Industrial Instrumentation

S.KANAGALAKSHMI
AP/EED
NIT CALICUT

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 Pressure Measurement

1.Manometers
Liquid column manometers
Inclined manometer
Mercury barometer
Micro manometer
2.Elastic type pressure gauges
Bourdon tube, Elastic diaphragms, Corrugated diaphragms, Capsules, bellows
3.Electric pressure Transducer
LVDT, Strain Gage, Capacitive pressure Transducer
4.Low Pressure Measurement of vacuum
McLeod gauge, cold cathode type and hot cathode type ionization gauges
5. Calibration of Pressure transducers

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 Applications of pressure sensors 13

 Touch screen
devices
 Automotive industry
 Biomedical
 Aviation
 Marine industry

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 Measurement of Pressure 13

Fig. Explanation of the pressure terminology

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 Unit of Pressure
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1Pascal(1N/m2) = 10dyne/cm2 Kg/cm2

1mmHg = 133.32pascals Pascal
Bar
= 13.595mm Water N/M2
Mm of Hg
Standard atmosphere = 1.013 * 105N/m2 Nm of Hg
1 millibar = 1000 dyn/cm2 Inches/cm of water
1 micron = 10-6mHg Inches/ cm of mercury
PSI Pounds per square inch
1 torr = 1 mmHg
= 1000micron

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 Liquid column manometers
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Fig. Liquid column manometer

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 Well – type manometers
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Inclined manometers

Inclined manometer

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Ring Balance manometers

Float type manometer

Ring balance manometer

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 Inverted Bell manometers
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 Inverted Bell manometers
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 Barometer 13

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 Barometer
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Micro manometers

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 Mechanical manometers 13

• Mechanical manometers provide faster response than liquid column

manometers.
• In liquid column measurements, lag is due to the displacements of the liquid.
• In elastic sensing element type of manometers the time lag is due to the time
required for equalisation of pressure to be measured with that in the sensing
chamber.
• The deformation of elastic sensing elements is measured with the aid of
kinematic, optical or electrical systems.

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 Elastic Pressure Transducers 13

There are three types of elastic sensing elements which are

• Bourdon Tubes
• Diaphragms (flat or corrugated)
• Bellows

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 Bourdon tube
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 Spiral
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• The free end motion of the C bourdon tube is insufficient to operate in transmitters.
• Series of C bourdon tubes joined end to end.
• When pressure is applied , this flat spiral tends to uncoil and produces a greater movement of the free end .
• Increases sensitivity and accuracy of the instrument.

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Elastic diaphragms

Corrugated diaphragms
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 Pressure gauges with elastic sensing elements
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Diaphragms

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Bellows

Bellows are most commonly used to measure small steady pressures.

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 Bellows 13

• A metallic bellows is a series of circular parts so formed or joined that they can be expanded axially by pressure.
• Bellows are also formed from seamless tubes hydraulically or mechanically roll- formed.
• Seamless bellows are made of brass, beryllium copper, phosphor bronze, stainless steel.
• It is used to measure absolute , gauge, differential pressure .
• Force or motion balance type

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 Beam balance Bellow sensor 13

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 Force balance type pressure sensor 13

• Measurement of absolute pressure.

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 Electrical Pressure Transducer 13

Pressure Transducers

• They convert the pressure to be measured into electrical signals.

• Pressure transducers whose operating principles based on measuring changes in inductive, capacitive or
ohmic resistances caused by the deformation of an elastic element.

• Inductive Pressure Transducer – LVDT

• 1. Null balance Type LVDT
• 2. Bourdon tube with LVDT
• 3. Bellows with LVDT
• 4. Diaphragms with LVDT

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 Null balance type LVDT 13

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 Null balance type LVDT 13

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 Null balance type LVDT 13

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Bellows with LVDT Diaphragm with LVDT

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 Bourdon tube with LVDT 13

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 Strain gage 13

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 Strain gage 13

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 Capacitive Pressure Transducers
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Capacitance C = €a a/ d

where
€a - absolute permittivity

a = area of plates

d = distance between the plates

Elastic diaphragm used in a parallel plate capacitor

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 Capacitive Pressure Transducers
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Capacitance C = €a a/ d

where
€a - absolute permittivity

a = area of plates

d = distance between the plates

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 Piezo-Electric pressure transducers 13

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 Measurement of very low pressure or 13
Vacuum measurement
Unit of low Pressure :
1 torr= 1 mm Hg
1 micrometer is 10-3 torr = 0.001mm of Hg
Manometer and bellows -0.1 torr
Bourdon gages = 10 torr
Diaphrahm -10-3 torr

lowest pressure that can be measured with conventional pressure sensor

Types
1. Mc Leod Gauge
2. Thermal conductivity gauge
Thermocouple gauge
Pirani gauge (using RTD)
Thermistor gauge
3. Ionization gauge
Hot cathode ionization gauge
Cold cathode ionization Gauge
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 McLeod vacuum Gage 13

• Comparison of a sample of the low pressure to a pressure

sufficiently high to read with simple manometer.

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 Measurement of very low pressure 13

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 Thermal Conductivity gages 13

Thermocouple gauge

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 Thermal Conductivity gages
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Pirani gauge (using RTD)

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 Thermal Conductivity gages
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Pirani gauge (using RTD)

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 Thermal Conductivity gages 13

Thermocouple range is 10-4 torr to 1 torr

Hot surface is a thin metal strip , temp varied by current.

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 Thermal Conductivity gages
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 Thermal Conductivity gages
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 Ionization Gauge : Hot Cathode Type 13

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 Ionization Gauge : Hot Cathode Type 13

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 Ionization Gauge : Cold Cathode Type 13

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 Calibration of pressure gauge using dead weight tester 13

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 calibration of pressure gauge using dead weight tester 13

• Standard for calibration of less accurate gauges or transducers.

• The gauge to be calibrated is connected to a chamber filled with fluid whose pressure can
be adjusted by pump and bleed valve.
• Chamber also connects with a vertical piston- cylinder to which various std weights may
be applied.
• The pressure is slowly built up until the piston and the weights are seen to float at which
point the fluid gauge pressure must equal the dead weight supported by the piston,
divided by piston area.

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