Chapter 4 Electromagnetism

Form 2: Magnetic Field on Current- carrying Conductor

1.
Magnet

Permanent Magnet Electromagnet

2. What is magnetic field?

_______________________________________________________________________

3. What is electromagnet?
_______________________________________________________________________

4. Magnetic field on a straight wire.

Use right- hand grip rule

(a) Draw the magnetic field on the paper.

(b) How to increase the strength of the magnetic field.

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

(c) The direction of magnetic field can be determined by _____________________________

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5. Magnetic field on a coiled wire/ coil.

I I

6. Magnetic field on a coils/ solenoid.

(a) Draw the magnetic field on the cardboard.

(b) Mark the pole N and S.
(c) State 3 methods how to increase the strength of the magnetic field.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(d) Give two reasons why soft iron core is used.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
(e) State 4 uses of the electromagnet.
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________

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[SPM 2013 P2]

7.

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 [SPM 2012 P2]
8.

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[SPM 2014 P2]
9.

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4.1 Force on a Current- carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
crocodile clip
switch
wooden
d.c supply - support
+
copper
rheostat stripped,
rod
thick and
stiff copper
Q
S
iron P
yoke
Magnadur magnet
N

(a) Draw the magnetic field produced by

(i) Permanent magnet (ii) Current-carrying conductor (iii) Resultant field

S S

N N

(b) Name the magnetic field in (a)(iii)

______________________________________________________________________________
(c) What is the effect of the magnetic field in (a)(iii)?
______________________________________________________________________________
(d) Mark the direction of the force produced and label as F.
(e) The direction of the force can be determined by _______________________________________.
Forefinger in the direction of ____________________, second finger in the direction of
___________ and the thumb points the direction of ______________.
(f) How to increase the force produced?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

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(g) Explain how the force is produced.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

(h) School Experiment:

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D.C Motor

Position 0° Position 90° Position 180° Position 270°

(a) Draw the magnetic field

N S

(b) Explain how the coil rotates.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
(c) The direction of the force can be determined by __________________________________________
(d) Determine the direction of the force produced on side ab and side cd and label it as F.
(e) Determine the direction of rotation.
________________________________________

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(f) How to reverse the direction of rotation?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
(g) At the vertical position, there is no turning force because there is no contact between the commutator
and the brush. Why the coil still can continue its rotation?
_________________________________________________________________________________
(h) What happens to the direction of the current in the coil after 180° of rotation?
_________________________________________________________________________________
(i) What is the function of commutator?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
(j) How to increase the speed of rotation?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

Top Secrets:
1. Name the shape of permanent magnet. Explain why.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

2. Draw the magnetic field

3. Name the field.

___________________________________________________

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(k)

Brushed Motor

Carbon brush

Magnet Commutator
Coil
Magnet

Axle Coil

State the similarities:

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
State the differences:
Brushless Motor Brushed Motor

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[SPM 2013 P2]
1 (a).

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4.2 Electromagnetic Induction

1. Define em induction
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Faraday’s Law states that ____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

3. Lenz’s law states that _______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

P Q P Q

S N S N

force of force of
repulsion attraction
exists exists
(a) (b)

(a) What happens when north pole of the magnet is moved toward the coil?
_________________________________________________________________________________
(b) Explain your answer in (a)
_________________________________________________________________________________
(c) Determine the pole at P at (a) ______________ and at (b) _________________

(d) How to increase the deflection of the pointer of galvanometer?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

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(e) (i) Draw a diagram to show how to produce current by another method.

(ii) How to increase the deflection of the pointer of galvanometer?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
4.

5. Figure 5.1 shows a dynamo of a bicycle which is used to light the bicycle’s lamp. Figure 4.2 shows a
cross section of the dynamo which has a magnet and a coil. When the magnet inside the dynamo is
rotated by the bicycle wheel, the lamp will be lighted.

It is observed that when the wheel runs faster, the light gets brighter.

Figure 5.2
Figure 5.1

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 (a) Inference: _________________________________________________________________
(b) Hypothesis: _____________________________________________________________
(c) Aim: ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(d) Manipulated variable: _______________________________________________________
Responding variable: _______________________________________________________
Fixed variable: ____________________________________________________________
Operational definition: ______________________________________________________
(e) Apparatus and Material: _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
(f) Arrangement of apparatus:

(g) Procedure:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
(h) Data: (i) Graph:

(j) Conclusion
____________________________________________________________________________

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A.C Dynamo/ A.C Generator
1.

Position 0° Position 90° Position 180° Position 270°

(a) State the rule to determine the direction of induced current.

___________________________________________________________
(b) After 180º of rotation, determine the direction of current flow in the coil.
___________________________________________________________
(c) Explain why the induced current:
(i) Is maximum when the coil is at the horizontal position.
_______________________________________________________________
(ii) Is zero when the coil is at the horizontal position.
_______________________________________________________________
(d) Sketch a graph of induced current against angle of rotation.
Induced current

0 90 180 270 360 Angle of

rotation

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(e) How to increase the induced current/ induced emf.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
(f) If the speed of rotation is double, sketch a graph on the graph at (d)
(g) How to modify the A.C dynamo into a D.C dynamo.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2.

Aspect D.C A.C

Sources

Current-time graph

Characteristics

Effect on a bulb

Effect on a capacitor

Effect on moving

coil load speaker

Effect on

transformer

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4.3 Transformer
1. (a) Structure of a simple transformer.

(b) Symbol of a simple transformer.

2. The operating principle of a simple transformer.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

3. Compare a step-up transformer and a step-down transformer.

(a) Similarities:
(i) ______________________________________________________________

(ii) ______________________________________________________________

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(b) Different:

Step-up Transformer Step-down Transformer

a. Function
b. The number of
the primary and
secondary coil
c. The input and
output voltage

4. For an ideal transformer,

Input power = Output power

5. For the transformer which is not 100% efficient. State the formula for the efficiency of the
transformer.

6. State four factors which caused the energy losses in a transformer.

Factors Ways to improve the efficiency

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7. Induction Cooker

EDDY CURRENTS IN THE BASE OF A PAN

CERAMIC
SURFACE

COIL
HIGH FREQUENCY
A.C. POWER SUPPLY
CHANGING
MAGNETIC
FIELD

Explain the working principle of induction cooker.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

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Example 1:

Figure shows an ideal transformer used to supply

power to 12V, 24W bulbs at their rated power.

If the voltage of the electricity supply is 240V and

the current in the primary coil is 0.2A. What is the
current in the secondary coil?

Example 2:
A transformer is used to lower the electrical supply
voltage of 240V to supply power to a bulb with a
rated power of 12V, 2A. If the current in the
primary coil is 0.15A, what is the efficiency of the
transformer?

Example 3:
A transformer is used to supply power to two 12V,
24W bulbs which are connected in parallel. If the
voltage of the electrical supply is 240V and the
efficiency of the transformer is 96%, calculate
(a) The number of turns on the secondary coil
if the number of turns on the primary coil is
900.
(b) The current in the primary coil so that the
bulb is lit normally.

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SPM Paper 2

1. Figure shows a circuit consisting of a transformer, an ammeter and two light bulbs. The ammeter reading
is 0.5A and both bulbs light up with normal brightness.

240 V
a.c

A Bulb
12V, 24W

(a) Why the alternating current is used?

____________________________________________________________________________

(b) What is the type of transformer from the above figure?

______________________________________________________________________

(c) What is the output voltage?

______________________________________________________________________

(d) Find the ratio of the number of turns in primary coil to secondary coil.

(e) Find the secondary current.

(f) Calculate the efficiency of the transformer.

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Electrical Energy Transmission and Distribution System
1. Hydroelectric Plant.

Dam Turbine Generator

Convert potential
Function: To Current produced
energy to kinetic
accumulate
energy
water
Transformer
Function: To increase
and decrease the voltage

2. National Grid Network

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Based on the diagrams above, answer the following questions:

(a) Step-up transformer is being used to ___________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

(b) Step-down transformer is being used to _________________________________________________

3.
Ploss = I2 R Eloss = I2 Rt

(a) State the relationship between:

(i) 𝑃 and 𝐼 2 _________________________________________________
(ii) 𝑃 and 𝑅_________________________________________________
(b) Power loss can be reduced by
(i) ____________________________________________________________________
(ii) ____________________________________________________________________
(c) What is the advantage of using a high voltage transmission?
__________________________________________________________________________
4. State the importance of National Grid Network.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5.
Transmission Problems Problem Solving
Power loss in form of heat energy.

Danger of very high transmission voltage.

Stealing of cables by theft.

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 [SPM 2014 P2]

6.

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Example:

1. (a) Find the power loss, in a transmission cable

when 20kW is transmitted through a cable
of 1.5Ω.
(i) at a voltage of 200V.
(ii) at a voltage of 10kV.
(b) What is the effect of the power losses in
case (a)(i) and (ii)?

Practice:
1. A 50kW electrical generator is connected to
a factory by a cable with a total resistance of
5ohm. If the transmission voltage is 5000V,
(a) what is the current in the cable?
(b) what is the maximum power
received by the factory?
2. A small power station supplies 1650kW at a
voltage of 66kV to a factory. The
transmission cable has a resistance of 40 ohm.
Calculate
(a) the current in the cable,
(b) the energy loss in the cable,
(c) the transmission efficiency.
3. A power station supplies 1.6 × 106 𝑘𝑊 of
electrical power to a small town, situated
8km away, through a transmission cable with
a resistance of 5 × 10−1 Ω per kilometer. If
the power is transmitted at a voltage of 20 kV,
what is the total energy toss in the cable?
4. A power station supplies 2 × 106 𝑊 of
Answer:
electrical power to a town. If 0.5 % of the
1. 10 A,49500 W
power is lost as heat in the cable with a
2. 25 A, 25 kW, 98.5%
resistance of 8Ω, what is the transmission 3. 25600 W
voltage? 4. 56567 V/ 56561 V

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