ELE121: ELECTRIC CIRCUIT I

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

NOOR HASLIZA ABDUL RAHMAN

CHAPTER 1: TOPICS

1.1 Electrical and magnetic Units

1.2 Basic electrical quantities: Charge, Current and Voltage;
Power and energy
1.3 Basic circuit elements
1.4 Equivalent circuits: Series connection, parallel connection,
wye/star – delta transformation
LESSON OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

• Define basic concept of charge, current, voltage, circuit elements, power and energy.
• Calculate the charge, current, voltage, power and energy for specific circuit elements.
• Apply and relate the basic concept according to their application.
• Define the series and parallel concept
• Determine equivalent resistance for a group of resistors using series parallel concept and
wye-delta transformation.
1.1 ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC UNITS
The electrical and magnetic units commonly used in electrical circuit are shown in Table 1.1
and Table 1.2.
Table 1.1:Electrical Quantities
1.1 ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC UNITS (CONT…)

Table 1.2:Magnetic Quantities

1.2 BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

ELECTRIC CHARGES
• Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which
matter consists, measured in coulombs (C).

• The charge e on one electron is negative and equal in magnitude

to 1.602 x 10−19 C which is called as electronic charge. The charges
that occur in nature are integral multiples of the electronic charge.

• 1 coulomb is a unit of charge that contains 6.24 x 1018 electrons

 CURRENT
• Electric Current (I) is the time rate of change of charge.
• Measured in amperes, (A).
• Mathematically,

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 q = charge in Coulomb (C)

𝐼𝐼 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 t = time in second (s)

• Current through a circuit element must have two information”

• An arrow: gives the current a reference direction
• A value: could be a variable or known value
+ 10V - + 10V -

I = 5A I = -5A
Current flow through an element
Two types of current are:
a) Direct Current (DC) is a current that remains constant with time

b) Alternating current (AC) is a current that varies sinusoidally with

time
 VOLTAGE
• Voltage @ potential difference is the energy required to move a unit of charge through an
element.
• Measured in Volt, (V).
• Mathematically, w = energy in joules (J)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉 = q = charge in Coulomb (C)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• Voltage across a circuit element must have two information;
• a plus/minus sign: gives the voltage reference direction
• a value: could be a variable or known value

Electric voltage, vab, is always across the circuit element or

between two points in a circuit.
- + + -
Two representation of same voltage
 RESISTANCE

• Resistance (R): capacity of a material to

resist or in a prevent the flow of current
within a circuit.
• Measured in Ohms, (Ω).

Resistance analogy
CURRENT, VOLTAGE AND RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT

Measure voltage across a circuit Measure current through a circuit Measure resistance of a circuit
POWER & ENERGY

• Power, P is the time of expending or absorbing energy.

• Measured in watts, (W).
• Mathematically, 𝒅𝒅𝒘𝒘 𝒅𝒅𝒘𝒘 𝒅𝒅𝒒𝒒
P= = x
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒒𝒒 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

• Instantaneous power is a time-varying quantity.

a) Negative Power b) Positive Power

2
- Delivering power - Absorbing power V
P = IV = I 2 R =
- R
Supplying power - Dissipating power
- Developing power
POWER & ENERGY
• The Law of Conservation of Energy is the algebraic sum of power in the whole
circuit at any instant time is zero.

� 𝑷𝑷 = 𝟎𝟎 Pdelivered = Pabsorb

• Energy, W is the capacity to do work, measured in Joules (J)

𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕
𝒘𝒘 = ∫𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = ∫𝟎𝟎 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
POWER & ENERGY

P=+vi P=+vi P=-vi P=-vi

= + 4 (3) = + 4 (3) = - 4 (3) = - 4 (3)
= + 12 W = - 12 W = - 12 W
= + 12 W
Absorbed Power Supplied Power
 Calculating Energy From Constant Power

• In the electrical power industry

• The unit of power most often used is the kilowatt (1 kW = 1000 W)
• The unit of energy used is the total energy delivered or consumed in 1
hour when the rate of delivery or consumption is 1 kW. That amount of
energy is 1 kWh (kilo-Watt-hour). It is not S.I. unit.

E𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 (𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌) = 𝑷𝑷 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝒙𝒙 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 (𝒉𝒉)

Example 1:
A power company charges RM 0.80 per kW of energy delivered to customer. Find the total
energy delivered and the cost of operating a 500W TV for 2hr and 6 bulb with 75W for 5hr.

Television Bulb
Energy = Power x Time Energy = Power x Time
1000W = 1kW
1000W = 1kW
500W = 0.5kW
75W = 0.075kW
Energy = 0.5 x 2 = 1kWh
Energy for 6 bulb = 0.075 x 5 x 6
= 2.25kWh

Total Energy = ETV + EB = 1k + 2.25k = 3.25kWh

Total cost = Total energy x Cost per kW of Energy
= 3.25kWh x 0.80 = RM 2.60
1.3 BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS

ACTIVE PASSIVE

VOLTAGE CURRENT RESISTOR CAPACITOR INDUCTOR

SOURCE SOURCE

INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT

VOLTAGE VOLTAGE CURRENT CURRENT
SOURCE SOURCE SOURCE SOURCE

VOLTAGE CURRENT VOLTAGE CURRENT

CONTROLLED CONTROLLED CONTROLLED CONTROLLED
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE CURRENT CURRENT
SOURCE SOURCE SOURCE SOURCE
 1.3 BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Active Elements – capable of generating Active Elements – do not generate
energy. energy
Ex: generators, batteries and operational amplifiers. Ex: resistors, capacitors, inductors.
The most important active elements are voltage or
current sources that generally deliver power to the
circuit

Independent Dependent
sources sources
An independent source is A dependent source is an active element in
an active element that which the source quantity is controlled by
provides a specified another voltage or current.
voltage or current that is - VCVS
completely independent of - CCVS
other circuit elements - VCCS
- CCCS.
Example 2:

Obtain the voltage v in the branch shown in Figure 1.1 for i2 = 1A.

Figure 1.1
Solution

Voltage v is the sum of the current-independent

10-V source and the current-dependent voltage
source vx.

Note that the factor 15 multiplying the control

current carries the units Ω.

Therefore, v = 10 + vx = 10 + 15(1) = 25 V
Example 3:

Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element in figure below.

Figure 1.2
Solution

p1 = - (20)(5) = -100 W (Supplied power)

p2 = + (12)(5) = 60 W (Absorbed power)
p3 = + (8)(6) = 48 W (Absorbed power)
p4 = - (8)(0.2 I) = - (8)(0.2 x 5) = -8 W (Supplied power)

p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 = -100 + 60 + 48 – 8 = 0
CIRCUIT ELEMENT CONNECTIONS

Node is a point where, terminal of two

or more circuit elements are connected
together. Node is a junction point in the
circuit.
CIRCUIT ELEMENT CONNECTIONS

Branch represents a single element such

Loop is any closed path in the circuit
as voltage source, current source, resistor,
formed by branches.
inductor and capacitor. Branch is portion
of the circuit between two or more nodes
which can deliver or absorb energy. The
short circuit between two nodes is not
referred as branch of electric circuit.
 1.4 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT – RESISTOR SERIES CONNECTION
• Two or more elements are in series if they are cascaded or connected
sequentially and consequently carry the same current.
• The equivalent resistance (Req) of any number of resistors connected in series
is the sum of the individual resistance. For N resistor in series,
𝑵𝑵

𝑹𝑹𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 = 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏 + 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐 + 𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝑹𝑹𝑵𝑵 = � 𝑹𝑹𝑵𝑵

𝒏𝒏=𝟏𝟏

i R1 R2 i Req
a a
+ V1 - + V2 - + V -

+ +
𝒊𝒊 = 𝒊𝒊𝟏𝟏 = 𝒊𝒊𝟐𝟐
V V
- -
𝒗𝒗 = 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 + 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐

b b 𝑹𝑹𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 = 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏 + 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐

A single-loop circuit with two resistors in series. Equivalent circuit
 1.4 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT – RESISTOR PARALEL CONNECTION

• Two or mode elements are in parallel if they are connected at a single pair
node.
i Node a 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
= + + +⋯
a
𝑹𝑹𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑 𝑹𝑹𝑵𝑵
a
i1 i2
+ + 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏 + 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐
+ V1 R1 V2 R2 = + =
V
- - - 𝑹𝑹𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐

𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐
b b 𝑹𝑹𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 =
Node b 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏 + 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐
Resistor in parallel
𝒗𝒗 = 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 = 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
R2
𝒊𝒊 = 𝒊𝒊𝟏𝟏 + 𝒊𝒊𝟐𝟐

V
+ R1 R3 R1 and R3 are not parallel because between their respective
-
terminals, another resistor R2 dissipates some of the voltage

Series-parallel circuit
Example 4:

Calculate equivalent resistance Req of Figure 4;

4Ω 3Ω

Req 18 Ω 6Ω

Figure 4
 Solution 4Ω 3Ω

Req 18 Ω 6Ω

9 × 18
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 3Ω + 6Ω = 9Ω 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 = 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 ⁄/ 18Ω = = 6Ω 𝑹𝑹𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 = 𝑹𝑹𝒃𝒃 + 𝟒𝟒𝟒 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔 + 𝟒𝟒𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
9 + 18

4Ω 4Ω

Rb
Ra 10 Ω
Req
18 Ω 9Ω Req 6Ω
Req
Exercise 1 : Exercise 2 :

Calculate equivalent resistance Req of Figure 5; Find Rab for the circuit below

Figure 5 Figure 6

Ans:
Req = 14.4 Ω
Rab = 11 Ω
 WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMATION

• Use to simplify circuit.

• •To determine either impedance in
series or parallel.
WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMATION
WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMATION
Example 5:

Calculate equivalent resistance Rab of Figure 5;

Figure 5
 Solution
In this example, there are two Y-networks comprising the first Y-network (24Ω, 30Ω, and 30Ω) and the second
Y-network (10Ω, 50Ω and 30Ω). You can use both to find the Rab and i ...But in this example we will use the
second Y-network.