provided on inner side of curve. Qut of total calculated extra widening, two third of the extra widening provided on straight portion ie. before the start of circular curve and remaining one third provided gradually in the beginning of circular curve On sharp curve of hilly roads, full value of calculated extra widening provided on inner side of curve, Ww -Wiatn of Pavement on Stranght Potion ‘we -Extra vniering on Curve Potion Figure 3: Extra Widening of Pavement on Horizontal Curvecee Sn ee ee cents pee ne Cae nee Se we \ Circular Curve / W - Width of Pavement on Straight Portion We - Extra Widening on Curve Portion Figure 3: Extra Widening of Pavement on Horizontal CurveExample 3.23 Calculate the extra width required on horizontal curve of radius 700 m on two lane road. Assume the design speed of vehicle 80 km/by and length of wheel base. L= 6 m_ Solution: Speed of vehicle = 80 km/hr, Length of wheel base = 6 m and Radius of circular curve = 700 m 5 we 2*6 gosta 2R 2*700 (1) Mechanical widening ss osJR 98,/700 (iii) Total extra widening = Wae= 0.318 + 0.0514 = 0.3604 m| J (ii) Peycholog ical widening = 031s Example 3.22 Calculate the extra widening and total width of a two lane National Highway passing through plain area. The radius of horizontal curve is 500 m and longest length of wheel base of vehicle expected on road is 7.0 m_ assume suitable data if required. Draw the neat sketch of pavement on curve showing extra widening. Solution: The design speed on National Highway passing through plain area = 100 km/h,? 95JR 9 (ii) Total extra widening = Wee= 0.318 + 0.0514 = 0.3694 m_ Example 3.22 Calculate the extra widening and total width of a two lane National Highway (ii) Peyeholog teal widening = passing through plain area, The radius of horizontal curve is 500 m and longest length of wheel base of vehicle expected on road is 7.0 m_ assume suitable data if required. Draw the neat sketch of pavement on curve showing extra widening. Solution: ‘The design speed on National Highway passing through plain area = 100 km/hs, Length of wheel base= 7 sp and Radius of exeular curve = 500 m_ aD _ 2°77 () Mechanical widening = = = 0.098 m 2R -2*500 (ii) Paycholog cal widening =! 100_ = 047m 937R 98.f500 (ii) Total extra widening = Wes = 0.47 + 0.098 = 0.568 m (Gv) Total width of tyyo Jang road on curve portion = 7 + 0.568 = 7.568 mFigure 3: Extra Widening of Pavement ‘on Horizontal Curve 3.10 Transition Curve In arder to have a smooth entry of vehicle from one straight to another straight generally circular curve are provided. But, if the vehicle entered from straight portion to curve portion centrifugal force developed suddenly. It gives discomfort to the passenger: it may give jerk to the passenger, Some time there is chances of overturning of vehicles, In order to avoided sudden development of centrifugal force and discomfont to the passenger, generally transition curve are introduced between tangent and circular curve. Due to introduction of transition ‘curve main circular curve shified by some amount known as shift. Shift=S = G33) J4tR Where, Z; - Length of transition curve im meter, R — radius of cireular curve The curve of varying radii introduced between tangent and circular curve known as transition curve. The transition curve having radii varies from infinity at the tangent point it goes on decreasing and at the junction of transition and circular curve it will be equal to radius of circular curve. The transition curve may be spiral, cubic parabola or lemniscates As the radius of transition curve decrease gradually from tangent pomt to circular curve the value to centrifugal force increase gradually from tangent point to circular curve. The value of centrifiugal force will be zero at tangent point and maximum value at junction of transition as circular curve, So the functions of transition curve in horizontal curves areThe iength cansition wuve can be calculaied by three different formulas and aaximam of these adopted as a length of transition curve. (i Rate of change of centrifugal acceleration The radial acceleration at any point on the carcular curve is > amsce?, where v is speed of vehicle in m/sec and R is radius of circular curve at poimt under consideration in m. if the speed of vehicle is in km/by than, v = 0.278 V. in order to have a gradual change in radial acceleration, 1 mst change at gradual definite sate vaties from zero to definite value. Thus if the certain value of radial acceleration fore given minimum radius and speed is fixed than there will be fixed length of transition curve. This value is expressed by a relation, 1 2002 CR Where, V ~ Speed of vehicle in km ‘hr. R - Radius of circular curve in C- Allowable rate of change of centrifugal acceleration in m/sec’ The value of C so selected that there is least conventence to the passanger. In UK and USA the value of C recommended as 0.30 and 0.66 respectively. IRC suggested that the value of C lic berween 0.5 to 0,80 and it can be calculated using an equation: 80 c= SP (ii) Considering rate of troduction of super elevation