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in EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHM

EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHM

EXPONENTIAL
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION y = a x
Let us draw the graph of exponential function y = ax, where a = 1, 2, ....... 10.
1. y = 2x 2. y = 3x 3. y = 4x 4. y = 10x.

SALIENT FEATURES OF y = ax
1. Domain y = ax is set of real numbers.
2. Range of y = ax is set of positive real numbers.
3. The point (0, 1) lies on all graph of y = ax.
4. As the value of x increases the value of the function y = ax rapidly increases.

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5. For large negative values of x, the value of the function y = ax is very close to zero.

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COMMON EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION y = 10x
Exponential function with base 10 is called the common exponential function.

NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION y = ex

ex  1 
x x2 x3


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 ........ , the value of e is 2.71828.....
1! 2! 3!

2.
3.
4.
5.
A
The exponential function with base e is called the natural exponential function and is denoted as y = ex .
1. Domain(-  ,  )
Range: (0,  )
The graphs are y = ex and e-x respectively.
The graph is above the x-axis.
ex is an increasing function and e-x is decreasing.
6. The graph meets the y-axis at (0, 1).
7. The graph approaches the x-axis but never touches it.
8. ax increases if a > 0 and decreases if 0 < a < 1.

Note : The inverse of exponential function exists and is called log function.

LOGARITHM
DEFINITION : A number y is called the logarithm of a number x to the base a if
ay = x and a > 0, a  1 and x > 0.
Mathematically, we can say, if a > 0, a  1 and x > 0 and ay = x then logax =y.
Conversely, logax = y  ay = x.

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AVTE 1
avte.in EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHM

RELATION BETWEEN LOG AND EXPONENTIAL

(i) 24 =16  log2 16 = 4 (ii) 32 = 9  log3 9 = 2

(iii) 43 = 64  log464 = 3 (iv) 53 = 125 log5125 = 3

(v) 103 = 1000  log101000 = 3 (vi) 252 = 625  log25 625 = 2

Note 1. The condition a > 0, a  1 and x > 0 is necessary in the definition of logarithm, i.e., if these conditions
are not satisfied then log is not defined in real number system. We can see it very easily.

Case I : When a = 1 suppose logarithm is defined, and we have to find the value of log1 x.

For this suppose, log1 x = y,  1y = x [by definition] or, 1 = x i.e., if log1 2 is defined, then 2 = 1 , if log1 3 is
defined then 3 = 1 etc. Clearly, the definition leads to a wrong and absurd result, i.e., definition fails when
base is 1. Hence for log to be defined a  1.

Case II : When a = 0, suppose definition holds true. We have to find log0 x. For this suppose log0x = y, 0y =

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x. or, 0 = x i.e., if log0 2 is defined, 0 = 2 if log010 is defined, 0 = 10 etc. which leads to wrong results.

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Hence, definition fails when base is 0.

Therefore, for log to be defined, a  0. In a similar way, we can show that when a is negative, definition

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fails.  a > 0, for log to be defined.

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Case III : When x is negative, Suppose we have to find the value of logax. For this let logax = y

 ay = x ; or, (+ve no.)y = (–)ve no. ( a is positive as discussed in case II) or, (+)ve no. = (–)ve no. Which is

A
wrong. Hence definition fails. Similarly, when x = 0, L. H. S. will be (+)ve no. and R. H. S. will be zero. Hence
the definition fails when x is a negative no. or zero. Hence, x > 0, [by definition].
Note 2. It is important to note that no number can have two distinct logarithms to a given base. It can be
proved easily. Suppose, a number x has two distinct logarithm n1 and n2 to the base a
n
i.e., n1 = logax and n2 = logax. Now, since n1 = logax  a n 1= x also n2 = logax a 2 x

 a n 1 = a n 2  n1 = n2 [ a  1]

GRAPH OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

Let f : R+  R be defined by f(x) = logax where a > 0, a  1
Then f is called a logarithmic function.
(i) Domain: (0, ) (ii) Range: (-,)
a. The graph is y = logex.
b. The graph is on the right side of the y-axis.
c. It is an increasing function.
d. The graph meets the x-axis at (1, 0).
e. The graph approaches the y-axis but never touches it.
f. logax increases if a > 1 and decreases if 0 < a < 1

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AVTE 2
avte.in EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHM

POINTS TO REMEMBER Y y=e

x

Let f(x) = ex & g(x) = loge(x); y =x

fog = gof = x
(0, 1)
y = logex
 f-1 = g & g-1 = f
x’ x
O (1, 0)

PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHM

m
1. loga(mn) = logam + logan 2. loga   = logam - logan
n Y’

 1 
3. logamn = n logam 4. loga   = -logam
m
5. logaan = n 6. loga1 = 0 ‘a’ is any base

7. log1010 = 1 8. logee = 1

.
9. log10e = 0.4343 10. loge10 = 2.303

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log a
11. logba = 12. logax = y  ay = x

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log b

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p
p
13. logba = logca logbc 14. log qm = q lognm

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n

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Questions:
1. Find the value of :

(i) log 6
(36 6 ) (ii) log a
a 8 /5

2. Prove that log (1 + 2 + 3) = log1 + log2 + log3.

3. If x = 1 + logabc, y = 1 + logbca, and z = 1 + logcab, prove that xyz = xy + yz + zx.
4. Evaluate : (i) log927 - log279 (ii) 2log35 - 5log32
logx log y log z
5. If x, y, z > 0 and x  1, y  1, z  1 such that   ; prove that xx yy zz = 1.
y - z zx xy
16 25 81
6. Prove that : (i) 7log2 + 5 log2 + 3 log2 =1
15 24 80
a  b 1
(ii) If log  = (loga + logb), prove that a2 + b2 = 7ab
 3  2
1
7. Find the sum of the series from n = 1 to infinity whose nth term is .
 n  1 !

[C(n, 0 ) + C(n, 1) + C(n, 2) + ...... + C(n, n) ]
8. Sum the series   .
n 1 P  n,n 

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AVTE 3
avte.in LIMITS

LIMITS
Meaning of x  a (x tends to a) POINTS TO REMEMBER
In general, when we say x approaches a, then we lim lim
If x  c f(x) = l and x  c g(x) = m
mean that the variable x takes those values which
are either less than a or greater than a and numeric lim lim
difference between x and a can be made as small as 1. x  c kf(x) = k x  c f(x) = k l
possible.
(where k is scalar)
lim lim lim
i.e., The statement x  a implies that |x - a| can be 2. x  c [f(x) ± g(x)] = x  c f(x) ± x  c g(x)
made as small as we like. When we say x  a, then =l±m
it is always understood that x will not take the value
lim lim lim
a, but rather would assume values which are very 3. x  c f(x) g(x) = x  c f(x) x  c g(x) = l m
close to a.
lim 1 1 1
4. x  c = f(x) = lim f(x) = l (l  0)

.
Indeterminate forms: For some value of x, say x x c

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= a, if the function f(x) takes any of the given
0  lim f(x)
lim f(x) l

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forms; , , , 0. , 0°, 1, °, then f(x) is 5. x c
x  c g(x) = lim g(x) = m (m  0)

.
0 
said to be indeterminate at x = a. xc

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lim lim
Limit of a function at a point 6. x  c |f(x)| = | x  c f(x)|= |l|

A
Let f be a function of x. Let a and l be constants
lim g(x)
such that as x  a, we have f(x)  l, i.e., the lim g(x) x c
7. x  c f(x) = lim f(x) = lm
numerical difference between f(x) and l can be xc
made as small as possible by taking x sufficiently 8. If f(x)  g(x) in nbd. of c then
close to a. Therefore, we say that the limit of
lim lim
function f(x) as x approaches a is l. x  c f(x)  x  c g(x)   l m
Again a function f is said to tend to limit l as x
lim ALGEBRAIC LIMITS
tends to a, written as x a f(x) = l, if given any>0
(however small). Different methods of evaluating algebraic
limit:
There exist some  > 0, such that |f(x) - l| <  (i) Method of factorisation:
x for which 0 < |x - a| < . lim
To evaluate x a here factorise both f(x), g(x) &
lim cancel the common factors if any. Then put x = a.
We write this as xa f(x) = l
(ii) Method of Substitution:
Note : If no such number l exist, then we say that
lim f(x)
lim To evaluate x a g(x) ; Put x = a + h.
x a f(x) does not exist finitely.
where x  a , h  0, Simplify numerator and
denominator, cancel the common factor involving
h, then put h = 0.
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AVTE 4
avte.in LIMITS

(iii) Method of Rationalisation: EXAMPLE

Expression of form f(x) - g(x) whether 3 2
lim 2x  4x  5
in the numerator or in the denominator should be Evaluate : x
4x 3  3x  7
rationalised by multiplying and dividing by Divide the numerator and denominator by x3.
f(x) + g(x) .
4 5
2 
(iv) Using formula: lim
= x x x3
3 7
n n 4 2  3
lim x  a n-1 x  x
xa x  a = na
1 2  4y  5y 3 200 1
EXAMPLES Put x = y & y  0 = 2 3 = =
4  3y  7y 400 2
2 2
lim x  a
(i) Evaluate: xa 3
x  a3 (i) When we have x   :

.
lim (x  a)(x  a) lim xa  The variable x can be made as large as we like.
xa (x  a)(x2  ax  a 2 ) = x  a x 2  ax  a2

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1
 is positive and grows smaller and smaller as x
aa 2a 2 x

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= 22 2 = 2 = becomes larger and larger.

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a a a 3a 3a
2 2
1 lim 1
  0 i.e., x =0

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lim x  a x x
(ii) Evaluate: xa
xa
(ii) We have x   :

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2 2 2
lim  a  h   a h  2ah  The variable x can be made as small as we like.
Put x = a + h xa =
ah a h 1
lim  is negative and numerically grows smaller
= h0 (h + 2a) = 0 + 2a = 2a x
and smaller as x becomes smaller and smaller.
lim 1x 1 1 lim 1
(iii) Evaluate: x 0   0 i.e., x = 0
x x x
 1  x  1 1  x  1  1  x  1 
lim  .  = lim  
x 0  x 1  x  1 x0  x[ 1  x  1] POINTS TO REMEMBER
1 1 lim a 0 x m + a 1 x m-1 + ... + a m
= lim = = =
x 0 1x 1 2 x b 0 xn + b 1 x n-1 + ... + b n

lim x  2
5 5
(iv) Evaluate : x2  a0
x2 b , if m = n
x a n n  0
= 5(2)4 = 80 using xlim
a
= nan - 1 0 , if m < n
xa
, if m > n and a0 b0 > 0
LIMITS WHEN x  : 
1 - , if m > n and a0 b0 < 0
In case of limits when x  , put x = so that,
y
y  0 and now proceed as usual.

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AVTE 5
avte.in LIMITS

TRIGONOMETRIC LIMITS TRIGONOMETRIC LIMITS WHEN x 0

The following trigonometric limits are to be used cot 
lim
while evaluating limits of trigonometric functions: 
Evaluate :   
2 2
lim sin  lim
(i) 0  = 1 (ii) 0 cos = 1  
Sol. Let  = + h. h  0 as  
2 2
(iii) lim tan  = 1 (Note :  must be in
0  
cot   h 
cot  2 
radians)  lim = lim
  h 0      h 
   
EXAMPLES 2 2 2 2 
lim tan 8x  tanh
1. Evaluate : x 0 tanh
tan 2x lim = lim =1
h 0 h h 0 h
lim tan 8x lim  tan 8x x 2x x 8 
Sol. x 0 tan 2x = x 0  8x = 4 SPECIAL LIMITS (ONE SIDED LIMIT)

.
tan 2x 2 

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lim tan 8x lim 2x CALCULATION OF LEFT AND RIGHT LIMITS
8x 0 8x 2x 0 sin 2x = 4 x 1 x 1 = 4. Till now, we have discussed limit of a function as its

T
variable approaching a certain fixed number.

.
lim 1  cos m When we say x approaches c, it means that x may
2. Evaluate : 0 take values which are very close to c and its value is

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1  cos n
either less than c or greater than c. Thus, x  c means
 m  x  c-, and x  c+, both. In this section, we shall
2 sin 2

A
lim 1  cos m lim  2  study the method of finding limits of functions for
Sol. 0 1  cos n = 0  n  =
 2 sin 2  which direct calculation of lim f(x) is not possible
 2  xc
and this limit is calculated in two parts.
2
m  2
 sin m  
sin lim lim
x c xc
lim  2   2  Calculate f(x) and f(x), separately.
=  lim
0  n  n 
 sin   0 sin  If both these limits are equal and finite, then by
 2   2 
lim
definition of limit of a function x c f(x) exists
2
  sin m n  lim lim
  m  and is equal to the value of x c f(x) or xc f(x)
2 2
=  lim  m x x
n n   =
  0  sin  In case, both limits are not equal or any one of
  2 2  lim
these does not exist then by definition, x c f(x)
2 does not exist.
 m n 
m  2 sin  2 Let f(x) be a function of x. We have already seen
lim 2 x lim 2  = m (1 x 1)2 that
2  m n 
n  m n sin n2
 0  0 x  c  h , h  0, where x = c - h
 2 2 2 2 
and x  c  h , h  0, where x = c + h
m2 lim lim lim
=  f(x) = h  0 f(c - h) and f(x)
n2 x c xc

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AVTE 6
avte.in LIMITS

lim  L' HOPITAL RULE

= h  0 f(c + h)

lim f(x) lim f'(x)

If the above limits exist and are equal , then = =
lim x a g(x) x a g'(x)
x c f(x) exists. (if f(a) = g(a) = 0)
Note: Left limit and Right limit are required to be
used the functions under consideration is lim f'(x) lim f''(x)
= x a g'(x) = x a g''(x) (if f ’(a) = g’(a) = 0)
involving modulus, greatest integer, fractional part
This is called L’ Hopital Rule. This is applicable in
functions etc., or is defined by more than one rule.
0 
form or form etc.
EXAMPLE 0 
lim 1 EXAMPLE
1. Evaluate : x0
x
2 2
Sol. We have x  x.  x  0- and x  0+ lim x  a lim 2x 2a 2
Evaluate : x a 3 3 = x a 2 = 2 =
3x 3a

.
lim 1 x a 3a
Now x  0  = -  and x  0+
x 0 x

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lim 1
 x 0 = +  MORE ON LIMITS
x
lim 1
 x0

lim
x
does not exist, because

lim
x 0  x 0

.V .T (i) lim
x 0
ex  1
x

ax  1
1

 log e a

A
(ii) lim
x 0 x
OSCILLATARY FUNCTION: log e (1  x)
(iii) lim 1
x 0 x
1
cos
lim sin x lim x =0
1. x x = 0 2. x 0
1
1 (iv) lim (1 + x) x = e
x 0
x
 1
x
y
(v) lim 1   = e
x 0  x 

2
3
2 1 1 2
   

 Not in cbse
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AVTE 7
avte.in CONTINUITY

CONTINUITY
INTRODUCTION
In the present chapter, we shall introduce the idea of continuity of a function at a point and on an
interval. The study of continuity of function is based on limits. Continuity of a function on an interval helps
us to study holes and jumps in the graph of the function.

CONTINUITY AT A POINT
A real function f is said to be continuous at a real number a if
(i) f(a) is defined
lim
(ii) xa f(x) exists
lim
(iii) xa f(x) = f(a).

.
In other words, the function f is continuous at a  D(f) if lim f(x) exists and equals the value of f at a.

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The concept of continuity at a point is defined only for those points, which are in the domain of the con-

T
cerned function.

.
Note : A function can be continuous only at the points in its domain.

WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS

1.

A lim
.V
If the given function f(x) contains modulus function, bracket function and /or is defined by more than

lim lim
one rule, then xa f(x) and xa f(x) are to be evaluated separately, otherwise x a f(x) is evaluated
directly.
lim lim lim lim
f(x)  lim f(x), then lim f(x) does not exist. In case, xa f(x) =  f(x), then x a f(x)
xa
2. If
xa x a

exist and equals the common limit.

3. Find f(a).

lim
4. x a f(x) = f(a), then the function is continuous at x = a, otherwise not.

CONTINUITY: A function f(x) is said to be continuous at a point x = c if xlim

0 f(x) exists, is finite and is
lim lim
equal to f(c) i.e., h0 f(c + h) = f(c) = h0 f(c - h).

Continuity of a function in an open interval:

A function f(x) is said to be continuous in (a, b), if it is continuous at each point of the interval.

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AVTE 8
avte.in CONTINUITY

Continuity of a function in a closed interval:

A function f(x) is said to be continuous in [a, b], if
lim
1. f(x) is continuous from the right at x = a, i.e., h 0 f(a + h) = f(a)

lim
2. f(x) is continuous from the left at x = b, i.e., h 0 f(b - h) = f(b) and

lim lim
3. f(x) is continuous at all points in ]a, b[i.e., h 0 f(c - h) = f(c) = h 0 f(c + h),  c  ] a, b [

Discontinuity:
A function f(x) is said to be discontinuous at a point x = c if it is not continuous at this point. This point x =
c where the function is not continuous is called the point of discontinuity.

Types of discontinuity:
(i) First Kind: When L.H.L. is not equal to R.H.L. but exists, it is called discontinuity of first kind

.
lim lim
i.e., h 0 f(c - h)  h 0 f(c + h).

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(ii) Second Kind: If at least one of the limits is not finite, it is called the discontinuity of second kind.

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(iii) Removable discontinuity: If the limit exists but is not equal to functional value, it is called the
lim

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removable discontinuity. i.e., x 0 f(x)  f(c).

POINTS TO REMEMBER

3.
1
f
f
A
If f & g are two continuous functions then

1. kf is also continuous, where k is any scalar

is also continuous, provided f  0

2.

4.
f  g is also continuous

f g is also continuous

5. g is also continuous, provided g  0 6. f n is also continuous, n  N

7. fog and gof are also continuous 8. f g is also continuous

EXAMPLE
 x 2  1
 for x  1
1. Examine the continuity of f(x) at x = 1 where f(x) =  x  1 .

 2 for x  1

2
lim lim lim x  1 lim  x  1 x  1 lim
Sol. = = x 1 x  1 = x 1 = x 1 (x +1) = 1 + 1 = 2
x  1 x 1 x1
lim
Also f(1) = 2  x 1 f(x) = f(1). Hence, f(x) is continuous at x = 1.

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AVTE 9
avte.in CONTINUITY
2. Examine the continuity of the function :
 sin 2x
 if x  0
f(x) =  
sin 3x at x = 0.
 2 if x  0

lim lim sin 2x lim  sin 2x x 3x x 2 

Sol. x 0 f(x) = x 0 sin 3x = x 0  2x 
sin 3x 3 

2 sin 2x   3x  2 2
=  lim   lim  x1x1=
3  2x0 2x   3x0 sin 3x  3 3

lim lim
Also, f(0) = 2  x 0 f(x)  f(0). Hence, x 0 f(x) is not continuous at x = 0.

Questions:

.
1. Prove that sin(x) is always continuous. 2. Show that ax + b is always continuous.

.E
3. Show that tan(x) is continuous at its domain. 4. Prove that sin|x| is always continuous.

 x 3 when x  2

T

f(x) =  2

.
5. ;Show that f(x) is continuous at x = 2.
x  4 when x  2


.V
 5x  4, 0  x1
6. f(x) =  2 ;Prove whether f(x) is continuous at x = 1.
4x  3x,

A
 1x  2

 1
xsin when x  0
7. f(x) =  x ;Check the continutity at x = 0.

 0 whenx  0

 2|x|x 2
 when x  0
8. f(x) =  x ;Examine continuity at x = 0.

 0 when x  0

 1 when x  0
 2
9. f(x) = x  1 when 0  x  2 ; Check the continuity at x = 0, 2.

 5 when x  2

 x  x
 when x  0
10. f(x) =  x ; Examine the continuity at x = 0.

 2 when x  0

1  cos7 x 
11. f(x) = ; Remove the discontinuity at x = .
x 
12. Show that f(x) =|x| + |x - 1| is continuous at x = 0 and 1.

13. Let f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  x, y  R show that, if f is continuous at x = 0, f is continuous everywhere.

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AVTE 10
avte.in CONTINUITY

 sin 3x
 when x  0
14. f(x) =  x ; Examine the continuity at x = 0.

 1 when x  0

 sin x
  cos x when x  0
15. f(x) =  x ; Discuss the continuity at x = 0.
 1 when x  0

 x 4  16
 when x  2
16. f(x) =  x  2 ; Show that f(x) is discontinuous at x = 2.
 2 when x  2


 1
x cos when x  0
17. f(x) =  x ; Check the continuity at x = 0

 0 when x  0

 x   1

.
when x  1
18. f(x) =  x  1 ; Discuss the continuity at x = 1.

.E

  1 when x  1

T
 x  3

.
if x  3
19. f(x) =  x  3 ; Check the continuity at x = 3.


.V
 0 if x  3

 1  x if 3  x

A
 2
20. f(x) = 2x  7 if 3  x  5 ; Examine the continuity of the function.

 8x  3 if 5  x

3x  4 tan x
21. Remove the discontinuity of f(x) = at x = 0.
x

 x ; x2
22. f(x) =  ; Show that function is continuous at x = 2.
  x  ; x2

 3 1
x sin , x0
23. f(x) =  x ; Examine the continuity at x=0.

 0, x0
 4 if x  2


24. f(x) = ax  b if 2 x  5 ; Find a and b if f(x) is continuous at x = 2 and 5.

 7 if x  5

 k cosx 
 , x
  2x 2 
25. f(x) =  ; Find ‘k’ if f(x) is continuous at x = .
  2
 3, x
 2

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AVTE 11
avte.in CONTINUITY

lim  ax  b x1

26. Find the relation between a and b so that x 1 f(x) exists, where f(x) =  .
3bx  2a  1 x1

27. If f(x) = x - [x], examine the continuity at x = 2.

q(x2  2x) if x  0
28. f(x) =  ; Find ‘q’ if f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
 sin(x) if x  0


 sin(a  1)x  sin x


 if x  0
 x
29. f(x) =  c if x  0 ; Find a, b, c if f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

 x  bx2  x
 if x  0
 bx3/2
 3x x1
Find ‘k’ if f(x) is continuous at x = 1, f(x) = 

.
30. .
x  k x1

.E
 x2
 ; 0x1

T


.
a

31. f(x) =  a ; 1 x  2 ; Find value(s) for a and b when f(x) is continuous at x =  2 .

.V
 2
 2b  4b ; 2 x
 x 2


32.


A
x  a 2 sin x,


f(x) =  2x cot x b,


a cos 2x  bsin x,


4

2
x 

x

0x
4

2
; is continuous for (0, ), find a and b.

 x 2  16
 , x  4
33. Let f(x) = x - 4 and g(x) =  x  4 ; Find  when f(x) = g(x),  x.

  , x  4

q(x 2  2x), x  0
34. f(x) =  ; prove that f(x) remains discontinuous at x = 0, regardless of the choice of
 cos x , x  0

q.
35. Let f(x+y) = f(x) f(y)  x, y  R show that, if f is continuous at x = 1, then f is continuous everywhere
except x = 0 (i.e., x  0).

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AVTE 12
avte.in DIFFERENTIABILITY

 1  sin x 
 if x 
  2x
2
2 
36. Find  , such that : f(x) =  ; is continuous at x = .
  2
  if x 
2
37. If the function is continuous in interval [-1, 1], then find the value of , when
 1  x  1  x
 , 1 x  0
 x
f(x) =  .
 2x  1
 , 0 x1
 x2

DIFFERENTIABILITY
Differentiability of a function at a point:

.E . lim
Let f(x) be any real valued function of x, then f(x) is said to be differentiable at a point x = c, if h 0 exists

f(c  h)  f(c)

T
lim .

.
and is finite. i.e., f ’(c) = h 0
h

.V
Left hand and Right hand derivative:

lim f(c  h)  f(c)

A
Left hand derivative (L.H.D.): h 0 ; where h > 0 if exists finitely, is called the left hand
h
derivative of f(x) at x = c. It is denoted by f’(c - 0) or L f’(c).

lim f(c  h)  f(c)

Right hand derivative (R. H.D.): h 0 where h > 0 if exists finitely, is called the right hand
h
derivative of f(x) at x = c. It is denoted by f ’(c + 0) or R f ’(c).

lim f(c  h)  f(c) f(c  h)  f(c)

The function f(x) is differentiable at a point x = c or f’(c) exists, if h 0 =
h h
or The function f(x) is differentiable at a point x = c or f’(c) exists,

lim f(c  h)  f(c) lim f(c  h)  f(c)

if = .
h 0  h h 0  h
Remember: f’(c) is called Derivative.

Using the theory of Continuity one can make out or understand Differentiability in an interval
(open interval).

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AVTE 13
avte.in DIFFERENTIABILITY

EXAMPLE
Examine the differentiability at x = 2 for f(x) where f(x) = |x - 1|+ |x - 2|.
Sol. we have

3  2x x1

f(x) = |x - 1|+ |x - 2| =  1 1x2
2x  3 x2

L.H.D.

lim f(2  h)  f(2) lim  1  1

Lf’ (2) = h 0 = h 0 =0
h h
R.H.D.

lim f(2  h)  f(2) lim 2(2  h)  3  1 lim 4  2h  4 2h

Rf’ (2) = h 0 = h 0 = h 0 = =2
h h h h

.
Since, L.H.D.  R.H.D.  f(x) is not derivable at x = 2.

Questions:
1.

.T
f(x) = |x - 2|, check differentiability at x = 2.
.E
.V
2. f(x) = x3, check differentiability at x = 3.

A
 x1
 2x2  7x  5 if x  1
3. f(x) =  ; Check continuity and differentiability at x = 1.
 1
  if x  1
 3

12x  7, ;x  3
4. f(x) =  2 ; Check differentiability at x = 3.
2x 25 ;x  3


 1
x sin x0
5. f(x) =  x ; Check the differentiability at x = 0.

 0 x0

6. Show that differentiability implies continuity.

7. Show that continuity does not imply differentiability.

2 - x, when x  2
8. If f(x) =  , is f(x) differentiable at x = 2?
x - 2, when x > 2

9. Prove that the function f given by f(x) = |x - 1|, x  R is not differentiable at x = 1.

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AVTE 14
avte.in HOTS

10. Prove that the greatest integer function defined by f(x) = [x], 1 < x < 4.

is not differentiable at x = 2 and x = 3.

lim xf(2)  2f(x)

11. If f(2) = 4 and f'(2) = 1, then show that x 2 = 2.
x2

HOTS
1. Show that f(x) = {x} is not continuous at x = 0 and 1.


 1  cos 4x if x  0
 x2

2. f(x) =  a if x  0 ; Find a if f(x) is continuous at x = 0.


.
 x
if x  0
 16  x  4

.E




T
 1  sin x 
3

.
 3 cos 2 x , x
 2

.V
  
3. f(x) =  a , x ; Find value(s) for a and b when f(x) is continuous at x = .
 2 2

 b 1  sin x , x  

A
   2x2 2


 x
 , x 0
f(x) =  x  2x
2
4. ; prove that f(x) remains discontinuous at x = 0, regardless of .

  , x0

 sin  x 
 , x   0 lim lim
If f(x) =   x  f(x) = sin(1c) and
x0 x0
5. ; show that : f(x) = 0.

 0 , x   0
6. Show that the greatest integer function is not differentiable at integers.

 2 1
x sin if x  0
7. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) =  x .

 0 if x = 0

8. For what value of k is the following function continous at x = 0 ?

 1 cos 4x
 , x0
f(x) 8x2

 k, x0

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AVTE
15
avte.in DERIVATIVES

DERIVATIVES
DIFFERENTIATION: The derivative of function f at a point x = c, denoted by f'(c) is defined as (provided
the limit exists)
lim f(c + h) - f(c)
f'(c) = h 0
h
In general, the derivative of f at x is
lim f(x + h) - f(x)
f'(x) = h 0
h
The derivative is also called as Differential coefficient.
The process of finding out the derivative is called Differentiation

POINTS TO REMEMBER
1. The derivative of a constant is zero.

.
d d
2. {kf(x)} = k f(x), where k is a constant.

.E
dx dx
d d d

T
3. Sum or Difference rule : {f1(x) ± f2(x)} = f1(x) ± f (x)

.
dx dx dx 2

d d

.V
d
4. Product rule : {f1(x). f2(x)} = f1(x) f2(x) + f2(x) f (x)
dx dx dx 1

A
d d d d
5. {f1(x). f2(x).f3(x)} = f1(x).f2(x) f3(x) + f2(x).f3(x) f1(x) + f3(x).f1(x) f (x)
dx dx dx dx 2
d d

 
 f2(x) f1 (x)  f1 (x) f2 (x)
d  f1 (x)  dx dx
6. Quotient rule :  
 
dx  f2 (x)  f (x)
2
2

dy dy du du dy dx dx 1
7. If y = f(u), then =  = f '(u) 8.  = 1 or = dy
dx du dx dx dx dy dy
dx
d n d
9. x = nxn - 1, also {f(x)}n = n{f(x)}n - 1 .f'(x)
dx dx

d x d f(x) f(x) d x d f(x)

10. e = ex, also e = e . f '(x) 11. a = ax logea, also a = af(x) logea. f'(x)
dx dx dx dx

d 1 d f ' ( x) d 1 1
12. logex = , also log{f(x)}= 13. logax = = logae
dx x dx f ( x) dx x log e a x

d 1 d d
14. loge|x| = , x  0 15. sinx = cosx, also sinf(x)=cosf(x). f'(x)
dx x dx dx

d d
16. cosx =-sinx, also cosf(x)=-sinf(x). f'(x)
dx dx

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AVTE 16
avte.in DERIVATIVES

d d
17. tanx = sec2x, also tanf(x) = sec2f(x). f'(x)
dx dx
d d
18. cotx = - cosec2x, also cotf(x) = - cosec2f(x). f'(x)
dx dx
d d
19. secx = secx tanx, also secf(x) = secf(x) tanf(x). f'(x)
dx dx

d d
20. cosecx = - cosecx cotx, also cosecf(x) = - cosecf(x). cotf(x). f'(x)
dx dx

GEOMETRICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DERIVATIVE

Let y = f(x) be a derivable function of x.
Let P (x0, y0) be any arbitrary but fixed point on the graph of y = f(x) .  y0 = f(x0)

Let Q (x0 + x, y0 + y) be a neighbouring point of P on the curve, where x is numerically very small,

.
either positive or negative. y

.E
Q(x0+ x+y0 + y)
In  PCQ, PC = AB = OB - OA = (x0 + x) - x0 = x.

T
and QC = QB - CB = QB - PA = (y0 + y) - y0 = y.

.
QC y  C
 tan = = P(x0, y0)

.V
PC x t at P
gen
Tan
dy lim y lim QC  
Now, = x 0 = Q P = = tan

A
dx x PC 0 A B x

= tan  = slope of tangent at P. (The limiting position of PQ, where Q is taken indefinitely close to,
and ultimately coincident with P is called the tangent at P)
 Derivative of f(x) at P = slope of tangent at P.

CHAIN RULE
If f and g are both continuous as well as differentiable functions. Then, t  0 when x  0
y y t
 lim  lim lim
x0 x t 0 t x0 x


dy dy dt
Hence,  x
dx dt dx
This is known as the chain rule.
Don't even cancel in the R.H.S. to claim L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Note : The chain rule can further be extended,
dv dv du dx
Let v = f(u), u = g(x), x = h(t) then =  x x
dt du dx dt

Questions:
dy dy
1. y= sinx3 , find dx . 2. y= x 3 - x 2 + 1 , find dx .

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AVTE 17
avte.in DERIVATIVES

EXPLICIT FUNCTIONS
The relation y = f(x) is an explicit function where the dependent variable is expressed directly in terms of the
independent variable. eg., : (i) y = mx + c, (ii) y  x  1

APPLICATION OF LOG
Let y = [u(x)]v(x) or an expression containing product and quotient of many other well defined functions of x.

dy
In order to find , it sometimes becomes complicated so one can use 'log', and with this the process of
dx
differentiation is known as "Logarithmic Differentiation".

EXAMPLES
dy
1. If y = [u(x)]v(x) and target is to find .
dx

.
Sol. Taking log on both sides

.E
 logy = log[u(x)]v(x)  logy = v(x) log(u(x))
1 dy

T
d d
= v(x) log(u(x)) + log(u(x))

.
 y dx v(x)
dx dx

.V
1 dy 1
 = v(x) u'(x) + log(u(x)) v'(x)
y dx u x

A
dy 1
 = y {v(x) u'(x) + log(u(x)) v'(x)} and finally,
dx u x
dy 1
= [u(x)]v(x) u x {v(x)u'(x) + log{u(x)) v'(x)}
dx  
2. Differentiate : log(sin x)cosx w.r.t. ‘x’.
dy d d
 cosx. log(sin x)  log(sin x). (cosx)
dx dx dx
 cosx  cos 2 x
 cosx   sin x.log(sin x) = sin x.log(sin x)
 sin x  sin x

Questions:
dy
Find in each of the following:
dx

 a  b sin  x  
1. y = log   2. y = log  sec x  tan x 
 c  d cos  x    sec x  tan x 

 1  tan  x    (x  2)2 (x  3)3/2 

3. y = log   4. y = log  
  x  4 3
 1  tan  x    
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AVTE 18
avte.in DERIVATIVES
3 /2 2 /3
 1x  x  4 x  6
5. y = log   6. y=
 1 x  (x  5) (x  2)3/2
3

(2x  1)2 (3x  5)1/3 (7x  2)3/5

7. y= 8. y = (sinx)x
(x  5)3 (x  2)3/2
9. y = (logx)x 10. y = (x)log(x)
11. y = (log(logx))x 12. y = log(xx + cosx)

x x (sinx + cosx)
x2  1
13. y = (x) + (sinx) 14. y=x + 2
x 1
dy 
15. Obtain at x = when y = (logcosx sinx) (logsinx cosx)-1.
dx 4
dy 1
16. If y = log (x + x 2  1 ), show that dx = .

.
2
x 1

.E
dy 1
17. If y = log ( x  1 + x  1 ), show that = .
dx 2 x2  1
ex ex xe

T
18. If y = ex + xe + ex ,

show that :
dy
dx
ex x 1

.V
x

. 

ex x 1
x
x 

xe e
= ex . xe .ex   log x  + xe . ee   e log x  + ex . xx .xe - 1(1 + elogx)

A
x x x sin x 1 x 1 x 1
19. Given cos  cos  cos ... = , prove that 2 sec2 + 4 sec2 + ... = cosec2x – 2 .
2 4 8 x 2 2 2 4 x

c1 c2 x c 3x2
20. If y = 1 + + + ,
x  c1  x  c1  x  c2   x  c1   x  c 2   x  c 3 

dy y  c1 c c 
prove that =-   2  3 .
dx x  x  c1 x  c 2 x  c 3 

21. If (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + ... + Cnxn, then prove that

(i) C1 + 2C2 + ... + nCn = n2n-1 (ii) C1 - 2C2 + ... + (-1)n-1 nCn = 0
a  b  2x  a b 2  a 2  a 
a b
ax 
, show that f'(0) = 2 log  
22. If f(x) =    .
ab  b 
 
 bx b

23. f(x) = (1 + x) (1 + x2) (1 + x4) (1 + x8) , find f'(1).

24. Differentiate (x2 - 2x + 8) (x3 + 5x + 8) in three ways mentioned below :
(i) by using product rule.
(ii) by expanding the product to obtain a single polynomial.
(iii) by logarithmic differentiation.
Also verify that three answers so obtained are the same.

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AVTE
19
avte.in DERIVATIVES

IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS:
An equation of the form f(x, y) = 0, in which it is not possible to express y directly in terms of x is called an
implicit function of x and y. e.g., : log(xy) = x2 + y2
dy
Rule of finding (for implicit functions): Differentiate both sides of given relation w.r.t. x regarding y as
dx
dy
function of x and then find the value of .
dx

EXAMPLE

dy
Find for sin2y + cosxy = .
dx
Sol. We have sin2y + cosxy =  Differentiating y with respect to x, we get
dy  dy 
- sinxy  x  y = 

.
2siny . cosy
dx  dx 

.E
dy dy dy dy y sin xy
 sin2y - xsinxy - ysinxy = 0  (sin2y - xsinxy) = ysinxy   =
dx dx dx dx sin 2y  x sin xy

Questions:
Find
dy
in each of the following:

.V .T
A
dx
25. x + y = sin(x + y) 26. ax2 + by2 + 2hxy = 0
x2 y2
27. + =1 28. x y a
a2 b2
29. y.logx = x.logy 30. sinx = x(1 + tany)
x
31. tan(x + y) + tan(x - y) = 2 32. sin(xy) + y = x2 - y

33. ab = x y + y x 34. xy + xe-y + yex = x2

35. xy = y x 36. (cosx)y = (siny)x

dy y dy y2
37. If y = x.sin(y), show that = . 38. y = x logy, show that x = .
dx x  1  x cos y  dx y  x
dy y  x  1  dy y 1  x
39. If xy = ex - y , show that = . 40. If ex + y = xy, show that = .
dx x  y  1 dx x  y  1
dy log x dy 2  log x
41. If xy = ex - y, show that = . 42. If xy = ey - x, show that = .
dx  1  log x 2 dx  1  log x 2
dy y 1 dy dx
43. If xp yq = (x + y)p + q, show that = . 44. If y = , show that  = 0.
dx x x 4
y 1 x4  1

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AVTE 20
avte.in DERIVATIVES
dy dy
45. If ex + ey = e x + y , show that = -e y - x. 46. If 3x + 3y = 3x + y, show that = -3y - x.
dx dx

dy sin 2  a  y 
47. If sin(y) = x sin(a + y), show that = .
dx sin  a 

dy cos 2  a  y 
48. If sin(y) = x.cos(a + y), show that = .
dx cos  a 

dy
49. If x2 + 5xy + y2 - 2x + y - 6 = 0, then find the value of at (1, 1).
dx
dy 1
50. If x 1 + y + y 1 + x = 0, show that = .
dx  1  x 2
2
dy
51. If y 1 + x 2 = log( 1 + x 2 - x), show that (1 + x ) dx + xy + 1 = 0.

.
dy y y2 d2 y

.E
52. If y+x+ y - x = c, show that = -  1 .  Also find .
dx x x2 dx 2

T
 y
dy y 2 log a tan 1  x  dy x  y

.
xy 2 2
53. If y = a prove that = . 54. If x + y =e , show that = .
dx 1  xy log a dx x  y

.V
55. We know that sin( + ) = sincos + cossin, using differentiation obtain formula for cos( + ).

A
56. If y = x  x  x  ....... 57. If y = l og x  l og x  l og x  ...... .

x ........ 
x
x... 
58. If y = x xx 59. If y = x
x

a ... 
x)(ax) ...  ax
60. If y = (ax)(a 61. If y = a x x + ... 
e x+e
(sinx) ...  +
62. If y = (sinx) 63. If y = ex
1 1
64. If x = y  65. If y = x 
y  1 ....... , x  1  ....... ,
y x

dy dy y
show that = 2x2 + y2 - 3xy. show that = .
dx dx 2y  x

sin x 1
66. If y = 67. If y = f(x) +
1  cos x f(x)  1
1  sin x f(x)  1  ....... ,
1  cos x  ..... , f(x)
1

dy 1  y cos x  y sin x dy f 'x 

show that = . show that = .
dx 1  2y  cos x  sin x dx  y2  1 
 2  
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skip on first reading  y 
AVTE 21
avte.in DERIVATIVES

PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS:
Parametric equations: The equations of the type: x = f(t) and y = h(t) with the parameter t are called
parametric equations or form.

dy
dy
Working rule for differentiating parametric equations : = dt
dx dx
dt
EXAMPLE
dy
Find for x = 2cos - 2cos2 y = 2sin - sin2.
dx
dx
Sol. We have x = 2cos - 2cos2  - sin - (-sin2) .2 = 2(sin2 -sin)
d
Also, y = 2sin - sin2

dy

.
dy dy 2(cos - cos2)  3 
  = 2cos - cos2 . 2 = 2(cos - cos2).   d  = tan  

.E
d dx dx 2(sin2 -sin)  2 
d

.T
Questions:
dy

.V
Find in each of the following:
dx
2t 1 t2

A
68. x = a( - sin); y = a(1 - cos) 69. x= ;y=
1  t 2  1  t2

70. x = a(cos + sin); y = a(sin - cos) 71. x = ae (sin - cos); y = ae(sin + cos)

sin 3 t co s 3 t dy
72. If x = and y = , show that = - cot3t.
cos 2t cos 2t dx
-1t dy
-1t y
73. If x = asin and y = a cos dx
, show that
=- .
x
dy 
74. If x = 2cost - cos2t and y = 2sint - sin2t, show that at t = is -1.
dx 2
dy
75. If x = tan t and y = cos t, show that = - xy3.
dx
1  log t 3  2 log t dy  dy  2

= 2x 
 dx 
76. If x = 2 and y = , show that y + 1.
t t dx
1 1 dy
77. If x2 + y2 = t - & x 4 + y 4 = t2 + 3
2 , show that x y dx = 1.
t t
 t dy
78. If x = a cos t + log tan  and y = a sin t, show that = tan t.
 2 dx

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AVTE 22
avte.in DERIVATIVES

DERIVATIVE OF THE DETERMINANT

a1 a2 a3
Working rule: If  = a 4 a5 a 6 where ai (i = 1 to 9) is function of x,
a7 a8 a9
a'1 a'2 a'3 a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3
d
then = a4 a5 a6 + a'4 a'5 a'6 + a4 a5 a6
dx
a7 a8 a9 a7 a8 a9 a'7 a'8 a'9

Questions:
x b b
x b d
79. 1 = a x b & 2 = , showthat (1) = 32.
a x dx
a a x

.
f(x) g(x) h(x)

.E
80. If f(x), g(x) & h(x) are 3 polynomial of degree 2, then prove that p(x) = f '(x) g '(x) h'  x  is constant.
f "(x) g " x  h "  x 

81.
cosx
If f(x) = tan x
2 sin x x 2
x
x

.V .T
1
lim f '  x 
1 , then find x 0
2x
x
.

82.
Af(x) g(x) h(x)
If y = a
1
b
m
c , prove that
n

DERIVATIVE OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS:

dy
dx
f '(x) g'(x) h'(x)
= a
1 m
b
n
c .

dy dy
Working rule: Say we have to find the and y = fog(x) then = f'(g(x)). g'(x)
dx dx

Questions:
 2x  3  dy
83. If f(x) = sin(logx) and y = f   , find .
 3  2x  dx
 2x  1  2 dy
84. If y = f  2  and f '(x) = sinx , find .
 x 1 dx
dy
85. If y = f(sinx) and f '(x) = 2x, show that = sin2x.
dx
1 d2 y
86. If y = f(secx) and f '(x) = , show that = sec2x.
x dx2

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AVTE 23
avte.in DERIVATIVES

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:

d 1 d 1
1. (sin-1x) = 2. (cos-1x) = , -1<x<1
dx 1x 2 dx 1  x2

d 1 d 1
3. (tan-1x) = 4. (cot-1x) =
dx 1  x2 dx 1  x2
d 1 d 1
5. (sec-1x) = x  R  [1, 1] 6. (cosec-1x) = x  R  [1, 1]
dx |x| x 2  1 dx |x| x 2  1

Formulae Related to differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

d f 'x  d f '  x 
1. sin-1f(x) = 2. cos-1f(x) = 2
dx 1   f  x 
2 dx 1   f  x 

.
d f 'x d f '  x 
3. tan-1f(x) = 2
4. cot-1f(x) = 2
dx dx 1   f  x 

.E
1   f  x 

f 'x  f ' x 

T
d d
5. sec-1f(x) = 6. cosec-1f(x) =

.
dx 2 dx 2
f  x   f  x   1 f  x   f  x   1

.V
EXAMPLE

A
 1  sin x  1  sin x  
1. Differentiate y = cot-1   , 0 < x < , w.r.t. x.
 1  sin x  1  sin x  2

 
 1  cos    x  1  cos    x 
 
 1  sin x  1  sin x    2   2  
Sol.

Let y = cot-1   = cot-1  
 1  sin x  1  sin x       
 1  cos   x  1  cos   x 
 2  2  

 
 2c os 2    x   2 sin 2    x    
 cos    x   sin    x   
  
  
 
      1  tan    x 
4 2  4 2         4 2 
4 2 4 2 
= cot-1   = cot-1 
       
 = cot-1 
  
   
 2c os 2     2 sin 2    
x  x   
x x
cos     sin       1  tan    
  x 
 
 4 2  
 4 2    
 4 2  4 2   
 4 2  


  x  x  x dy 1
= cot-1 tan     = cot-1 tan    = cot-1  co t  = x  =
4 4 2 2 2  2 2 dx 2
1
Note: 1. One can convert cot-1 to tan-1 using cot-1 = tan-1x.
x
2
 x x
2. One can also use (1  sin x) =  cos  sin  .
 2 2

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AVTE 24
avte.in DERIVATIVES

dy  3x  x  3
2. Find , y = tan-1  2 
w.r.t.x.
dx  1  3x 
 3x  x 3 
Sol. Let y = tan-1  2  Put x = tan   = tan-1x
 1  3x 
 3 
 3 tan   tan 3  
y = tan  -1 -1  tan 3  3 tan   tan  
2  = tan tan(3) = 3  1  3 tan 2  
 1  3 tan   
= 3tan-1x [tan-1(tan) = ]
dy  1  3
 = 3.  2 = 2
dx  1 x  1 x

Questions:
dy
Find in each of the following (87 – 133): (within the domain)
dx

87. y = cot-1 (2x)

 5x 
88.

.
y = cosec-1 (x)

.E
 ax 

T
89. y = cos-1   90. y = cosec-1  

.
 3   b 

y = cos-1 (ex) y = sec-1  x

.V
91. 92.

1
93. y = cos-1 (sinx) 94. y = cot-1  

A
x
1 1 1  cosx
95. y = sin-1 (2x 1  x2 ) ;  <x< 96. y = cos-1
2 2 2
 1  tan x    1  cos x   
97. y = tan-1  ; 0 < x < 98. y = tan-1  ; - < x <
 1  tan x  4  sin x  2 2
1  cos 5x   sin x 
99. y = cot-1 ; 0<x< 100. y = tan-1   ; - < x < 
1  cos 5x 5  1  cos x 

 cos 2x   1  sin 2x 
101. y = tan-1  ; 102. y = tan-1  1  sin 2x  ;
 1  sin 2x   
 1  x2  1   1x 
103. y = tan-1  ; x0
 104. y = tan-1   ; -1 < x < 1
 x   1 x 

105. y = tan-1 ( 1  x 2  - x), 106. y = tan-1 ( 1  x 2 + x)

1  
107. y = sin-1 (2x 1  x 2 ) ; ( < x < 1) 108. y = tan-1 (secx + tanx); - <x<
2 2 2

  x2  x  x 1 
-1  -1
109. y = sin 4 4
 110. y = cos  1  ; |x| > 1
 a x  xx 
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AVTE 25
avte.in DERIVATIVES

 x   3 cos x  4 sin x 
111. y = tan-1  2 2
 ; -a < x < a 112. y = cos-1  
 a x   5 

1x
113. y = cot-1 (cosecx + cotx); 0 < x <  114. y = tan-1 ; -1 < x < 1
1x

 x  1 1
115. y = tan -1   ; -3 < x < 3 116. y = sin-1 (3x - 4x3); - <x<
 9-x
2
 2 2

 1  x2  1  x2   1  (ax)2  1 
-1   ; -1 < x < 1 -1  ; x  0
117. y = cot   118. y = cot  
2
 1 x  1 x
2
 ax
 

119. y = cos-1(4x3 - 3x); x  (1/2, 1) 120. y = sin-1 (x 1  x  x 1  x 2 ); 0 < x < 1

 3a 2 x  x3  a a  x  1  x2 
122. y = tan  ; 0 < x < 1

.
121. tan  a(a 2  3x2 )  ; a > 0;
-1
< x< -1
2 
  3 3  x  1x 

.E
 2x 1  x2  1 1  1  x 2  1 
123. y = tan-1  2 ; 
 <x< 124. y = cos-1 
 1  2x 2 2  2 1  x 2 

T
 

125. y = tan-1 
a cos x  b sin x  a

.V .
 ; if b tanx > -1
 b cos x  a sin x 
 1x 
126. y = sec-1 
 1  x 
 1 x 
 + sin-1 
 1x 


A
 7x  5ax 
127. y = tan-1   128. y = tan-1  2 
 1  12x2   a  6x 2 

x x   1  x 
129. y = b tan-1   tan 1  130. y = sin  2 tan 1   
a a 
  1  x 
 1  e 2 log x   x  1  x2 
131. y = cos  -1 
2 log x 
 132. y = sin-1  
 1e  
 2 

 e x  e x 
-1
133. y = sec  
 2 
    1
 + tan-1  1  x  1 , show that dy =
2
 1
134. If y = sin-1   .
 1  x 2 
 
 x  dx 
2 1  x2 
4 4 2 2
dy x 1  y4
135. If 1  x  1  y  = a(x - y ), show that = .
dx y 1  x4

dy 2
136. If y 1  x 2 + x 1  y 2 = 1, show that =  1y .
dx 1  x2
2 2
 dy    dy 
137. If y = sin -1
 
2ax 1  a 2 x 2 , show that a2  4  x2 


  =   .
 dx    dx 

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AVTE 26
avte.in DERIVATIVES

DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION WITH RESPECT TO OTHER FUNCTION(S)

Working rule: Say we have to find the derivative of f(x) w.r.t. g(x), let u = f(x) and v = g(x), then the
du f '  x
derivative of f(x) w.r.t. g(x) i.e.,  .
dv g '  x 

Questions:
138. Find the derivative of sin(x2) w.r.t. tan(2x).
 2x 
139. Find the derivative of tan-1  2 
w.r.t. tan-1x.
 1  x 

 1  x2  1   2x 
140. Find the derivative of tan-1   w.r.t. sin-1  .
 x   1  x2 
 

141. Find the derivative of sin-1

1 x  1 x
2
w.r.t. cos-1x.

.E .
T
 tan 1 x 

.
142. Differentiate  1 
w.r.t. tan-1x.
 1  tan x 

.V
HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVE:

A
dy
Let y = f(x) be derivable function of x. Its derivative is generally a function of x and hence can be
dx
dy dy d  dy 
differentiated again. is called the first derivative of y and derivative of i.e.,   is called the
dx dx dx  dx 
2
d y
second order derivative of y and is denoted by the symbol or y".
dx 2
EXAMPLE
d2 y
If y = Acos(nx) + Bsin(nx), show that 2
+ n2y = 0.
dx

Sol. We have y = Acos(nx) + Bsin(nx)

dy
 = A(-sinnx) . n + B cosnx . n = -An sinnx + Bn cosnx
dx
d2 y
= -An cosnx . n + Bn(- sinnx).n = An2cosnx - Bn2sinnx
dx 2

d2 y
= - n2(A cosnx + B sinnx) = - n2y  + n2y = 0
dx 2

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AVTE 27
avte.in DERIVATIVES

Questions:
2
d2 y dy
143. If y = acos(logx) + bsin(logx), show that x 2 +x + y = 0.
dx dx
d2 y dy
144. If y = (sin-1x)2, show that (1 - x2) 2 -x = 2.
dx dx

2 2 d2 y dy
145. If y = {log(x + 1  x 2 )} , show that (1 + x ) 2
+x = 2 (where ln(x) = logex).
dx dx

m 2
d2 y dy
146. If y = (x + 1 x 2
) , show that (1 + x ) 2 + x - m2y = 0.
dx dx

-1x
147. If y = etan , show that (1 + x2)y2 + (2x - 1)y1 = 0.

1
148. If x = sin  log y  , show that (1 - x2)y2 - xy1 - a2y = 0.

.
a 

.E
d2 y dy
149. If y = tan-1x, show that (1 + x2) 2
+ 2x = 0.
dx dx

150. If y = e acos-1x

y
.T 2
, show that (1 - x )

x
n

.V
d2 y
dx 2
-x
dy
dx
- a2y = 0.

A
151. If cos-1   = log   , show that x2 y2 + xy1 + n2y = 0.
b n

d2 y dy
152. If y = ex sin(x), show that 2 -2 + 2y =0.
dx dx

d2 y dy
153. If y = (sin-1x)2 + (cos-1x)2 , show that (1 - x2) 2
-x = 4.
dx dx
kx
  k2 
154. If y = e 2 (acosnx + b sinnx), prove that y2 + ky1 + y  n 2   = 0.
 4 
155. If x = sint; y = sin(mt), prove that (1 - x2)y2 - xy1 + m2y = 0.
d2 y dy
156. If x = acos + bsin and y = asin - bcos, show that y2 2 -x + y = 0.
dx dx

d2 y dy
157. If y = sin(sinx), show that 2 + tanx + ycos2x = 0.
dx dx

d2 y 
158. If x = a( + sin) and y = a(1 + cos), find 2 at  = 2 .
dx

d2 y dy
159. If (a + bx) ey/x = x, show that x3 2
= (x - y)2.
dx dx

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AVTE 28
avte.in DERIVATIVES

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS:

x x2 dy ax  b
160. If y =   ...... , show that = y + 1. 161. If y = , show that 2y1y3 = 3y 22 .
1! 2! dx cx  d

dy
162. Find the derivative of y = |x|3. 163. If y = |x|2 - 3|x| + |x - 1|, find .
dx

4a 4a d2 y   1
x
164. If x = 2 , y = , find 2
, at t = . 165. If y =   , show that y2 (1) = 0.
t t dx 2 x

x x2 xn dy xn
166. If y =   ........  , show that + = y + 1.
1! 2! n! dx n!

x x 
167. Show that the derivative of sin-1 and tan-1 are identical.
  x

168. If 1x + 6 1  y 6 = a(x3 - y3), show that

dy x 2
=
dx y 2
1  y6
1  x6
.

.E .
.T
x a2 x dy
169. y = a x 2
+ 2sin-1 , show that = a 2  x2 .
2 2 a dx

170. If y = 2 tan-1

A
x 2
1 x

171. If (x - a)2 + (y - b)2 = c2, prove that

.V
2 + log
1  x 2  x2
1x 2 x 2
, prove that

  dy  2 
1    
  dx  
d2 y
dy
dx
=

3 /2
4 2
1  x4
.

is a constant, independent of a and b.

dx 2

172. For the function f, f(x) = x2 - 6x + 8, prove that f'(5) - 3f'(2) = f'(8).
173. Show that the derivative of an even function is an odd function and derivative of an odd function is
even function.

1 2x 4x3 8x7 1
174. If 0 < x < 1, prove that     ..... = .
1 x 1 x 2
1x 4
1 x 8 1  x

   
175. Prove that the function g(x) = sin2x + sin2   x  + cosx. cos   x  is a constant and the value of
3   3 

5
g(x) = .
4

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AVTE 29
avte.in HOTS

HOTS
dy
2 a 2  b2
2
1. If (a - bcosy) (a + bcosx) = a - b , show that = .
dx a  b cos x

 a  b cosx  dy b2  a2
2. If y = cos-1  for b > a, show that = .
 b  a cosx  dx b  a cos x

2  ab x dy 1 d2 y bsinx
3. If y = tan-1  a  b tan 2  , show that = and = 2 .
a2  b2   dx a  b cos x dx 2
a  bcosx

 1   1   1 
4. If y = tan-1  2  + tan-1  2  + tan-1  2  + .... to n terms,
 x x 1  x  3x  3   x  5x  7 

dy 1 1

.
then show that = 2
 .
dx 1  x  n 1  x2

.E
d2 y dy
If y = extan-1x, show that (1 + x2) - 2(1 - x + x2) + (1 - x)2y = 0.

T
5. 2
dx dx

6. If Sn =
a 1  r n 
1 r

.V .
, show that (r - 1)
d
dr
(Sn) = (n - 1) Sn - n Sn - 1.

A
n -n
7. If y = a [x + 2
x  1 ] + b[x + x  1 ] 2 , prove that (x2 - 1)y" + xy' - n2y = 0.

d2 p a2 b2
8. If p2 = a2cos2 + b2sin2, prove that p + = .
d2 p3

 dy 2
If x = sec - cos and y = secn - cosn show that (x2 + 4)  = (y2 + 4) (n2).
 dx 
9.

1 d2 y dy
10. If y = n 1 cos (ncos-1x), then prove that (1 - x2) 2 -x + n 2y = 0 .
2 dx dx

d2 y
11. If 2
(a) ax + 2hxy + by = 0, show that2
= 0.
dx 2

d2 y h 2  ab
2
(b) ax + 2hxy + by = 1, show that2
= .
dx 2 (hx  by)3

d2 y 4 x  y
12. If x + y = e x-y
, prove that 2 = 3 .
dx  x  y  1

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AVTE 30