FLOW WITH HEAT OR FRICTION

ADDITION

B. Huyssen
 OUTLINE

One dimension Flow with heat or friction

Chapter 3 Modern compressible flow
 ONE DIMENSION FLOW
FLOW WITH HEAT ADDITION

 Many compressible flow problems encountered in practice involve

chemical reactions such as combustion, nuclear reactions,
evaporation, and condensation as well as heat gain or heat loss through
the duct wall

 Such problems are difficult to analyze

 Essential features of such complex flows can be captured by a simple

analysis method where generation/absorption is modeled as heat
transfer through the wall at the same rate
 Still too complicated for introductory treatment since flow may
involve friction, geometry changes, 3D effects

 We will focus on 1D flow in a duct of constant cross-sectional area with

negligible frictional effects
 ONE DIMENSION FLOW
FLOW WITH HEAT ADDITION
We analysed perfect gas in a constant area, steady flows that we assumed adiabatic.
There are many cases where heat transfer occurs for example in combustion chamber.
Consider the same control volume in a duct, we can see that the changing of the flow
parameters can happen not only with the presence of a shock wave. Let’s add the heat
to the flow and see what changes in the equations assuming perfect gas with constant
specific heats, Rayleigh line flow.

momentum 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑉𝑥 𝑚

In one dimension flow V=u 

Mass flow rate m 1 A1V1
A1 p1  A1 1u12  A2 p2  A2  2u22
For and ideal gas with constant cp, h = cpT
1) p1  1u12  p2   2u22
energy  u2  
2
u1 
2
q   c pT2     c pT1  
2 2
u1 u
h1   q  h2  2   2 
2 2  2  

2) q  c pTo 2  c pT01  c p To 2  T01 

the heat changes the total temperature of the flow! If we add heat than the T0 increases
 ONE DIMENSION FLOW
FLOW WITH HEAT ADDITION
1) p1  1u1  p2   2u 2
2 2
p1  p2   2u22  1u12 p1  p2  p2 M 22  p1M 12

p
 u 2  a 2 M 2   M 2  pM 2
2 p
 2  1  M 22  M 12
  p2 1  M 12
1  1  M 12  M 22 
p1 1  M 22
p2 1  M 12
 Given the condition in state 1 and given q we
p1 1  M 22 can get T02 and so we get M2. The solution of
T2  1  M 12  M 22
2
this eq is found by trial and error. For more
 
T1  1  M 22  M 12 direct method we will use the characteristic
parameters.
  1 2 
1
T02  1  M  M  2 2 M2 
2
  1
 2 2

T0,1  1  M  M  1    1 M 2 
q  c p To 2  T01 
2 2
2
 1 
1
 2 

   1 2   1
p0 , 2  1  M  1  2 M 2 
2
  1
 
 1  M  1   
M 12 
2
p0,1 2
1
 2 
 ONE DIMENSION FLOW
FLOW WITH HEAT ADDITION
2
  1  M 2  1
 
*  1   M 2
 
p 1 

p* 1  M 2 Let’s use the sonic condition as reference that
2 are tabulated in A3 (Modern compressible
T  1   flow, Anderson). We are dealing with one
M  2  dimension flow with heat addition not
T *  1  M 
2
  adiabatic process. The p*,T*,ρ* are the
1   M 2 condition that would exist if enough heat is
T0
 2  
  1M 2
 added to reach Mach equal to 1. They are

T *0 1  M 2 2  different from those ones defined for

adiabatic flow!
p0  1    2    1M   1
2

 
p0  1  M 2 
*
1  

ONE DIMENSION FLOW
FLOW WITH HEAT ADDITION
Let’s the flow be supersonic in station 1. By
adding the heat to it in station 2 the flow
speed will be reduced.

The value of sonic

parameters, T*, P* are
achieved when enough heat
is added to slow down the
flow to Mach 1. No matter
if you add the heat in two
stages or one, the sonic
parameters are the same.
 ONE DIMENSION FLOW
FLOW WITH HEAT ADDITION

1 1
M  M 
 1/ 2  1/ 2
1 1
M  M 
 1/ 2
 1/ 2

The heat addition always drives the Mach numbers towards 1. Like a shock
wave, the heat addition to the flow always decreases the total pressure.
 ONE DIMENSION FLOW
FLOW WITH HEAT ADDITION
Let’s see the finding in Mollier (h-s) diagram.
For supersonic flow the effect of heat on downstream flow is such that:
If we are in supersonic flow by adding heat we can
decrease the speed to sonic condition p*,T*,ρ*. For a
Rayleigh Line certain value of q the flow will become sonic in region 2,
Subsonic
(a), and it will be choked because any increase in q is not
Maximum entropy possible without drastic revision of the upstream
condition in region 1(at M1). Any increase of q will create
All possible a normal shock in the divergent part of the tunnel and
states in region 2
M1 <1 and T0 decreases. Theoretically the supersonic flow
can be brought to subsonic flow after reaching sonic
condition if we cool the system we can decrease further
the speed to reach subsonic flow in region 2.
Supersonic
M2<M1 If it is subsonic
V2<V1 M2>M1 T2>T1 for M< γ-1/2
P2>P1 Pstatic increases until p*
V2>V1 T2<T1 for M> γ-1/2
T02>T01 P2<P1 P02<P01
T2>T1 T02>T01
P02<P01
In the case the flow is subsonic adding heat will bring
to M=1. Any q adding will create a series of pressure
waves propagating upstream making M1 lower.
 Example

Consider M=3 flow entering a constant area duct. The P1=1atm,

T1=300K. Heat per unit of mass of 3x105J/Kg is added to this flow
in the duct. Calculate the flow properties, M2, T2, P2 density, the
total enthalpy and total pressure at the exit of the duct.
 ONE DIMENSION FLOW
FLOW WITH HEAT ADDITION

The Rayleigh flow model has many analytical uses, most notably involving aircraft
engines. For instance, the combustion chambers inside turbojet engines usually have a
constant area and the fuel mass addition is negligible. These properties make the
Rayleigh flow model applicable for heat addition to the flow through combustion,
assuming the heat addition does not result in dissociation of the air-fuel mixture.
Producing a shock wave inside the combustion chamber of an engine due to thermal
choking is very undesirable due to the decrease in mass flow rate and thrust. Therefore,
the Rayleigh flow model is critical for an initial design of the duct geometry and
combustion temperature for an engine. The Rayleigh flow model is also used
extensively with the Fanno model. These two models intersect at points on the
enthalpy-entropy and Mach number-entropy diagrams, which is meaningful for many
applications.
 ONE DIMENSION FLOW
FLOW WITH FRICTION
 Friction must be included for flow through long ducts, especially if the
cross-sectional area is small.

 Here, we study compressible flow with significant wall friction, but

negligible heat transfer in ducts of constant cross section.
Consider the same compressible ideal gas with constant cp through a duct in a
constant area duct. The flow is adiabatic and steady, no external work.
In reality the flow is viscous, if we keep in account the friction, we will have the
Fanno flow line.
 ONE DIMENSION FLOW
FLOW WITH FRICTION
Consider 1D adiabatic flow of an ideal gas with constant cp through a duct with constant

area A  D and diameter D with significant frictional effects (known as Fanno flow).
2

4
The friction shear stress τw acts on the surface of the cylinder. The friction effect is
modelled with shear stress at the wall considering the shear stress in momentum
equation.
Continuity equation Friction

X-Momentum equation
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑉𝑥 𝑚

In one dimension flow V=u m  1 A1V1

L
p1 A   u A   D w dx  p2 A   2u 22 A
2
1 1
0
 ONE DIMENSION FLOW
FLOW WITH FRICTION
All the previous eq can be plotted in Fanno curve where it can be noticed that the
friction causes the downstream flow to move closer to point of max entropy while the
total temperature is constant since the process is adiabatic.

L D 2
p1 A   u A   D w dx  p2 A   u A
2
1 1
2
2 2
A
0 4 1
   u 2 f
We can express the sheer stress in function of friction coefficient 2
T2 T0 / T1 2    1M 12

M2  
  Eq relates Mach numbers at two T1 T0 / T2 2    1M 22
x2 4 f  1  1  M 2 
x1 D dx   M 2  2 ln   1 2  different sections to the integrated  2  2    1M 12 
1 / 2
M 12
 
1 M  effect of friction between the 1  2    1M 22  M 22
  2  M1
sections. The flow is adiabatic so p2 M 1  2    1M 12 
1/ 2

  
T0=const p1 M 2  2    1M 22 
If we define x=L* where M=1
 1
 2    1M 22  2 1
1
   p0 , 2 M
 
   1
L 4f
*  1  1 M 2
p0,1 M2 2 
 2    1M 1 
x1 D dx   M 2  2 ln   1 2 

T0  const
1 M 
  2  M We can express the same equation
referred to the sonic condition
 ONE DIMENSION FLOW
FLOW WITH FRICTION
The two eq are tabulated in a table, with L*the length required to have Mach sonic. The
local friction coefficient depends on whether the flow is laminar or turbulent and it is
function of Mach number, Reynolds number and surface. Sonic parameters are
tabulated in A4.
1
  
L* 4 f  1  1  M2 
x1 D dx   
 M
2

2
ln  
 1    1 M 2 
 
  2  M

T  1

T* 2    1M 2
 ONE DIMENSION FLOW
FLOW WITH FRICTION

The friction always cause the total pressure to decrease

 EXAMPLE 6

Consider the flow of air through a pipe of inside diameter=0.15m and

length=30m. The inlet flow conditions are M=0.3, p1=1atm, T1=273K and
f=0.005. Calculate the flow conditions at the exit, M2,P2,T2 and PO2.
 ONE DIMENSION FLOW M2<M1
P2>P1
FLOW WITH FRICTION T2>T1
Let’s see the finding in Mollier (h-s) diagram. P02<P01
For supersonic flow the effect of friction on downstream flow is such that: V <V
2 1
The friction always drives the M towards M=1,
FANNO CURVE point a, corresponding to maximum entropy and
Subsonic
sonic condition. Each point on the curve between 1
and a, correspond to a certain duct length. Making L
larger will move the exit to point a, until the flow is
chocked and any increase of L is not possible
without a revision of flow at the inlet. If condition in
1 was obtained by expansion through a supersonic
Supersonic nozzle and L were larger than that allowed for
attaining M=1 at the exit, then a normal shock wave
would form inside the nozzle and the duct inlet
condition would become subsonic.
The same happens if the inlet is subsonic in 1’.
If it is subsonic M2>M1 The upper and lower portion of the curve
P2<P1 cannot be transverse as in Rayleigh curve. It is
T2<T1 not possible to first slow down a supersonic
P02<P01 flow to sonic and then to slow down further to
V2>V1 subsonic flow by friction.
 Shock Waves and Expansion Waves
ONE DIMENSION FLOW Normal Shocks

 Combine conservation of mass and

energy into a single equation and plot on
h-s diagram
 Fanno Line : locus of states that have
the same value of h0 and mass flux
M=1
 Combine conservation of mass and
M=1 momentum into a single equation and
plot on h-s diagram
 Rayleigh line
 Points of maximum entropy correspond
to M= 1.
 Above / below this point is subsonic
/ supersonic

 Equation for the Fanno line for an ideal gas with constant specific heats can be
derived p2 M 1  2    1M 12 1/ 2
  
p1 M 2  2    1M 22 
 Similar relation for Rayleigh line is p2 1  M 12

p1 1  M 22
 ONE DIMENSION FLOW
 Continuity, momentum and energy eq are
the same as those ones developed for the
normal shock wave. The conservation
equations for a normal shock are
represented by the Rayleigh and Fanno
conditions.Thus, the locus before and after a
normal shock wave, are the two points
where the Fanno and Rayleigh lines intersect
in h-S plot : points where all 3 conservation
equations are satisfied
 Point 1: before the shock (supersonic)
 Point 2: after the shock (subsonic)
 The larger M is before the shock, the
stronger the shock will be.
 Entropy increases from point 1 to point 2 :
expected since flow through the shock is
Combining Equation for the Fanno and adiabatic but irreversible. The line 1-2 is
Raylegh gives the intersection points dashed because the fluid inside a shock is
  1 2 not in thermodynamic equilibrium, the state
1 M1 is not defined.
M2 
2 2
M 12 
  1
2