DATA BASE

MANAGEMENT
GROUP XIV SYSTEM
Vaibhav 696
Pranjay 576
Suraj 901
 What is Database Management System?

A database is a set of logically related data that is organised so

that it can easily be retrieved, managed and updated. The
modern databases are managed by sophisticated software
known as Database Management System or DBMS. The
Database which uses DBMS for data collection, retrieval and
updating is called database system.
Sales Department

Database
Accounting Customers
Sales Representative
Department USER
DBMS Sales
INTERFACE
Inventory
Accounts
Employees etc.

Personnel
Department
 Advantages
Reduced Data Redundancy: As compared to a conventional file system in which the data is maintained in separate
files by the different user groups as per their requirements that leads to duplication of data and wastage of storage
resources, the DBMS allows the users to access centrally managed database that reduces the data redundancy and
saves storage space.

Elimination of Inconsistencies: In file system when one has to update the data, he/she has to make changes in all the
files where the data is maintained. This process is error prone. But using DBMS, the data is centrally managed that
reduces the chances of such errors.

Lower Overall Cost: Though the initial cost of setting up a database system is quite high, if one sees the information
requirements in today's competitive and transparent environment and the speed at which it is required that too over
a number of years, the overall cost turns out to be much lower than traditional file system of managing data.

Data Security: The DBMS allows enforcement of authentications that reduces the possibility of unauthorized access
of the database. This makes the data secure.

Backup and Recovery: DBMS provides for recovery and backup of data on a regular basis from failures like power
failure, disk crash, software errors, etc.
 Disadvantages

High Initial Cost: The initial cost of setting up a database management system is high
as it requires specific hardware & software components. Also, trained personnel is
necessary to set up a DBMS.

Complexity: Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design,

develop and administer.

Security Issues: Since the data is centrally managed and saved by the users, it creates
a possibility of unauthorized access to data by outsiders.

Problems of Slower Response: In a database system, the database is centrally

managed and accessed by different users online and offline, thus it requires a powerful
server. Sometimes when many users access the database it returns a slower response.
 TRADITIONAL FILE SYSTEM
Traditional file system is a file based system in which the
users insert, update, delete and retrieve files to database
manually or through computers. It is one of the basic ways of
managing database which is in the form of files. The file has a
collection of records with each record having an identical
structure It is also a method of organizing and storing files on
a computer's hard drive. In this system, files are stored in a
hierarchical structure of directories (also called folders), which
can contain subdirectories and files.
 TRADITIONAL FILE SYSTEM VS.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
A Traditional file system and Data Base Management (DBMS) are two ways of
organizing and storing data. While both systems store data, they differ in their
approach, purpose, and capabilities.
A traditional file system is a method of storing and organizing data on a
computer's hard drive. In this system, data is stored in files and folders, and
users access the data by navigating through the file system. This type of
system is typically used for small amounts of data or for storing data that
doesn't require complex relationships between data elements.
On the other hand, a DBMS is a software system designed to manage and
store large amounts of data in a structured manner. A DBMS allows users to
define, create, and manipulate databases and their contents. It provides a way
to manage data efficiently, including the ability to query and update the data,
maintain its integrity, and ensure that it is secure.
One of the key differences between a file system and a DBMS is that a DBMS is
designed to handle large amounts of data with complex relationships
between data elements. This makes it well-suited for applications that require
efficient data management and retrieval, such as e-commerce systems,
financial systems, and healthcare applications.
EVOLUTION OF DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 COMPONENTS OF DBMS

DATABASE DATA DATABASE QUERY

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 ENTITY RELATIONSHIP

ER MODEL

ER model representented by ER
Diagram, pictorially explains the
relationship between entities to be Basic ER Model

stored in a database.ER model is a

design or blueprint of a database
that can later be implemented as a
database. It develops conceptual
design of database. ER diagram is
created based on three components:
entities, attributes, and relationships
ER Diagram Symbols
 COMPONENTS OF ER MODEL

ENTITY
An entity may be any object, class, person or place. It is
represented by rectangle in ER diagram.

Weak Entity
An entity that makes reliance over another entity is
called a weak entity
 COMPONENTS OF ER MODEL
ATTRIBUTES
The attribute is used to describe the property of an entity. Oval is
used to represent an attribute.

Key Attribute
The key attribute is used to represent the main characteristics
of an entity. It represents a primary key.

Composite Attribute
An attribute that is composed of several other attributes is
known as a composite attribute.
 COMPONENTS OF ER MODEL

Multivalued Attribute
Some attributes can possess over one value, those attributes
are called multivalued attributes. It is represented by double
oval shape

Derived Attribute
An attribute that can be derived from other attributes of the
entity is known as a derived attribute. The dashed oval
represents the derived attribute.
 COMPONENTS OF ER MODEL
RELATIONSHIP
A relationship is used to describe the relation between entities.
Diamond or rhombus is used to represent the relationship

One to one relationship

When a single element of an entity is associated with a
single element of another entity,

One to many relationship

When a single element of an entity is associated with more
than one element of another entity,
 COMPONENTS OF ER MODEL

Many to one relationship

When more than one element of an entity is related to a
single element of another entity,

Many to many relationship

When more than one element of an entity is associated
with more than one element of another entity,
 RELATIONAL DATA MODEL

The relational model represents how data is stored in

Relational Databases. A relational database stores data in
the form of relations (tables)

Data are presented in form of rows also called tuples and

columns knows as attributes.

Degree represents the number of attributes in the relation

while cardinality represents number of tuples.

Relational database needed to be normalized to effectively

organize it, normalization also removes data redundancy.
 KEYS IN RELATIONAL DATA MODEL

CANDIDATE KEY
A candidate key is an attribute or set of attributes that can uniquely identify a tuple. Except for
the primary key, the remaining attributes are considered a candidate key
PRIMARY KEY
It is a key that can uniquely identify each record in a table.
COMPOSITE KEY
Key that consists of two or more attributes that uniquely identify any record in a table is called
Composite key.
SECONDARY KEY
The candidate key which are not selected as primary key are known as secondary or alternative keys.
SUPER KEY
Super key is an attribute set that can uniquely identify a tuple. A super key is a superset of a
candidate key.
THANKS