which was later processed and
when this processed information was relevant and usable, there may be an improved
academic performance of students.
Computer literacy was measured according to their knowledge and expertise; it
was connected to the academic performance because being knowledgeable in computer
has great impact to the performance of the student. ICT skills was managed if the student
is well equipped and available to used internet facility. When it comes to access to
information, if they can manipulate on getting information it was easy for the student to
generate information that they would needed. Lastly, was information processing this was
the last part the process which is they applied the information that they gathered. And
because of the student properly known the project they can manage their academic
performance to do well.

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The researchers found that this theory was applicable because the researchers
observed that ICT skills, access to information, and information process were the factors
that help to assess the BS Management Accounting students’ awareness in computer.
Even though many students are lack in equipment to study accounting system like AIS
subject and other subjects that use computer software, this study can assess them on how
the technology affect their academic performance. That’s why the researchers also chose
this theory to assess the student of BS Management Accounting on the effects of
computer literacy on the Academic performance.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of computer literacy on the academic
performance of BS Management Accounting students. The researchers present the flow
of how the information for this study was gathered using the Input, Process, and Output
model. The Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model was a functional graph that identifies the
inputs, outputs, and processing tasks that are necessary to convert inputs into outputs.
Inputs lead to processes, which lead to results. Figure 1.1 shows the conceptual paradigm
of this study.
As shown in Figure 2, the input consists of the demographics profile of the BS
Management Accounting students. This includes age, gender, general weighted average,

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year level and assessment of management accounting student on the effects of computer
literacy on the academic performance in terms of ICT skills, access to information and
information process.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Profile of the
Management Accounting
Student;
 Age;
 Gender;
 General weighted Construction,
average: and Proposed inputs to the
validation, and BS management
 Year level. administration of accounting student who
Survey has been affected on
Assessment of Questionnaire, being not computer
Management Accounting literate.
Data Analysis
student on learning
Computer;
 ICT skills;
 Access to
information: and
 Information
processing.
Figure 2
Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

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Meanwhile, process includes the construction, validation, distribution of the
survey instrument, and the data analysis and interpretation. The last box presents the
output of the study which is to proposed inputs to the BS Management Accounting
student who has been affected on being not computer literate.
In general, the arrows in the conceptual paradigm illustrate the relationship among
the contents of the paradigm. The first one shows the relationship between the profile and
questionnaire variable in relation to measurement and instrument used in the study which
was the survey questionnaire. This instrument was used to gather the needed information
to determine the proposed recommendation in assessment on the effects of computer
literacy on the academic performance of the BS management accounting students.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The study was guided by the null hypothesis that there was no significant
difference between the academic performance of BS Management Accounting Student in
Computer Literacy when grouped according to their profile.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
This study aimed to identify the effects of computer literacy on the academic
performance of BS Management Accounting students. The study covered only certain
profile of the management accounting students such as age, gender, general weighted

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average and year level. Meanwhile in determining the effects of computer literacy to the
academic performance of BS Management Accounting students in Batangas State
University TNEU-JPLPC Malvar Campus, the study focused only on the assessment on
ICT skills, access to information and information processing. BS Management
accounting students must be enrolled at Batangas State University TNEU-JPLPC Malvar
Campus and took the subject of Accounting Information System.
In addition, the researchers restricted the study to management accounting third
year and fourth year students at Batangas State University TNEU -JPLPC Malvar
Campus. Management accounting students are responsible for decision-making and
problem solving. The BSMA program professionally trains and prepares students to
become highly competent accounting practitioners who serve their constituents and those
in allied professions while demonstrating high ethical and moral standards and technical
competence. Students who did not take the subject of Accounting Information System in
BS Management Accounting and those BSBA students that would finish first the thesis
rather than business analytic is not eligible to respond to the questionnaire. The location
was chosen by the researchers because it was closer to where they study and was more
convenient. It also has a limitation in conducting the survey because the online approach
which is the google form and other difficulty in reaching out the respondents. To collect
data, the researchers used quantitative research methods. A descriptive method and a

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questionnaire created by the researchers were used to determine whether the hypothesis
was null and void. Respondents were drawn from the Batangas State University TNEU-
JPLPC Malvar Campus using a total population method. Frequency and percentage
distribution, weighted mean and composite mean, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and
T-test were used as the statistical treatment of data. Likert Scale was used as a rating
system or scoring method to measure the responses in the data gathering instrument.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The generalization of this study would reflect useful information and insights
regarding effects of computer literacy on the academic performance of Bachelors of
Science Management Accounting students. Vital results of the study could be highly
significant and beneficial especially to the following:
To BS Management Accounting students. This research is a useful reference
that would provide ideas on how computer literacy can affect the school performance of
students which can guide them to the better understanding. Moreover, this study would
let them know how computer literacy is essential in their respective course.
To Educational Institution. The institution who offered Management
Accounting would be able to help the school by providing knowledge and understanding

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on computer that can affect the academic performance. This would also serve as
additional reference that presented to their library to help students.
To the Faculty. This study would be able to help the faculty by providing
knowledge and understanding on how the computer literacy affect the academic
performance of the students.
To the Researchers. This study is a great help and opportunity for the researchers
not only for understanding of the efficiency of computer literacy on academic
performance but also a chance for them to gain knowledge and obtain great experiences
doing the study.
To the Future Researchers. This study would be helpful in providing additional
references to support the study of future researchers. It would also help them to generate
new information.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
To facilitate better understanding and clarity of the purpose of this research work,
some important terms are defined conceptually and operationally.
Academic Performance. It refers to the students’ academic achievements by
performing and managing their study Gabejan and Takenaka (2021). In this study, it
refers to the students’ performance in school when it comes computers software.

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Access to information. Another well-established contemporary requirement. The
conditions of database use and organizational access impose artificial boundaries around
information (Sukovic, 2017). In this study, it refers to the students’ opportunity to learn
the skills required to find and use information.
BS Management Accounting. Program provides general accounting education to
students wanting to pursue a career in Management Accounting (Sigue, 2018). In this
study, it refers to the program in which the respondents are enrolled.
Computer Literacy. Understanding of computer characteristics capabilities and
applications, as well as an ability to implement this knowledge in a skillful, productive
use of ICT application (Yadollahi, 2015). In this study, this was used as the main
component to know how it works, and how effective it was to the academic performances
of BS Management Accounting.
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Skills. It refers to one’s
ability to converse with people through various technologies (Doyle, 2020). In this study,
the abilities that aid in the understanding and operation of a wide range of technology
software of the students.

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Information Processing. The acquisition, recording, organization, retrieval,
display, and dissemination of information (Slamecka, 2018). In this study, the students
had frequently applied information processing to computer-based operations.
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter deals with the conceptual literature which are closely related to the
study. This helped researchers to provide the needed information to make it relative, for
enrichment and better understanding of this study. The researchers acknowledged the
following literature written by several authors which have direct support and were
essential in the conceptualization of this study. The researchers have gathered
information from different references that were significant in the study.
Conceptual Literature
The researchers acknowledged the following literature written by several authors
which have direct support and were essential in the conceptualization of this study. The
researchers have gathered information from different references that were significant in
the study.

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Computer Literacy. According to Calizo, S. C. et al. (2018), to reach more
people, especially those in the remotest places, the Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA) introduced Information and Communications
Technology (ICT) into TVET and launched the TESDA Online Program (TOP) in 2012.
TESDA is the first Philippine institution to offer Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC).
Current TESDA statistics estimate that more than a million Filipinos were able to access
and utilize the TOP. This study assesses how ICT has enabled Filipinos to have access
and use online technical education offered free by the TOP. It also acknowledges the
unlimited opportunities by TOP through its courses and the potential number of users and
beneficiaries. The vision of a globally competent Filipino workforce with advanced skills
can be realized with the encouraging results of the TOP accreditation and certification.
Education and training for productive employment plays a crucial role in the social and
economic plans of a developing country such as the Philippines. Technical and
Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in the Philippines has been viewed as a tool
to equip the people with the necessary skills for employment. In effect, this increases
their income potential and, eventually, remove them from poverty.
According to Ogbuiyi, (2015) information and communication technology (ICT)
refers to the efficient use of tools and software for data access, retrieval, conversion,
storing, organization, manipulation, and presentation. As a result, one of the most

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common ICT instruments that effectively performs these tasks and is essential to
students' daily lives is the computer.
Computers are indeed electronic devices that can carry out instructions to process
data, accept data as input, and output information. It is also an electronic gadget that
processes and manipulates data to produce outputs that are meaningful. The computer,
which serves as an embracing mechanism and an efficient electrical device capable of
accepting, storing, retrieving, and processing data in accordance with established
instructions, is the most widely used information technology.
According to the study of Robabi, H. (2015), in recent years, it grows parallel
with the growth of information technology and communication (ICT), using of computer
systems are integrated in the life, education and health. There is no agreement on
Computer Literacy the topic certainly is quite relevant to key stake-holders: students,
educators, and business practitioners. This measured the computer literacy using several
sub-dimensions such as “knowledge of general computing”, spreadsheets, databases,
email/internet and presentation soft-ware. Computer literacy is a general computer
terminology understanding, knowledge, and fluency, also being acquainted with how
computers work and are programmed.

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Academic Performance. According to Gabejan and Takenaka (2021), based on
their mean grades for the first and second quarters, all areas included in their computer
literacy significantly and proportionally affected their academic achievement. This meant
that their academic performance would also increase as their computer literacy in the
targeted areas increased. The extent of the students' computer literacy must therefore be
improved, especially since they had some difficulties. As a result, this needs to be
adequately addressed through an intervention program to reduce, if not completely
eradicate, the concerns and difficulties they had with regard to computer literacy.
The students' extremely positive attitude toward computers suggested that they
were interested in learning it. The need to improve their computer literacy in the areas of
word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, and general computing was still felt by
them. Therefore, teachers should assist pupils by offering intervention activities to raise
their level of computer literacy in the areas that have been identified. Their interest in
computers and the degree of their computer literacy in word processing were notably
different. When paired according to their attitudes about computers, it was basically
comparable in the spreadsheet and basically similar in the presentation, regardless of any
differences. Last but not least, it also considerably varied in how they felt about
computers in general.

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According to Ilesanmi, et al. (2018) the use of computer technology has
developed into a significant aspect of modern life and has a direct impact on
employment, entertainment, communication and especially to the education. These
factors have led to the recognition that computer literacy is beneficial for students since it
not only supports the learning process but also equips them with skills that will be needed
in the workplace of the future. Additionally, described computer literacy as "acquiring
fundamental abilities, such as those related to common software packages, such as
Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, and Excel, common operating systems, such as Windows,
database management, and the use of the internet and E-mail."
Since technology has advanced, the term "computer literacy" has become more
generally known as "information literacy." Information literacy is the capacity to
recognize when information is required as well as the ability to successfully search,
evaluate, and use the required information. This includes having a solid understanding of
how to use various ICTs and various online information retrieval platforms. These skills
are essential for succeeding in the competitive commercial and academic environments of
today, where information has emerged as one of the most priceless intangible assets.
Understanding how to use computers to manage the learning process has become a core
ability at tertiary institutions since they are being used more and more.

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BS Management Accounting. According to the CMO, students who desire to
work in management accounting receive general accounting training through the
Bachelor of Science in Management Accounting degree. This prepares students for a
variety of occupations that entail working with management to make decisions,
developing planning and performance management systems, and offering knowledge in
financial reporting and control to help management develop and implement an
organization's strategy.
The BSMA program should provide a foundation of professional knowledge,
professional skills, and professional values, ethics and attitudes that enable them to
continue to learn and adapt to changes throughout their professional lives. These
capabilities would enable professional management accountant to identify problems,
know where to find this knowledge and know how to apply it in an ethical manner to
achieve appropriate solutions. The balance of these elements may vary but what was
required to develop the knowledge vase, strong skills and ethical values in order to
produce competent professional accountants with appropriate values, ethics and attitudes.
A management accountant may cover a number of different technical or strategic
positions. Technical positions span from more basic position (main responsibilities would
include inputting data in order to produce relevant management accounting information)
to more advanced position (main responsibilities would include determining what data to

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input, how to elaborate upon it and deciding what information was relevant for whom,
and for what purpose).
Demographic Profile of the Respondents. It refers to properties of an individual
or sample that can be regarded as factual, often used to structure a research sample.
Moreover, this includes age, gender, general weighted average and year level.
Age. As Writer (2018) cited, many people, especially those who did not grow up
immersed in technology, have trouble understanding the systems necessary for computer
literacy. Though not always obvious to people with an intuitive understanding of how to
use computers, computer usage requires problem-solving skills, the ability to process text
and symbols, and the development of various technical and cognitive skills. There was
once a time when computer skills were an optional skill set. Computer literacy is a
mandatory skill for success in school, the job force, and everyday life. Though modern
children are often considered to be "digital natives," certain familial norms and
socioeconomic factors can affect a child's ability to learn age-appropriate computer
literacy. Laptops and tablets are increasingly used in schools, and computer skills are
becoming more and more of an educational necessity among K to 12 students, reflecting
their necessity in the world beyond school. Students who do not learn age-appropriate
computer skills such as typing, online researching, and discerning internet usage can fall

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behind in their classes and struggle to maintain their grades. Such difficulties can even
continue until adulthood.
Gender. It refers to "the socially constructed characteristics of women and men –
such as norms, roles and relationships of and between groups of Feminine, Masculine and
LGBTQIA+. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
According to Pinkard, N. (2014), technology proficiency is becoming more and
more important to academic and professional success. More and more electronic tools are
being used for both purchasing and selling items as well as teaching and learning. Despite
this, studies show that, regardless of social class, women are less likely than men to own
a PC. These justifications have formed the foundation for measures aimed at reducing the
gender gap. Unfortunately, despite numerous effective measures, the gender gap still
exists. The bulk of reasons for the gender gap, according to an analysis of theories,
emphasize the importance of social variables, such as parents' internet usage habits. As a
result, the majority of interventions to close the gender gap are based on socially
conscious ideas, like all-girl classes and girls-only after school programs.
In particular, the issue of the connection between students' gendered perceptions
and preferences and designers' design choices. This study examines 1) if girls and boys
perceive software as being specifically geared to girls, boys, or both, and 2) whether there

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is a causal link between the software preferences of girls and boys and the program's
perceived masculinity and/or femininity. According to my theory, kids are more inclined
to favor the software if they believe that it was created with their interests in mind. We
need to look more closely at the impact of software design characteristics on the gender
split if the majority of software products created for children are seen as more masculine
than feminine.
Knezec and Christensen (2018) noted that, while competencies in computer
technologies, computer use, and computer-related attitudes were once considered
separate but related aspects of the field, they have come to be seen as integrated. It is thus
important that we not only review literature concerned with gender differences in these
aspects of student computer literacy but also review information about gender differences
in CIL and related constructs, patterns of computer use, and perceptions of computer
technology (including consideration of student attitudes to computer technologies and
their perceptions of their capacities to use those technologies).
However, there are some differences between masculine, feminine and
LGBTQIA+ students in the types of computer use. According to Fraillon (2014), female
students made slightly greater use of computer technologies for schoolwork or study
purposes than male students, while male students used ICT more frequently for
exchanging information and for recreational purposes.

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General Weighted Average. Study by Valli Jayanthi et al. (2014) cited that over
the years, researchers have tried to identify the variables that contribute to academic
excellence in an attempt to understand which factors lead to better students' performance
Since there is a need to extend innovations in education Admiraal (2017), identified
a need to investigate how students' relationships with computers impact their academic
performance to understand the real impact of computers on schooling.
Year Level. According to Mapcon, (2022), in college, many students acquire
basic computer skills that equip them with the knowledge to operate a computer, such as
sending emails, conducting Internet research, creating word processing documents and
creating presentations. The days of textbook only research and handwritten submissions
are over. With the advent of web-enhanced courses, student must possess basic computer
skills in order to execute commands in basic computer applications. These basic
computer skills help students excel in college and eventually carry over with them into
the workforce. Exercising and advancing computer literacy skills can also lead to greater
opportunities. College students would need to hone their research skills, regardless of if
they use a computer, textbook, or other publication to complete their papers, assignments,
and presentations. Computers offer a vast array of information, making it an
indispensable resource for completing assignments. In fact, many colleges provide online
databases, such as ERIC and JSTOR, to help students conduct research at a faster rate.

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ICT Skills. In the study of Mutiarin D. and Tomaro Q. (2018), the direction of
ICT and its impact on the growth of the nation is determined by how it is integrated into
education, how accessible and useful the facilities are, and how competent and informed
the teachers are. This is why ICT education is essential in the modern age. Therefore,
human performance in organizations, like the Department of Education, depends on the
knowledge, skills, behaviors, and values that individuals bring to the workplace. These
factors would also help the company perform better and produce more work, which is
why "any expenditure on education and development is considered a long-term
investment that the company can benefit from."
Access to Information. According to Lorenzo A. (2016), Nowadays, technology is
widely used in our culture. It fundamentally altered how people perceive and value
things, particularly in the sectors of education. In the age of information technology,
teachers, parents, and students are all aware of their importance in the pursuit for
knowledge. It facilitates the teacher's job while maintaining a high degree of student
interest.
The Philippines' educational system has advanced significantly because to
information and communications technology (ICT). Both teachers and students have
access to a wide range of options because of it. ICT can be used for various things,
including data collection, information transfer, and research, but for many individuals it

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is still just a dream. The majority of public schools in the Philippines lack sufficient ICT
infrastructure, and the majority of teachers lack adequate ICT skills, which has a negative
impact on student and school performance.
Information Processing. According to Writer S. (2018), many people, especially
those who weren't raised in a technologically advanced environment, struggle to
comprehend the systems required for computer literacy. Computer usage necessitates the
development of numerous technical and cognitive skills, problem-solving abilities, and
the capacity to comprehend text and symbols, all of which are not necessarily clear to
persons with an intuitive understanding of how to use computers. Computer knowledge
used to be a skill set that was optional. Nowadays, knowing how to use a computer is a
necessary ability for success in school, the workforce, and daily life.
Research Literature
Different studies that were conducted are reviewed which made connections on
the process of producing the present study.
As stated by Nunes, C. et al. (2022), schools must constantly adapt and use
of technology as a tool for progress. This is due to the quick advancement of technology.
This study aims to determine how computer-related factors impact pupils' academic

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achievement. It provides a model academic achievement to illustrate the effects of
computer attitudes, computer learning environments, computer learning motivations,
computer confidence, computer use, computer self-efficacy, loneliness, mothers'
education, parents' marital status, and family size on academic success. In order to assess
the conceptual model, 286 students between the ages of 16 and 18 replied to an online
survey. The three most important variables that affect academic attainment are computer
use, professional aspirations, and mothers' education. Attitudes toward enjoyment, the
educational environment, the motivations behind one's interests, and loneliness all have a
negative impact on academic progress. Family size and computer self-efficacy also
function as modifiers, and computer use mediates the relationship between the two.
Baueretal (2020) stated that his research " poor Internet connection leaves rural
students behind. " aims to highlight the slow internet connections or limited access from
homes in rural areas can contribute to students falling behind academically. Academic
performance can suffer as a result of educational failures. In this study in the age of
online learning, one source of concern for students living in rural and distant regions is a
lack of high-speed internet access to attend lectures. This is a systemic issue, as students
who work and reside in remote towns have insufficient internet access. Furthermore,
students who could only access the Internet at home via their cell phone struggled to use

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the resources accessible on the Internet, whether owing to slow connectivity or data
restrictions imposed by local service providers.
Based on the study of Zoleta, V. (2020), "Understanding Social Classes in the
Philippines: Which Class Do You Belong to?", social class as a group of people with
similar socioeconomic status or standing within the society based on the level of income,
education, and occupation. This study looks at which class do you belong in the society,
the three primary social classes exist in the Philippines: the low-income class, the middle-
income class, and the high-income class.
According to study of Calina, R. et al. (2019), they are unable to handle their files
since many of them are unable to run fundamental programs such as Microsoft Word and
Microsoft PowerPoint. Students in tertiary institutions are expected to be computer
proficient. The study used a descriptive qualitative research approach, which is concerned
with the current state and relationships, as well as current practices, continuing processes,
and development patterns. Descriptive research is used when a researcher wants to learn
more about a subject by conducting a survey. This section summarizes the study's
findings utilizing frequency, percentage, and ranking, as well as data analysis and
interpretation. The questionnaire included indicators such as general computer
operations, communication, and the internet, as well as word processing, spreadsheet.
These indications demonstrate that the individuals who were chosen highly agree that

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Computer Literacy is beneficial to ABM grade 12 students. Based on the information
acquired, the researchers recommend that students of today's age learn basic computer
skills so that they may surf or read the information they want. With the rapid
developments in technology, both students and instructors should get computer literacy
training and seminars.
According to the study of Abukari, A. (2018) entitled "Study of the Impact of
Students’ Access to Internet and its Impacts on their Relationship with their Teachers and
on their Academic Engagement: A Case Study of four Schools in UAE, " modern
techniques like e-learning, distance learning, and virtual lectures etc. use internet
resources as a source of information and means of communication. In this study aims to
analyze the impact of internet use in the academic performance of the student. There is a
definite link between internet usage and academic performance in any students. The
growing use of the internet and related technologies has resulted in a flood of chances for
enhancing knowledge acquisition methods and processes. Before the internet and all of
these modern and speedy methods of learning, the instructor was the only source of
knowledge aside from books.
According to the study and survey of Tambari and Zite (2016) the content and
structure of education must effectively integrate technology in order to adequately
prepare students to live and act in the world in which they are growing up. With the

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introduction of Information Communication Technology (ICT) to align with the global
best practices, ICT occupied a central stage in the senior secondary school curriculum in
order to presents the total experiences to which all teachers and learners must be exposed
and through which the content and performance objectives of the subject must be
achieved for both teachers and learners. Also, the provision of teaching and learning
materials for any subject are enhance for effective teaching and learning. Thus, these
could be possibly realized if the teacher and learner can effectively integrate ICT into the
classroom. A good teacher can use various teaching and learning technologies (such as
computer, internet and multimedia resources) which are increasingly being used in
support of the teaching and learning process in presenting new challenges and
opportunities for teachers and students to translate information into relevant knowledge
that a student can understand, retain and pass on to others under a conducive school
environment.
Based on the study of Dr. Aitokhuehi, et al. (2014), the purpose of this study was
to investigate the effect of computer literacy on students' academic performance in the
Esan West Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. Four (4) questions were posed
and answered to help guide the research. This study would look at the impact of computer
literacy on the academic performance of students in senior secondary schools in Edo
State's Esan West Local Government Area. According to the findings of this study,

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students' computer literacy improves their academic performance in secondary schools in
general, that computer literate students perform better academically than non-computer
literate students, and that female computer literate students perform better academically
than male computer literate students. Students should be taught how to use computer
resources to seek for relevant information in relation to their academic work. To improve
students' academic performance, governments at all levels should make computer sets
with internet connectivity affordable and accessible in schools for students and teachers
to use in the teaching and learning process.
In study of Orungbemi (2013), computer literacy and students’ academic
achievement explored in the study seems very innovative, and the findings showing the
importance of adequate computer skills to the academic achievement of students. The
need to study factors that influences students’ academic achievement has become more
critical for all disciplines consequent on the need to train globally competent students that
can function effectively in the information age. The study has shown that gender and
computer literacy are potential factors that can influence students’ academic
achievement. The findings suggest that the higher the ability of a student to use e-mail,
graphical interfaces such as Netscape, word process document, analyze data, browse
Internet and install software, the higher the student’s academic achievement.

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In the study of Laguador (2013), academic community must support extra-
curricular activities related to computer technology that would help the students realize
the value of having high functional computer literacy without sacrificing the health of the
end-users. Parents and guardians are convinced reasonably to have computer units at
home and some laptops to be used in school for educational purposes but they must be
vigilant of the virtual entertainment activities of their children and they must have
advised their children to consider the bad health effects of spending long hours of
computer usage. Integrating Information and Communication Technology in the curricula
would advance the learning of the students both in managing technology and study
habits. Using e-learning would enhance the interest of both students from board and non-
board programs to participate in the online group discussion with an aid downloadable
study material.
According to Zoleta (2020), Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) on the latest
Family Income and Expenditure Survey shows that majority (58.4%) of Filipinos belong
to the low-income class, while the middle class comprises around 40% of the population.
Only 1.4% fall in the high-income class. The availability of resources, like in the
Philippines would have a substantial impact on students' distant learning journey and
would widen the education gap. Some students from low-income families do not have
access to the internet or electronic devices. Since living in a third-world country, even

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middle-class residents face resource constraints or may require additional assistance,
depending on how close they are to the poverty line. New technology has always favored
to those people with money, and to those who do not would always be left behind.
According to the study of Gabejan and Takenaka (2021) with the purpose to
investigate the level of computer literacy and its impact on the academic performance of
junior high school students. The study looked at the significant differences in the extent
of students' computer literacy in the identified areas when paired with their attitude
toward computers, as well as the significant relationship between their academic
performance and the extent of their computer literacy in the identified areas. In general,
the study's findings suggested that students needed to improve their computer literacy in
the areas of word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, and general computing.
Synthesis
The literature provided the researchers with the essential information that support
their findings in the study. The researchers were able to come up with rational
explanations about the effects of computer literacy on the academic performance of the
BS Management Accounting students.
According to Mutiarin D. and Tomaro Q., that the impact of ICT on national
growth is determined by how it is integrated into education, how accessible and useful

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the facilities are, and how competent and informed the teachers are. Therefore, the human
performance would depend on the knowledge, skills, behaviors, and values that insipidus
bring to the workplace. In study of Doyle it refers to the ability to converse with people
through various technologies. Students' abilities that aid in the understanding and
operation of a wide range of technology software are studied in this study. The
similarities among all the presented literature in the study are factors subjected to the
study.
The study of Lorenzo A. is similar as they used technology to gained information
and it widely used in our culture. It fundamentally altered people's perceptions and
values, particularly in the education sector. In the study of Sukovic access to information
is another well-establish contemporary requirement. The terms of database use and
organizational access upright artificial barriers around information. Access to information
was consider as a dream to other people specially the majority of public schools in the
Philippines do not have adequate ICT infrastructure, and the majority of teachers do not
have adequate ICT skills, negatively affecting student and school performance.
According to Slamecka information processing is the acquisition, recording, organization,
retrieval, display, and dissemination of information. The students had frequently applied
information processing to computer-based operations in this study. The study of Writer S.
stated that many people struggle to understand the systems required for computer

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literacy, particularly those who were not raised in a technologically advanced
environment. Computer knowledge was once considered an optional skill set. Knowing
how to use a computer is now a required skill for success in school, the workplace, and
daily life.
The study considered the demographic profile of respondents as variable to
determine the effect if lack in computer literacy to other indicators in terms of the
respondents' age, gender, general weighted average, and year level. Age refers the range
of the students gap to each other, knowing the fact that even they are in a different age
they still have the same experience when using computers software. Gender is when
feminine, masculine and LGBTQIA+ has no different perspective, because they saw and
experience how really computer affect their academic performance. General weighted
average is the basis if the student is good in the subjects of accounting software. Also if
they can manage it knowing the fact that they are not well equip during and after
pandemic. Year level was the separate identity of BS management accounting student,
also they are the student who experience an accounting information software during
online class.
The research literature taken mainly from published and unpublished materials
has obtained to provide information that is associated to the present study. The studies in
the research literature would help the researchers to accumulate additional knowledge

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and previous studies that have similarities with the present study concerning the type of
research method and the respondents used in their study.
The study of Nunes, C. et al., Dr. Aitokhuehi, et al. and Zoleta are related to each
other, they are studied both the effects of computer literacy to the students. Just like to the
present study, they considered all the factors that can affect to the academic of the
students. Some of the authors conclude that poor internet connection affected the
students’ academic performance, because some of the student can’t afford to have a
stable access to internet they can’t also easily comply with their requirements. Also the
study of Abukari and Baueretal's which is modern techniques like e-learning, distance
learning, and virtual lectures etc. use internet resources as a source of information and
means of communication. In this study aims to analyze the impact of internet use in the
academic performance of the student. To prove more, their study tells that the slow
internet connections or limited access from homes in rural areas can contribute to
students falling behind academically. Academic performance can suffer as a result of
educational failures. The aims and result of the present study are quite similar because
they focus on the needs of the student and what are the factors that they may considered
for the students to be more knowledgeable enough when it comes to computers
software’s.

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The findings and conclusions of the study of Calina, R., Abukari, A. and Tambari
conclude that students’ knowledge in computer software was helpful, also the growing
use of the internet and related technologies has resulted in a flood of chances for
enhancing knowledge acquisition methods and processes. Based on the information
acquired, the researchers recommend that students of today's age learn basic computer
skills so that they may surf or read the information they want. With the rapid
developments in technology, both students and instructors should get computer literacy
training and seminars. Also Orungbemi and laguador reveal the findings that suggesting
that the higher the ability of a student using e-mail, graphical interfaces such as Netscape,
word process document, analyze data, browse Internet and install software, the higher the
student’s knowledge and higher achieving their good academic performance. It was the
same to the present study because they valued the importance of being knowledgeable
enough when using computers.
In general, the preceding studies are relevant with the present study. Most of the
former studies focused on the process, familiarity, adaptation and application of using
computer. Some of the findings and other concepts are much related, even they are in
different places. The aims of the study of the other authors are proven based on the
outcome and it was related to the present study. Also those factors that affecting the
student, some advantages and dis advantages of using computer. Furthermore, the present

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study was about to know computer literacy affect the academic performance of BS
management accounting students. Nevertheless, these different studies serve as guide by
the researchers for better understanding of the present study
Chapter III
RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES
This chapter discusses the research design used, respondents of the study,
sampling design, measurement and instrumentation, research procedures, and data
analysis that supported the systematic and theoretical analysis of the methods in this
study.
Research Design
The main purposed of this study was to identify the effects of computer literacy
on the academic performance of BS Management Accounting student in Batangas State
University TNEU JPLPC-Malvar and was selected according to their availability. To
attain the objective of the study, the researchers adapted the descriptive and quantitative
method of research as a data gathering tool with the researchers-made questionnaire as
the primary data gathering instrument to determine the effects of computer literacy on the
academic performance of BS management accounting student.

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This research study used descriptive research design to describe, record, analyze
and interpret the process of phenomena. A descriptive research design can use one or
more variables using a range of research methods. It aims to describe a population,
situation, or phenomenon and answers the questions of what, where, when, and how, but
not why questions systematically and accurately. The researchers are not allowed to
control or manipulate any of the variables but only observe and measures them
(McCombes 2020). The quantitative research approach was concerned with quantifying
and assessing variables in order to have a truthful outcome. It's also a way of obtaining
data in numerical form and using it to describe a phenomena or an issue (Apuke, 2017).
Respondents of the study
The respondents of the study were the 164 Management Accounting students of
Batangas State University TNEU JPLPC-Malvar Campus. The researchers gave a letter
for the list to the College of Accountancy, Business, Economics, and International
Hospitality Management. They were the ones who were suitable and knowledgeable to
answer the questionnaire as it focused on the effects of computer literacy on the academic
performance of the BS Management Accounting students. The data from the list provided
the necessary information about the respondents who were appropriate to answer the
questionnaires focused on the effects of computer literacy. In order to get the 164

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Management Accounting students that needed for the research, the researcher utilized the
size to obtain that number.
The BS Management Accounting students answered the survey questionnaire to
guarantee if the information was acceptable. The profile of the BS Management
Accounting students (name, age, gender, general weighted average and year level) was
included in the questionnaire to determine the effects of computer literacy to the
academic performance of the BS Management Accounting students.
Sampling Design
To determine the most suitable number of respondents which would provide
accurate data for research, the researchers are not using sampling/technique instead the
researcher used the total population. As cited by Glen (2018), total population sampling
is a type of purposive sampling where the whole population of interest is studied. It was
used in the study because the researchers wanted to have the most practical way when
gathering the respondents with a total of 164 respondents of third year and fourth year
students in BS Management Accounting and to obtain a representative sample of the
greater population.
Data Gathering Instrument
The researchers constructed a self-made questionnaire with the use of Google

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Form. The questions were based on the gathered data and sources related and significant
to the study. The questionnaires were formulated with the help of the validation of
research instructors, adviser and panels. The researcher-made questionnaire was divided
into parts. The first part of the questionnaires included the section of respondent’s profile
such as as name, age, gender, general weighted average and year level. And another
section that aimed to identify the assessments of the effects of computer literacy on the
academic performance of the BS Management Accounting students of Batangas State
University TNEU-JPLPC Malvar Campus. The questionnaire was subjected to reliability
testing that conduct in Batangas State University Lipa Campus.
The respondents were asked to answer the questionnaire by rating each item on the
questionnaire provided using four-point likert scale that starts from its numerical rating
value where one (1) was the lowest and four (4) as the highest. The close-ended type of
self-constructed questionnaire were answered based on a four-point option scale in
assessing the effects of computer literacy to the academic performance of the third year
and fourth year BS Management Accounting students of Batangas State University
TNEU - JPLPC Malvar campus.
Response Mode Verbal Interpretation
4 Strongly Agree (SA)

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3 Agree (A)
2 Moderately Agree (M)
1 Disagree (D)
To interpret the weighted mean and composite mean of the assessment on the effects
of computer literacy in the academic performance of the BS Management Accounting
student, the following numerical values and their corresponding verbal interpretation
were used.
3.50 – 4.00 Highly Effect
2.50 – 3.49 Moderately Effect
1.50 – 2.49 Somehow Effect
1.00 – 1.49 No Effect

Moreover, with the used of Crobach’s Alpha to assess the researchers-made
questionnaire, the result was interpreted using the reliability value with the corresponding
verbal interpretation. The result of the reliability test presented a Cronbach’s Alpha

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of .929. The questionnaire was found with excellent reliability.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers proposed three different topics and chose which topic suited to be
study. Starting from collecting information and approval of everything that needed to be
approved, the researchers drafted the manuscripts, conducting the study required a lot of
information to support and further understand the present study. The researchers sought
information from different and various books, journals and internet sites to collect
information and supporting details that needed for the study. The data would critically
evaluate to unveil its relevance in the study. The researchers would construct self-made
questionnaires based on the gathered information from different sources. After the
construction of the questionnaire, it was presented to the adviser for corrections and
suggestions. The researchers-made questionnaire was also presented to the panel
members and chairperson for additional information and revision. After the validation of
the questionnaire, the researchers were advised to do a reliability test since the
questionnaire was not standardized. The researchers went to Batangas State University
Lipa Campus to give a request letter for doing the reliability test to the dean of CABE.
Afterwards the researchers started to conduct the survey by sending a link of the
questionnaire to JPAMA president and disseminate it to ten third year students and ten
fourth year students of BS Management Accounting of Batangas State University TNEU

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Lipa Campus. The questionnaire for the survey was in the Google Forms because it was
the most practical way to conduct a survey due to the pandemic. Following the
distribution of the questionnaire, the collected data was tallied, checked, and analyzed. It
was scored, analyzed, and interpreted in order to determine its acceptability. The
reliability test had a result of .929, the questionnaire found with excellent reliability. The
dissemination of pre-survey was started on August 31, 2022 and was completely
retrieved on August 31, 2022.
After the validation and test of reliability, the researchers proceeded to the actual
survey. The researchers also looked for the president of third year and fourth year of BS
Management Accounting students. After identifying the total respondents of the third
year and fourth year of BS Management Accounting students, the researchers emailed
and sent a private message to the respondents through messenger for the dissemination of
the questionnaire. The researchers used a google form to guide the third year and fourth
year of BS Management Accounting students to gain a better understanding of the
questions that being asked. The dissemination of the actual survey was started on
September 2, 2022 and was completely retrieved on September 6, 2022. After retrieving
the questionnaire from the respondents, the researchers tabulated their responses and used
appropriate statistical tools with the help of a statistician to properly present, analyze, and
interpret the data.

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Statistical Treatment of Data
The following statistical tools were used in the analysis, interpretation, and
presentation of the data gathered for further understanding of the research.
Frequency and Percentage. It was used to further understand the gathered data
from the respondent’s profile in terms of age, gender, general weighted average and year
level.
Weighted Mean and Composite Mean. It was used to assess the effects of
computer literacy on the academic performance in terms of ICT skills, access to
information and information processing.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). It was used to determine whether there are any
statistically significant effects between the profile of the BS Management Accounting
student's and the academic performance of the BS Management Accounting student.
Chapter IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
The data collected through the research instruments were presented and discussed
comprehensively in this chapter. The inputs containing profile of the respondents,
assessment of the respondents based on the effects of computer literacy on the academic
performance in terms of Information’s Communication Technology or ICT skills, access

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to information and information processing and the significant difference on the academic
performance of the BS Management Accounting students are presented.
1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents.
The tables present the distribution of respondents in terms of age, gender, general
weighted average and year level. The results were interpreted based on their frequency
and percentage.
1.1. Age.
Table 4.1.1 shows the distribution of the BS Management Accounting students in
terms of their age. The demographic profile of the BS Management Accounting students
in terms of their age was determined and interpreted using frequency and percentage.
Table 4.1.1
Distribution of Respondents in terms of Age
Age Frequency Percentage
20 64 39
21 71 43
22 27 17
23 2 1
Total 164 100

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As the result of table 4.1.1, most of the respondents belonged to the age of 21
have the highest frequency of 71 with 43 percent. It was followed by the age of 20 years
old with the frequency of 64 and 39 percent while the age group of 22 years old presents
a frequency of 27 and 17 percent. Lastly, 23 years old comprises 2 BS Management
Account students or 1 percent.
Based on the result, the respondents that are the management accounting students
was mostly in the age of 21. The data show that those third year and fourth year students
of Management Accounting who enrolled to higher education was mostly in the age of
21. The age of respondents shown that the primary age of college students is between 18-
19 years old. This happens because of the new curriculum the age is increasing by two
years upon entering the tertiary level of education.
According to the Philippines Educational System, three government organizations
are in charge of education in the Philippines. These include the Department of Education,
Culture, and Sports (DECS), the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), and the
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). Higher education in
the Philippines is largely dominated by the commercial sector. In 1985, private colleges
served almost 80 Percent of students enrolled in higher education. From the ages of 13 to
16, secondary education is imparted for 4 years. Most bachelor's degrees take four years
to complete, and most of the students are between the ages of 17 and 20.

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According to the data above which was the Educational System, the Kto12
program was implemented during that time. The age that was about the bachelor’s degree
was in the age of 17 to 20. According to Trance, N.J. and Trance, L.A.M. (2019), after
the Kindergarten Act and the Enhanced Basic Education Act were passed in the same
year [1] - [3], the K-12 curriculum was first introduced in the Philippines in 2012. K-12,
according to the Department of Education (DepEd), "is the most comprehensive basic
education reform initiative ever done in the country since the establishment of a public
education system." However, the implementation of the new curriculum has raised
several challenges that are rooted in an understanding of the nature of the new
curriculum, the additional costs to every family, and the readiness of facilities,
infrastructures, instructional materials, and teaching personnel Such issues were
unavoidable, and in order to reduce curriculum, the government needs to look at the
implementation of K–12 up to the classroom level.
It shows that the new curriculum existed during 2012, and the age was increased
by 2 years. Therefore, the age of students who were enrolled in bachelor’s degree are in
the age of 19 and above, because of the new curriculum.
1.2. Gender.
terms of their gender. The demographic profile of the BS Management Accounting

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students in terms of their gender was determined and interpreted using frequency and
percentage.
Table 4.1.2
Distribution of Respondents in terms of Gender
Gender Frequency Percentage
Feminine 133 81
Masculine 25 15
LGBTQIA+ 6 4
Total 164 100
As the result stated in table 4.1.2, management accounting students were feminine
with the highest frequency of 133 and a percent of 81. It was followed by masculine with
the percentage of 15 and a frequency of 25. The LGBTQIA+ got the percentage of 4 and
a frequency of 6.
Based on the result, that majority of the students were feminine. The 81 percent
gives the result of 133 feminine over 164 students. This school year shows that most of
the feminine students are enrolled in the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Management
Accounting. Seemingly, feminine students are more prepared to work in the office unlike
the other who prepare to work outside or in the other field.
According to Philippine Statistic Authority, in the 2013 Census of Population and
Housing (2010 CPH), the highest educational attainment was asked for persons aged 5
years old and over. The household population in this age bracket was recorded at 81.9

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million, comprising 88.9 percent of the total household population in the country. The
data shows, that the most popular academic field for males was Engineering and
Engineering Trades, with graduates of this program comprising 25.9 percent of the total
male college graduates. while most common field for females was Business and
Administration with 31.3 percent of the total female college graduates having a degree on
this field.
1.3. General Weighted Average.
terms of their general weighted average. The demographic profile of the BS Management
Accounting students in terms of their general weighted average is determined and
interpreted using frequency and percentage.
Table 4.1.3
Distribution of Respondents in terms of General Weighted Average
General Weighted Average Frequency Percentage
1.0 – 1.24 (Excellent) 1 1
1.25 – 1.49 (Superior) 60 37
1.50-1.74 (Very Good) 52 32
1.75-1.99 (Good) 37 23
2.00-2.24 (Meritorious) 5 3
2.25-2.49 (Very Satisfactory) 5 3
2.50-2.74 (Satisfactory) 4 2
Total 164 100
As shown in table 4.1.3, the highest frequency in terms of respondent’s general
weighted average was 60 with the percentage of 37, from the general average of 1.25-

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1.49. Followed by 1.50-1.74 with a frequency of 52 and 32 percent and followed by 1.75
- 1.99 with a 37 or 23 percent. Both 2.00- 2.24 and 2.25 - 2.49 got the same frequency
with of 5 or 3 percent. However, 2 percent of the respondents got the 2.50 - 2.74 general
weighted average and was followed by the single respondents constituting 1 percent.
The result implied that most of the respondents got the weighted average of 1.25-
1.49. This showed in the respondent’s data that during the online learning some of the
students were well equipped in terms of having resources like phones, laptops, internet
etc. Many students did not regularly use computers as part of their schoolwork until the
outbreak forced schools to close. Students who had two or more computers at home
outperformed their colleagues who had fewer computers at home in terms of
computational thinking and computer and information literacy. Some of the student can
easily understand the lecture even if it’s online because of their resources, while the other
was getting a hard time because of their limited data or resources. That was one of the
reason why the students are getting a general weighted average of 1.25 to 1.49, because
they easily adopt the online based learning during the pandemic.
The study by Valli Jayanthi (2014) cited that over the years, researchers have tried
to identify the variables that contribute to academic excellence in an attempt to
understand which factors lead to better students' performance Since there was a need to
extend innovations in education Admiraal (2017), identified a need to investigate how

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students' relationships with computers impact their academic performance to understand
the real impact of computers on schooling.
1.4. Year Level.
terms of their year level. The demographic profile of the BS Management Accounting
students in terms of their year level was determined and interpreted using frequency and
percentage.
Table 4.1.4
Distribution of Respondents in terms of Year Level
Year Level Frequency Percentage

3rd Year 80 49
4th Year 84 51
Total 164 100
Based on the result above, majority of the respondents belonged to the 4th year
management accounting students with a percentage of 51 and a frequency of 84. The
third year management accounting students got the percentage of 49 with the frequency
of 80.
The results showed that 4th year Management Accounting students outnumber 3rd
year Management Accounting students. It happened because the population of the

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respondents indicated that 4th year Management Accounting students had a higher
number of enrollees than the 3rd year Management Accounting students.
According to Mapcon (2022) in college, many students acquire basic computer
skills that equip them with the knowledge to operate a computer, such as sending emails,
conducting Internet research, creating word processing documents and creating
presentations. The days of textbook only research and handwritten submissions are over.
With the advent of web-enhanced courses, student must possess basic computer skills in
order to execute commands in basic computer applications. Exercising and advancing
computer literacy skills can also lead to greater opportunities. College students would
need to hone their research skills, regardless of if they use a computer, textbook, or other
publication to complete their papers, assignments, and presentations. Computers offer a
vast array of information, making it an indispensable resource for completing
assignments.
2. Assessment of the BS Management Accounting students on the effects of
computer literacy to the academic performance.
The tables below present the assessment of BS Management Accounting students
on the effects of computer literacy on the academic performance of the BS Management
Accounting in terms of ICT skills, access to information and information processing. The
results were interpreted using weighed mean and composite mean.

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2.1 Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Skills.
The table below presents the assessment of the BS Management Accounting
students on the effects of computer literacy on the academic performance of the BS
Management Accounting students in terms of Information and Communications
Technology (ICT) Skills. The result was interpreted using weighed mean and composite
mean.
Table 4.2.1
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Skills
Item Statement
As a student, computer literacy has an effect on Weighed Verbal Interpretation
my academic performance because… Mean
1. I know the basic skills in ICT. 3.26 Moderately Effect
2. Accounting Information System subject 3.32
Moderately Effect
helps me to improved my ICT skills.
3. ICT accelerate my learning process by 3.28
Moderately Effect
facilitating the acquisition of basic skills
4. My ICT skills provide the knowledge in
analyzing technical problems and identifying
3.26 Moderately Effect
computer programs to solve problems with
appropriate solutions.
5. I used ICT to effectively way of having a 3.34
Moderately Effect
needed information
6. I discover ICT has a wide range connection 3.44
Moderately Effect
in any computer related study.
7. My ICT skills enhance me to be more 3.34
Moderately Effect
familiarize in emerging technology.
8. My ICT skills help me to have more access 3.37 Moderately Effect

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in various online flat forms.

Composite Mean 3.33 Moderately Effect
Based on the result in Table 4.2.1 when assessing the effects of computer literacy
on the academic performance of BS Management Accounting students in terms of
information and technology skills, the result presented a composite mean of 3.33 and was
verbally interpreted as moderately effect.
BS Management Accounting students agreed that "ICT has a wide range
connection in any computer related study" and it was found that it has Moderately Effect,
with a weighted mean of 3.44. In most computer-related studies, students found it simple
to connect with ICT especially when the students are in their field of study or work they
will use different kind of computer software like accounting software and other
Microsoft. As ICT is used to leverage computer work, BS Management Accounting
students discovered it as a component to connect in every computer-related study. It was
discovered that ICT had a massive correlation with any computer study, and that this high
level of competency in the field of ICT was achieved.
According to Nunes, C. et al. (2022), because of the rapid advancement of
technology, schools must continually adapt and use technology as a tool for growth. It
was difficult to do some homework or activity if the students didn't have laptop or any
gadgets to explore their skills in computer. Especially in terms of making the activity and

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for certain documents that challenged them the most due to not having different gadgets,
and lack of connection.
Also, management accounting students agreed that "ICT skills help to have more
access to various online flat forms" and presented a weighted mean of 3.37, which means
it has a moderate effect. This was most likely because it helped the students access any
online resources, especially in terms of academic purposes. Students with ICT skills find
more online platforms that are easily accessible and adaptable. With their skills, online
sites, and other online habits, students tend to know how important online access is and
how it can help them succeed in their academic performance. Also, knowing that the
respondents were BS Management Accounting this helped them to be more
knowledgeable enough to perform well when it comes to computer based work place.
According to the study of Abukari (2018), the growing use of the internet and
related technologies has resulted in a flood of chances for enhancing knowledge
acquisition methods and processes. Before the internet and all of these modern and
speedy methods of learning, the instructor was the only source of knowledge aside from
books. When the student has an equipment like laptop, it proves that having access to
other online flat forms it was really helpful to them.
Meanwhile, Management Accounting students agreed that “ICT used as an
effective on having a needed information and ICT enhance to be more familiarize in

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emerging technology” and presented a weighted mean of 3.34 which means they have
moderately effect. Students who are computer literate can use the online learning tools
that are offered via the internet. Students can connect with experts online to learn more
about the subjects they are learning through a variety of channels for learning and
clearing up their doubts. It has an effect since students always used computer especially
in terms of school stuff. Commonly, the students seek information’s and studies with the
help of ICT. It basically became the most efficient way of students to deliberate their
academic purposes. And as for the familiarization, ICT keeps every student to become
aware about technologies.
According to the study and survey of Tambari and Zite (2016), the content and
structure of education must effectively integrate technology in order to adequately
prepare students to live and act in the world in which they are growing up. It can be a
source of information to students to satisfy the question that they had in their mind. This
day technology was useful to everyone when pandemic outbreak started, teacher, workers
and specially the students always use the technology to communicate and do the lecture
or activity, it enhances the knowledge of students in terms of ICT
On the other hand, " ICT skills provide the knowledge in analyzing technical
problems and identifying computer programs to solve problems with appropriate
solutions.” Has a 3.26 weighted mean recorded as the lowest among the problems of

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management accounting students in information and communications technology skills in
the academic performance of students. BS Management accounting students found it that
it was Moderately Effect. Students used their ICT skills to identify programs on solving.
ICT helps the students in solving problems especially in terms of accounting information
system subject. By using different flat forms, students can manage data and provide a
better solution. And if the others have a problem with their software, they can easily
assist the other due to their knowledge of computer software.
In the study of Laguador (2013), it was stated that academic community must
support extra-curricular activities related to computer technology that would help the
students realize the value of having high functional computer literacy without sacrificing
the health of the end-users. Using e-learning would enhance the interest of both students
from board and non-board programs to participate in the online group discussion with an
aid downloadable study material. According to the result they prove that Information
Communication Technology provides an answer, that they needed with lots of ideas and
information.
2.2 Access to Information.
students on the effects of computer literacy on the academic performance of the BS

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Management Accounting students in terms of access to information. The result was
interpreted using weighed mean and composite mean.
Table 4.2.2.
Access to Information
Item Statement
As a student, computer literacy has an effect on Weighed
my academic performance because… Mean Verbal Interpretation
1. I have the ability to save or store material
(such as texts, images, audio and films) and then 3.62 Highly Effect
access them later
2. I enables to access to online educational Highly Effect
3.59
material
3. I frequently use the internet to search for Highly Effect
3.62
information
4. I have a personal email address which I use Highly Effect
3.68
to send and received message
5. I know how to properly access information Highly Effect
3.52
on the internet
6. ICT make it easy to seek out new Highly Effect
3.57
information, knowledge, and methods
7. I have a proper internet access and network
connection
Composite Mean 3.56 Highly Effect
As revealed in Table 4.2.2, when assessing the effects of computer literacy to the
academic performance of BS Management Accounting students in terms of access to

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information, the result presented a composite mean of 3.58 which was verbally
interpreted as Highly Effect.
The BS Management Accounting students first emphasized that they encountered
access to information effects in "personal email addresses that are used to send and
receive messages" while studying in an online arrangement with the highest weighted
mean of 3.68 and agreed that it had a highly effect. This was most likely because having
a personal email address that they could use to send and receive messages would be
useful for students to easily access the information given to them. This email is not only
useful when you are a student; it is also useful when you are at work. That’s why it's
good to have knowledge of sending or receiving important mail via email. According to
Lorenzo A. (2016), nowadays, technology was widely used in our culture. It
fundamentally altered how people perceive and value things, particularly in the sectors of
education. ICT can be used for various things, including data collection, information
transfer, and research. Because when we collect data, we must ensure that it was
confidential and not posting to other flat forms. Knowing all the students of Batangas
State University TNEU –JPLPC Malvar had their own Email Address wherein, it was
intended to be used only in school purposes. By having access to information in the
school platform, they have a right time to practice and gain information.

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Furthermore, management accounting students agreed that there were effects in
information access when the "ability to save or store material (such as texts, images,
audio, and films) and then access them later and frequently use the internet to search for
information" was presented with a 3.62 weighted mean and verbally interpreted as highly
effective. This implied that the ability to save or store materials and frequently use the
internet to search for information has an effect on the academic performance of BS
Management Accounting students. The data that they stored was useful if they properly
saved it in the documents. If they work in the field, they will be used to saving a large
number of files and images to use again if necessary. According to Writer S. (2018),
many people, especially those who weren't raised in a technologically advanced
environment, struggle to comprehend the systems required for computer literacy.
Computer usage necessitates the development of numerous technical and cognitive skills,
problem-solving abilities, and the capacity to comprehend text and symbols, all of which
are not necessarily clear to persons with an intuitive understanding of how to use
computers. Computer knowledge used to be a skill set that was optional. Nowadays,
knowing how to use a computer was a necessary ability for success in school, the
workforce, and daily life. That’s why student agreed that if some students are not
knowledgeable in terms of Processing or storing data, it has an effect to their daily
Academic Performances.

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On the other hand, "proper internet access and network connection" effects with a
3.44 weighted mean were recorded as the lowest among the problems of management
accounting students in accessing information in their academic performance. Students
studying Management Accounting rated it as moderately effective. The majority of
students have access via their personal loads or personal data. For students that rely on
computers, being online may be essential. Without an internet connection, it's difficult to
accomplish many tasks, and even if you can, you might need one to transmit something
to a colleague. It's beneficial to learn how to detect problems in addition to connecting to
the internet. But still, it really affects the academic performance of the student because
their load was not enough to satisfy their needs. Most of the students were struggling with
the signal, so it really means that it is still affecting their studies. Also, they needed the
internet to access some computer software today; if they had a good connection, they
could easily access gathered information and learn.
According to Baueretal (2020), in this study in the age of online learning, one
source of concern for students living in rural and distant regions is a lack of high-speed
internet access to attend lectures. This is a systemic issue, as students who work and
reside in remote towns have insufficient internet access. Furthermore, students who could
only access the Internet at home via their cell phone struggled to use the resources
accessible on the Internet, whether owing to slow connectivity or data restrictions

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imposed by local service providers. It was a big impact to the academic performance of
the students since online class was the arrangement of the students. Even though there
was some student that has a faster internet. Still there was some student who are not
capable to access especially if they don’t have internet and computers and other tools to
gathered information.
2.3 Information Processing.
students on the effects of computer literacy to the academic performance of the BS
Management Accounting students in terms of Information Processing. The result was
interpreted using weighed mean and composite mean.
Table 4.2.3
Information Processing
Item Statement
As a student, computer literacy has an effect on Weighed
my academic performance because… Mean Verbal Interpretation
1. I should know the manipulation of digitized
information by computers and other digital 3.22 Moderately Effect
electronic equipment

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2. Accounting Information System help me to

develop their learning in computer-based test,
computer adaptive and test creation applications.
3. ICT helps me to transfer information from

one location, person, or group to another. 3.51 Highly Effect
4. ICT assists me in developing and Moderately Effect

understanding the information as well as the 3.39
information system
5. ICT helps me to categorize and puts Moderately Effect
3.46
information together
6. It gives an easy way to process the Moderately Effect
information downloaded from the internet without
3.41
prior knowledge on how to use internet
technologies
Based on the result of Table 4.2.3 when assessing the effects of computer literacy
to the academic performance of BS Management Accounting students in terms of access
to information, the result presented a composite mean of 3.38 which was verbally
interpreted as Moderately Effect.
Most of the Management Accounting students found that there was an effect on
their academic performance because "ICT helps to transfer information from one
location, person, or group to another," with the highest weighted mean of 3.51. ICT helps
and becomes one of the means for transporting information to others. It has an impact on
students' academic performance because it is used for daily transactions or information

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transfer. If they want to apply it to their future work, it was extremely beneficial because
they easily adopt changes in computer technology when transferring data to one
another. According to Mapcon (2022), in college, many students acquire basic computer
skills that equip them with the knowledge to operate a computer, such as sending emails,
This implied that transfer information from one location, person or group to another has a
great impact to the performance of the students. Because having transaction to others help
them to practice on how to transfer and store important data.
Also, management accounting students agreed that there were also effects on
information processing when "ICT categorizes and puts information together," presented
with a 3.46 weighted mean and verbally interpreted as Moderately Effect. The ICT that
categorizes and puts information together has an effect to the academic performance of
the students because it needs to categorize the information needed to process and put it
together. ICT is extremely useful in disseminating and clustering information. According
to study of Calina, R. et al. (2019), they are unable to handle their files since many of
them are unable to run fundamental programs such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft
PowerPoint. The summary based on the information acquired, the researchers
recommend that students of today's age learn basic computer skills so that they may surf

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or read the information they want. With the rapid developments in technology, both
students and instructors should get computer literacy training and seminars. It proves that
to categorizes and arranged the data or the information students must know how to do it,
especially using Microsoft and other flat forms. Because it gives an advantage, and it has
really an effect to academic performance of Management Accounting students.
On the other hand, the management accounting students also agreed that they still
encounter difficulties in their academic performance. 3.22 was the least weighted mean,
but it was found to have a moderate effect on them when they "know the manipulation of
digitized information by computers and other digital electronic equipment." This showed
that certain students were having difficulty completing their tasks due to a lack of
credible sources on computers and other digital electronic equipment. Some of them are
unfamiliar with how to use computer software like accounting software and other
Microsoft products. Due to a lack of equipment, they cannot easily cope with the new
technological advancements. In the study of Mutiarin D. and Tomaro Q. (2018), this was
why ICT education was essential in the modern age. Therefore, human performance in
organizations, like the Department of Education, depends on the knowledge, skills,
behaviors, and values that individuals bring to the workplace. These factors would also
help the company perform better and produce more work, which was why "any
expenditure on education and development was considered a long-term investment that

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the company can benefit from." It proves that if the student knows how to manipulate the
data that they gathered using digital computers, they can help their self and apply it in the
near future.
2.4 Summary Composite Mean.
The table below presents the summary assessment of the BSMA students on the
effects of computer literacy on the academic performance of the BS Management
Accounting. The result was interpreted based on the composite mean and grand
composite mean.
Table 4.2.4
Summary Composite Mean
Assessment of the BSMA on the effects of

computer literacy to the academic Verbal
performance. Composite Mean Interpretation
Information and Communications
Technology
Access to Information 3.56 Highly Effect
Information Processing 3.38 Moderately Effect
Grand Composite Mean 3.43 Moderately Effect
Table 4.2.4 shows that when assessing BS Management Accounting students on
the effects of computer literacy on the academic performance, the result presented the
composite mean of each factors. First is the ICT or Information Communication
Technology with a 3.33 composite mean. Next is the Access to Information with a

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composite mean of 3.56. Lastly, it is the Information processing with a composite mean
of 3.43. Upon computing the overall composite mean the grand composite mean of 3.43
which was verbally interpreted as Moderately Effect and this was observed. It shows that
when it comes to the BS management Accounting student it has a moderately effect on
their Academic Performance.
The researchers figured out that based on the results in academic performance, the
BS Management Accounting students found out that it was highly effect specifically
when dealing with access to information. When it comes to the Information
Communication Technology the result found out that it has a moderately effect. And
other one is the Process of information or Importation processing with a result of
moderately effect. This showed that the most factors that affecting part was the access to
information. So, there was a wide variety of software, applications, and other tools that
we can use to gain information and provide access to people who can easily "boom" in
our society. It also has a broad impact, which leads us to engage in and be more efficient
with technology. Information and Communications Technology and Information
Processing was also found effective to the academic performance of the students.
3. Significant Difference on the assessment of the BSMA Students on the academic

performance of the BS Management Accounting in computer literacy when
grouped according to profile.

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The table below presents the difference on the assessment of respondents on their
academic performance of the BS Management Accounting in computer literacy when
grouped according to their profile. The result was interpreted with significance level
at .05.
Table 4.3.1
Significant Difference on the assessment of BSMA Students on the academic
performance of the BS Management Accounting students in computer literacy
when grouped according to profile.
Profile of the F/t-value p-values Decision Interpretation

respondents
Age .600 .616 Failed to Not Significant
Reject
Gender .480 .620 Failed to Not Significant
Reject
General Weighted 1.709 .122 Failed to Not Significant
Average Reject
Year Level -1.332 .185 Failed to Not Significant
Reject
Table 4.3.1 presents the analysis of the difference on the assessment of academic
performance of Management Accounting students’ computer literacy when grouped
according to their profile.
The analysis of variance or ANOVA and T-test was used as a statistical tool in
testing the difference. For the profile of the students in terms of year level, ANOVA or
analysis of variance was used. However, a t-test was used in the profile of interns in

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terms of age, gender and general weighted average. The criterion used was the p-value
with 0.05 or 5% as alpha. If the p-value is less than 0.05 or 5%, the null hypothesis was
rejected, and there is a significant difference between the two variables. However, if the
p-value is greater than 0.05 or 5%, the null hypothesis fails to reject, and there is no
significant difference between the two variables. 0.05 or 5 % was used as the confidence
level in this study.
In terms of age, the result presented a computed F-value of .600 and p-value
of .616. Since the p-value of .616 was greater than the observed .05 significance level,
then the result was found to be not significant. This means that regardless of age, the
result rejects the null hypothesis indicating a no significant difference when grouped
according to age. Similarly, to the study of John, Jackson and Simiyu, (2015) lamented
that the chronological age of a students had a significant bearing on his/her academic
performance such that the youngest one had the potential of having higher score than
his/her older counterpart teacher made test. Abubakar and Adegboyega (2012),
established a positive correlation between age-academic achievement and gender-
academic achievement in Mathematics among students of Colleges of Education.
However, age and gender were insignificant in academic achievement of the students, but
age was reported of being the better contributor to academic achievement.

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In terms of gender, the result presented a computed F-value of .480 and p-value of
.620. Since the p-value of .620 was found greater than .05 level of significance, the result
failed to reject the null indicating a no significant difference on the assessment of
respondent when it comes to gender. Similarly, to what Aitokhuehi et al. (2014) stated
that female computer literates tend to perform better than male computer literate students.
It examines the effect of internet use on academic achievement and behavioral adjustment
among South Korean adolescents and found girls more likely to use the internet to watch
online educational classes and blog more frequently and longer than boys.
In terms of general weighted average, the result presented a computed F-value of
1.709 and p-value of .122. Since the p-value of .122 is greater than .05 significance level,
then the result was found to be not significant. Study by Valli Jayanthi (2014) cited that
over the years, researchers have tried to identify the variables that contribute to academic
excellence in an attempt to understand which factors lead to better students' performance
Since there is a need to extend innovations in education, Admiraal (2017) identified a
need to investigate how students' relationships with computers impact their academic
performance to understand the real impact of computers on schooling.
Lastly, when testing the difference in terms of year level, the result presented a
computed t-value of -1.332 and p-value of .185. Since the p-value of .185 was found

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greater than .05 level of significance, the researchers failed to reject the null indicating a
no significant difference on the assessment of BSMA students in terms of year level.
According to Mapcon, in college, many students acquire basic computer skills
that equip them with the knowledge to operate a computer, such as sending emails,
With the advent of web-enhanced courses, student must possess basic computer skills in
order to execute commands in basic computer applications. These basic computer skills
help students excel in college and eventually carry over with them into the workforce.
Exercising and advancing computer literacy skills can also lead to greater opportunities.
College students would need to hone their research skills, regardless of if they use a
computer, textbook, or other publication to complete their papers, assignments, and
presentations. Computers offer a vast array of information, making it an indispensable
resource for completing assignments. In fact, many colleges provide online databases,
such as ERIC and JSTOR, to help students conduct research at a faster rate.
4. Proposed recommendation for the BS Management Accounting student who

have been affected on computer literacy.
Based on the findings, the proposed recommendation to the BS Management
Accounting students who had been affected on being not computer literate is presented in
Table 4.4.1 together with the areas of concern wherein it tells the main factors that may

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considered. The situation of the BS Management Accounting regarding the observation
of the researchers. The objectives were presented according to the needs of the students
and the primary goals. The proposed activity that they may be considered on
implementing the recommendation. The suggested time frame that day may execute the
project and also the persons involved or the persons who may help to accomplish the
activity, seminars or workshop that was proposed, and lastly, the expected outcome that
can help every student who needs knowledge about computer or computers software.

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Table 4.4.1
Proposed Recommendation

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Chapter V
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary of the study, findings and conclusion, and
recommendation which were drawn from the findings. The findings were the results of
the analyzed and interpreted data leading to conclusions.
Summary
The main concern of this study was to determine the effects of computer literacy
on the academic performance of the BS Management Accounting students. Specifically,
it examined the profile of the management accounting students based on their age,
gender, general weighted average and year level. This study aimed to determine how the
Management Accounting students assessed the effects of computer literacy on the
academic performance of the students with regard to information and communications
technology, access to information and information processing. The study aimed to know
the significant difference on the effects of computer literacy on the academic
performance of the management accounting students when grouped according to their
profile. Lastly, the proposed recommendation to the effects of computer literacy on the
academic performance of the BS Management Accounting students was provided to
enhance the effects of computer literacy to the academic performance of the students.

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In order to analyze, interpret, and draw a more accurate conclusion from the data
collected through a researchers-made questionnaire, the study used a descriptive survey
research design. The subject of this study was 164 students of Management Accounting
students from third year and fourth year of Batangas State University TNEU-JPLPC
Malvar Campus. This study used a total population sampling to determine the
respondents of the study that was most suitable to answer the survey. The researchers
looked first for Management Accounting students who were qualified to answer the
questionnaire to test if it was acceptable enough to be answered by the actual
respondents. The data gathered based on the researchers-made questionnaire was divided
into parts, the profile of the respondents and their assessment on the effects of computer
literacy on to the academic performance of the management accounting students. This
study used a scale for each statement on the assessment to determine the result. The
answer of the Management Accounting students was tallied and tabulated through the use
of statistical tools such as frequency and percentage, weighted mean, and T-test/ANOVA
with the help of the statistician.
Findings
After the data were gathered, analyzed, tabulated, and statistically treated, the
study disclosed the following findings.
1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents

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The Management Accounting students belonged to the age of 21 years old having
the highest frequency of 71 or a total percentage of 43. In terms of gender, majority of the
population were feminine with a total of 133 or 81.1 percent. With respect to the general
weighted average of the management accounting students, most of them were got a 1.25
to 1.49 with a frequency of 60 or a total percentage of 37. And with regard to the terms of
year level, those Management Accounting students who managed to take their bachelor’s
degree had the largest frequency with a total of 84 respondents or 51.2 percent.
2. Assessment of the BS Management Accounting students on the effects of
computer literacy on the academic performance.
The factors considered in assessing the effects of computer literacy to the
academic performance of the students were information and communications technology,
access to information and information processing. In the assessment of information and
communications technology, with a composite mean of 3.33, information and
communications technology was assessed as Moderately Effect, including discover that
ICT has a wide range connection in any computer related study as an effective because
ICT skills was required to know nowadays since students was studying at home and they
need a computer or any gadget to do their homework or activities that required them to
use a computer software. As to access to information, the computed composite mean of
3.58 as Highly Effect on the academic performance of the students most likely for having

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a personal email that would receive and send message because there was commonly a
conflict on transferring some information. And the assessment on information processing
was computed with an average of 3.38 composite mean and interpreted as a Moderately
Effect in computer literacy on the academic performance when transferring of
information from one place, person or group to another. It resulted to some problems
regarding access to information because commonly, management accounting students are
a result of the quick transition of resources through the technology.
3. Significant Difference on the assessment of the BSMA Students on the academic
performance of the BS Management Accounting in computer literacy when
grouped according to profile.
The study revealed that there was no significant different between the BS
Management Accounting students’ profile when grouped according to their profile. It was
observed that age had a p-value of .616, gender had .480, general weighted average
had .122 and year level had .185, since the p-value was lower than .05 level of
significance; therefore, the null hypothesis was accepted.
4. Proposed recommendation for the BS Management Accounting student who
have been affected on computer literacy.
After the result of the study had been gathered, analyzed and interpreted, the
proposed recommendation to the BS management accounting student who has been

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affected by being not computer literate. The proposed recommendation was to conduct
seminars, training and workshops that would help the BS Management Accounting
student to conquer the challenges encountered on applying Accounting to computer-
based operations. Also, to overcome those effects of computer literacy on the Academic
performance of BS Management Accounting students. The researchers suggested them to
attend to the seminars, workshops or other activity that enhance them, because it would
foster knowledge and skills in terms of ICT skills, Access to information and
Information processing. As well as using Accounting Information System that really
helpful to every BS Management Accounting student. Especially when they are in the
field, like for example is there upcoming On the Job Training, literally speaking most of
the fourth year BS Management Accounting Student are currently taking up their training
in different company. Because of their respective program, they may use different
software because Accounting from now on was computer based. So, the students must be
more knowledgeable enough for them to perform well to the respective companies for
them to achieve good grades and have a certificate.
Conclusions
On the basis of the above-mentioned summary and findings, the researchers
concluded the following:

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1. The majority of BS Management Accounting students belonged to the 21 years
old, feminine, with the general average of 1.25-1.49 and both in the third year and fourth
year college.
2. The effects of computer literacy on the academic performance of the BS
Management Accounting students in terms of ICT skills, Access to information and
Information processing were moderately effect to moderate extent.
3. BS Management Accounting students’ profile such as age, gender, general
weighted average and year level has no significant difference and the null hypothesis was
accepted.
4. Proposed recommendation on the effectiveness of computer literacy in the
academic performance of BS Management Accounting students was presented.
Recommendations
In the light of foregoing findings and conclusions, the following
recommendations are offered.
1. To BS Management Accounting students, they may attend to seminars, workshop,
training and other activity that would enhance their knowledge in terms of using
computer software. Also, the researchers suggested that after college they may attend
to the TESDA or other Institution that provides knowledge for the students, because
they would have learned and gain certificates about the Computer literacy. This

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research was useful reference that would provide ideas on how computer literacy can
affect the student academic performance, which can guide them to the better
understanding. Moreover, this study would let them know how computer literacy was
essential in their respective course.
2. To Educational Institution, they can create strategy on how to execute the seminars,
workshop, training and other activity that help the student providing knowledge and
understanding on computer that can improve the academic performance. This would
also serve as additional reference that presented to their library and guide the school
administration to have an idea or suggestion that they can implement in the school.
3. To the Faculty, they may use this study to evaluate the level of awareness of the BS
Management Accounting student in terms of ICT Skill, access to information and
information processing. Also, in order for the Instructor to be aware of what the
students need to learn.
4. To the Researchers, they could use the findings of this study to improve their ICT Skill to
help themselves to cope up with the new technological advancement. Also, they
would manage on how they can have access to information that they may use. And
also by understanding the flow of information processing, through combining
Accounting and computer-based operations was really essentials for this generation.

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5. To the Future Researchers, they may use this study as a guide and formulate another
similar study especially if it was related to effects of computer literacy on the
academic performance of the BS Management Accounting Students. This study could
also be their basis on having a framework or theory. Also, the findings of this
research would beneficial to their study in the future. They may also try to make a
study on what are the BS Management Accounting students result in GWA if the
recommendation was implemented.
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2022, from https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1199/Philippines-
EDUCATIONAL-SYSTEM-AN-OVERVIEW.html
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. Philippine Statistic Authority (2013). The
Educational Attainment of the Household Population (Results from the 2010
Census). Retrieved October 6, 2022 from
https://psa.gov.ph/press-releases/id/41292
D. Electronic Sources

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MAPCON, (2022). Necessary Computer Skills for College Students. Retrieved May 5,
2022, from https://www.mapcon.com/us-en/necessary-computer-skills-for-
college-students
McCombes, S. (2020). Descriptive Research. Retrieved May 16, 2022 from
https://www.scribbr.com/author/shona/page/3/#:~:text=Descriptive
%20research,questions%2C%20but%20not%20why%20questions.
Nunes, C. et al. (2022). Influence of computers in students' academic achievement.
Retrieved June 21, 2022, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35299603/
Stephanie Glen. (2018). “Total Population Sampling" From StatisticsHowTo.com:
Elementary Statistics for the rest of us! Retrieved May 15, 2022, from
https://www.statisticshowto.com/total-population-sampling/
Vladimir Slamecka. (2018). Information processing. Retrieved May 15, 2022, from
https://www.britannica.com/technology/information-processing
Gabejan and Takenaka. (2021). Students’ Computer Literacy and Academic
Performance. Retrieved May 11, 2022, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352978898_Students'_Computer_Litera
cy_and_Academic_Performance

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A
(Questionnaire)

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Effects of Computer Literacy to the Academic Performance of the BS Management

Accounting Students
QUESTIONNAIRE
Direction: Please answer the questionnaire honestly by checking the appropriate boxes
or by filling in the blanks. Your response will be treated with utmost concern and
confidentiality.
I. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS

Direction: Please answer the questionnaire honestly by checking the appropriate
boxes or by filling in the blanks. Your response will be treated with utmost concern
and confidentiality.
Name: (Optional)
Age: Please Specify _______
Gender:
o Feminine
o Masculine
o LGBTQIA+
General Weighted Average
o 1.0 – 1.24
o 1.25 – 1.49
o 1.50 – 1.74
o 1.75 – 1.99
o 2.0 – 2.24
o 2.25 – 2.49
o 2.50 – 2.74
o 2.75 – 2.99
o lower than 3.0
Year Level
o 3rd year

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o 4th year
II. ASSESSMENT OF THE RESPONDENTS
Direction: Please answer the questionnaire honestly by checking the appropriate boxes
or by filling in the blanks. Your response will be treated with utmost concern and
confidentiality. (Doyle, 2020) (Doyle, 2020) (Doyle, 2020)

4 Strongly Agree (SA)
3 Agree (A)
2 Moderately Agree (M)
1 Disagree (D)
2.1. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Skills - refer to one’s
ability to converse with people through various technologies (Doyle, 2020). In this
study the abilities that aid in the understanding and operation of a wide range of
technology software of the students.
Item Statement 3 2 1
As a student, computer literacy has an effect on my 4
academic performance because… (SA) (A) (MA) (D)
1. I know the basic skills in ICT.
2. Accounting Information System subject helps me

to improved my ICT skills.
3. ICT accelerate my learning process by facilitating

the acquisition of basic skills
4. My ICT skills provide the knowledge in analyzing

technical problems and identifying computer
programs to solve problems with appropriate
solutions.

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5. I used ICT to effectively way of having a needed

information
6. I discover ICT has a wide range connection in any

computer related study.
7. My ICT skills enhance me to be more familiarize

in emerging technology.
8. My ICT skills help me to have more access in

various online flatforms.
2.2. Access to information - is another well-established contemporary requirement.

The conditions of database use and organizational access impose artificial boundaries
around information (Sukovic, 2017). In this study, students should have the
opportunity to learn the skills required to find and use information.
1. I have the ability to save or store material (such as
texts, images, audio and films) and then access
them later
2. I enables to access to online educational material
3. I frequently use the internet to search for

information
4. I have a personal email address which I use to

send and received message
5. I know how to properly access information in the

internet
6. ICT make it easy to seek out new information,

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knowledge, and methods
7. I have a proper internet access and network

connection
2.3. Information Processing - the acquisition, recording, organization, retrieval,

display, and dissemination of information. (Slamecka, 2018). In this study, the
students had frequently applied information processing to computer-based operations.
1. I should know the manipulation of digitized
information by computers and other digital
2. Accounting Information System help me to

develop learnings in computer based test,
3. ICT helps me to transfer information from one

location, person, or group to another.
4. ICT assists me in developing and understanding

the information as well as the Information
System
5. ICT helps me to categorize and puts information

together
6. It gives an easy way to process the information

downloaded from the internet without prior
knowledge on how to use internet technologies

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Noted by: Checked and Verified by:
(sgd) Dr. SHARON G. ANGULO (sgd) Dr. DENNIS B.

LEGASPI
Thesis Adviser Chairperson

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APPENDIX B
(Validations)
DR. DENNIS B. LEGASPI

Chairperson
Sir:
Greetings of Peace!
We, the fourth year (4th year) students of Bachelor of Science in Management
Accounting of Batangas State University TNEU-JPLPC Malvar Campus, are presently
conducting a research study entitled “Effects of Computer Literacy in The Academic
Performance of the BS Management Accounting Students”. This is partial
requirements to finish our course.

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In connection to this, may we request you to check and validate our questionnaire
before we administer it to our respondents.
We hope that you will share your expertise to us by checking our instrument.
Thank you and God bless.

Respectfully yours,
Amigo, Melissa P.
Mendoza, Trishia C.
Resorez, Lyca D.
Researchers
Noted by: Approved by:
(sgd) Dr. SHARON G. ANGULO (sgd) Dr. DENNIS B. LEGASPI

Thesis Adviser Chairperson
MR. CHRISTOPER VINCENT A. ARELLANO, MBE
Panel Member
Sir:
Greetings of Peace!
We, the fourth year (4th year) students of Bachelor of Science in Management
Accounting of Batangas State University JPLPC-JPLPC Malvar Campus, are presently
conducting a research study entitled “Effects of Computer Literacy in The Academic

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Performance of the BS Management Accounting Students”. This is partial

requirements to finish our course.
In connection to this, may we request you to check and validate our questionnaire
before we administer it to our respondents.
We hope that you will share your expertise to us by checking our instrument.
Thank you and God bless.

Respectfully yours,
Amigo, Melissa P.
Mendoza, Trishia C.
Resorez, Lyca D.
Researchers
Noted by: Approved by:
(sgd) DR. SHARON G. ANGULO (sgd) MR. CHRISTOPER VINCENT A. ARELLANO, MMPA
Thesis Adviser Panel Member

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APPENDIX C
(Results)
Part 1. Demographic Profile

What is the demographic profile of the BS Management Accounting students in terms
of:

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1.1 Age Frequency Percentage

20 64 39
21 71 43
22 27 17
23 1.1 Age
2 1
Total 164 100
23
22
21
1.2 Gender Frequency Percentage
20 Feminine 133 81.1
0 Masculine
10 20 30 4025 50 60 15.270 80
LGBTQIA+ Percentage 6Frequency 3.7

Total 164 100.0
1.2 Gender
LGBTQIA+
Masculine
Feminine
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Percentage Frequency
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1.3 General Weighted

Frequency Percentage
Average
1.0 – 1.24 (Excellent) 1 1
1.25 – 1.49 (Superior) 60 37
1.50-1.74 (Very Good) 52 32
1.75-1.99 (Good) 37 23
2.00-2.24 (Meritorious) 5 3
2.25-2.49 (Very Satisfactory) 5 3
2.50-2.74 (Satisfactory) 4 2
Total 164 100
1.4 Year Level Frequency Percentage
3rd Year 80 48.8

4th Year 84 51.2
Total 164 100.0
1.3 General Weighted Average
2.50-2.74 (Satisfactory)
2.25-2.49 (Very Satisfactory)
2.00-2.24 (Meritorious)
1.75-1.99 (Good)
1.50-1.74 (Very Good)
1.25 – 1.49 (Superior)
1.0 – 1.24Leading
(Excellent)Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Percentage Frequency
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Chart Title
4th Year
3rd Year
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Percenatge Frequency
Part 2 Assessment of the Respondents

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How do the BS Management Accounting students assess on effects of computer
literacy to the academic performance in terms of:
2.1 Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Skills
Item Statement
As a student, computer literacy has an effect on Weighed Verbal Interpretation
my academic performance because… Mean
1. I know the basic skills in ICT. 3.26 Moderately Effect
2. Accounting Information System subject 3.32 Moderately Effect
helps me to improved my ICT skills.
3. ICT accelerate my learning process by 3.28 Moderately Effect
facilitating the acquisition of basic skills
4. My ICT skills provide the knowledge in 3.26 Moderately Effect
analyzing technical problems and identifying
computer programs to solve problems with
appropriate solutions.
5. I used ICT to effectively way of having a 3.34 Moderately Effect
needed information
6. I discover ICT has a wide range 3.44 Moderately Effect
connection in any computer related study.
7. My ICT skills enhance me to be more 3.34 Moderately Effect
familiarize in emerging technology.
8. My ICT skills help me to have more 3.37 Moderately Effect
access in various online flatforms.
2.2 Access to Information

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Item Statement
As a student, computer literacy has an effect on
Weighed Verbal
my academic performance because…
Mean Interpretation
1. I have the ability to save or store material 3.62 Highly Effect

(such as texts, images, audio and films) and
then access them later
2. I enables to access to online educational 3.59 Highly Effect
material
3. I frequently use the internet to search for 3.62 Highly Effect
information
4. I have a personal email address which I 3.68 Highly Effect

use to send and received message
5. I know how to properly access information 3.52 Highly Effect

in the internet
6. ICT make it easy to seek out new 3.57 Highly Effect
information, knowledge, and methods
7. I have a proper internet access and 3.44 Moderately Effect

network connection
Composite Mean 3.58 Highly Effect

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2.3 Information Processing
Item Statement
As a student, computer literacy has an effect on
Weighed Verbal
my academic performance because…
Mean Interpretation
1. I should know the manipulation of digitized Moderately Effect

information by computers and other digital 3.22
2. Accounting Information System help me to 3.32 Moderately Effect

develop their learnings in computer-based test,
3. ICT helps me to transfer information from 3.51 Highly Effect

one location, person, or group to another.
4. ICT assists me in developing and 3.39 Moderately Effect

understanding the information as well as the
information system
5. ICT helps me to categorize and puts 3.46 Moderately Effect

information together
6. It gives an easy way to process the 3.41 Moderately Effect

information downloaded from the internet without
prior knowledge on how to use internet
technologies

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Summary assessment of the BSMA students on the effects of computer literacy in
the academic performance of the BS Management Accounting.
Assessment of the BSMA on the effects

of computer literacy to the academic Verbal
performance. Composite Mean Interpretation
Information and Communications

Technology
Access to Information 3.56 Highly Effect
Information Processing 3.38 Moderately Effect
Grand Composite Mean 3.43 Moderately Effect
Is there a significant difference to the Academic Performance of BS Management
Accounting Student in Computer Literacy when grouped according to their profile?
Profile of the f/t-value p-values Decision Interpretation

respondents
Age .600 .616 Failed to Not Significant
Reject
Gender .480 .620 Failed to Not Significant
Reject
General Weighted Failed to
1.709 .122 Not Significant
Average Reject
Year Level -1.332 .185 Failed to Not Significant
Reject

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APPENDIX D
(Certificates)

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CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that the undergraduate thesis entitled “Effects of Computer

Literacy in the Academic Performance of the BS Management Accounting
Students” by Amigo, Melissa P., Mendoza, Trishia C., Resorez, Lyca D. has been edited
and grammatically corrected by the undersigned.
Dr. RONEL SAPUNGAN

Editor / Grammarian

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CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that the undergraduate thesis entitled “Effects of Computer

Literacy in the Academic Performance of the BS Management Accounting
Students” by Amigo, Melissa P., Mendoza, Trishia C., Resorez, Lyca D. has been
checked and computed by the undersigned.
WILBERT D. LUMBERA, MBA

Statistician

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APPENDIX E
(Results of Statistics)

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RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=VAR00001 VAR00002 VAR00003 VAR00004 VAR00005 VAR00006
VAR00007 VAR00008 VAR00009 VAR00010 VAR00011 VAR00012 VAR00013 VAR00014
VAR00015 VAR00016 VAR00017 VAR00018 VAR00019 VAR00020 VAR00021
/SCALE('ALL VARIABLES') ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.
Reliability

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[DataSet0]
Scale: ALL VARIABLES

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Case Processing Summary
N %
Cases Valid 20 100.0
Excluded a
0 .0
Total 20 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.929 21
Note: The result of the reliability test presented a Cronbach’s Alpha of .929. The
questionnaire was found with excellent reliability.

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FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=a g gwa yl

/ORDER=ANALYSIS.
Frequencies
Notes
Output Created 08-Sep-2022 23:08:00

Comments
Input Data C:\Users\Asus\Documents\trishia data
MA.sav
Active Dataset DataSet0
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data File 164
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing values are treated as
missing.
Cases Used Statistics are based on all cases with valid
data.
Syntax FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=a g gwa yl
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.000
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.002

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[DataSet0] C:\Users\Asus\Documents\trishia data MA.sav
Statistics
General Weighted
Age Gender Average Year Level
N Valid 164 164 164 164
Missing 0 0 0 0
Frequency Table
Age
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid 20 64 39.0 39.0 39.0
21 71 43.3 43.3 82.3
22 27 16.5 16.5 98.8
23 2 1.2 1.2 100.0
Total 164 100.0 100.0
Gender
Valid Feminine 133 81.1 81.1 81.1
Masculine 25 15.2 15.2 96.3
LGBTQIA+ 6 3.7 3.7 100.0
Total 164 100.0 100.0

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General Weighted Average
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid 1.0 – 1.24 (Excellent) 1 .6 .6 .6
1.25 – 1.49 (Superior) 60 36.6 36.6 37.2
1.50-1.74 (Very Good) 52 31.7 31.7 68.9
1.75-1.99 (Good) 37 22.6 22.6 91.5
2.00-2.24 (Meritorious) 5 3.0 3.0 94.5
2.25-2.49 (Very Satisfactory) 5 3.0 3.0 97.6
2.50-2.74 (Satisfactory) 4 2.4 2.4 100.0
Total 164 100.0 100.0
Year Level
Valid 3rd Year 80 48.8 48.8 48.8
4th Year 84 51.2 51.2 100.0

Total 164 100.0 100.0

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DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=ict1 ict2 ict3 ict4 ict5 ict6 ict7 ict8 wmict
/STATISTICS=MEAN.
Descriptives
Notes

Comments
MA.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User defined missing values are treated as
missing.
Cases Used All non-missing data are used.
Syntax DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=ict1 ict2 ict3
ict4 ict5 ict6 ict7 ict8 wmict
/STATISTICS=MEAN.
Descriptive Statistics
N Mean

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1. I know the basic skills in ICT. 164 3.2561

2. Accounting Information System subject helps me to 164 3.3171
improved my ICT skills.
3. ICT accelerate my learning process by facilitating 164 3.2805
the acquisition of basic skills
4. My ICT skills provide the knowledge in analyzing 164 3.2622
technical problems and identifying computer programs to
solve problems with appropriate solutions.
5. I used ICT to effectively way of having a needed 164 3.3415
information
6. I discover ICT has a wide range connection in any 164 3.4390
computer related study.
7. My ICT skills enhance me to be more familiarize in 164 3.3415
emerging technology.
8. My ICT skills help me to have more access in 164 3.3659
various online flatforms.
Information and Communications Technology 164 3.3271
Valid N (listwise) 164
DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=at1 ati2 ati3 ati4 ati5 ati6 ati7 wmati

/STATISTICS=MEAN.

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Descriptives
Notes

Comments
MA.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
missing.
Syntax DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=at1 ati2 ati3
ati4 ati5 ati6 ati7 wmati
/STATISTICS=MEAN.

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N Mean
1. I have the ability to save or store material (such as 164 3.6220
texts, images, audio and films) and then access them
later
2. I enables to access to online educational material 164 3.5915
3. I frequently use the internet to search for information 164 3.6159
4. I have a personal email address which I use to send 164 3.6829
and received message
5. I know how to properly access information in the 164 3.5183
internet
6. ICT make it easy to seek out new information, 164 3.5732
knowledge, and methods
7. I have a proper internet access and network 164 3.4390
connection
Access to Information 164 3.5778

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DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=ip1 ip2 ip3 ip4 ip5 ip6 wmip

/STATISTICS=MEAN.
Descriptives
Notes

Comments
MA.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
missing.
Syntax DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=ip1 ip2 ip3
ip4 ip5 ip6 wmip
/STATISTICS=MEAN.

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N Mean
1. I should know the manipulation of digitized 164 3.2195

information by computers and other digital electronic
equipment
2. Accounting Information System help me to develop 164 3.3171
their learnings in computer based test, computer adaptive
and test creation applications.
3. ICT helps me to transfer information from one 164 3.5061
location, person, or group to another.
4. ICT assists me in developing and understanding the 164 3.3902
information as well as the information system
5. ICT helps me to categorize and puts information 164 3.4573
together
6. It gives an easy way to process the information 164 3.4085
downloaded from the internet without prior knowledge on
how to use internet technologies
Information Processing 164 3.3832

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DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=wmict wmati wmip cm

/STATISTICS=MEAN.
Descriptives
Notes

Comments
MA.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User defined missing values are treated
as missing.
Syntax DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=wmict
wmati wmip cm
/STATISTICS=MEAN.

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N Mean
Information and Communications 164 3.3271

Technology
Access to Information 164 3.5778
Information Processing 164 3.3832
Composite Mean 164 3.4291
ONEWAY cm BY a
/MISSING ANALYSIS.
Oneway
Notes

Comments
MA.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
missing.
Cases Used Statistics for each analysis are based on
cases with no missing data for any variable
in the analysis.
Syntax ONEWAY cm BY a
/MISSING ANALYSIS.

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ANOVA
Composite Mean
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups .296 3 .099 .600 .616

Within Groups 26.305 160 .164
Total 26.601 163
ONEWAY cm BY g
/MISSING ANALYSIS.
Oneway
Notes

Comments
MA.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
missing.
in the analysis.
Syntax ONEWAY cm BY g
/MISSING ANALYSIS.

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ANOVA
Composite Mean
Between Groups .158 2 .079 .480 .620

Total 26.601 163
ONEWAY cm BY gwa
/MISSING ANALYSIS.
Oneway
Notes

Comments
MA.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
missing.
in the analysis.
Syntax ONEWAY cm BY gwa
/MISSING ANALYSIS.

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ANOVA
Composite Mean
Between Groups 1.631 6 .272 1.709 .122

Total 26.601 163
T-TEST GROUPS=yl(1 2)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS
/VARIABLES=cm
/CRITERIA=CI(.95).
T-Test
Notes

Comments
MA.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>

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missing.
the cases with no missing or out-of-range
data for any variable in the analysis.
Syntax T-TEST GROUPS=yl(1 2)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS
/VARIABLES=cm
/CRITERIA=CI(.95).
Group Statistics
Year Level N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Composite Mean 3rd Year 80 3.3859 .44871 .05017

4th Year 84 3.4702 .35404 .03863
dimension1

138
JPLPC-Malvar Campus
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for

Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence
Std. Interval of the
Mean Error Difference
Sig. (2- Differen Differen

F Sig. t df tailed) ce ce Lower Upper
Composit Equal 8.463 .004 - 162 .182 -.08436 .06296 -.20868 .03996
e Mean variances 1.340
assumed
Equal - 150.1 .185 -.08436 .06332 -.20947 .04074

variances not 1.332 95
assumed

139
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APPENDIX F
(Documentations)

140
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141
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Age: Please General

Specify___ Weighted
Timestamp Username Name: (Optional) _______ Gender Average Year Level
2022/09/02 2:27:36 PM GMT+8 [email protected] 2 1 2 2
2022/09/02 2:38:04 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Grace 1 1 2 1
2022/09/02 3:03:40 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Magsino, Marinelle M. 1 3 2 1
2022/09/02 3:05:49 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Casandra Mae 1 1 2 1
2022/09/02 3:06:32 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Reynard C. Sangalang 2 2 4 1
2022/09/02 3:09:04 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Adelade Aina C. Gonzales 1 1 4 1
2022/09/02 3:09:18 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Kimberly Gonzales 1 1 2 1
142
JPLPC-Malvar Campus
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068
As a student, As a student, As a student, As a student, As a student, As a student, As a student, As a student,

computer computer computer literacy computer computer computer computer computer
literacy has literacy has an has an effect on my literacy has an literacy has an literacy has an literacy has an literacy has an
an effect on effect on my academic effect on my effect on my effect on my effect on my effect on my
my academic performance academic academic academic academic academic
academic performance because [ICT performance performance performance performance performance
performance because accelerate my because [My ICT because [I used because[I because [My because [My
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 4 4 4 3 4
4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 4 3 4 3 3 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 4 3 4 4 4 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4
3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4
3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 2 4 4 3 3 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3
3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4
3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 2 3 3 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 2 3 2 2 4 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
143
JPLPC-Malvar Campus
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068
As a student, As a student, As a student, As a student, As a student, As a student, As a student,

computer computer computer computer computer computer computer
literacy has an literacy has literacy has an literacy has an literacy has literacy has an literacy has an
effect on my an effect on effect on my effect on my an effect on effect on my effect on my
academic my academic academic academic my academic academic academic
performance performance performance performance performance performance performance
because [I because [I because [I because [I have because [I because [ICT because [I have
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 3 4 4 4 4 4
4 3 4 4 4 4 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 3 4 4 4 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 3 3 3 4 3 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 3 3 3 3
3 3 4 4 3 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 3 3 4 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 3 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 3
3 2 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 4 3 4 3 3 3
4 4 4 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 3
144
JPLPC-Malvar Campus
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068
As a student, As a student, As a student, As a As a student, As a student,

computer computer computer student, computer computer
literacy has an literacy has literacy has an computer literacy has an literacy has
effect on my an effect on effect on my literacy has effect on my an effect on
academic my academic academic an effect on academic my academic
performance performance performance my performance performance
because [I because because [ICT academic because [ICT because [It
4 4 4 4 4 4
4 3 4 3 2 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 4 4 4 4 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 4 3 3
4 4 4 3 4 4
3 4 4 3 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
2 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 4 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
2 3 3 2 3 2
4 3 3 3 3 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
145
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2022/09/02 3:24:06 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Angeles 2 1 4 1
2022/09/02 3:25:01 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Clarissa Lady 1 1 3 1
2022/09/02 3:42:03 PM GMT+8 [email protected] - 1 1 2 1
2022/09/02 3:59:28 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Presi 2 3 2 2
2022/09/02 4:57:44 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Macandili, Soleomal Martin S. 2 2 3 2
2022/09/02 5:12:43 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Wincle 1 1 3 2
2022/09/02 6:11:54 PM GMT+8 [email protected] CLARISSA FABABAIR 2 1 4 1
2022/09/02 6:29:22 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Edelyn De la Cruz 2 1 4 2
2022/09/02 7:18:51 PM GMT+8 [email protected] . 1 1 3 1
2022/09/02 7:22:02 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Anne Javier 3 1 4 1
2022/09/02 7:41:55 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Jhoan Malipol 2 1 3 2
2022/09/02 8:28:25 PM GMT+8 [email protected] . 2 1 3 2
146
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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 4 2 3 3 3 3 4
3 3 2 3 2 4 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 4 4 3 3 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 4 3 3 4
3 4 3 3 4 4 4 4
3 4 4 3 3 4 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 2 4 3 3
4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3
3 3 4 4 4 3 4 4
3 4 4 3 3 4 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2
3 4 2 3 3 3 4 3
4 4 4 4 3 3 4 3
4 3 4 4 4 4 3 4
2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2
2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3
4 3 2 3 2 4 2 3
4 3 3 3 4 4 4 3
4 4 3 4 3 3 3 3
4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
147
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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068
3 3 3 4 3 4 3
4 4 4 4 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 3 4 4 4
3 4 4 4 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 3 2 4 3 4 4
4 4 3 3 4 4 3
4 4 4 4 3 4 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 3 3 4 3
4 4 3 3 4 4 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 3
3 3 4 3 4 3 4
3 3 3 4 4 3 3
4 4 3 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 3 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 3 3 3 2 3 3
3 4 3 3 3 3 4
3 3 3 4 3 3 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 3
4 4 3 4 3 4 4
2 3 4 3 2 3 4
4 3 4 3 3 4 4
4 4 3 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 4 3
4 4 4 4 3 4 3
3 3 4 4 3 4 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
148
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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068
3 4 3 3 3 3
2 3 3 3 4 4
2 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
4 3 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 4 3 3 4
3 4 4 4 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 4 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 2 3 4 4 3
4 4 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 4 4 3 4 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 4 3 4
4 3 4 3 4 4
3 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 2 2 3 2
2 3 3 3 3 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 4 4 4 4 3
3 3 3 3 2 2
3 3 4 4 4 3
4 3 4 4 4 4
4 3 3 3 3 3
2 3 2 4 3 2
1 3 4 4 4 4
3 4 4 3 4 4
3 3 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 4 4 4 4 4
3 4 4 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3

149
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2022/09/03 12:00:46 AM GMT+8 [email protected] 1 1 3 1
2022/09/03 6:29:19 AM GMT+8 [email protected] Crismae 1 1 4 1
2022/09/03 8:41:23 AM GMT+8 [email protected] Jhereca Montenegro 1 1 2 2
2022/09/03 9:04:17 AM GMT+8 [email protected] Jan Marini Nieva 2 1 5 1
2022/09/03 9:41:48 AM GMT+8 [email protected] Katherine Oruga 1 1 6 1
150
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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 3 3 3 2 3 3 3
4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2
4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4
3 1 3 3 3 3 3 4
3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 2 2 2 3 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2
3 2 3 3 4 4 3 3
2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 3 3 2 2 4 2 2
4 4 4 4 3 4 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4
3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 3 3 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4
3 3 4 3 4 3 3 3
3 4 3 3 3 3 4 3
4 3 4 3 4 4 4 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
151
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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 3 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 3 4
3 3 2 3 3 3 3
3 3 4 4 4 4 3
4 3 4 4 3 3 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 4 3 4 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 3 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 4 4 2 3 2
4 4 4 4 3 4 4
1 3 4 4 3 3 2
3 3 2 4 2 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 3 4 2
3 4 4 3 4 3 4
3 3 3 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
152
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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 4 4
3 3 3 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 4 4 3 4 4
2 2 2 2 3 2
4 4 4 4 4 3
3 3 4 3 4 3
3 3 4 3 3 3
4 3 4 4 4 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 2 2 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 3 3 3 3
2 3 3 3 3 3
3 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 4 4 3 3 4
3 2 4 4 4 3
3 4 3 3 4 3
4 3 4 3 3 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
153
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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068

2022/09/03 2:31:28 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Latayan, Arish Nico 1 2 4 1
2022/09/03 2:32:38 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Princess Diane M. Tolentino 1 1 7 1
2022/09/03 5:53:21 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Edna 1 1 2 1
2022/09/04 10:56:40 AM GMT+8 [email protected] John Paul Sentiles 3 2 2 2
2022/09/04 11:21:08 AM GMT+8 [email protected] Fernandez, John Carlo M. 2 2 4 2
2022/09/04 11:56:31 AM GMT+8 [email protected] Prads 1 1 3 1
2022/09/04 5:52:32 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Jean 3 1 4 2
154
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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068
3 2 3 2 4 4 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 2 2 2 3 2 3
3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 4 3 3 4
2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2
3 4 4 4 3 4 3 3
3 3 3 3 4 3 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 2 2 3 2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
2 3 2 3 3 3 3 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4
4 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2
2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 4 3 2 3 3 3 2
2 4 4 4 2 2 3 3
3 3 3 3 1 3 3 4
3 3 3 3 4 4 3 4
3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3
3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3
1 3 1 2 3 3 1 1
4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4
155
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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068
4 4 4 4 3 4 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 3 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
2 2 3 2 3 2 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 3 3 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 4 3 3 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 3
3 3 4 4 3 4 3
3 3 3 3 3 4 3
4 3 4 2 2 2 3
4 3 4 4 2 3 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 4 3 3 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 2 4 3 3 3 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 3 4 4 3 3 4
156
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3 2 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 4 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 4 3 3 3
2 3 3 2 3 2
4 4 4 4 4 4
2 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 4 3 3 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 3 4 4 3 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 2 3 3 3 3
3 4 4 3 3 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 4 3 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 3 3 3 3 3
3 2 2 2 2 3
3 4 4 4 3 3
4 3 3 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 4 4 4 4 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 4 3 4 3
2 4 3 3 3 3
3 4 4 4 4 4
157
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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068

2022/09/04 7:19:30 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Jc 4 2 4 2
2022/09/04 7:21:02 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Manzo, Jhulie Anne 2 1 2 1
2022/09/04 9:35:03 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Mae 2 1 5 1
2022/09/04 11:57:50 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Villaverde, Jhon-Levi L. 1 3 4 1
2022/09/05 6:17:25 AM GMT+8 [email protected] Laluz, Alyssa Mae M. 1 1 3 1
2022/09/05 10:28:53 AM GMT+8 [email protected] Mark Antigua 2 2 3 2
2022/09/05 5:54:13 PM GMT+8 [email protected] Igop 2 2 4 2
2022/09/06 8:58:56 AM GMT+8 [email protected] MANUGUID, JAE LOREN M. 2 1 3 2
158
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3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4
3 4 4 4 3 4 3 3
3 4 4 3 3 3 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 4 3 3 4 4 3 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4
2 3 2 3 3 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 2 2 3 2 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3
3 4 3 3 4 4 4 4
3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 3 2 2 3 4 4
3 3 4 2 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 2 3 2 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3
159
JPLPC-Malvar Campus
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068
4 3 3 4 4 3 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 3
4 3 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 3 3 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 6 3 4 4 3 4
3 6 3 3 3 3 2
4 4 4 4 3 4 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 3 3 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 2 3 4 3 3 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 3 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 3 4 4 4 3 4
4 4 4 4 3 4 4
4 2 4 3 3 3 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 3 3 4 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 3
160
JPLPC-Malvar Campus
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068
3 3 3 3 3 4
3 3 4 4 4 4
3 3 4 4 3 4
4 4 3 3 4 4
3 3 4 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 2 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 4 3 4 4 4
2 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 4 4 4 4
2 2 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 4 3 3
3 4 4 4 4 4
4 3 4 3 3 3
3 3 4 3 4 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
4 3 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 4 3 3 3 3
3 3 4 2 3 3
2 2 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 2 3 3 3 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
161
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DEMOGRAPHICS General Weighted Average

1 1.0 – 1.24
Age
2 1.25 – 1.49
1 20 3 1.50 – 1.74
2 21 4 1.75 – 1.99
3 22 5 2.0 – 2.24
6 2.25 – 2.49
4 23 7 2.50 – 2.74
4
8 2.75 – 2.99
Strongly Agree (SA)
Gender 9 lower than 3.0
Agree (A)
3
1 Feminine 2 Moderately Agree (M)
Year Level
2 Masculine 1 1 3rd year Disagree (D)
3 LGBTQIA+ 2 4th year

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VARIABLES
2.1. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Skills - refer to one’s ability
to converse with people through various technologies (Doyle, 2020). In this study the
abilities that aid in the understanding and operation of a wide range of technology
software of the students.
1. I know the basic skills in ICT.
2. Accounting Information System subject helps me to improved my ICT skills.
3. ICT accelerate my learning process by facilitating the acquisition of basic skills
4. My ICT skills provide the knowledge in analyzing technical problems and identifying
computer programs to solve problems with appropriate solutions.
5. I used ICT to effectively way of having a needed information
6. I discover ICT has a wide range connection in any computer related study.
7. My ICT skills enhance me to be more familiarize in emerging technology.
8. My ICT skills help me to have more access in various online flatforms.

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2.2. Access to information - is another well-established contemporary requirement.

The conditions of database use and organizational access impose artificial boundaries
around information (Sukovic, 2017). In this study, students should have the opportunity
to learn the skills required to find and use information.
1. I have the ability to save or store material (such as texts, images, audio and films) and then
access them later
2. I enables to access to online educational material
3. I frequently use the internet to search for information
4. I have a personal email address which I use to send and received message
5. I know how to properly access information in the internet
6. ICT make it easy to seek out new information, knowledge, and methods
7. I have a proper internet access and network connection
2.3. Information Processing - the acquisition, recording, organization, retrieval,

display, and dissemination of information. (Slamecka, 2018). In this study, the
students had frequently applied information processing to computer-based operations.
1. I should know the manipulation of digitized information by computers and other digital
2. Accounting Information System help me to develop their learnings in computer based test,
3. ICT helps me to transfer information from one location, person, or group to another.
4. ICT assists me in developing and understanding the information as well as the information system
5. ICT helps me to categorize and puts information together
6. It gives an easy way to process the information downloaded from the internet without
prior knowledge on how to use internet technologies

164
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Obtain from messenger of the president and pass to their respective Group chat.

166
JPLPC-Malvar Campus
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Send a Private message to the remaining respondents

167
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APPENDIX G
(Curriculum Vitae)

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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068

169
JPLPC-Malvar Campus
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068

170
JPLPC-Malvar Campus
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 416-0350 local 206; (+63 43) 416-0068

Computer Literacy Mendoza Et Al FINAL 12.14.2022

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Computer Literacy Mendoza Et Al FINAL 12.14.2022

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i

Republic of the Philippines

College of Accountancy, Business, Economics, and International Hospitality Management

EFFECTS OF COMPUTER LITERACY TO THE ACADEMIC

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of College of Accountancy, Business,

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

College of Accountancy, Business, Economics, and International Hospitality Management

This research entitled “EFFECTS OF COMPUTER LITERACY TO THE

SHARON G. ANGULO, DBA

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with the grade of ______.

DENNIS B. LEGASPI, DBA

WILBERT D. LUMBERA, MBA CHRISTOPHER VINCENT A. ARELLANO, MPA

Date DENNIS B. LEGASPI, DBA

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

College of Accountancy, Business, Economics, and International Hospitality Management

perspective as they went through this study.

To the Researchers’ parents who patiently supported them financially, morally,

motivation encouragement, and support to student researchers.

queries and clarifications.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

College of Accountancy, Business, Economics, and International Hospitality Management

treating the data statistically.

recommendations that made this research a good piece of academic output.

editing and checking the research manuscript.

To the researcher’s respondents, friends and classmate, who contributed to the

during difficult times.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

College of Accountancy, Business, Economics, and International Hospitality Management

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

College of Accountancy, Business, Economics, and International Hospitality Management

II.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

III.RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURE

IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 43

V. SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

College of Accountancy, Business, Economics, and International Hospitality Management

E. RESULTS OF STATISTICS………………………………………… 113

4.1.1 Distribution of the Respondents in terms of Age……….............................. 46

4.1.2 Distribution of the Respondents in terms of Gender…….………………… 48

4.1.3 Distribution of the Respondents in terms of General Weighted Average..... 49

4.1.4 Distribution of the Respondents in terms of Year Level…………………... 51

4.2.1 Assessment on the Effects of computer literacy to the academic

performance in terms of Information and Communications Technology 53

4.2.2 Assessment on the Effects of computer literacy to the academic

4.2.3 Assessment on the Effects of computer literacy to the academic 61

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

College of Accountancy, Business, Economics, and International Hospitality Management

performance in terms of Information Processing………………………...

4.2.4 Summary of Composite Mean…………………………………………….. 64

assessment on the Effects of Computer Literacy to the Academic 66

Performance of the BS Management Accounting Students………….......

4.4.1 Propose Recommendation on the Effects of Computer Literacy to the

1.1 Theoretical Framework ………….…............................................................ 6

1.2 Conceptual Paradigm of the Study …............................................................ 9

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

College of Accountancy, Business, Economics, and International Hospitality Management

conducted to determine the effects of computer literacy on the academic performance of

the BS Management Accounting students in terms of ICT skills, access to information

administered among 164 BS Management Accounting students of Batangas State