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Materi 3 - Audit Kualitatif Dan Kasus - Hisfarsi 2023 PDF

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AUDIT KUALITATIF ANTIMIKROBA di

RUMAH SAKIT MENURUT ALUR


GYSSENS
Leonardus Widyatmoko

Webinar Hisfarsi PD IAI Jawa Barat


“Implementasi PPRA dalam STARKES”
Bandung
2023
Background
Economist, cover May 23 2016
PPRA
PPI
Pendahuluan
• Penggunaan antibiotik bijak: penggunaan
antibiotik secara rasional guna mengoptimalkan
terapi infeksi dengan mempertimbangkan dampak
muncul dan menyebarnya bakteri resisten →
Penatagunaan Antibiotik (PGA) / Antibiotic
stewardship
• Perbaikan kualitas penggunaan antibiotik:
• Penegakan diagnosis
• Pemilihan jenis antibiotik
• Pemilihan dosis, interval, rute dan lama
pemberian
• Pengendalian penggunaan antibiotik dilakukan
dengan pengelompokan antibiotik dalam AWaRe
(Access, Watch, Reserve)

Permenkes 28 / 2021
Administration Empirical Broad-spectrum Antibiotic

“ Early Appropriate-Adequate Antimicrobial Treatment “


Appropriate : Local Data Appropriate
- sensitivity and timing
- the use of an antibiotic Antibiogram
→ the etiologic of micro
organism is sensitive and
in a correct time

Best
Adequate : Outcome
- the correct dose for the
correct duration with
advantageous pk/pd
parameter at the site of
infection
- combination if possible Optimal
Adequate
- penetration (pk/pd driven)
• A high proportion (84%) of 999 patients (499 in Hospital A and 500 in Hospital B) received
an antibiotic
• Prescriptions could be categorized as therapeutic (53%) or prophylactic (15%), but for 32%
the indication was unclear
• Only 21% of prescriptions were considered to be definitely appropriate; 15% were
inappropriate regarding choice, dosage or duration, and 42% of prescriptions, many for
surgical prophylaxis and fever without diagnosis of infection, were deemed to be
unnecessary Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2008 Jul;14(7):698-707
The most alarming finding in this study is antibiotics overusage by GPs,
otolaryngologists and paediatricians in patients with ARS
Rhinology 49: 264-271, 2011
Challenges of AMR in Indonesia :
• Misuse and overuse of antibiotics in humans, livestocks and aquaculture
• Common and unnecessary prescription by physicians
• High rates of self medication
• OTC purchase of antibiotics
• Weak policy enforcement
• Poor governance
• Lack of education
• Easy access to cheap antibiotics

BMJ 2017;358:j3808
Overuse
(Mild infection)

Misuse
(Lack of Inappropiate use Antimicrobial
diagnostic
modalities)
of Ab Resistance (AMR)

Underuse
(Financial
support -)
WHO Global Strategy for containment of antimicrobial resistance. 2001
Core
Strategies
Analysis

ID Physician Qualitative Quantitative


Or audit of ab audit of ab
Clinical Pharmacist usage usage

Retrospective Prospective
audit audit
Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007; 44:159–77
What is Qualitative audit ?

► Patient-specific review & recommendations to prescriber


► Target :
► patients receiving antibiotic therapy
► Objective:
► Prudent use of antimicrobial therapy 🡪 Gyssens Algorithm
!
► Feedback :
► Recomendation 🡪 Suggestion only (For Retrospective audit)
► Intervention 🡪 more aggresive (For prospective audit)
Rationale Ab
prescribing flowchart
in hospital
(Gyssens Algorithm)

Indication of Infections ?
PK/PD of Ab ?
Toxicity of Ab?
Duration of Ab therapy ?
Route ?
Timing ?
Treatment response ?
PMK No. 8 / 2015
IDSA, ESCMID, CDC, National guidelines,
etc.

The American Journal of Medicine (2005) Vol 118 (7A), 1S– 6S


Does It work ?

► Active communication with an infectious disease


practitioner can significantly reduce medical ICU
antibiotic without increasing mortality
► Reduce healthcare costs,foster education,and
strengthen relations between the subspecialties

Crit Care Med 2013;41:2099-2107


Does It work ?

Crit Care Med 2013;41:2099-2107


Analisis Kualitatif Terapi
Antimikroba
The Final Sheet

How to asses ?
Step 1: Plot the data from
Medical Record

PPRA RSSA, 2018


Step 2: Analyze
• Flow 🡪 Gyssens algorithm
• Empirical Guidelines:
• Local guidelines (Panduan Umum Penggunaan Antimikroba RS Setempat) or
• National / International guidelines that has been accepted by team
• Can be different among division
• Definitive therapy assesment:
• Microbiological result interpretation
• Be careful of culture result interpretation (pathogen/ colonization/
contamination)
• Pharmacological factor of Ab:
• PK/PD
• Toxicity
• Price
• Spectrum of action
• Treatment response:
• Assesment of treatment failure (timing, route, dosing strategies)
• Duration of therapy
• No working diagnosis
• Missing page of medical record

• Not clearly stated as infectious disease


• Diagnosis of infection not match with clinical condition
• PK/PD of ab
• Consider site of infection !
Follow the guideline for specific diagnosis of infection
• Be careful of patient
factors)

• Ideal: 30- 60 min before incision


• Accepted: 2 hours before incision
Rationale ab prescribing
DRIVE-AB Quality Indicator in Empirical ab use
• Different
background of
reviewers
• Different
interpretation
of medical
condition
• Different
guidelines
maybe

Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2008 Jul;14(7):698-707


Principle of Antimicrobial Use
Principles of Antimicrobial Use

Patient with Symptoms &Signs

Empiric Use +Culture &Antibiotic


Susceptibility Test (AST)

Pathogen Directed
Result of
culture & AST
Narrowest Spectrum

Best Outcome
ANTIBIOTICS USAGE
Therapy

A
c
Toxicity t Activity
i
v
i
t
y
Pharmacodynamics Resistance
R
e
Host s Commensals
i
s
Host resistance t Colonisation resistance
a
n
Virulence c Colonisation
e

Pathogens
PK/PD of antibiotics

conc. in the Antimicrobial


site of infection effect

Conc. in the
dose blood

conc. in other
tissues other effects
ADME

PHARMACOKINETICS PHARMACODYNAMICS
Pharmacokinetics:
what happens to the drug in the body?

• Absorption
• Tissue distribution
• Metabolism
• Route of excretion
• Rate of elimination
Antibiotic Pharmacodynamics

rate and extent of an antibiotic’s activity depend on:


-drug concentrations at the site of infection,
- bacterial load
- phase of bacterial growth
- MIC of the pathogen
Failure of Treatment
Case illustrations:
Retrospective audit by Gyssens Algorithm
Anamnesis
• Laki-laki usia 74 tahun
dengan riw. DM tipe 2
• BB : 55 kg, Kreatinin : 2
• Dirujuk ke IGD dengan
kondisi sepsis
• Fokus infeksi diduga
berasal dari luka infeksi
berupa ulkus di
ekstremitas bawah
• 3 hari sebelum kejadian
(4/8/2018), sempat
dilakukan kultur luka
dengan hasil kultur P.
aeruginosa
• Ceftazidim 3x1 gr/8 jam drip 3 jam iv
7/8/2018 pk. 20.00
• Gentamicin 80 mg/ 8 jam bolus 30
menit iv pk. 22.00
• 2 set kultur darah sebelum terapi ab
• Semua kultur darah tumbuh kuman
9/8/2018 kokus Gram positif berkluster
• Gentamisin distop dan diganti
dengan vankomisin 500 mg/12 jam iv
drip 2 jam pk. 22.00

• Kultur darah 2
10/8/2018
set : S. aureus

11/8/2018 • Kondisi klinis


pasien membaik
• Terapi ab :
ceftazidim dan
vankomisin lanjut

12/8/2018 • Ceftazidim distop atas permintaan


klinisi (pk. 14.00)
13/8/2018 • Vankomisin diganti menjadi cloxacilin 1
g/6 jam iv atas saran tim PPRA (pk.
10.00)
• pk. 22.00 : Start cloxacilin 1 g/6 jam iv
drip 3 jam

16/8/2018 • pk. 08.00 : Stop cloxacilin

17/8/2018 • Pasien pulang perbaikan


Pertanyaan sebagai reviewer
• Sebutkan jenis terapi dan analisis kualitatif dari
masing-masing ab pada kasus tsb.
Pembahasan
Tipe Peresepan Antimikroba
• Profilaksis (P)
• Sebelum operasi – Bersih dan bersih terkontaminasi
• Empirik (E)
• Terdapat dugaan infeksi, sebelum terdapat hasil kultur
• Sd. 72 jam
• Ekstended Empirik (EE)
• Terdapat dugaan infeksi
• Paska 72 jam
• Hasil kultur negatif atau tidak terdapat hasil kultur
• Definitif (D)
• Targeted terapi berdasarkan jenis pathogen (co: kultur/
biomolekuler/ lainnya)
Rationale Ab
prescribing flowchart
in hospital

Permenkes 8 / 2015
Cara melakukan analisis kualitatif
ab
• Pisahkan terapi antimikroba menjadi :
• Sebelum 72 jam
• P
• E
• Setelah 72 jam
• D
• EE
• Lakukan analisis per regimen antimikroba yang
sudah distratifikasi bds. kriteria Gyssens
• Pemberian antimikroba dapat inappropiate untuk
beberapa kriteria dalam satu rentang waktu yang sama
Analisis Reviewer 1 dan 2

Keterangan:
• Aa : alternatif agent antimikroba
• Idem : sama dengan di atas
• - : tidak ada alternatif
Penjelasan analisis dari reviewer
• E1 : Ceftazidim dianggap appropiate – melihat hasil
kultur P. aeruginosa sebelumnya, tidak ada alternatif
terapi
• E2: Gentamisin
• Rev 1: tepat, namun tll toksik karena ada ggn renal (IIB)
• Rev 2: cukup monoterapi dengan Ceftazidim (V)
• E3: Vankomisin
• Rev 1: tepat karena ada hasil pengecatan Gram kultur dan
dosis disesuaikan dengan kondisi renal (I)
• Rev 2: lebih menyetujui Cloxacilin karena insidensi MRSA di
RS <10% dan CONS kmgkn bukan etiologi penyebab, serta
Cloxacillin lebih tidak toksik, murah dan lebih sempit (IVB, C,
D)
Penjelasan analisis dari reviewer
• D1: Ceftazidime – tidak ada indikasi karena sudah
keluar hasil kultur (V)
• D2: Vankomisin – Etiologi dari kultur darah: MSSA
yang masih dapat ditangani dengan Cloxacillin
sebagai drug of choice (IVB, C, D)
• D3: Cloxacilin – Tepat namun durasi terapi untuk
bakteremia karena MSSA terlalu pendek (min. 10
hari) (IIIB)
Potensial Cost Saving
Tipe terapi Real Cost (IDR) Cost by Rev. 1 Cost by Rev. 2
(IDR) (IDR)

E1 149000 149000 149000

E2 30100 21500 0

E3 457500 457500 44000

D1 104300 0 0

D2 762500 64800 64800

D3 108000 324000 324000

Total 1611400 1016800 581.800

TRUE / NOT ? ↓ 36,9% ↓ 63,9%


Last but not the least...
Hal penting dalam terapi
antimikroba
• Streamlining:
• Penyesuaian terapi initial berdasarkan keadaan klinis dan hasil
mikrobiologi
• Meliputi:
• Perubahan dari broad spectrum (empirik) ke narrow spektrum (definitif)
• Perubahan dari terapi kombinasi (lazim dengan aminoglikosida) ke monoterapi
• Perubahan dari agen AM terbaru ke yang lebih lama
• Perubahan dari IV ke PO
• Tantangan :
• “Don’t change the winning team” paradigm
• Konsultasi dengan tim PPRA
• Kasus di Hemato - onko
• Benefit:
• Menghambat tekanan selektif antimikroba terhadap mikroorganisme RS
• Reduksi biaya
• Reduksi kemungkinan toksisitas
• Reduksi kemungkinan ES karena pemasangan IV
Hal penting dalam terapi
antimikroba
• Peningkatan kualitas terapi empirik :
• Terapi initial empirik harus mengarah pada
kemungkinan etiologi
• Onset : komunitas vs. Nosokomial
• “The most expensive antibiotic is the one that
doesn’t work”
• Telaah berkesinambungan terhadap pedoman nasional
terapi melihat pada data pola resistensi kuman nasional
dan antibiogram lokal
Hal penting dalam terapi
antimikroba
• Timing antibiotika:
• Ab profilaksis dan Sepsis
• Durasi terapi:
• Misunderstanding: pemberian ab jangka panjang lebih baik
daripada jangka pendek untuk mencegah munculnya MDRO
• Durasi terapi sebaiknya:
• Cukup panjang – untuk mengatasi patogen kausatif
• Cukup pendek – untuk mempertahankan komposisi mikroflora endogen
pasien
• Cukup pendek – untuk mempertahankan kuman mikroflora lingkungan
• Berbagai guideline internasional makin memperpendek durasi
terapi ☺
• Industri Farmasi – promosi marketing
• Perubahan kebiasaan peresepan antimikroba - PPRA
Kesimpulan akhir
• Audit kualitatif retrospektif berfungsi sebagai
dasar pengambilan keputusan stake holder
tentang perubahan kebijakan yang perlu
dilakukan dan perlu tindak lanjut 🡪 Low Risk
Slow Impact
• Audit kualititatif dapat menjadi dasar analis
finansial apabila dilakukan secara tepat

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