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Central Tendency

The document discusses various measures of central tendency including mean, median, and mode. It provides formulas and step-by-step processes for calculating each measure using both ungrouped and grouped data. For mean, it explains how to calculate the value and weighted average. For median, it describes how to find the middle score. And for mode, it presents the formula using mean and median to find the most frequent score.

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Shruti Agrawal
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141 views17 pages

Central Tendency

The document discusses various measures of central tendency including mean, median, and mode. It provides formulas and step-by-step processes for calculating each measure using both ungrouped and grouped data. For mean, it explains how to calculate the value and weighted average. For median, it describes how to find the middle score. And for mode, it presents the formula using mean and median to find the most frequent score.

Uploaded by

Shruti Agrawal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences

Measures of central tendency


The most common measure of central tendency are :
(1) Mean
(2) Median
(3) Mode
The value of a measure of Central Tendency is twofold –
(a) It is an Average which represents all of the scores made by the
group and they give concise description of the performance of the
group whole.
(b) The values of Mean , Median or Mode helps in comparing two or
more groups or Frequency Distributions in terms of Performance .
Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences

Measures of Central Tendency – Mean


Mean is the simplest but most useful measure of Central Tendency
.It is
nothing but the average which we compute and can be defined as
the sum of all the values of the items in a series divided by the
number of items . It is represented by the symbol M.
There are Two methods of Mean –
Ungrouped Data and Grouped Data .
Have different Formula for each .
Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences

Mean – ungrouped data (formula)


•

X (scores)

7
Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences

Mean – Grouped data (formula)

•
Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences

Mean – Grouped data steps


C I (scores) f X (Midpoint) fX (f . X)
45 – 49 2 47 (2 x 47)=94
40 – 44 5 42 (5 x 42)=210
35 – 39 6 37 (6 x 37)=222
30 – 34 0 32 (0 x 32)=0
25 – 29 8 27 (8 x 27)=216
20 – 24 3 22 (3 x 22)=66
15 – 19 2 17 (2 x 17)=34
N = 26
Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences

Median
• Median means the central value or we may say that the Median of a
distribution is a point on the score scale below which half (or 50%) of the
scores fall .
• Thus ,Median is the score or the value of that central item which divides
the series into two equal parts .
• It should therefore be understood that the central item itself is not the
Median. It is only the measure or value of the central item that is known
as Median.
• Median also has two methods –(a) Ungrouped data method
• (b) Grouped data method
• Both have different methods.
Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences

Median – Ungrouped data formula


Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences

Median – Ungrouped data steps


•
Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences

Median – Ungrouped data Sum


•
Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences

Median Grouped data formula


Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences

Median Grouped data - steps


As the data is Grouped means having Class Interval and frequency.(given , if not than had
to do with the help of Frequency Distribution).
(1) Now we have to first calculate (F = which is Cumulative frequency ), Cumulative
frequency is calculated by adding on the scores of frequency starting from lowest CI .
The last cumulative frequency should be equal to total N ( sum total of frequency).
(2) Then we need to find out the Class Interval on which Median is comingfor that we
need to calculate N/2 .eg (N is 50 than N/2 will be 50/2 = 25 )
(3) When we get the value of N/2, than it is find out where that value is coming in
cumulative frequency (F). The cumulative frequency of the class interval on which the
value of N/2 is coming that will be the CI on which lies or coming.
(4) Now from the class interval (mdn) we will get other values to put in Formula : L ,
F(cumulative frequency),fm , i , and N/2 (we already got ).
Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences

Median Grouped data Sum

CI f F (cumf)
(scores)
110 – 114 4 20
105 – 109 4 16
100 – 104 3 12
95 – 99 2 9
90 – 94 3 7
85 – 89 3 4
80 – 84 1 1
N=
20
Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences

Mode
• Mode is defined as the size of the variable or score which
occurs most frequently.
• It is the point on the score scale that corresponds to the
maximum frequency of the distribution .
• It is the value of the item in any series which is most
characteristic or common and is usually repeated the
maximum number of times .
• Mode is calculated for both Ungrouped data and
Grouped data.
Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences

MODE – Formula
We can use same formula for ungrouped and Grouped data .
Mode = 3Mdn – 2Mean
Steps :
(1) Ungrouped data will have Raw Scores so first calculate Mean and
Median (if value of both is not given ) as per their formula and than
multiply 3 by Mdn value (3 x Mdn ) and multiply 2 by Mean value (2 x
Mean) and after getting scores substract to get Mode ( 3Mdn – 2Mean).
(2) In Grouped Data will have Class Interval and frequency , so will calculate
Grouped data Mean and Median from their formula (if value of both is not
given) and than multiply 3 by Mdn value (3 x Mdn ) and multiply 2 by
Mean value (2 x Mean ) and after getting scores substract to get Mode (3
Mdn – 2 Mean).
Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences

Mode Sum
Ungrouped data Mode -
Scores ( X ) =7,8,9,9,10,11 total sum =54 ,N=6
So with the help of formula of ungrouped Mean , the Mean
value we got is – 9 .
With the help of formula of ungrouped Median , the Mdn value
we got is also – 9.
Now we put in formula of Mode = (3Mdn - 2Mean )
So Mode =( 3 x 9 – 2 x 9) = ( 27 – 18 ) = 9
Mode = 9 ( Ans).
Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences
Mode Sum (Grouped data mode)
C I (scores) f X fX C I (scores) f F (cumf)
(Midpoint)
110 – 114 4 20
110 – 114 4 112 448
105 – 109 4 16
105 – 109 4 107 428
100 – 104 3 12
100 – 104 3 102 306
95 – 99 2 9
95 – 99 2 97 194
90 – 94 3 7
90 – 94 3 92 276
85 – 89 3 87 261 85 – 89 3 4

80 – 84 1 82 82 80 – 84 1 1

N = 20 Total = 2025 N = 20

•
Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences

Mode Grouped data Sum


Mdn = 101.17 Mean = 101.25

Mode = 3Mdn – 2Mean


Mode = 3 x 101.17 – 2 x 101.25
Mode = 303.51 – 202.5
Mode = 101.01 (Ans)

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