TABLE OF CONTENT

S.NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
LIST OF FIGURES iii-iv
1. INTRODUTION TO AUTOCAD 1-4
1.1 Introduction to CAD 1
1.2 Types of CAD 2
1.3 Effects of CAD 3
1.4 Work space of AUTOCAD 4
1.5 Point Fixing Methods in AUTOCAD 4
2. 2D & 3D DESIGNING IN AUTOCAD 5-25
2.1 Launching AutoCAD 5
2.2 Typing a Command 5
2.2.1 Reissuing the Last Command 6
2.3 Pointing Device Mouse 6
2.3.1 Left Mouse Button 6
2.3.2 Right Mouse Button 6
2.4 Creating a New Drawing 7
2.4.1 Creates a New Drawing File 7
2.5 Undo & Redo 8
2.5.1 Undo 8
2.5.2 Redo 8
2.6 Open Existing Drawings 8
2.7 Quick Save 9
2.7.1 Running Object Snaps 9
2.8 AutoCAD 2D Tutorial 10
2.8.1 Drawing Lines 10
2.8.2 Other Useful Function 21
2.9 Advantages and Disadvantages 24
2.9.1 Advantages 24
2.9.2 Disadvantages 25
3. WHAT IS AUTODESK REVIT 26-37
3.1 What is Autodesk Revit 26
3.2 Revit Fundamentals 27
3.3 Revit Families 28
3.4 Revit Application 28
3.4.1 Revit Architecture 28
3.4.2 Revit Structure 28
3.4.3 Revit MEP 28
3.5 Project Setup 29
3.5.1 Linking and Architectural Revit Model 29
3.5.2 Copy/Monitor Levels 29
3.5.3 Creating Floor Plans 30
3.5.4 Copy/Monitor Grids 30
3.5.5 Enable Room Bounding 31
3.5.6 Adding Spaces Space Tags 31
3.6 Modeling 32
3.6.1 Drafting 32
3.7 Electric Plans 32
3.7.1 Area Plans 33
3.8 Revit Interface 35
3.9 Modeling 36
3.10 2D Drawing 36
3.11 3D/Arial View 37
4. BASICS OF STAADPRO 38-43
4.1 Introduction to StaadPro 38
4.2 History of StaadPro 39
4.3 2D and 3D Modeling in StaadPro 39
4.4 Analysing 2-D Modeling 40
5. CONCLUSION 44
5.1 Conclusion 44
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to numerous local and global peers who have contributed towards shaping my
software training. At the outset, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Er. Siyasharan
Kumar for his advice during my training. As my supervisor, he has constantly encouraged me
to remain focused on achieving my goal. His observations and comments helped me to establish
the overall direction of the project work and to move forward with investigation in depth. He
has helped me greatly and been a source of knowledge.

I must acknowledge the academic resources that I have got from Shiva Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Bilaspur. I would like to thank administrative and technical staff members of
the Department who have been kind enough to advise and help in the irrespective roles.

Last, but not the least, I would like to dedicate this my work to my family, for their love,
patience, and understanding.

i
ii
 LIST OF FIGURES
S.NO. TITLE

2.1 AutoCAD Screen

2.2 Create New Page
2.3 Drafting Setting
2.4 Drawing Lines
2.5 Polyline as One Segment
2.6 Rectangle Command
2.7 PEDIT Command
2.8 Move Command
2.9 Copy Command
2.10 Lines Extended to an Arc
2.11 Stretch Command
2.12 Lines trimmed to an Arc
2.13 Layer Shortcuts
2.14 Color Command
2.15 Line types
2.16 Line weights
2.17 Object Properties
2.18 Hatch Command
2.19 Distance Between Circle Centres
2.20 Home-Space Plan
2.21 House Design
2.22 Kitchen Design
2.23 Residential Plan
2.24 Dormitory Plan
3.1 Revit Interface
3.2 Modelling
3.3 2D Drawing
3.4 D/Arial View
4.1 StaadPro
4.2 Grid Pattern

iii
4.3 Nodes
4.4 Beam Command
4.5 Assigning Properties of the Structure
4.6 Material Command
4.7 Support Menu
4.8 Various Supports

iv
Chapter 1 Introduction to AutoCAD

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD

1.1 Introduction to CAD

Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided drafting and
design (CADD), is the use of computer technology for the development of design
and design-documentation. Computer Aided Design describes the way in which
technology is folded into a design process. Computer Aided Drafting describes the
process of drafting with a computer. CADD software, or environments, provides
the user with input-tools for the purpose of streamlining design processes; drafting,
documentation, and manufacturing processes. CADD output is often in the form of
electronic files for print or machining operations. The development of CADD-based
software is in direct correlation with the processes it seeks to economize; industry-
based software (construction, manufacturing, etc.) typically uses vector-based
(linear) environments whereas graphic-based software utilizes raster-based
(pixelated) environments.

CADD environments often involve more than just shapes. As in

the manual drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must
convey information, such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances,
according to application-specific conventions.

CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or
curves, surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) objects. CAD is an
important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive,
shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design,
prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer
animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals. The
modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles and
shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of by engineers of the
1960s. Because of its enormous economic importance, CAD has been a major
driving force for research in computational geometry, computer graphics (both
hardware and software), and discrete differential geometry.

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The design of geometric models for object shapes, in particular, is often called
computer- aided geometric design (CAGD).

AutoCAD is available for English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Korean, Chinese
Simplified, Chinese Traditional, Brazilian, Portuguese, Russian, Czech, Polish and
Hungarian, Albanian.

AutoCAD has also developed a few vertical programs:

 AutoCAD Architecture
 AutoCAD Civil
 AutoCAD Electrical
 AutoCAD ecsCAD
 AutoCAD Mechanical
 AutoCAD MEP
 AutoCAD Structural Detailing
 AutoCAD Utility Design
 AutoCAD P & ID
 AutoCAD Plant 3D

1.2 Types of CAD

There are several different types of CAD. Each of these different types of CAD
systems requires the operator to think differently about how he or she will use them
and he or she must design their virtual components in a different manner for each.

3D wireframe is basically an extension of 2D drafting. Each line has to be manually

insertedinto the drawing. The final product has no mass properties associated with it
and cannot have features directly added to it, such as holes. The operator approaches
these in a similar fashion to the 2D systems, although many 3D systems allow using
the wireframe model to make the final engineering drawing views.

3D "dumb" solids (programs incorporating this technology include AutoCAD) are

created in a way analogous to manipulations of real world objects. Basic three-

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Chapter 1 Introduction to AutoCAD

dimensional geometric forms (prisms, cylinders, spheres, and so on) have solid
volumes added or subtracted from them, as if assembling or cutting real-world
objects. Two-dimensional projected views can easily be generated from the models.
Basic 3D solids don't usually include tools to easily allow motion of components, set
limits to their motion, or identify interference between components.

3D parametric solid modeling requires the operator to use what is referred to as

"design intent". The objects and features created are adjustable. Any future
modifications will be simple, difficult, or nearly impossible, depending on how the
original part was created. One must think of this as being a "perfect world"
representation of the component. If a feature was intended to be located from the
centre of the part, the operator needs to locate it from the centre of the model, not,
perhaps, from a more convenient edge or an arbitrary point, as he could when using
"dumb" solids. Parametric solids require the operator to consider the consequences
of his actions carefully.

1.3 Effects using CAD

Beginning in the 1980s Computer-Aided Design programs reduced the need of
draftsmen significantly especially in small to mid-sized companies. Their
affordability and ability to run on personal computers also allowed engineers to do
their own drafting work eliminating the need for entire departments. In Today’s
world most if not all students in universities do not learn drafting techniques because
they are not required to do so. The days of mechanical drawings are almost
obsolete.[4] Universities such as New Jersey Institute of Technology no longer
require the use of protractors and compasses to create mechanical drawings, instead
there are several classes that focus on the use of CAD software such as Pro Engineer
or IDEAS-MS.

Another consequence had been that since the latest advances were often quite
expensive, small and even mid-size firms often could not compete against large
firms who could use their computational edge for competitive purposes.

1.4 Work Spaces of AutoCAD

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Chapter 1 Introduction to AutoCAD

 Drafting and Annotation

 3D Basics
 3D Modeling
 AutoCAD Classic

1.5 Point Fixing Methods in AutoCAD

 Absolute Co-ordinate System.
X, Y 5,5

 Relative Co-ordinate System.

@X, Y @5,5

 Relative Polar Co-ordinate System.

@Distance<Angle @5<90

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Chapter 2 2D & 3D Designing in AutoCAD

CHAPTER 2
2D & 3D DESIGNING IN AUTOCAD

2.1 Launching AutoCAD

 Start
 3D and CAD
 AutoCAD

FIG. 2.1 AutoCAD Screen

2.2 Typing a Command

All AutoCAD commands can be typed in at the command line. Many commands also have one
or two letter aliases that can also be typed as shortcuts to the commands.
1. Type the desired command at the command prompt. Command: LINE
2. Type the command’s alias. Command: L
3. Press ENTER/Space to end.
4. Type an option at the command prompt.

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2.2.1 Reissuing the Last Command

The last used AutoCAD command can be re-entered by one of the following three methods of
ENTER. The ENTER key on the keyboard will always act as ENTER, the SPACEBAR and
RIGHT MOUSE will act as enter most of the time (exceptions include placing TEXT).
1. Press the ENTER key on the keyboard or
2. Press the Space bar on the keyboard. or
3. Click the right mouse button.

2.3 Pointing Device (Mouse)

AutoCAD uses either a mouse or digitizing tablet to select objects in a drawing.

2.3.1 Left Mouse Button

Used to pick or select objects
1. Click the left mouse button to select an object area in the drawing.
2. Press ESC twice to deselect an object (or to cancel a command).

2.3.2 Right Mouse Button

Used to enter a command, repeat last command, or access shortcut menus. Click the right
mouse button.
 PAN
It is used to shift the location of a view.
1. Choose View, Pan.
OR
2. Click the Pan icon.
OR
3. Type PAN from the command prompt.
Command: PAN or P

 ZOOM
Increases or decreases the apparent size of objects in the current viewport.

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1. Choose View, Zoom.

OR
2. Click a Zoom icon.
OR
3. Type ZOOM at the command prompt.
Command: Zoom or Z
4. Type One of the following zoom options. The following are basic zoom options:
All: Places entire drawing (all visible layers) on display at once. Forces a regeneration.
Extents: Displays current drawing content as large as possible.
Previous: Restores previous view.
Window: Designates rectangular area to be drawn as large as
possible.
Number: Magnification relative to ZOOM All display Number: X Magnification relative to
current display (1X).
Centre: Specifies centre point and new display height.
Dynamic: Permits you to pan a box representing the viewing screen around the entire
generated portion of the drawing and enlarge or shrink it.

2.4 Creating a New Drawing (New Command)

2.4.1 Creates a new drawing file.

Fig. 2.2 Create New File

1. Choose File, New.
OR
2. Press CTRL + N.
OR

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3. Click the New icon.

OR
4. Type NEW at the Command prompt. Command: NEW
5. Choose One of the options for creating a new drawing.
6. Click the OK button.
7. Save the drawing as another name.

2.5 Undo and Redo

2.5.1 Undo
Reverses the last action.
1. Choose Edit, Undo.
OR
2. Click the Undo icon.
OR
3. Press CTRL + Z.
4. Type U at the command prompt to undo the last command. Command: U

2.5.2 Redo
Reverses the effects of a single UNDO or U command.
1. Choose Edit, Redo.
OR
2. Click the Redo icon.
OR
3. Type REDO at the command prompt to redo the last undo command.
Command: REDO

2.6 Open Existing Drawings

1. Choose File, OPEN.
OR
2. Press CTRL + O.
OR
3. Click the OPEN icon.
OR

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4. Type OPEN at the command prompt. Command: OPEN

5. Press ENTER
6. Double Click the desired directory to find the drawing to open.
7. Click the drawing name to open.
8. Click The OK button.

2.7 Quick Save

The QSAVE command is equivalent to clicking Save on the File menu.
If the drawing is named, AutoCAD saves the drawing using the file format specified on the
Open and Save tab of the Options dialog box and does not request a file name. If the drawing
is unnamed, AutoCAD displays the Save Drawing As dialog box (see SAVEAS) and saves the
drawing with the file name and format you specify.
1. Press CTRL + S.
OR
2. Click the Save icon.
OR
3. Type QSAVE at the command prompt, Command: SAVE

2.7.1 Running Object Snaps

An object snap mode specifies a snap point at an exact location on an object. OSNAP specifies
running object snap modes, which remain active until you turn them off.
1. Choose Tools, Drafting Settings.
OR

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2. Type DDOSNAP at the command prompt Command: DDOSNAP

OR
3. Click OSNAP on the Status Bar.
4. Right Click the Object Snap TAB.
5. Choose an object snap to turn ON/OFF from the dialog

Fig. 2.3 Drafting setting

2.8 AutoCAD 2D Tutorial
2.8.1 DRAWING LINES
A line can be one segment or a series of connected segments. Each segment is a individual
object.

a) Series of connected segments b) One segment

Fig. 2.4 Drawing Lines

Start the Line command by using one of the following methods:

Type = L <enter>
PULLDOWN MENU = DRAW / LINE TOOLBAR = DRAW

 Lines
Lines are drawn by specifying the locations for the endpoints.
Move the cursor to the location of the “first” endpoint then press the left mouse button.
Move the cursor again to the “next” endpoint and press the left mouse button. Continue
locating “next” endpoints until you want to stop.

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 Pline Command
A polyline is a connected sequence of line segments created as a single object. You can create
straight line segments, arc segments, or a combination of the two.
1. Choose Draw, Polyline.
OR
2. Pick the Pline icon.
3. Type PLINE at the command prompt Command: PLINE or PL
4. Pick A point on the drawing to start the polyline from point:( select)
5. Type One of the following options:
Arc/Close/Half width/Length/Undo/Width/<endpoint of Line>:
OR
6. Pick A point to continue drawing
Arc/Close/Half width/Length/Undo/Width/<endpoint of line>: (pick point)

Fig. 2.5 Polyline as one segment

 Orthogonal Lines
Controls lines from being drawn at various angles to straight lines. When the snap grid is
rotated, ortho mode rotates accordingly.
1. Press Function Key F8.
OR
2. Double Click ORTHO from the Status Bar.
OR

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3. Press CTRL + L.
4. Line drawn with ORTHO ON

 Rectangle
1. Choose Draw, Rectangle.
OR
2. Click the Rectangle icon.
OR
3. Type Rectangle at the command prompt Command: RECTANGAL
Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width/<First corner>:
4. Pick first corner.
5. Pick other corner or type coordinates

Fig. 2.6 Rectangle Command

 Circle Command
1. Choose Draw, Circle.
OR
2. Click the Circle icon.
OR
3. Type CIRCLE at the command prompt. Command: CIRCLE
4. Type One of the following options:
3P/2P/TTR/<<centre point>>:
Circle, Centre Radius Circle, Centre Diameter Circle, Tangent Radius Circle, Tangent,
Tangent, Tangent.
OR
5. Pick A centre point.
6. Type A radius or diameter.
OR
7. Pick A radius or diameter Diameter/<<radius>>:

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 Arc Command
1. Choose Draw, Arc.
OR
2. Click the Arc icon.
OR
3. Type ARC at the command prompt Command: ARC
4. Draw One of the arcs.

 Editing Polylines
1. Choose Modify, Polyline.
OR
2. Pick the PEDIT icon from the Modify II toolbar.
3. Type PEDIT at the command and prompt Command: PEDIT
4. Pick a polyline to edit Select Poly line:(pick)
5. Type One of the following options:
Close/Join/ Width/Edit vertex/Fit Curve /Spline /Curve/Decurve /Undo/exit
PEDIT Options are:
 Close: Closes open polyline segments
 Join: Connects polylines, lines, and arcs to existing polylines.
 Width: Changes the width for all polyline segments.
 Fit curve: Creates curved arc segments around pline vertices at the direction you
specify.
 Spline Curve: Creates a curve through control points on a polyline.
 De curve: Straightens curved segments.
 Edit Vertex: Displays the following Edit Vertex Options:

a) Polyline width change b) Splined Polyline

Fig. 2.7 PEDIT Command

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 Move Command
1. Choose Modify, Move.
OR
2. Click the Move icon.
OR
3. Type MOVE at the command prompt Command: MOVE or M
4. Pick Objects to move Select objects: (select)
5. Pick A point to move from Base point or displacement: (pick point)
6. Pick A point to move to Second point of displacement: (pick point) (select)

a) Circle before move b) Circle after move

Fig. 2.8 Move Command

 Copy Command
1. Choose Modify, Copy.
OR
2. Click the Copy icon.
OR
3. Type COPY at the command prompt. Command: COPY or CP
4. Pick Objects to copy. Select objects: (select)
5. Pick A point to move from Base point or displacement/Multiple: (pick point).
6. Pick A point to copy to Second point of displacement: (pick point) or
7. Type A point to copy to. Second point of displacement: @ 1<0

a) Duplicate objects copied b) Multiple objects copied

Fig. 2.9 Copy Command

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 Offset Command
To offset a specified distance:
1. Choose Modify, Offset.
OR
2. Choose the Offset icon.
OR
3. Type OFFSET at the command prompt. Command: OFFSET or O
4. Type The distance to offset. Offset distance or <Through point>: (number)
5. Pick The object to offset. Select object to offset: (select object)
6. Pick A side to offset object to. Side to offset: (pick side)
7. Pick Another object to offset Select object to offset: (pick side)
OR
8. Press Enter to end the command. Offsetting objects by specifying a distance

 EXTEND
1. Choose Modify, Extend.
OR
2. Click the Extend icon.
OR
3. Type EXTEND at the command prompt Command: EXTEND
4. Select boundary edge(s).
5. Pick The BOUNDARY edge to extend to Select objects: (select)
6. Press ENTER to accept the boundary edge Select objects: (press enter)
7. Pick The objects to extend <Select object to extend> / Project / Edge / Undo: Select an
object, enter an option, or press enter: (select)
8. Press ENTER when you are done choosing objects

Fig. 2.10 Lines Extended to an arc

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 Stretch
1. Choose Modify, Stretch.
OR
2. Click the Stretch icon.
3. Type STRETCH at the command prompt. Command: STRETCH Select objects to
stretch by window.
4. Type C to choose CROSSING window Select objects: C
5. Pick A first corner to stretch. First corner: (point)
6. Pick The opposite corner to window the objects to stretch. Another corner: (point)
7. Press ENTER to accept objects to stretch.
8. Pick A base point to stretch from Base point: (point)
9. Pick A point to stretch to new point: (point) or
10. Type A distance to stretch. New point: @1<0

Fig. 2.11 Stretch Command

 TRIM
The TRIM command allows you to trim objects in a drawing so they end precisely at a cutting
edge defined by one or more other objects in the drawing.
1. Choose Modify, Trim.
OR
2. Click the Trim icon.
3. Type TRIM at the command prompt Command: TRIM Select cutting edge(s).
4. Pick The CUTTING edge to extend to Select objects: (select)
5. Press ENTER to accept the cutting edge Select objects: (press enter)
6. Pick Objects to trim <Select object to trim> / Project / Edge / Undo: Select an object,
enter an option, or press enter
7. Press ENTER when you are done choosing objects Select object to trim/Undo: (press
enter)

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Fig. 2.12 Lines Trimmed to an Arc (Arc is cutting edge)

 Break
1. Choose Modify, Break.
OR
2. Click the Break icon.
OR
3. Type BREAK at the command prompt. Command: BREAK
4. Pick Object to break. Select object:(select object)
5. Pick A second break point. Enter second point: (point)
6. Type F to choose a different break point Enter second point (or F for first point): (F)

 MIRROR
1. Choose Modify, Mirror.
OR
2. Click the Mirror icon.
OR
3. Type MIRROR at the command prompt. Command: MIRROR
4. Pick Objects to mirror. Select objects:(select)
5. Pick First point of mirror line: (point)
6. Pick Second point: (point)
7. Type Yes to delete the original objects and No to keep them. Delete old objects? Y or
N

 Layers
Introduction to Layers and Layer Dialog Box
1. Choose Format, Layer.
OR
2. Type LAYER at the command prompt. Command: LAYER (or LA) OR

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3. Pick the layers icon from the Layer Control box on the object properties toolbar

 Layer Options
Lists layers, with states, colors and line types.
Make: Creates a new layer and makes it current.
Set: Sets current layer.
New: Creates new layers.
ON Turns: on specified layers.
OFF Turns: off specified layers.
Color Assigns: color to specified layers.
L type Assigns: line type to specified layers.
Freeze: Completely ignores layers during regeneration.
Thaw: Unfreezes specified layers L type.
Lock: Makes a layer read only preventing entities from being edited but available.
Unlock: Places a layer in read write mode and available for edits.
Plot: Turns a Layer On for Plotting
No Plot: Turns a Layer Off for Plotting
L Weight: Controls the line weight for each layer

 Layer Shortcuts
Changing the Layer of an Object
1. Click Once on the object to change.
2. Select the desired layer from the Layer Control Box Dropdown. AutoCAD will move
the object to the new layer.
Colours + Line Weights

Fig. 2.13 Layer Shortcuts

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 Color Command
1. Choose Format, Color.
OR
2. Type DDCOLOR at the command prompt.
3. Command: DDCOLOR or COL OR
4. Choose Color on the Object Properties toolbar and then Select a color from the list or
select Other to display the Select Color dialog box.

Fig. 2.14 Color Command

 Linetypes
Loading and Changing Linetypes
1. Choose Format, Line type.
OR
2. Type DDLTYPE at the command prompt. Command: DDLTYPE or LT
3. Choose Load... to see a list of available line types.
4. Choose the desired linetype to assign.
5. Click OK.

Fig. 2.15 Linetypes

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 LINEWEIGHTS
Loading and Changing Line weights
1. Choose Format, Line weight.
2. Type LINEWEIGHT at the command prompt. Command: LINEWEIGHT or
LWEIGHT
OR
3. Pick a line weight to make current from the Object.

Fig. 2.16 Lineweights

 Object Properties
1. Choose Modify, Properties.
OR
2. Click the Properties icon.
OR
3. Type DDCHPROP or DDMODIFY at the command prompt. Command:
DDCHPROP (CH) or DDMODIFY (MO)
4. Pick Objects whose properties you want to change Pick a window for DDCHPROP,
single object for DDMODIFY.
5. Select objects:(select)
6. Press ENTER to accept objects. Select objects: (press enter)
7. Choose One of the following properties to change

Fig. 2.17 Object Properties

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2.8.2 Other Useful Functions

 HATCH Command
1. Choose Draw, Hatch.
OR
2. Click the Hatch icon.
3. Type HATCH at the command prompt Command: HATCH

Fig. 2.18 Hatch Command

 Measuring Distances
1. Choose Tools, Inquiry, and Distance.
OR
2. Click the Distance icon from the Inquiry Toolbar.
OR
3. Type DIST at the command prompt Command: DIST
4. Pick The first point to measure from First point: pick point
5. Pick The second point to measure to Second point: pick point

Fig. 2.19 Distance Between Circle Centres

 Linear Dimensions
1. Choose Dimension, Linear.
OR
2. Click the Linear Dimension command from the toolbar.

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OR
3. Type DIM at the command prompt. Command: DIM
Dim: HOR or VER

 Aligned Dimensions
1. Choose Dimension, Aligned.
OR
2. Click the Aligned Dimension command from the toolbar.
OR
3. Type DIM at the command prompt. Command: DIM

Dim: ALIGNED

 Radial Dimensions
1. Choose Dimension, Radius or Diameter.
OR
2. Click the Radial Dimensions command from the toolbar.
3. Type DIM at the command prompt. Command: DIM
Dim: RADIUS or DIAMETER

Fig. 2.20 Home-Space Plan

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Fig. 2.21 House Designs

Fig. 2.22 Kitchen Design

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Fig. 2.23 Residential Plan

Fig. 2.24 Dormitory Plan

2.9 Advantages and Disadvantages

2.9.1 Advantages
1. High productivity and reduced lead times.
2. Accuracy in Design.

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3. Better control over the complete project process.

4. Modifications in design are relatively easy.
5. Simulation of the computer-generated model can reduce or eliminate prototype testing.
6. Standardization of design.
7. Automatic database creation assists in creation of manufacturing documentation.
8. Optimized solutions as a result of detailed engineering analysis.

2.9.2 Disadvantages
1. Computer technology is expensive to buy and maintain.
2. Using computer technology requires a lot of training and experience.
3. Using computer technology means less evaluation of real materials and 3D materials.
4. It is easy to lose data if it is not regularly “backed up”.

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Chapter 3 Autodesk Revit

CHAPTER-3
AUTODESK REVIT

3.1 What is Autodesk Revit?

Autodesk Revit is building information modeling software for architects, structural
engineers, MEP engineers, designers and contractors. It allows users to design a building and
structure and its components in 3D, annotate the model with 2D drafting elements, and access
building information from the building model's database. Revit is 4D BIM capable with tools
to plan and track various stages in the building's lifecycle, from concept to construction and
later demolition.

Charles River Software was founded in Newton, Massachusetts, on October 31, 1997, by
Leonid Raiz and Irwin Jungreis, key developers of PTC's Pro/Engineer software for
mechanical design, with the intent of bringing the power of parametric modeling to the
building industry (PTC had previously tried and failed to market its recently acquired Reflex
software to the construction sector).[1]With funding from venture capitalists Atlas Venture
and North Bridge Venture Partners, Raiz and Jungreis hired several software developers and
architects and began developing Revit in C++ on the Microsoft Windows platform. In 1999
they hired Dave Lemont as CEO and recruited board members Jon Hirschtick, founder of
SolidWorks, and Arol Wolford, founder of CMD Group.

From the outset, Revit was intended to allow architects and other building professionals to
design and document a building by creating a parametric three-dimensional model that
included both the geometry and non-geometric design and construction information, which
later became known as Building Information Modeling or BIM. At the time, several other
software packages such as ArchiCAD and Reflex allowed working with a three-dimensional
virtual building model, and allowed individual components to be controlled by parameters
(parametric components). Two key differences in Revit were that its parametric components
were created using a graphical "family editor" rather than a programming language, and all
relationships between components, views, and annotations were captured by the model so
that a change to any element would automatically propagate to keep the model consistent. For
example, moving a wall would update the neighbouring walls, floors, and roofs, correct the
placement and values of dimensions and notes, adjust the floor areas reported in schedules,
redraw section views, etc., so that the model would remain connected and all documentation

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would be coordinated. The concept of bi-directional associativity between components,

views, and annotations was a distinguishing feature of Revit for many releases. The ease of
making changes inspired the name Revit, a contraction of Revise-It. At the heart of Revit is a
parametric change propagation engine that relied on a new technology, context-driven
parametrics, that was more scalable than the variational and history-driven parametrics used
in mechanical CAD software. The term Parametric Building Model was adopted to reflect the
fact that changes to parameters drove the whole building model and associated
documentation, not just individual components.

The company was renamed Revit Technology Corporation in January 2000, and Revit
version 1.0 was released on April 5, 2000. The software progressed rapidly, with version 2.0,
3.0, 3.1, 4.0, and 4.1 released in August 2000; October 2000; February 2001; June 2001;
November 2001; and January 2002, respectively. The software was initially offered only as a
monthly rental, with no option to purchase. Licensing was controlled by an entirely automatic
process, an innovation at a time when human intervention and manual transmission of
authorization codes was required to buy other types of design software.

Autodesk, best known for its AutoCAD line of products, purchased the Massachusetts-based
Revit Technology Corporation for US$133 million in 2002. The purchase allowed more
research, development and improvement of the software. Autodesk has released several
versions of Revit since 2004. In 2005 Revit Structure was introduced, then in 2006 Revit
MEP. After the 2006 release Revit Building was renamed Revit Architecture.

Since Revit 2013 the different disciplines have been rolled into one product, simply called
Revit.

In 2012 Revit LT[became the newest version of Revit on the market. It is a light version of
Revit with a number of features such as rendering and multi user environments crippled.

With their Revit platform, Autodesk is a significant player in the BIM market together with
Nemetschek (makers of ArchiCAD, All Plan and Vectorworks), and Gehry Technologies
with CATIA based Digital Project.

3.2 Revit Fundamentals

1. Project Setup
2. Modeling

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3. Drafting
4. Electrical Plans
5. Area Plans
6. Schedules
7. Site Work
8. Rendering

3.3 Revit Families

Revit models are essentially made up of various different families. These families are
parametric objects that can take two- and/or three-dimensional form in the project model, and
can appear in any view including schedules. Mastering family creation in Revit is a key part
of building great building information models.
 Family Creation Overview
 System Families

3.4 Revit Applications

3.4.1 Revit Architecture
Revit Architecture is one of the three flavours of the Revit platform. Revit Architecture 2010
is the latest version of the original Revit Building. It includes architectural some structural
tools needed for building information models.
 Revit Architecture Overview

3.4.2 Revit Structure

Revit Structure is for designing and documenting structural systems. Revit Structure 2010 has
the ability to export to a number of structural analysis packages and also offers various
extensions to simplify several tasks, such as modeling rebar.
 Revit Structure Overview

3.4.3 Revit MEP Revit MEP is the youngest of the three Revit platform flavors. As the name
implies Revit MEP 2010 is for designing, documenting, and analyzing building information
models for mechanical, electrical, and plumbing.

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 Revit MEP Overview

3.5 Project Setup

The following are the steps required to set up a Revit MEP 2009 project utilizing a linked
architectural file. These instructions are slightly different than what was required for a 2008
project and changed significantly in the 2010 version with the ribbon interface.

3.5.1 Linking an Architectural Revit model

Save architectural Revit model(s) on the server in the appropriate job folder. If the file name
ends with "Central", rename it. For example, if the file name is 4567 Office Arch Central.rvt,
rename it to 4567 Office Arch.rvt.

1. Open the architectural file(s). Before clicking open, check the Detach from Central option.
Accept any warning prompt that appears.

2. Once the file is open, go to File --> Purge Unused…

3. Click on Check All then click OK.

4. Save and close the file.

5. Start a new project.

6. Go to File --> Import/Link --> Revit…

7. Browse for the Revit building model file. Before clicking Open, check the Origin to Origin
option. Click Open.

3.5.2 Copy/Monitor Levels

1. Once the file is open, double-click on one of the default elevation views within the Project
Browser if not already selected.

2. Zoom (Zoom Region - ZR) into the edge of the building where it shows the Levels
(typically on the right hand side of the elevation view).

3. Go to Tools —> Copy/Monitor —> Select Link (or Click the Copy/Monitor toolbar button
and click Select Link.)

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4. Select the building model by left-clicking on any part of it. In the Design bar (on the left),
the Copy/Monitor mode is activated.

5. In the Copy/Monitor menu, click Options. The default options can remain as they are but
can be edited as needed. Close Copy/Monitor Options.

6. In the Copy/Monitor menu, click Copy.

7. Individually click on each level of the building model. Allow time for Revit to process the
information after each click. Accept any warnings that may appear.

8. Click Finish Mode in the Design Bar to close the Copy/Monitor menu

3.5.3 Creating floor plans

1. Go to View —> New… —> Floor Plan…

2. In the New Plan dialog box, the levels that you copied in the previous steps should be
listed. Select each one and click OK. Floor plans default to 1:100 but can be changed Revit
MEP 2009 Project Setup revitgarage.com if needed.

3. By default, Revit sets these new floor plans up as Architectural plans. In the Project
Browser, expand the Architectural heading and you’ll see the new plans that you just created.

3.5.4 Copy/Monitor Grids

Copying grids allows you to stretch the grid lines and bubbles in your plans, sections, and
elevations to fit your sheet views. It also allows you to monitor any changes to the grid
layout. Once you copy grids, you will then need to turn off the linked architectural/structural
grid lines.

1. Switch to a plan view.

2. Go to Tools —> Copy/Monitor —> Select Link (or Click the Copy/Monitor toolbar button
and click Select Link.) Select the building model by left-clicking on any part of it. In the
Design bar (on the left), the Copy/Monitor mode is activated.

3. In the Copy/Monitor menu, click Copy.

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4. Individually click on each grid line of the building model. Allow time for Revit to process
the information after each click. Accept any warnings that may appear.

5. Click Finish Mode in the Design Bar to close the Copy/Monitor menu.

6. Within each floor plan that was created in the previous section, you will need to turn off
the grids within the linked architectural/structural file(s).

7. To do this, go to Visibility Graphics (VG) and click on the Revit Links tab.

8. Next to the link name click on By Host View and click the button next to Custom.

9. Next, click on the Annotation Categories tab.

10.Click on the list box and change <By Host View> to <Custom>

11.Scroll down the list of annotation categories and uncheck Grids.

12.Click Ok twice to exit out of Visibility Graphics.

3.5.5 Enable Room Bounding

Beginning in Revit MEP 2009, rooms are no longer required to be copy/monitored. Instead,
room bounding elements are automatically carried into the MEP model when the architectural
file is linked in. In order for these room boundaries to be “activated”, you must manually
change a setting.

1. Click on the linked architectural model and to go Element Properties.

2. In the Element Properties dialog box, click on Edit/new…

3. Under Constraints, check the box next to “Room Bounding”.

4. Click OK to close the properties dialog boxes.

3.5.6 Adding Spaces & Space Tags

The concept of Spaces was introduced in Revit MEP 2009. Spaces allow for the
engineer/designer to have control over how a building’s interior volumes are calculated in
building analysis software. Therefore, in order to tag a room, a Space must first be placed
within the room bounding area. Placing Spaces can be a somewhat complex task to create
them correctly. I will walk through a basic space application but will not go into the process

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any further in these instructions. Once spaces are placed, Space Tags can then be placed on
each Space (room). Revit MEP 2009 Project Setup revitgarage.com

1. In the mechanical design bar, click on Space.

2. In the Type Selector bar, set the Upper Limit and Offset. For example, if you are placing a
Space on Level 1, you’d set the Upper limit to Second floor with an Offset of 0.0m. Also, to
automatically tag the space when it is placed, be sure to check the “Tag on placement” box.

3. Next, place the cursor over a room and an “X” will appear within the room boundary
(which will be high-lighted in green).

4. Click within the room to place the Space.

3.6 Modeling
While Revit may appear to be a modeling program in reality it is a database with graphical,
text and calculated queries. You may add or delete views without changing the model. The
advantage of structuring the program like a database is that things that appear in more than
one view when changed are changed in all views. The program has a built in error checking
to alert user when something is moved to an invalid location - like two walls overlapping or a
door outside of a wall.

3.6.1 Drafting
Revit includes a series of drafting tools to complement the 3D modeling and database
functions.

3.7 Electrical Plans

It is important to remember that Revit associates all ceiling mounted light fixtures with
ceilings. This means that to insert a ceiling mounted light fixture, it must be hosted by a
ceiling element. The bottom of a floor will not work. You will also have to create all your
ceiling elements in a reflected ceiling plan. It often makes sense to simply have your
electrical plan be a reflected ceiling plan with the plan shown as an underlay. This will nicely
show your plan greyed out.

<==creating an Electrical Plan==> Gordonville state high

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Select the reflected ceiling plan for the level you would like to make an electrical plan. It is
helpful to change the name of the view to include the term "Reflected Ceiling Plan" or
"RCP", but when changing the name of the view, be sure to choose not to change the name of
the level itelf in the dialogue box that will appear.

It is fairly easy to create a ceiling. This can be done from the modelling 'tab'.

Once you have created your ceiling, the next thing to do is to move your ceiling to the
underside of the floor (if you didn't already do this in the properties dialogue box when
creating the ceiling). This is easily done by going to a section, and then moving your ceiling
up to the underside of the floor above. If the ceiling isn't visible, select the "Reveal Hidden
Elements" lightbulb icon at the bottom left of the window.

You should now be able to add ceiling fixtures to your new ceiling. You may also want to
add wall and other fixtures at this time, but you can wait until you've created the actual
electrical plan view.

Create a new floor plan. Change the visibility to remove items that are not relevant to the
electrical plan. You may want to change the Detail Level to Course and set the walls to fill in
at this detail level. Critical to a successful electrical plan is getting your view range correct. In
the view properties, make sure that your view range 'sees' all the way up to the ceiling.

Now you're ready to start adding components such as fixtures and switches. When drawing
wires, use detail lines so that these lines don't appear in other views.

If you are doing multiple units or rooms with same electrical plan, be sure to group the
electrical components and then create an associated detail group for the wires (and labels if
any).

3.7.1 Area Plans

 Introduction
Unlike in drafting progams where areas are calculated using poly-lines, a pad of paper and a
calculator, Revit uses area plans and schedules. An area plan is a view of the model where
you can associate area boundaries and choose the areas that these boundaries define. The area
information automatically populates your area schedule.

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 Area Types
Revit calculates areas based on the area type you choose when creating your area plan. For
example, Gross Building area calculates to the exterior of the area walls, whereas Rentable
area calculates to the interior. It is important to choose your area type appropriately; if you
are trying to find out the footprint of a building, the rentable area type would be the wrong
one to choose.
 Scheduling Areas
As Gross Building area is often used to calculate both floor plate area (square footage) as
well as site area, it is useful to use the comment parameter to keep track of these separately.
You may want to use a comment such as "Square Footage" or "Above Grade" for your
building areas, and then "Site" for your footprint and lot areas. When you set up your
schedules, you can filter out the areas that don't have the appropriate comment. For example,
your site schedule may have two areas, the site area and the building footprint. Make sure the
comment field for both of these areas is "Site", and then set up a filter in the schedule
properties to exclude any area that does not have the comment "Site". The schedule will then
only report the relevant site areas. You may want to hide the comment field in the appearance
tab because you are only using it to sort and doesn't actually need to appear in the schedule
on the plans.

 Schedules
Schedules are one of the most powerful features of Revit. Since the program is organized like
a database, schedules can be used to control the model. For example, you may both filter and
sort the entries in the schedule.

 Rendering
When a rendering is exported in the TIFF file format, the sky area is saved as an alpha
channel. This makes it very easy to strip out in Photoshop to be replaced with a background
image of your choice.

 Export your rendering as a TIFF file.

 Open the TIFF file in Photoshop.
 You won't have any layers in your document (and you need these to have a transparent
background), so double click the background layer in the layers palette. *This will turn
the background into a new layer (through a dialogue box).

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 In the Select menu, choose Load Selection...

 Ensure that the document is correct (the same as the one you are working on)
 Ensure that the Channel is Alpha 1
 Select the Invert check box if you want the selection to be the sky. Otherwise the
selection will be the foreground.
 Use "New Selection" as the operation
 Choose OK
 If your selection is the sky, hit the delete button and the sky will disappear. If your
selection is your building, choose Copy and then you can paste the building into another
Photoshop file that has a background image.

3.8 Revit Interface

Fig. 3.1 Revit Interface

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3.9 Modelling

Fig. 3.2 Modelling

3.10 2D Drawing

Fig. 3.3 2D Drawing

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Chapter 3 Autodesk Revit

3.11 3D/Arial View

Fig. 3.4 D/Arial View

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Chapter Basics of StaadPro

CHAPTER-4
BASICS OF STAADPRO

4.1 Introduction to StaadPro

StaadPro is structural analysis design program software. It includes a state of the art user
interface, visualization tools and international design codes. It is used for 3D model generation,
analysis and multi-material design. The commercial version of StaadPro supports several steel,
concrete and timber design codes. It is one of the software applications created to help structural
engineers to automate their tasks and to remove the tedious and long procedures of the manual
methods. Concurrent Engineering" based user environment for model development, analysis,
design, visualization and verification. Object-oriented intuitive 2D/3D graphic model generation.
StaadPro tends to structural Analysis and Designing Program, StaadPro is a comprehensive and
integrated finite element analysis and design offering that includes a state-of-the-art user
interface, visualization capabilities, and international design codes. The application is capable of
analyzing any structure exposed to static, dynamic, wind, earthquake, thermal, and moving loads.
StaadPro provides structural analysis and design for any type of project, including towers,
buildings, culverts, plants, bridges, stadiums, and marine structures.

Fig. 4.1 StaadPro

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Chapter Basics of StaadPro

4.2 History of StaadPro

StaadPro was originally developed by Research Engineers International in Yorba Linda, CA. In
late 2005, Research Engineer International was bought by Bentley Systems. StaadPro is powerful
design software licensed by Bentley. Staad stands for structural analysis and design any object
which is stable under a given loading can be considered as structure. So first find the outline of
the structure, whereas analysis is the estimation of what are the type of loads that acts on the
beam and calculation of shear force and bending moment comes under analysis stage. Design
phase is designing the type of materials and its dimensions to resist the load. This we do after the
analysis. To calculate S.F.D and B.M.D of a complex loading beam it takes about an hour. So
when it comes into the building with several members it will take a week. Staad pro is a very
powerful tool which does this job in just an hour’s staad is a best alternative for high rise
buildings. Now a days most of the high-rise buildings are designed by staad which makes a
compulsion for a civil engineer to know about this software. This software can be used to carry
rcc, steel, bridge, truss etc. according to various country codes.

4.3 2D and 3D Modeling in StaadPro

The new STAAD.Pro CONNECT Edition. Simplify your BIM workflow by using a physical
model in STAAD.Pro that is automatically converted into the analytical model for your structural
analysis. Share synchronized models with confidence for multi-discipline team collaboration
and, most importantly, delivers safe, cost-effective designs.
Because every firm has different needs, there are three flexible STAAD.Pro options:
 STAAD.Pro – The most basic STAAD option including FEM analysis and physical modeling.
 STAAD.Pro Advanced – Adds faster, more advanced and complex analysis.
 Structural Work Suite – The most popular structural applications in a single a cost-effective
license.
 Confidently design steel, concrete, timber, aluminum, and cold-formed steel structures
anywhere in the world using over 90 included international design codes, regardless of which
STAAD option you choose.
 Automatically convert your physical model into an analytical model to streamline your
workflow.

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Chapter Basics of StaadPro

 Improve multi-discipline team collaboration through broad interoperability with Bentley

desktop and cloud and mobile applications like OpenBuildings Designer, AutoPIPE, Revit, and
Tekla.
 Optimize concrete and steel BIM workflows with the full integration of physical members and
surfaces.  Run many design alternatives in parallel with STAAD’s cloud services and view the
results in clear, graphical side-by-side comparisons.
 Design for high-seismic regions or everyday conditions, using Finite Element analysis.
 View and edit models of any size from mobile devices.

4.4 Analyzing 2-D Modeling

 Drawing position of node
 Assigning beams
 Size of beams and columns
 Assigning the properties of beam and columns
 Assigning the support
 Assigning the loads
 Design concrete command
 Analyze the structure
 Go to Post-processing process
 Result view values
Process for this first of all we can work through grid pattern and node.

Fig. 4.2 Grid Pattern

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Chapter Basics of StaadPro

Fig. 4.3 Nodes

Fig. 4.4 Beam Command

In property section we can give dimension of the beams and columns and other structure for steel
we can define the width and effective depth of the structure.

Fig. 4.5 Assigning properties of the Structure

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Assigning material of the structure

Fig. 4.6 Material Command

Assigning various support using support bar such as

 Fix support
 Butt support(Roller support)
 Pin Support(Hinge support)

Fig. 4.7 Support Menu

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Fig. 4.8 Various Supports

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Chapter 5 Conclusion

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion
During this training the following types of work were performed:
 Learn the basic necessary to work in the AutoCAD program.
 Setting up layers and styles.
 Application of extrusion method.
 Drawing dimensions on the object.

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