UNIT 6 – Let’s Get Physical

As mentioned in the last unit, the OSI model consists of seven layers. Look at the
diagrams below (refer to the OSI vocabulary lists for definitions).

Diagram 1
http://ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/imprint_downloads/informit/learninglabs/9780134213736/graphics/3
0tab01.jpg

Diagram 2
http://www.expertsmind.com/CMSImages/219_The%20OSI%20reference%20Model.png

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UNIT 6 – Let’s Get Physical

DIAGRAM 1 gives the functionality of each layer, while DIAGRAM 2 shows how
each layer communicates computer-to-computer, or peer-to-peer. We will start our
discussion of the OSI model with the bottom three layers. The other layers will be
covered in a later unit.

As indicated in DIAGRAM 2, the bottom three layers are known as the

communication subnet. Normally, when a network is set up, these bottom three
layers are purchased as a bundle. That is, the physical wires, the protocol that uses
that wire configuration, and the connections to the computers are purchased as
one unit rather than as separate pieces. This ensures the compatibility and
reliability of the network itself.

PHYSICAL LAYER (Layer 1)

The Physical Layer, by its very name, refers to the actual wiring itself. Types of
wiring are indicated in the chart below. This layer is responsible for electrical signals,
light signal, radio signals etc. It contains devices such as repeaters, hubs, and
cables. It uses such protocols as RS232, ATM, FDDI, and Ethernet.

http://www.picprojects.net/rs232_communication/rs232_cable.png

DATA LINK LAYER (Layer 2)

The Data Link Layer is responsible for encoding and decoding of the electrical
signals into bits. It manages data errors from the physical layer using such
procedures Hamming and Huffman. It converts electrical signals into frames.
Typically, the data link layer is divided into two sub-layers: the Media Access
Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC sublayer
controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to
transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error
checking. The unique MAC address that every computer chip has is a part of the
layer 2. Devices like switches work at this layer.

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UNIT 6 – Let’s Get Physical

NETWORK LAYER (Layer 3)

The Network Layer is responsible for switching and routing technologies, It creates
logical paths between two hosts across the world wide web called as virtual
circuits. In packet-switched networks, it routes the data packet to its destination,
and handles routing and forwarding of the data packets. Internetworking, error
handling, congestion control, packet sequencing, and routing tables work at this
layer. The different protocols that work at this layer are TCP/ IP, IPX, and
AppleTalk.

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UNIT 6 – Let’s Get Physical

VOCABULARY
TECHNICAL
ATM [Asynchronous Transfer Mode] (n) - Асинхронний режим передачі /
асинхронный режим передачи
bundle (n/v) – пакет комплектації / комплект поставки
communication subnet (n) - комунікаційна під-мережа \ подсеть связи
compatibility (n) - сумісність \ совместимость
configure/-ation (v/n) – налаштувати (дієслово), конфігурація (іменник) \
создавать конфигурацию
congestion control (n) – контроль перевантажень у мережі (скупчень,заторів)
\ адаптация к загруженности, отслеживание перегрузок сети
decode (v) – декодувати / раскодировать
encode (v) – кодувати / шифровать
error checking (n) - перевірка помилок / исправление ошибок
FDDI [Fiber Digital Data Interface] (n) – високошвидкісний (Fiber –
середовище передачі інформації є оптоволокно) цифровий інтерфейс даних /
интерфейс передачи данных по оптоволокну
flow control (n) - управління потоком (даних) \ контроль прохождения потока
frame (n) – рамка, структура, система, каркас \ рамка, структура, система,
каркас
hub (n) – концентратор здійснює з’єднання у комп’ютерній мережі \
концентратор
internetworking (n) – між мережеві з’єднання \ межсетевые соединения,
межсетевое взаимодействие
IPX [Internetwork Packet eXchange] (n) – між мережевий пакетний обмін \
межсетевой обмен пакетами
LLC [Logical Link Control] (n) - Логічний контроль посилань \ управление
логическими связями
logical path (n) - логічний шлях \ логический путь
MAC [Media Access Control] (n) - Контроль доступу до медіа \ управление
доступом к среде передачи; управление доступом к среде передачи или
каналу связи
packet sequencing (n) - послідовність пакетів \ упорядочивание пакетов
peer-to-peer (adj) - рівний-рівному \ одноранговый
reliability (n) – надійність, міцність \ надёжность
repeater (n) – ретранслятор \ повторитель
route (v/n) – маршрут, вибір маршруту (напряму зв’язку) \ направление связи,
трассировка
routing tables (n) - таблиці маршрутизації \ таблица, в которой перечислены
пути к подсетям, сетевые интерфейсы, через которые эти пути проходят, а
также их метрики
switch (n) – перемикач \ вкл/выкл
synchronization (n) – синхронізація \ синхронизация
virtual circuit (n) - віртуальна схема, канал (передачі інформації) \
виртуальный канал

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UNIT 6 – Let’s Get Physical

ACTIVITIES:

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages with each type of network
wiring?

2. Develop a simple six-character Huffman Code and convert a message

into that code.

3. Develop a simple ten-character Hamming Code and convert a message

into that code.

4. How does a routing table work?

Vocabulary exercises

Exercise 1. Match the word / phrase with its definition

1) bundle a) how well a machine, piece of equipment, or system works

2) compatibility b) a particular way or direction between places
3) configuration c) a small device, usually pushed up or down with your finger,
that controls and turns on or off an electric current
4) congestion d) the fact of happening at the same time, or the act of making
things happen at the same time
5) error e) the process of combining things in a particular order, or
discovering the order in which they are combined
6) flow f) a route or track between one place and another, or the direction in
which something is moving
7) frame g) the central or main part of something where there is most activity
8) hub h) a structure that holds the parts of an object in position and gives
them support
9) path i) a situation in which something is produced or moved continuously
10) sequencing j) mistake, esp. in a way that can be discovered as wrong, or the
making of such mistakes
11) reliability k) too blocked or crowded and causing difficulties
12) route l) the way in which all the equipment that makes up
a computer system is set to operate
13) switch m) the fact of being able to be used with a particular type of
computer, machine, device, etc.
14) synchronization n) a number of things that have been fastened or are held together

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UNIT 6 – Let’s Get Physical

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with the words / phrases from the vocabulary of the
Unit.

communication asynchronous configured decoding encoded interface peer-to-peer

1) With no phone or radio equipment, they had no means of ____________________ .

2) This attitude has distracted attention away from the educational benefits
of ________________ electronic communication.

3) Some software can be________________________ to prevent children from giving

out their phone numbers on the internet.

4) _______________________ the paintings is not difficult once you know what

the component parts symbolize.

5) Many satellite broadcasts are _________________________ so that they can only

be received by people who have paid to see them.

6) My computer has a network _________________, which allows me to get to

other computers.

7) __________________________ file sharing involves sharing files or other resources

between computers connected through a network, rather than using a central server (=
a central computer that stores files).

Exercise 3. What does the abbreviation stand for? / What does it stand for?

1) ATM
2) FDDI
3) IPX
4) MAC
5) LLC

Exercise 4. Use these prompts while preparing to present your answer to the class.

1. In my opinion, …
2. There are those who argue that …
3. One reason behind this is …
4. due to (noun/gerund) …
5. However, …
6. To my mind, …
7. … any questions?

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UNIT 6 – Let’s Get Physical

Supplementary activities

Grammar

Exercise 5. Focus on the Adverbs. Read the text of the lesson one more
time and underline the Adverbs (Homework).

Exercise 6. Study the table below and think of your own examples
making sentences with adverbs.

Write your own

examples in
Adverbs usually For example your notebooks
describe:

- verbs He types fast.

- past participles She was wrongly identified.
- adjectives Her work is extremely good.
- other adverbs They play incredibly quickly.
- the whole sentence I hardly ever go to parties.

There are adverbs of:

- manner carefully, carelessly etc.

- place here, there
- time tomorrow, yesterday
- degree nearly, fairly
- frequency often, usually, never,

There are sentence adverbs

- probably It will probably take a week.

- maybe etc. You have talent, maybe even
genius.

There are relative adverbs

- where You can sit where you like.

- why They are nervous and we don’t know
why.
- when I will tell you when to open your exam
paper.

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UNIT 6 – Let’s Get Physical

Formation of Adverbs from Adjectives

- usually by adding –ly serious – seriously

- if an adj. ending in consonant +y cozy – cozily
then by adding –ily
- adj. ending in –ic add –ally Fantastic – fantastically
- adj. ending in –le drop –le but + -ly Horrible – horribly
- adj. ending in –e add –ly True – truly
(but: whole- wholly)
- adj. ending in –ly e.g.
elderly, fatherly, friendly, lively,
lonely, lovely, motherly, silly, ugly,
etc. form their adverbs with in a(an)
… way/manner.

Adjectives and adverbs which have the same form

Some adv. have the same form as adj. Some adv. can be found with –ly ending
without a difference in meaning, but then
they are more formal.

best, better, big Cheap

Cold Clean
Daily, Dead, Deep, Direct, Dirty Clear
Early, Easy, Extra Close
Far, Fast, Free, Further Dear
Hard, High, Hourly, Fine
Inside Loud
Kindly Quick, quiet
Last, Late, long, low Slow
Monthly Thin
Past
Right
Straight, sure
Thick, tight
Weekly, well, wide, wrong
Yearly etc.

e.g. Dr Hall was our last guest. Walk slow! (informal)

He came in last. Walk slowly! (formal)

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UNIT 6 – Let’s Get Physical

Adverbs with two forms and differences in meaning

Deep = a long way down Deeply = greatly e.g.

Direct = by the shortest route Directly = immediately
Easy = gently Easily = without difficulty
Free = without cost Freely = willingly
Full = exactly Fully = completely
Hard = intently; with effort Hardly = scarcely
High = at / to a high level Highly = very much
Last = after all others Lastly = finally
Near = close Nearly = almost
Pretty = fairly Prettily = in a pretty way
Short = suddenly Shortly = soon
Sure = certainly Surely = without doubt
Wide = fully Widely = to a large extent
Wrong = incorrectly Wrongly = unjustly

How to form Opposites

Prefix Examples Your own examples

Dis- Dishonest, dislike etc.
Un- Unusually
In- Intolerant
il- (before l-) Illegally
Im- (before m- or p-) Impossibly
Ir- (before r-) Irregularly
Mal- Maltreated

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