Data Communication & Computer Networks

(Course Code: 3143201), Sem.- IV

Unit- 1

Dr. Mani Shekhar Gupta,

Department of Information & Communication Technology
Adani University
Gujarat, India

March 10, 2023

 Unit 1. Learning Objectives
⚫ Be aware of the history of communications,
information systems and the Internet
⚫ Be aware of the applications of data
communications networks
⚫ Be familiar with the major components of and
types of networks
⚫ Understand the role of network layers
⚫ Be familiar with the role of network standards
⚫ Be aware of key trends in communications and
networking 2
 Introduction: Data communications
❑ The old model of single computer serving all of the organization
computational task has been replaced by one in which a large no
of separate but interconnected computers do the job. These
systems are called computer comm. networks. The design and
organization of these networks are the purpose of this subject.
❑ The word data refers to information presented in whatever form is
agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data. Data
communications are the exchange of data between two devices via
some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.
❑ Data Communications: the movement of computer information
from one point to another by means of electrical or optical
transmission systems (called networks).
❑ Telecommunications: The term telecommunication means
communication at a distance. It includes the transmission of voice
and video, as well as data, and may imply longer distances. 3
Components of a data communication system
PROTOCOLS

A protocol is synonymous with rule. It consists of a

set of rules that govern data communications. It
determines what is communicated, how it is
communicated and when it is communicated. The
key elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics and
timing

Elements :
▪ Syntax
▪ Semantics
▪ Timing
Elements of a Protocol

⚫ Syntax
⚫ Structure or format of the data
⚫ Indicates how to read the bits - field delineation
⚫ Semantics
⚫ Interprets the meaning of the bits
⚫ Knows which fields define what action
⚫ Meaning of each section of bits
⚫ Timing
⚫ When data should be sent and what
⚫ Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is being
received.
Standards
 Standard
⚫ Standard: which are agreed upon rules.
⚫ It provides guidelines to manufactures, venders, govt agencies to ensure the
kinds of interconnectivity at the level of international.
⚫ Standard organization:
⚫ (1) ISO( International organization for standardization.
⚫ (2) ITU-T( international telecommunication union- Telecommunication standard
sector): it is formed by US a committee called CCITT( consultative committee for
international telegraphy and telephony). It 1993, its name is changed to ITU-T
⚫ ANSI(American National Standard Institute): US private but not profit
organization.
⚫ IEEE( Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): it is largest engg
professional society of the world. Its aims is to advance theory, creativity and
product quality in the field of electrical, electronics and radio as well as in all
related branch of engg
⚫ Electronics Industries Association(EIA): non profit organization in the field of
electronics manufacturing concern
Data Transmission - transmission techniques
Data Transmission - transmission techniques

⚫ Type of Connection
⚫ Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver
⚫ Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission
⚫ Physical Topology
⚫ Connection of devices
⚫ Type of transmission - unicast, mulitcast, broadcast
Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as

nodes) connected by communication links. A node
can be a computer, printer, or any other device
capable of sending and/or receiving data generated
by other nodes on the network. A link can be a
cable, air, optical fiber, or any medium which can
transport a signal carrying information.
Features about networks:
▪ Network Criteria
▪ Categories of Networks
Network Criteria

⚫ Performance
⚫ Depends on Network Elements
⚫ Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
⚫ Reliability
⚫ Failure rate of network components
⚫ Measured in terms of availability/robustness
⚫ Security
⚫ Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
▪ Errors
▪ Malicious users
Topologies
A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

 (1) Mesh Topology:

Dedicated point link to every
other devices
 Advantages:
(1) Guaranteed data
transmission
(2) Not create problem
when one link become
failure
(3) More privacy and
security
(4) Easy to repair fault
Disadvantages:
(1) Use of large cable and
no of i/o ports
(2) expensive
A star topology connecting four stations

Dedicated point link to central

controller called hub.
 Advantages:
(1) Less expensive than
mesh topology
(2) Easy to install and
reconfigure
(3) Less cabling need
(4) It is more robust.
(5) Easy fault identification
Disadvantages:
(1) If hub fails then topology
will not work.
A bus topology connecting three stations

It is multipoint. One long cable

acts as a backbone to all
devices in a network.
 Advantages:
(1) Easy to install and
reconfigure
(2) Less cabling need
Disadvantages:
(1) Difficult to reconnection and
fault isolation.
(2) Signal reflection at tap cause
degradation in quality.
(3) Fault and break in bus stops
all transmission.
A ring topology connecting six stations

It is dedicated point to
point connection only
with two devices on
either side.
 Advantages:
(1) Easy to install and
reconfigure
(2) Less cabling need
Disadvantages:
(1) Break in ring can
disable the network
A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
Categories of Networks

⚫ Local Area Networks (LANs)

⚫ Short distances
⚫ Designed to provide local interconnectivity
⚫ Wide Area Networks (WANs)
⚫ Long distances
⚫ Provide connectivity over large areas
⚫ Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
⚫ Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus
An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet
WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN
A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs
 THE INTERNET

The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our

daily lives. It has affected the way we do business as
well as the way we spend our leisure time. The
Internet is a communication system that has brought
a wealth of information to our fingertips and
organized it for our use.

Topics discussed in this section:

Organization of the Internet
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
Hierarchical organization of the Internet
Transmission Media

⚫ Guided or Wired

⚫ Unguided or Wireless
Twisted-Pair Cable
Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable
Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber Construction
Switching Techniques

In large networks there might be multiple paths linking sender

and receiver. Information may be switched as it travels through
various communication channels.
There are three typical switching techniques available for
digital traffic.

• Circuit Switching
• Message Switching
• Packet Switching
Switched Network
Circuit-Switched Network
Crossbar Switch
Time-Slot Interchange
TST Switch
Message Switching
Datagram Networks
Virtual Circuit Networks
Switched Virtual Circuit
Switched Virtual Circuit
Packet switch
Network Models
LAYERED TASKS
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As
an example, let us consider two friends who
communicate through postal mail. The process
of sending a letter to a friend would be complex
if there were no services available from the post
office.
Tasks involved in sending a letter
THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body
dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards. An ISO standard that
covers all aspects of network communications
is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.

Topics :
Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation
ISO is the organization.
OSI is the model.
Seven layers of the OSI model

All
People
Seem
To
Need
Data
Processing
The interaction between layers in the OSI model
An exchange using the OSI model
 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

In this section we briefly describe the functions

of each layer in the OSI model.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
Physical layer

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
Figure 2.6 Data link layer

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.
Network layer

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
Transport layer

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.
Session layer

The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.
Presentation layer

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,

compression, and encryption.
Application layer

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.
Summary of layers
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not

exactly match those in the OSI model. The
original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as
having four layers: host-to-network, internet,
transport, and application. However, when
TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of four layers:
Host to Network, network, transport, and
application.
TCP/IP and OSI model
Addresses in TCP/IP
Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
 Example Physical Address

Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte)

physical address written as 12 hexadecimal digits;
every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a
colon, as shown below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

 Example

In Figure, a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a

node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected
by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the
computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the
computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.
 Example
Figure shows two computers communicating via the Internet. The sending
computer is running three processes at this time with port addresses a, b,
and c. The receiving computer is running two processes at this time with
port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending computer needs to
communicate with process j in the receiving computer. Note that although
physical addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port addresses
remain the same from the source to destination.
Digitization
⚫ Converting a string of 1’s and 0’s (digital data) into a sequence
of signals that denote the 1’s and 0’s.
⚫ For example a high voltage level (+V) could represent a “1” and
a low voltage level (0 or -V) could represent a “0”.
Different Types

1- Unipolar Signalling

⚫ Unipolar signalling (also called on-off keying, OOK) is the type of line coding in
which one binary symbol (representing a 0 for example) is represented by the
absence of a pulse (i.e. a SPACE) and the other binary symbol (denoting a 1)
is represented by the presence of a pulse (i.e. a MARK).

⚫ There are two common variations of unipolar signalling: Non-Return to Zero

(NRZ) and Return to Zero (RZ).
 Unipolar Signalling
Unipolar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ):

1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
V

0
 Unipolar Signalling
Return to Zero (RZ):

1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
To

Ƭ
 Polar Signalling
POLAR NRZ

1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

+V

-V

Figure. Polar NRZ

 Polar Signalling
POLAR RZ

1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

+V

-V

Figure. Polar RZ
 BiPolar Signalling

1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

+V

-V

Figure. BiPolar NRZ

 BiPolar Signalling

1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

+V

-V

Figure. BiPolar RZ