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Chapter 1 ESE246 PDF

Process control involves measuring and regulating variables to maintain their values at a set point. It uses sensors to measure process variables and actuators to influence the process. A basic process control loop consists of a sensor, controller, and actuator. The sensor measures the process variable and sends it to the controller. The controller compares the measured value to the set point and determines an error. It then sends a signal to the actuator to adjust the process variable in a way that minimizes the error. Common sensors include temperature, pressure, and flow sensors, while common actuators include valves and motors. The overall goal of process control is stability and minimizing transient and steady-state errors.

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88 views18 pages

Chapter 1 ESE246 PDF

Process control involves measuring and regulating variables to maintain their values at a set point. It uses sensors to measure process variables and actuators to influence the process. A basic process control loop consists of a sensor, controller, and actuator. The sensor measures the process variable and sends it to the controller. The controller compares the measured value to the set point and determines an error. It then sends a signal to the actuator to adjust the process variable in a way that minimizes the error. Common sensors include temperature, pressure, and flow sensors, while common actuators include valves and motors. The overall goal of process control is stability and minimizing transient and steady-state errors.

Uploaded by

Muhamad Ammar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Process Control

# Define process control


# Identify process control elements
& block diagram < Industrial Instrumentation
What is Instrumentation ?

The process in which assembly of several electrical, measuring


and control instruments interconnected for measuring,
1 analyzing and controlling the electrical and non-electrical
physical quantities.
INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION :- The process of measuring
and controlling various quantities in industries by utilizing
various industrial instruments.

It is defined as the art and science of measurement


2 and control of process variables within a production,
or manufacturing area.
Industrial Instrumentation Structure:

SENSORS CONTROLLERS ACTUATORS

PROCESS
CONTROL
SYSTEM

https://www.edgefx.in/industrial-instrumentation-in-real-time-applications/
Process Control Principles

Control – methods to force parameters in the


environment to have specific values.
Example: Setting room temperature at 25ºC.

Control System :– all the elements necessary to


accomplish the control objective.
Process control :–
The objective is to regulate the value of some
quantities.

Regulate means to maintain that quantities at some


desired value regardless of external influences. The
desired value is called the ‘referred value’ or ‘set point’.
Example of Process control : Case Condition

If the output flow rate is not exactly equal to the input flow rate;

If Qout > Qin => the tank will be empty !


If Qout < Qin => the tank will overflow !

Suppose we want to maintain the level at some particular value H, regardless


of the input flow rate. What we should introduce to the system?
Human-Aided Control (Manual)
Automatic Control

machines, electronics, or computers replace the operations of the human.


Process Control Block Diagram
Identification of Elements
Process:
The flow of liquid in and out of the tank, the tank itself, and the liquid all
constitute a process.
A process can consist of a complex assembly of phenomena that relate to
some manufacturing sequence.
The process is often also called the plant.

Measurement:
a measurement refers to the conversion of the variable into some
corresponding analog of the variable, such as a pneumatic pressure, an
electrical voltage or current, or a digitally encoded signal.

A sensor is a device that performs the initial measurement and energy


conversion of a variable into analogous digital, electrical, or pneumatic
information.
Error Detector :
In Figure 2, the human looked at the difference between the actual
level, h, and the set point level, H, and deduced an error.

This error has both a magnitude and polarity.

For the automatic control system in Figure 3, this same kind of error
determination must be made before any control action can be taken
by the controller.
Controller :

To examine the error and determine what action, if any, should


be taken.
Also called as compensator or filter, but controller is the most
common.

The evaluation may be performed by an operator (as in the


previous example), by electronic signal processing, by pneumatic
signal processing, or by a computer.
Control Element :
It is the device that exerts a direct influence on the process; that
is, it provides those required changes in the controlled variable to
bring it to the set point.

It accepts an input from the controller, which is then transformed


into some proportional operation performed on the process.

In previous example, the control element is the valve that adjusts


the outflow of fluid from the tank. This element is also referred to
as the final control element.
Actuator:
Often an intermediate operation is required between the
controller output and the final control element.

This operation is referred to as an actuator because it uses


the controller signal to actuate the final control element.

The actuator translates the small energy signal of the


controller into a larger energy action on the process.
The results of signal conversions provide an amplified and/or
converted signal designed to operate (actuate) a mechanism
that changes a controlling variable in the process.

The direct effect is usually implemented by something in the


process, such as a valve or heater that must be operated by
some device.

The actuator is a translation of the (converted) control signal


into action on the control element.

Thus, if a valve is to be operated, then the actuator is a device


that converts the control signal into the physical action of
Control System Evaluation

The variable used to measure the performance of the control


system is the error, e(t), which is the difference between the
constant set-point or reference value, r, and the controlled
variable, c(t).

1. The system should be stable.


2. The system should provide the best possible
steady-state regulation.
3. The system should provide the best possible
transient regulation.
COMMON INSTRUMENTATION USED IN PROCESS INDUSTRY

SENSORS:
Thermal sensors
Mechanical sensors
>Displacement,location,or position
sensors
>Strain sensors
>Motion sensors
>Pressure sensors
>Flow sensors
ACTUATORS:
Electrical actuators
>motor , solenoid valves
Mechanical actuators
>valves
>Pneumatic actuator
END OF CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Process Control

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