Materi 3 - Audit Kualitatif Dan Kasus - Hisfarsi 2023 PDF
Materi 3 - Audit Kualitatif Dan Kasus - Hisfarsi 2023 PDF
Materi 3 - Audit Kualitatif Dan Kasus - Hisfarsi 2023 PDF
Permenkes 28 / 2021
Administration Empirical Broad-spectrum Antibiotic
Best
Adequate : Outcome
- the correct dose for the
correct duration with
advantageous pk/pd
parameter at the site of
infection
- combination if possible Optimal
Adequate
- penetration (pk/pd driven)
• A high proportion (84%) of 999 patients (499 in Hospital A and 500 in Hospital B) received
an antibiotic
• Prescriptions could be categorized as therapeutic (53%) or prophylactic (15%), but for 32%
the indication was unclear
• Only 21% of prescriptions were considered to be definitely appropriate; 15% were
inappropriate regarding choice, dosage or duration, and 42% of prescriptions, many for
surgical prophylaxis and fever without diagnosis of infection, were deemed to be
unnecessary Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2008 Jul;14(7):698-707
The most alarming finding in this study is antibiotics overusage by GPs,
otolaryngologists and paediatricians in patients with ARS
Rhinology 49: 264-271, 2011
Challenges of AMR in Indonesia :
• Misuse and overuse of antibiotics in humans, livestocks and aquaculture
• Common and unnecessary prescription by physicians
• High rates of self medication
• OTC purchase of antibiotics
• Weak policy enforcement
• Poor governance
• Lack of education
• Easy access to cheap antibiotics
BMJ 2017;358:j3808
Overuse
(Mild infection)
Misuse
(Lack of Inappropiate use Antimicrobial
diagnostic
modalities)
of Ab Resistance (AMR)
Underuse
(Financial
support -)
WHO Global Strategy for containment of antimicrobial resistance. 2001
Core
Strategies
Analysis
Retrospective Prospective
audit audit
Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007; 44:159–77
What is Qualitative audit ?
Indication of Infections ?
PK/PD of Ab ?
Toxicity of Ab?
Duration of Ab therapy ?
Route ?
Timing ?
Treatment response ?
PMK No. 8 / 2015
IDSA, ESCMID, CDC, National guidelines,
etc.
How to asses ?
Step 1: Plot the data from
Medical Record
Pathogen Directed
Result of
culture & AST
Narrowest Spectrum
Best Outcome
ANTIBIOTICS USAGE
Therapy
A
c
Toxicity t Activity
i
v
i
t
y
Pharmacodynamics Resistance
R
e
Host s Commensals
i
s
Host resistance t Colonisation resistance
a
n
Virulence c Colonisation
e
Pathogens
PK/PD of antibiotics
Conc. in the
dose blood
conc. in other
tissues other effects
ADME
PHARMACOKINETICS PHARMACODYNAMICS
Pharmacokinetics:
what happens to the drug in the body?
• Absorption
• Tissue distribution
• Metabolism
• Route of excretion
• Rate of elimination
Antibiotic Pharmacodynamics
• Kultur darah 2
10/8/2018
set : S. aureus
Permenkes 8 / 2015
Cara melakukan analisis kualitatif
ab
• Pisahkan terapi antimikroba menjadi :
• Sebelum 72 jam
• P
• E
• Setelah 72 jam
• D
• EE
• Lakukan analisis per regimen antimikroba yang
sudah distratifikasi bds. kriteria Gyssens
• Pemberian antimikroba dapat inappropiate untuk
beberapa kriteria dalam satu rentang waktu yang sama
Analisis Reviewer 1 dan 2
Keterangan:
• Aa : alternatif agent antimikroba
• Idem : sama dengan di atas
• - : tidak ada alternatif
Penjelasan analisis dari reviewer
• E1 : Ceftazidim dianggap appropiate – melihat hasil
kultur P. aeruginosa sebelumnya, tidak ada alternatif
terapi
• E2: Gentamisin
• Rev 1: tepat, namun tll toksik karena ada ggn renal (IIB)
• Rev 2: cukup monoterapi dengan Ceftazidim (V)
• E3: Vankomisin
• Rev 1: tepat karena ada hasil pengecatan Gram kultur dan
dosis disesuaikan dengan kondisi renal (I)
• Rev 2: lebih menyetujui Cloxacilin karena insidensi MRSA di
RS <10% dan CONS kmgkn bukan etiologi penyebab, serta
Cloxacillin lebih tidak toksik, murah dan lebih sempit (IVB, C,
D)
Penjelasan analisis dari reviewer
• D1: Ceftazidime – tidak ada indikasi karena sudah
keluar hasil kultur (V)
• D2: Vankomisin – Etiologi dari kultur darah: MSSA
yang masih dapat ditangani dengan Cloxacillin
sebagai drug of choice (IVB, C, D)
• D3: Cloxacilin – Tepat namun durasi terapi untuk
bakteremia karena MSSA terlalu pendek (min. 10
hari) (IIIB)
Potensial Cost Saving
Tipe terapi Real Cost (IDR) Cost by Rev. 1 Cost by Rev. 2
(IDR) (IDR)
E2 30100 21500 0
D1 104300 0 0