Sans 10366

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SANS 10366:2009
Edition 2
SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Health and safety at events — Requirements
Published by SABS Standards Division

1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001
Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568
www.sabs.co.za
© SABS
This Standard was downloaded on 2010-02-16 13:36 and is exclusively for Alex Gintan Associates for use on ONE standalone P.C. To
SANS 10366:2009
Edition 2
Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope
Acknowledgement
The SABS Standards Division wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance derived from
publications of the Technical Production Services Association (TPSA).
Foreword
This national standard was approved by National Committee SABS TC 184, Health and safety at
live events, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with
annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement.
This document was published in October 2009.
This document supersedes SANS 10366:2006 (edition 1).
This document is based on The event safety guide by the TPSA.
Reference is made in clause 1 and 4.4 to the "relevant national legislation". In South Africa this
means the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act No. 85 of 1993) (as amended from time
to time) and the National Sport and Recreation Act, 1998 (Act No. 110 of 1998) and its regulations
(as amended from time to time).
Reference is made in 3.1 to the "relevant national legislation". In South Africa this means section 8
of the National Sport and Recreation Act, 1998 (Act No. 110 of 1998) (as amended from time to
time).
Reference is made in 3.2 to the "national regulating body". In South Africa this means the
Engineering Council of South Africa.
Reference is made in 3.26(a) and (c) to the "relevant national regulating body". In South Africa this
means the Health Professions Council of South Africa.
Reference is made in 3.26(b) to the "relevant national authority". In South Africa this means the
Department of Labour.
Reference is made in 3.26(d) to the "relevant national body". In South Africa this means the Nursing
Council of South Africa.
Reference is made in 4.1 to the "relevant national legislation". In South Africa this means the
National Sport and Recreation Act, 1998 (Act No. 110 of 1998) and its regulations (as amended
from time to time).
Reference is made in 4.2.1, 4.3, 4.5.4, 4.7, 5.1(e), 5.11, 6.2, 7.1, 8.17, 12.15, 14.21.16, 16.3, 16.10,
19.2, 20.2, 27.10 and 27.12 to the "relevant national health and safety legislation". In South Africa
this means the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act No. 85 of 1993) (as amended from
time to time).
Reference is made in 12.5 to the “relevant national legislation on private security” In South Africa
this means the Private Security Industry Regulation Act, 2001 (Act No. 56 of 2001) (as amended
from time to time).
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Reference is made in 12.5 to the “relevant national legislation on criminal procedure”. In South
Africa this means the Criminal Procedure Act, 1977 (Act No. 51 of 1977) (as amended from time to
time).
Reference is made in 18.3 to the "relevant national legislation on food, catering and hygiene". In
South Africa this means the Liquor Act, 1977 (Act No. 63 of 1977) (as amended from time to time).
Reference is made in 23.4 to the "relevant national legislation". In South Africa this means the
Explosives Act, 2003 (Act No. 15 of 2003) (as amended from time to time).
Reference is made in 27.13 to the "relevant national healthcare body". In South Africa this means
the Department of Health.
Annexes A, B, C and D are for information only.
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Contents
Page
Acknowledgement
Foreword
Reference to legislation and by-laws

1 Scope .............................................................................................................................................. 9
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................... 9
3 Definitions...................................................................................................................................... 10
4 Health and safety responsibilities.................................................................................................. 16
4.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 16
4.2 Organizing safe working conditions ........................................................................................ 16
4.3 Duties of the site/venue owner ............................................................................................... 17
4.4 National occupational health and safety legislation................................................................ 17
4.5 Duties of employers and contractors ...................................................................................... 17
4.6 Duties of employees ............................................................................................................... 18
4.7 The legal position of self-employed people ............................................................................ 18
5 Safety planning for an event.......................................................................................................... 19
5.1 Feasibility study ...................................................................................................................... 19
5.2 The planning phases of an event............................................................................................ 19
5.3 Planning for the build-up......................................................................................................... 20
5.4 Pre-production ........................................................................................................................ 20
5.5 Planning for the set-up............................................................................................................ 21
5.6 Planning for the event............................................................................................................. 21
5.7 Planning for post-event management..................................................................................... 22
5.8 Identification of required processes or services ..................................................................... 22
5.9 Implementation ....................................................................................................................... 22
5.10 Measurement and evaluations.............................................................................................. 22
5.11 The role of the safety coordinator ......................................................................................... 23
5.12 Auditing and reviewing safety performances........................................................................ 24
6 Risk assessment ........................................................................................................................... 24
7 Planning and management ........................................................................................................... 25
7.1 Health and safety planning ..................................................................................................... 25
7.2 Health and safety policy.......................................................................................................... 25
8 Venue and site design................................................................................................................... 26
8.1 Capacity .................................................................................................................................. 26
8.2 Exits ........................................................................................................................................ 26
8.3 Venue access ......................................................................................................................... 26
8.4 Entrances................................................................................................................................ 26
8.5 Sight lines ............................................................................................................................... 27
8.6 Video screens ......................................................................................................................... 27
8.7 Seating/standing arrangements.............................................................................................. 27
8.8 Slopes ..................................................................................................................................... 28
8.9 Observation points .................................................................................................................. 28
8.10 Production infrastructure....................................................................................................... 28
8.11 Fire and medical precautions................................................................................................ 28
8.12 Site workers .......................................................................................................................... 28
8.13 Hospitality area ..................................................................................................................... 28
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8.14 Noise considerations ............................................................................................................ 29

8.15 Catering and merchandising................................................................................................. 29
8.16 Front-of-stage barriers .......................................................................................................... 29
8.17 Signage................................................................................................................................. 29
8.18 Public facilities ...................................................................................................................... 29
8.19 Excess patrons ..................................................................................................................... 30
8.20 Final site design .................................................................................................................... 30
9 Fire safety...................................................................................................................................... 30
9.1 Venue capacity and emergency evacuation........................................................................... 30
9.2 General principles of emergency evacuation ......................................................................... 30
9.3 Buildings designed for indoor public assembly....................................................................... 31
9.4 Buildings not designed for indoor public assembly................................................................. 31
9.5 Sports stadiums ...................................................................................................................... 31
9.6 Outdoor venues ...................................................................................................................... 32
9.7 Stairways ................................................................................................................................ 34
9.8 Ramps..................................................................................................................................... 34
9.9 Exits ........................................................................................................................................ 35
9.10 Doors and escape routes...................................................................................................... 35
9.11 Fastenings on doors and gates ............................................................................................ 35
9.12 Self-closing devices for fire doors......................................................................................... 35
9.13 Exit and directional signs ...................................................................................................... 36
9.14 Normal and emergency lighting ............................................................................................ 36
9.15 Fire-fighting equipment ......................................................................................................... 36
9.16 Fire retardancy of curtains, drapes and other materials ....................................................... 37
9.17 Artificial and dried foliage...................................................................................................... 38
9.18 Special risks.......................................................................................................................... 38
9.19 Warning systems .................................................................................................................. 38
10 Incident planning (emergency planning) ..................................................................................... 39
10.1 Major and minor incident planning........................................................................................ 39
10.2 Event risk assessment.......................................................................................................... 41
10.3 Coordination of emergency services .................................................................................... 42
10.4 Venue operations centre (VOC) ........................................................................................... 42
10.5 Emergency services vehicles ............................................................................................... 42
10.6 Voluntary agencies ............................................................................................................... 42
10.7 Bomb threats......................................................................................................................... 42
11 Communication............................................................................................................................ 42
11.1 Communication and coordination ......................................................................................... 42
11.2 Communication during the event planning phase ................................................................ 43
11.3 Preparation of key support documentation........................................................................... 43
11.4 Framework for handling the event ........................................................................................ 44
11.5 Communication controls in the VOC/JOC ............................................................................ 44
11.6 Off-site links .......................................................................................................................... 45
11.7 Radio communication ........................................................................................................... 45
11.8 Telephone equipment ........................................................................................................... 45
11.9 Communication procedures.................................................................................................. 45
11.10 Message delivery and acknowledgement........................................................................... 46
11.11 Situation reports.................................................................................................................. 46
11.12 Alerting procedures............................................................................................................. 47
11.13 Regular updating................................................................................................................. 47
11.14 Record-keeping................................................................................................................... 47
11.15 Training, briefing and preparation....................................................................................... 47
11.16 Public information and communication ............................................................................... 47
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12 Crowd management, crowd control and contingency planning .................................................. 49

12.1 Planning ................................................................................................................................ 49
12.2 Entry and exit of the attendees ............................................................................................. 50
12.3 Opening time......................................................................................................................... 50
12.4 Crowd pressure at entrances................................................................................................ 51
12.5 Body searching ..................................................................................................................... 51
12.6 The pit ................................................................................................................................... 51
12.7 Late leavers .......................................................................................................................... 52
12.8 Admission policies ................................................................................................................ 52
12.9 Facilities for people with special needs ................................................................................ 52
12.10 Opening entrances and front-of-stage area........................................................................ 53
12.11 Ticketing.............................................................................................................................. 53
12.12 Police involvement.............................................................................................................. 53
12.13 Stewards and security personnel........................................................................................ 53
12.14 Conduct of stewards ........................................................................................................... 55
12.15 Welfare of stewards ............................................................................................................ 56
13 Transport and traffic management .............................................................................................. 56
13.1 Transport management ........................................................................................................ 56
13.2 Traffic marshalling................................................................................................................. 56
13.3 Buses .................................................................................................................................... 57
13.4 Vehicle access ...................................................................................................................... 57
13.5 Parking.................................................................................................................................. 57
13.6 Emergency access................................................................................................................ 58
13.7 Pedestrians ........................................................................................................................... 58
13.8 On-site vehicle management and temporary roadways ....................................................... 58
13.9 Fork lift trucks........................................................................................................................ 59
13.10 Other vehicles used on-site ................................................................................................ 59
14 Structures .................................................................................................................................... 59
14.1 Temporary structures............................................................................................................ 59
14.2 Choosing the supplier ........................................................................................................... 65
14.3 Design................................................................................................................................... 65
14.4 Assembly and erection ......................................................................................................... 66
14.5 Protection against falling....................................................................................................... 66
14.6 Protection from falling objects............................................................................................... 67
14.7 Safe handling of loads .......................................................................................................... 67
14.8 Dismantling ........................................................................................................................... 67
14.9 Design concept and statement ............................................................................................. 67
14.10 Construction drawings ........................................................................................................ 68
14.11 Safety method statement.................................................................................................... 68
14.12 Certification ......................................................................................................................... 68
14.13 Before admitting the audience ............................................................................................ 68
14.14 Monitoring after erection ..................................................................................................... 69
14.15 Public protection against falls ............................................................................................. 69
14.16 Providing adequate lighting ................................................................................................ 69
14.17 Marking of obstructions and edges..................................................................................... 69
14.18 Altering of structures........................................................................................................... 70
14.19 Work near temporary structures ......................................................................................... 70
14.20 Managing the loads ............................................................................................................ 70
14.21 Roofs, stages, seating and platforms ................................................................................. 70
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15 Barriers ........................................................................................................................................ 76
15.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 76
15.2 Front-of-stage barrier ............................................................................................................ 76
15.3 The pit ................................................................................................................................... 77
15.4 Construction of front-of-stage barriers.................................................................................. 77
15.5 Shape of front-of-stage barriers............................................................................................ 78
15.6 Barrier around thrusts ........................................................................................................... 78
15.7 Multiple-barrier systems........................................................................................................ 78
16 Planning for electrical installations and lighting........................................................................... 79
16.1 Electrical installation and lighting.......................................................................................... 79
16.2 Planning ................................................................................................................................ 79
16.3 Installation............................................................................................................................. 79
16.4 Cabling.................................................................................................................................. 80
16.5 Electricity utility and cables................................................................................................... 80
16.6 Access to electrical equipment ............................................................................................. 80
16.7 Generators ............................................................................................................................ 81
16.8 Electricity to the stage area and effects lighting ................................................................... 81
16.9 Normal lighting circuits.......................................................................................................... 81
16.10 Emergency lighting circuits ................................................................................................. 81
16.11 Management of lighting circuits .......................................................................................... 82
16.12 Lighting levels for emergency exits..................................................................................... 82
16.13 Portable electrical appliances ............................................................................................. 82
17 Facilities....................................................................................................................................... 82
17.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 82
17.2 Setting up, operation and dismantling .................................................................................. 83
17.3 Merchandising and special licensing .................................................................................... 84
17.4 Catering facilities................................................................................................................... 84
18 Refreshments .............................................................................................................................. 85
18.1 Food safety ........................................................................................................................... 85
18.2 Drinking water ....................................................................................................................... 85
18.3 Alcohol and bar area............................................................................................................. 86
18.4 Pit area.................................................................................................................................. 87
18.5 Drainage ............................................................................................................................... 87
19 Amusements, attractions and promotional displays.................................................................... 87
20 Sanitary facilities.......................................................................................................................... 88
20.1 Sanitary facilities for attendees............................................................................................. 88
20.2 Sanitary facilities for event workers ...................................................................................... 89
21 Waste management .................................................................................................................... 89
22 Sound, noise and vibration.......................................................................................................... 89
23 Non-explosive special effects and pyrotechnics ......................................................................... 90
23.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 90
23.3 Pyrotechnics (explosive special effects)............................................................................... 91
23.4 Regulations and controls for pyrotechnics............................................................................ 91
23.5 Risk assessment for the use of pyrotechnics ....................................................................... 92
24 Camping events........................................................................................................................... 92
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25 Events on, at or near water ......................................................................................................... 93

25.1 Risk assessment................................................................................................................... 93
25.2 Safety of participants ............................................................................................................ 93
25.3 Safety of spectators .............................................................................................................. 94
25.4 Electrical safety..................................................................................................................... 94
25.5 Foreign objects ..................................................................................................................... 94
25.6 Rescue teams ....................................................................................................................... 94
25.7 Water rescue craft................................................................................................................. 94
25.8 Water rescue staff................................................................................................................. 94
25.9 Water rescue equipment....................................................................................................... 95
25.10 Rescue coordinator............................................................................................................. 95
26 Facilities for persons with disabilities .......................................................................................... 96
26.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 96
26.2 Access .................................................................................................................................. 96
26.3 Ramps................................................................................................................................... 96
26.4 Viewing area ......................................................................................................................... 96
27 Medical and emergency care management ................................................................................ 96
27.1 Personnel management........................................................................................................ 96
27.2 Planning ................................................................................................................................ 97
27.3 Information ............................................................................................................................ 97
27.4 Helicopters ............................................................................................................................ 97
27.5 Communication ..................................................................................................................... 97
27.6 Medical services in pit areas................................................................................................. 97
27.7 On-site medical facilities ....................................................................................................... 97
27.8 Maps and plans..................................................................................................................... 97
27.9 Staffing plan .......................................................................................................................... 98
27.10 General requirements for the medical facility ..................................................................... 98
27.11 Welfare of medical personnel ............................................................................................. 98
27.12 Emergency facilities for employees and event workers...................................................... 99
27.13 Provision of medical and emergency care.......................................................................... 99
28 Calculation................................................................................................................................. 102
29 Children ..................................................................................................................................... 103
30 Performers................................................................................................................................. 103
31 The media.................................................................................................................................. 104
31.1 General ............................................................................................................................... 104
31.2 Pre-event publicity .............................................................................................................. 104
31.3 During the event.................................................................................................................. 104
Annex A (informative) The five stages of an event ........................................................................ 105
Annex B (informative) General checklist ........................................................................................ 107
Annex C (informative) Additional terminology ................................................................................ 116
Annex D (informative) Basic checklist for scaffold inspections ...................................................... 117
Bibliography..................................................................................................................................... 119
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Health and safety at events — Requirements
1 Scope
This standard specifies minimum requirements for the planning, organizing and staging of events by
an event organizer, whether an individual or an organization. These requirements are subject to the
relevant national legislation (see foreword). If any provision contained in this standard is in conflict
with any of the provisions of the said legislation, the provisions of such legislation prevail.
NOTE 1 Annex A gives the five stages in the planning of an event.
NOTE 2 A general checklist is provided in annex B.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Information on currently valid national
and international standards can be obtained from the SABS Standards Division.
SANS 241, Drinking water.
SANS 1169, Temporary stands.
SANS 1186-1, Symbolic safety signs – Part 1: Standard signs and general requirements.
SANS 1186-2, Symbolic safety signs – Part 2: Self-luminous (radio luminescent) signs.
SANS 1186-3, Symbolic safety signs – Part 3: Internally illuminated signs.
SANS 1186-4, Symbolic safety signs – Part 4: Retro-reflective signs.
SANS 1186-5, Symbolic safety signs – Part 5: Photoluminescent signs.
SANS 1475-1, The production of reconditioned fire-fighting equipment – Part 1: Portable and
wheeled (mobile) rechargeable fire extinguishers.
SANS 1475-2, The production of reconditioned fire-fighting equipment – Part 2: Fire hose reels,
hydrants and booster connections.
SANS 1910, Portable refillable fire extinguishers.
SANS 7001/ISO 7001, Graphical symbols – Public information symbols.
SANS 10085-1:2004, The design, erection, use and inspection of access scaffolding – Part 1: Steel
access scaffolding.
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SANS 10087-1, The handling, storage, and distribution of liquefied petroleum gas in domestic,
commercial, and industrial installations – Part 1: Liquefied petroleum gas installations involving gas
storage containers of individual water capacity not exceeding 500 L and a combined water capacity
not exceeding 3 000 L per installation.
SANS 10087-2 (SABS 087-2), The handling, storage, and distribution of liquefied petroleum gas in
domestic, commercial, and industrial installations – Part 2: Installations in mobile units and small
non-permanent buildings.
SANS 10087-3, The handling, storage, and distribution of liquefied petroleum gas in domestic,
commercial, and industrial installations – Part 3: Liquefied petroleum gas installations involving
storage vessels of individual water capacity exceeding 500 L.
SANS 10131, Above-ground storage tanks for petroleum products.
SANS 10139, Fire detection and alarm systems for buildings – System design installation and
servicing.
SANS 10142-1, The wiring of premises – Part 1: Low-voltage installations.
SANS 10246 (SABS 0246), Accessibility of buildings to disabled persons.
SANS 10400 (SABS 0400), The application of the National Building Regulations.
SANS 20712-1/ISO 20712-1, Water safety signs and beach safety flags – Part 1: Specifications for
water safety signs used in workplaces and public areas.
SANS 50361/EN 361, Personal protective equipment against falls from a height – Full body
harnesses.
SANS 50362/EN 362, Personal protective equipment against falls from a height – Connectors.
SANS 50363/EN 363, Personal protective equipment against falls from a height – Fall arrest
systems.
SANS 50364/EN 364, Personal protective equipment against falls from a height – Test methods.
SANS 50365/EN 365, Personal protective equipment against falls from a height – General
requirements for instructions for use, maintenance, periodic examination, repair, marking and
packaging.
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply.
NOTE Annex C provides additional terminology on structures.
3.1
aisle
passage at right angles to and next to or between grouped seats and that leads to an exit, a
gangway, or a longitudinal walkway
3.2
approved
ratified by the authority that has jurisdiction over the enforcement or application of the requirements
of this standard
3.3
attendee
member of an audience, spectator, patron, or delegate who is present at a specific indoor or
outdoor event
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3.4
base-plate
plate that is used to distribute the load from a standard or raker
3.5
competent person
person that has the knowledge, experience and qualifications specific to the work or task being
performed
3.6
contractor
service provider appointed to supply goods or services to an event
3.7
controlling body
national or international body that oversees a sport or recreational activity
3.8
crowd barrier
temporary or permanent structure that prevents access to demarcated areas as identified by the
risk assessment
3.9
disaster
progressive or sudden occurrence that causes or threatens to cause death, injury, disease and
damage to property, infrastructure or the environment
3.10
emergency exit
structural means whereby a safe route is provided for people to travel without assistance from any
point in a building or structure to a place of safety
3.11
emergency service
essential service
public organization that deals with emergencies
NOTE These organizations include organizations such as the police, fire and ambulance services.
3.12
employer
person who employs any person and remunerates that person or expressly or tacitly undertakes to
remunerate such a person
3.13
event
entertainment, recreational, educational, cultural, religious, business, charitable, exhibitional,
conferential, organizational and similar activities hosted at a stadium or a venue or along a route or
its precinct
NOTE 1 Entertainment activities include live acts.
NOTE 2 Business activities include marketing, public relations and promotional activities.
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3.14
event organizer
individual or organization who plans, is in charge of, manages, supervises, holds an event or
sponsorship rights (or any combination of these) to or in any manner controls or has a material
interest in the hosting of an event
3.15
event safety and security planning committee
group that is established for an event as contemplated in the relevant national legislation (see
foreword), and in cases where the provisional risk categorization of an event or type of event
requires the establishment of such a group
3.16
final exit
termination of an escape route from a venue or structure that gives direct access to a place of
safety and that is positioned to ensure that people can disperse safely from the vicinity of the
building or structure and from the effects of a hazard
NOTE Places of safety include streets, passageways, walkways or open spaces.
3.17
giraffe
jimmy jib
crane jib
camera mounting device that is mobile and that has a jib and a boom that are used for special
camera mount positioning
3.18
hazard
potentially damaging physical incident or occurrence, phenomenon or human activity (or all of
these) that may cause the loss of life, damage to property, social and economic disruption or
environmental degradation
3.19
incident
serious or violent event
EXAMPLE Crime, accidents and attacks.
3.19.1
major incident
emergency that requires the implementation of special arrangements by one or more of the
emergency services, the essential services and the medical authorities or the local authority
3.19.2
minor incident
incident that can be easily dealt with by those services in attendance and that does not disrupt
an event
3.20
joint operations centre
JOC
centralized facility for the combined or joint tactical coordination and management of a major
incident or a disaster by multi-agency operations
NOTE Multi-agency operations are run by role players such as the national police services, traffic police
services, fire services, security companies, emergency medical services, disaster management
representatives, other municipal services, promoters, other stakeholders and stadium/venue owners.
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3.21
lifting machine inspector
LMI
person who is registered by the relevant national regulating body (see foreword) for inspection and
testing of lifting equipment
3.22
local authority
organization responsible for the government of an area
EXAMPLES Municipalities, metropolitan councils, city councils, town councils and local councils.
3.23
manager
appointed person who is responsible and is accountable for his/her scope of work that has to be
undertaken relevant to an event
3.24
media representative
journalist, reporter, cameraman or photographer attending an event
3.25
medical personnel
people who are employed as:
a) medical practitioners who are currently registered with the relevant national regulating body (see
foreword);
b) first aiders who have been trained by a training institution currently registered with the relevant
national authority (see foreword) and whose qualifications are current;
c) emergency care practitioners who are registered with the relevant national regulating body (see
foreword); and
d) nurses who are registered with the relevant national body (see foreword)
3.26
monitor
check, supervise, observe critically or record the progress of an activity or system on a regular basis
in order to identify changes or potential hazards in time
3.27
occupant capacity
maximum number of people that can be safely accommodated at a venue
3.28
organization
public or private company or association that is responsible for the staging of an event
3.29
PA system
public address system
system that uses loudspeakers and microphones that can be used to address all attendees
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3.30
PA wing
tower on the side of the stage that is used to fly sound in
3.31
pyrotechnician
person who is registered by the chief inspector as competent and suitable to produce or present a
display of fireworks, theatrical indoor or stage pyrotechnic effects and pyrotechnic special effects
3.32
pyrotechnics
materials that are capable of undergoing self-contained and self-sustained exothermic chemical
reactions for the production of heat, light, sound, gas or smoke (or a combination of these)
NOTE Pyrotechnics may include fireworks, stage or theatrical effects and special effects.
3.33
risk
probability of harmful consequences or losses (deaths, injuries, damage to property, disrupted
economic activity or environmental damages) that result from interactions between hazards and
vulnerable conditions that are quantified
3.34
risk analysis
systematic use of information to identify risk sources, to estimate risk and to mitigate risk
3.35
risk assessment
overall process of risk analysis and risk evaluation
3.36
risk evaluation
process of comparing the estimated risk against given risk criteria to determine the significance of
the risk
3.37
safety
state of being safe, free from danger or risks and the prevention of physical harm
3.38
service provider
third-party entity (company/body/organization) that provides products/services related to an event
3.39
sole board
sole plate
timber bearer of minimum size 45 mm thick by 228 mm wide by 450 mm long placed under the
base jacks to spread the load
NOTE Generally sole plates are made of a hard wood such as saligna.
3.40
stack
<sound> sound equipment such as speakers placed one above the other on a stage, on the floor or
on a platform
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3.41
stadium owner
venue owner
site owner
not limited to, any person now or who, in the future, will directly or indirectly own, lease, rent or who
now or will in the future, acquire or exercise (or both) the powers of an owner or occupier of a
stadium or venue used for sporting or recreational events
3.42
steward
marshal
official who is appointed and directed in writing by a controlling body or event organizer for the
purposes of supervising the following spectator arrangements at an event:
a) the marshalling and overseeing of the safe general flow of spectators;
b) the provision of event information, including safety and security information, to spectators;
c) the provision of ushering services;
d) if circumstances dictate, the assistance with emergency evacuation procedures in respect of all
persons within a stadium or venue and its precinct,
but whose function specifically excludes the provision of a security service unless such an official is
registered as a security officer
3.43
temporary structure
structure usually found at events that includes but is not limited to a stage, set, barrier, fencing, tent
and marquee, seating, lighting and special effect tower, platform and mast, video screen, TV
platform and crane jib, dance platform, loudspeaker stack, signage and advertising hoarding that is
erected for an event and does not form part of the permanent structure of a venue
3.44
to fly sound in
to suspend sound equipment from a roof structure or scaffolding to ensure effective sound
distribution
3.45
venue
any area or place where an event is to be hosted, which may consist of seating for spectators,
attendees or an audience and a field of play or a permanent or temporary podium or other
recreational area, which has a safe seated or standing spectator (or both), audience or event
attendee capacity of at least 2 000 persons at any one time, as certified by a local authority
3.46
venue operations centre
VOC
temporary or permanent facility located inside a venue that houses an on-site operational control
centre from where the entire health and safety operation is coordinated and where the various
services in attendance will be represented
NOTE The service providers include, but are not limited to, the national police services, venue security
management, venue management, the event organizer or representatives, emergence services (fire and
medical) and other relevant municipal services and life guards.
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4 Health and safety responsibilities

4.1 General
4.1.1 The event organizer shall, in consultation with the event safety and security planning
committee but subject to the provisions of the relevant national legislation (see foreword) and any
other relevant legislation, formulate a plan to implement a health and safety policy.
4.1.2 The event organizer shall, subject to the provisions of the relevant national legislation (see
foreword) and any other relevant legislation, conduct a risk assessment for the planned event at the
proposed venue. The purpose of such a risk assessment is to identify potential hazards, assess the
risk which might arise from those hazards, and decide on suitable measures to eliminate, mitigate,
or manage them (see clause 6).
4.1.3 The event organizer shall liaise with the service providers and determine the levels of
services needed.
NOTE Guidelines of generally accepted service levels should also be taken into account when planning for
these services.
4.1.4 The event organizer shall establish, document, implement and maintain a health and safety
management system and continually improve its effectiveness in accordance with the requirements
of this standard.
4.1.5 The event organizer shall define and implement a health and safety policy and shall ensure
commitment to and awareness of the policy. The health and safety of attendees shall become an
integral part of the planning, management process and general culture of the event organizer.
NOTE This should be achieved by raising awareness about the health, safety and welfare of employees as
well as attendees at events.
4.1.6 The event organizer shall appoint a competent person who shall be responsible for the
health and safety at an event, and communicate throughout the organization about managing the
health and safety policy.
4.1.7 The event organizer shall identify and appoint role players within the organization. The
reporting structures and how they interface shall be clearly defined.
4.1.8 The event organizer shall consult with the local authority in relation to disaster management.
4.1.9 The event organizer shall establish and implement a performance management process for
an event.
4.2 Organizing safe working conditions
4.2.1 General
The event organizer shall organize for safe working conditions in accordance with the relevant
national occupational health and safety legislation (see foreword), and the health and safety policy
and plans that have been prepared. This shall take place once the levels of responsibility have been
agreed upon.
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4.2.2 Competence
The event organizer shall ensure by obtaining written proof that all role players working on-site have
the necessary training, experience, expertise and comply with other requirements to carry out their
duties effectively and safely. Everyone who is hired to render a service or perform a task shall also
be competent in managing his/her own health and safety and that of the people working with
him/her.
4.2.3 Control
The event organizer shall have a health and safety organizational structure that details specific
health and safety responsibilities and shows clear reporting mechanisms. The event organizer shall
ensure that all the role players understand their responsibilities and functions and that they will be
held accountable for safety on-site. It is important that all role players understand how the health
and safety will be controlled and monitored before work is begun on-site.
4.2.4 Cooperation
The event organizer shall ensure that effective cooperation is achieved by involving employees,
contractors, and other role players in the planning, setting of standards, establishing of operating
procedures and instructions for risk control as well as in the monitoring and auditing. Cooperation
enables the risks to be suitably controlled by allowing the exchange of information. Contractors,
subcontractors and self-employed people need to understand the hazards and risks when working
on-site and to cooperate with one another to minimize identified risks. Effective cooperation can be
achieved by working in compliance with prepared site safety rules and safety plans.
4.2.5 Communication
The event organizer shall establish and implement procedures to ensure effective communication
with all the people who work on-site so that they know and understand the importance and
significance of the health and safety objectives. The event organizer shall keep contractors,
subcontractors, and other role players informed of safety matters and procedures to be followed on-
site. In addition, lines of communication between subcontractors might be required in the risk
assessment.
4.3 Duties of the site/venue owner

The venue/site owner shall comply with the responsibilities given in local and the relevant national
occupational health and safety legislation (see foreword). He/she shall ensure that the venue or site
is safe. The venue/site owner shall ensure that visitors are reasonably safe while using the
premises for the purposes for which they have been invited or permitted by the owner to be there.
4.4 National occupational health and safety legislation

The event organizer shall ensure that role players are liable to ensure that the premises, entrances,
exits, any plant (for example, generators and air-conditioners) and substances within the premises
are safe and without risks to the health and safety of people and in compliance with applicable
national standards, and the relevant national legislation (see foreword).
4.5 Duties of employers and contractors
4.5.1 Employers shall have procedures in place to deal with serious and imminent danger. These
procedures should include evacuation routes and procedures.
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4.5.2 Employers shall appoint a sufficient number of people to implement the procedures. These
people shall be trained and shall be competent to carry out their roles in an emergency.
4.5.3 All work-related accidents and dangerous occurrences shall be reported to the health and
safety enforcing authorities. Employers shall report work-related accidents when their employees or
self-employed persons working on premises under their control suffer injury or die and when
members of the public on premises under their control are taken to hospital or die (see 4.4).
4.5.4 Contractors and subcontractors as employers shall, in accordance with the relevant national
occupational health and safety legislation (see foreword), ensure
a) so far as is reasonably practicable, the health and safety of their employees and of people not in
their employment, who might be affected by the employees' work,
b) compliance with the requirement to have arrangements that cover health and safety issues in
place, assessment of the risks to workers and other people from their work, cooperation and
exchange of information with other employers and self-employed people on-site, and
c) that contractors in turn may hire other subcontractors to carry out part of the work for which they
have been contracted.
4.5.5 Contractors and subcontractors as employers shall

a) produce a health and safety policy for their work,
b) do risk assessments,
c) inform their employees of any risks to their health and safety,
d) train their employees,
e) provide the correct personal protective equipment (PPE) for their employees,
f) make suitable arrangements for their employees while working on-site,
g) check the competence of any subcontractors that are hired by them, and
h) provide health and safety information to other employers or self-employed people working on-
site.
4.6 Duties of employees
4.6.1 Employees shall take reasonable care of their health and safety and of that of any other
people who might be affected by their acts or omissions at work.
4.6.2 Employees shall cooperate with their employer and shall not interfere with or misuse
anything that is provided in the interests of health, safety and welfare.
4.6.3 Employees shall notify their employers of any threat or risk to their health and safety.
4.7 The legal position of self-employed people

Self-employed people who are treated as self-employed for tax and national insurance purposes
and who work under the control and direction of others are required by law to be treated as
employees for health and safety purposes. The terms of a contract should clearly specify the
person(s) responsible for the health and safety of such employees, however, any legal obligations
under the relevant national occupational health and safety legislation (see foreword) cannot be
wavered by the terms of a contract.
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When workers are employed on the basis that they are responsible for their own health and safety,
legal advice should be sought by all the parties concerned before drafting the contracts.
5 Safety planning for an event

5.1 Feasibility study
The evaluation of an intended site for an event shall include factors such as the suitability of the
venue for the type and size of event, liaison with the venue owner, reference erection of the
structure and duration of the event, local authority contact reference plans (site or floor plans) and
approvals required.
The event organizer shall prepare a plan which shall include the venue layouts, selection of
competent personnel, selection of contractors and subcontractors, the design of temporary
structures and fencing, etc.
The feasibility study shall include the following:
a) Preparation of a site development (or venue layout) plan indicating all temporary and permanent
structures. The plan shall show the location of structures such as stages, barriers, emergency
routes, exit and entry points, position of toilets, medical facilities and the location of the
operations management (i.e. a JOC).
b) Approval of a site plan for fireworks and pyrotechnics (see clause 23).
c) Ensuring that any structure, for example, stages, seating stands and tents, that will be used at
the event are structurally safe during erection and use.
d) Requiring contractors to provide copies of their own health and safety policies and details of any
hazards and risks associated with their work, before the build-up begins.
e) Requiring contractors to furnish proof of their compliance with the relevant national occupational
health and safety legislation (see foreword) related to the services they provide at the event.
f) Obtaining documents and calculations in relation to the stages, seating and other temporary
demountable structures, and engineers' certificates. These plans, documents, calculations and
certificates will be required when discussing the event with health and safety inspectors and the
local authority.
g) Obtaining the relevant permits before any erection or construction work for the event takes place.
5.2 The planning phases of an event

The planning phases for an event comprise the following:
a) The build-up, which involves planning of the venue design, selection of competent workers,
selection of contractors and subcontractors, construction of the stages, marquees, fencing, etc.
b) The load in, which involves planning for the safe delivery and installation of equipment and
services that will be used at the event, for example, stage equipment used by the performers,
lighting, and public address (PA) systems.
c) The show, which involves planning of effective crowd management strategies, transport
management strategies and health and safety arrangements. Planning strategies for dealing with
fire, emergency care, contingencies and major incidents are important.
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d) The load out, which requires planning for the safe removal of equipment and services.
e) The breakdown, which includes planning to control risks such as those related to the collection
of rubbish and the disposal of wastewater once the event is over and the infrastructure is being
dismantled.
5.3 Planning for the build-up

The event organizer shall prepare plans that show the location of the stages, barriers (including
barriers of at least 50 m from the firing point of fireworks and 3 m from the firing point of stage and
theatrical pyrotechnics), front-of-house towers, delay towers, entries and exit points, emergency
routes, emergency care and triage areas, toilets, merchandising stalls, etc.
It might be necessary to obtain plans of existing premises on which the event is to be held from the
owner, occupier or venue manager. Copies of these plans might need to be given to the contractors
who are building the infrastructure to ensure correct positioning of the various structures to be used
at the event. These plans shall indicate all concealed and underground services in order to ensure
safe access and exit and to reduce the risk of damage.
The event organizer shall ensure by complying with 7.2.3(a), (b) and (c) that any infrastructure,
such as stages, seating, tents, marquees or other structures, will be erected safely and will be
structurally safe once erected and in use.
The event organizer shall request contractors and subcontractors to provide copies of their own
health and safety policies, and details of any hazards and risks associated with their work, before
the build-up begins. Documents and calculations will also be required in relation to the stages,
seating or other temporary demountable structures. These policies, documents and calculations will
be required when discussing the event with OHS inspectors and officers of the local authority and
the emergency medical services.
The event organizer shall draw up a set of site safety rules and communicate these rules to the
contractors before or as soon as they arrive on-site. These rules can be posted in the form of signs
in the site’s offices and other areas. This is done to make contractors aware of safe working
practices required of them at the particular site or venue. The employees shall be properly inducted
through toolbox talks and training.
The event organizer shall plan the arrival of the contractors and ensure that their activities on-site
are coordinated. He/she shall also plan the provision of emergency care and welfare facilities for all
the role players who will be working on-site, and shall ensure that these facilities are suitable, in
sufficient numbers and available from the time that the work begins.
5.4 Pre-production
Before any construction begins, the event organizer shall
a) identify temporary lay-down areas for contractors' equipment,
b) show vehicle access positions and temporary roadways for equipment supply,
c) review and update the safety plan,
d) agree on any intervention or hold points required by the event organizer,
e) agree on the necessary inspection, documentation and handover procedures,
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f) prepare a detailed process of identifying, eliminating, mitigating and controlling hazards and
risks,
g) decide on suitable measures to eliminate, mitigate, or control risks, and
h) if necessary, identify an area for handling of fireworks. This includes an area for the preparation,
set-up and (if necessary) overnight storage of fireworks.
5.5 Planning for the set-up

The event organizer shall plan and coordinate the safe delivery and installation of all equipment and
other related resources that will be used at the event, for example, fire-fighting equipment, stage
equipment used by performers, lighting, and a public address (PA) system.
5.6 Planning for the event

The event organizer shall have an effective crowd management, transport management and health
and safety policy in place.
The event organizer shall establish an event safety management team with defined fields of
responsibility, which could be the elements of the JOC. In order to provide a comprehensive
overview of all these planning aspects it is necessary to produce an event safety management plan.
The event safety management plan shall include the following:
a) The event safety policy statement detailing the event organizer chart and the levels of safety
responsibility (see 7.2).
b) The event risk assessment (see clause 6) with any review and updates documented.
c) Details of the event including, but not limited to, the venue design, structures, a profile of the
attendees, capacity, duration, food, toilets, refuse, fire precautions, emergency medical care,
and access and exits.
d) Details of the site safety rules, safety coordination and structural safety.
e) The crowd management and security plan detailing the number of stewards, methods of
working, and chains of command. The plan shall also detail the provisions of identification of
required processes or services in particular crowd management.
f) The transport and traffic management plan detailing the parking, access and egress
arrangements for public as well as for emergency vehicles.
g) The emergency plan detailing action to be taken by designated people in the event of an
incident, especially a major incident.
h) Contingency plans detailing the action to be taken when the unscheduled occurs, such as a
traffic gridlock delaying the start of the event.
i) The medical plan detailing procedures, resources and personnel required for administering
medical assistance on-site and arrangements with local hospitals.
j) A disaster management plan for the coordination of all plans in the event of a disaster or
potential disaster.
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5.7 Planning for post-event management

The event organizer shall have a plan in place to control risks once the event is over and the
infrastructure is being dismantled. Any temporary structures shall be safely dismantled in a
controlled manner and shall be removed from the site. Plans shall be made such that they ensure
that the same site safety rules apply in relation to managing contractors during this phase of the
event.
5.8 Identification of required processes or services

The event organizer shall have a clearly worded formal contract of agreement. The contract shall be
concluded between the company and the client before the start of any service and shall be signed
by both parties. The contract shall state the terms and conditions under which work is to be
undertaken and shall indicate the insured liabilities of the service provider.
5.9 Implementation
The event organizer shall identify a procedure for all processes or services, for example, who will do
what, how, where and why. The event organizer shall ensure that all role players know their health
and safety responsibilities. The event organizer shall assign responsibilities to the relevant people in
terms of their competency, awareness and training.
5.10 Measurement and evaluations
5.10.1 Monitoring
The event organizer shall monitor the planning phases continually to ensure that things are done
according to plan.
5.10.2 Audit and review
The event organizer shall strive to improve services or processes to ensure better health and safety
conditions at future events. Auditing aims to establish that appropriate safety management
arrangements are in place, adequate risk control systems exist and are being implemented. The
event organizer shall carry out auditing at the end of every event to ensure that problems are
identified in planning and organizing, and that matters that arise during the event are analysed and
corrected for any future event. All role players shall be debriefed and a report shall be submitted.
5.10.3 Monitoring safety performances
5.10.3.1 General
The event organizer shall have systems in place to monitor health and safety performance. To
maintain and improve safety performances the event organizer shall use the systems given
in 5.10.3.2 and 5.10.3.3 to generate information on safety performances.
5.10.3.2 Active monitoring systems
The event organizer shall perform active monitoring by carrying out inspections of the contractors
on-site during the build-up and breakdown and by checking the contractors' safety method
statements for carrying out work against their actual work on-site.
Active monitoring systems shall be used to give feedback on safety performances before an
incident happens.
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5.10.3.3 Reactive monitoring systems
5.10.3.3.1 Reactive monitoring systems are triggered after an accident or incident has occurred.
They include identifying and reporting injuries, ill health, and other losses such as damage to
property, incidents with the potential to cause injury, and weaknesses or omissions in safety levels.
5.10.3.3.2 Information obtained during inspections as well as a result of incidents or property

damage shall be recorded in an event logbook. This logbook shall also be used to keep other
records such as weather information, and the information shall be used to audit and review the
event later.
5.10.3.3.3 Without information from both systems, it is impossible to assess safety performances
against safety levels as described in the safety policy. Therefore, without these monitoring systems
no improvements in safety performances can take place during future events.
5.11 The role of the safety coordinator

The event organizer shall have access to competent help in applying the provisions of the relevant
national occupational health and safety legislation (see foreword) unless he/she is competent to
devise and apply protective measures himself/herself.
The event organizer shall appoint a competent safety coordinator to assist in compliance with the
relevant national occupational health and safety legislation (see foreword). The event organizer
shall ensure that the safety coordinator reports directly to him/her.
Safety coordinators can assist in the following duties:
a) selection and monitoring of contractors;
b) liaison with contractors, self-employed people on-site and the local health and safety authorities
and their inspectors;
c) checking of safety method statements and risk assessments;
d) preparation and monitoring of site safety rules;
e) checking of appropriate certificates in respect of structures, electrical supplies, etc.;
f) communication of safety information to contractors on-site;
g) monitoring and coordinating safety performances; and
h) coordinating safety in response to a major incident.
The safety coordinator shall have access to the safety documentation supplied by the contractors.
The safety coordinator shall be available to workers at the beginning of the build-up of the event
through to the final breakdown. The safety coordinator shall be a member of the event organizer’s
event safety management team.
NOTE It is not recommended that event organizers appoint themselves as safety coordinators. To be
effective the safety coordinator should not have other competing roles that would inevitably face an event
organizer during the event.
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5.12 Auditing and reviewing safety performances

The event organizer shall carry out auditing at the completion of every event so that any problems
identified in planning, organizing or any matters that arise during the event can be analysed and
corrected for any future events. The safety performances of the police, fire brigade, health
authorities, emergency medical services and local authority as well as of the safety coordinator,
contractors and stewarding company should be documented.
The event organizer shall ensure that any safety documentation is easily available for examination
by health and safety inspectors. Information shall be kept in a safety file as this would make this
process easier and ensure that information is not misplaced.
It is the duty of the event organizer to comply with local by-laws.
6 Risk assessment
6.1 Events differ in size, complexity and duration. These factors will determine the nature and
extent of the planning required by the event organizer in order to manage safe working conditions
and the general safety of all role players. When planning an event the risk assessment principals
in 6.2 to 6.7 shall be taken into account.
6.2 The event organizer shall establish a risk assessment plan at the planning phase. The event
organizer shall conduct a preliminary risk assessment and plan for the management of possible
hazards in order to reduce or eliminate risks. This risk assessment shall comply with the local and
the relevant national occupational health and safety legislation (see foreword).
6.3 In order to assess the risks associated with staging an event, the event organizer shall
a) identify the hazards associated with activities contributing to the event, where the activities are
carried out and how the activities are to be undertaken,
b) identify people who might be harmed and how they might be harmed,
c) identify existing precautions, for example, regarding the venue design and operational
procedures or existing safe systems of work,
d) evaluate the risks; and
e) decide what further actions might be required, for example, improvement in venue design, and
safe systems of work.
6.4 All employers and self-employed people shall assess the risks to workers and others who
might be affected by their work. They shall decide whether safety precautions are adequate or not
and what other control might be needed.
6.5 A risk assessment for the build-up and breakdown can only be carried out once information
has been received from the contractors, other companies and self-employed people who will be
working on-site. It will also be necessary to visit the site or venue to identify specific hazards.
6.6 Hazards associated with the assembly of large numbers of people can vary according to the
nature of the event and these hazards shall be similarly assessed in terms of the levels of risk. The
history of the performers and the attendees can provide valuable information. The overall event risk
assessment will then indicate areas where risks need to be reduced to acceptable levels.
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6.7 The event organizer shall record the risk assessment (in the case of five or more employees),
the findings, details of any employees or other role players identified as being at risk, and the
appropriate measures that are in place to mitigate or manage the risk. All records shall be kept to
assist in the debriefing and for reference for future events. The event organizer shall have a risk
assessment policy to ensure that the risk assessment is reviewed and, if necessary, revised.
7 Planning and management

7.1 Health and safety planning
The event organizer shall manage the health and safety of attendees who are attending an event,
as well as employees, contractors and subcontractors working at the event.
Planning for effective health and safety management shall start at the same time as the planning for
all other aspects of the proposed event in accordance with the relevant national occupational health
and safety legislation (see foreword).
7.2 Health and safety policy
7.2.1 The health and safety policy shall demonstrate that the company or event organizer to which
it relates accepts that the concern for health and safety is an integral part of its organization at all
levels, and that the senior management within the company shall ensure that this concern will be
translated into effective action.
7.2.2 The health and safety policy could relate to a series of events if these are to be organized by
the event organizer. Such a health and safety policy shall be reviewed in terms of the event
organizer and arrangements for each particular event.
7.2.3 The health and safety policy shall contain the following:
a) details of the event organizer's safety planning that show how the policy will be put into practice
and that describe the roles and responsibilities of other people who have been given safety
duties (these safety duties do not include ultimate responsibilities as they cannot be delegated);
b) a diagram that shows the delegation of safety duties, the nomination of people with the authority
and competence to monitor safety resources;
c) safety arrangements that cover detailed matters, for example, the maintenance of a safe place of
work, safe systems of work, safe access, provision of information, training and consultation with
employees;
d) the management structure that defines the hierarchy of health and safety responsibilities for the
duration of the event (duration of the event starts at the beginning of the build-up through to the
finish of the breakdown) and that includes all external service providers and authorities; and
e) if an event is to be staged at existing premises such as an arena or a sports stadium, liaison of

the event organizer with the venue or ground management in relation to the existing health and
safety arrangements.
7.2.4 Employers shall supply the event organizer with a written health and safety policy (examples
of such employers include, but are not limited to, promoters, production companies and local
authorities).
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8 Venue and site design

8.1 Capacity
8.1.1 The capacity of a venue is generally dependent upon the available space for all on-site and
the number of emergency exits. The latter is the subject of a calculation involving the appropriate
evacuation rate, i.e. the width of available exit space and the appropriate evacuation route in
compliance with SANS 10400 and applicable national regulations.
8.1.2 Part of the site will be taken up by unoccupied structures. The rest of the site will need to be
considered when calculating occupant capacity even though a direct view of the activities might not
be possible from all locations. If there are any areas where the attendees do not have a reasonable
view of the activities, this space shall be deducted from the available area or a lesser density used
in the calculations. Areas that could afford partial or total cover to the attendees in the event of
inclement weather shall be identified and the effects of attendees' migration to these areas shall be
considered.
8.1.3 If the exit capacity is less than the seating capacity, the exit capacity determines the
permissible number of people allowed in the venue. However, in other cases a calculation based on
the acceptable occupant density shall be used. Generally, 1 m2 of available floor space per person
is used for outdoor events.
8.1.4 The event organizer shall double-check the preliminary occupant capacity calculation and
exit requirements once all initial infrastructure requirements and facilities are in place on the site
design.
8.2 Exits
8.2.1 The event organizer shall place exits around the perimeter and ensure that they are clearly
visible, directly and indirectly by signage. Exit signs shall be free from obstruction on either side.
8.2.2 The number of exits depends directly on the occupant capacity and the calculated
evacuation time for the type of structure.
8.2.3 The final exit terminus shall be assessed and shall be as safe as possible, i.e. exit into open
spaces or assembly areas, rather than into a main road or into traffic flows.
8.2.4 It is important to examine these exits when carrying out the overall event risk assessment.
Exit gates shall operate efficiently and effectively. Where practicable, separate exits shall be
provided for pedestrians and service and concession vehicles. Wheelchair access and egress shall
be taken into consideration.
8.3 Venue access

The layout of the access routes depends on the location of facilities. The event organizer shall
distribute routes around the site to minimize the traffic load and ensure that the routes do not
converge. The routes shall be simple, easy to follow, direct and avoid cross flows. Adequate
provision shall be made for access of emergency vehicles.
8.4 Entrances
8.4.1 The event organizer shall ensure that there are enough entrances in order to cope with the
peak demand and achieve a smooth and orderly flow of people.
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8.4.2 The event organizer shall ensure that entrances provide space for supervising, marshalling
and directing the attendees to the event.
8.4.3 A method shall be in place for calculating the capacity at any given time to ensure that the
venue capacity is not exceeded.
8.4.4 At some venues the entrances may be used as exits. At other venues such as football
stadiums, the entrances are separate. It might be necessary to provide separate entrances for
performers, workers, guests, etc.
8.4.5 The design and location of entrances depend on the number of entrances required, where
they are placed and the number of people passing though each entrance.
8.4.6 The direction from which people are likely or permitted to pass through, the maximum
number of people from each direction and the flow rate through the entrance are important issues
which determine the number of entrances required. For purpose-built venues, the entrances would
already have been considered and approved. For temporal venues it is recommended that people
be directed.
8.4.7 Flow rates depend on the type, design and width of the entrances and whether searching
takes place. The desired entry time is the time taken to allow everyone access to the venue. This
will depend entirely upon the type and duration of the event and the profile of the attendees. The
possibility of inclement weather might affect the desired time. A queuing system to manage people
at the entrance shall be planned and carefully designed. Pre-sales of tickets is recommended.
Otherwise sales points shall be at least 1 km from the outer perimeter.
8.5 Sight lines

The event organizer shall ensure that the attendees have a clear line of vision to the stage to avoid
movement towards the centre. The widest possible sight lines help to reduce attendee density in
front of the stage and help to minimize surging and the possibility of crushing injuries. The stage
width, height and position of PA wings, etc. all affect sight lines. Sight lines shall be designed to
create areas of clearer space on the immediate stage left and right to allow movement and
emergency access.
8.6 Video screens

If it has been determined by the client that video screens are required, the event organizer shall
strategically place video or projection screens to avoid crushing and overcrowding owing to the
distance between the stage and the back of the viewing area.
NOTE Screens located at some distance from the stage encourage a proportion of the attendees to use a
less crowded part of the site. Screens near the stage can help to stop people pushing towards it.
Screens might require substantial foundations and support, which means that sufficient space for
barriers shall be allowed in any site design. A stability certificate shall be provided when required by
the safety authorities.
8.7 Seating/standing arrangements

The event organizer should evaluate the possibility of excitement and movement among the
attendees in deciding whether to seat them or to allow them to stand. Although an all-seated event
helps to reduce crowd surges and crushing at the front of the stage, systems should be put in place
to avoid or counteract crowd surges.
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If temporary seating is provided, it shall be adequately secured to remain in line with the approved
seating plan to avoid tripping hazards. The seating shall be ergonomically designed to fit the
purpose of the event.
8.8 Slopes
The event organizer shall ensure full consideration of the effects of any slopes at the venue in
his/her risk assessment and appropriate measures to mitigate any slopes. It might be necessary to
consider providing exit steps or ramps with non-slip surfaces. The area in front of the stage shall be
as flat as possible to prevent tripping and crushing of the attendees.
8.9 Observation points

At some events, observation points might be considered necessary by the client. These shall be
strategically placed so as not to hinder the view of the attendees. The event organizer shall
establish safe entrances and exits to these observation points.
8.10 Production infrastructure

The production infrastructure will depend on the type, size and duration of the event. Typically,
production offices, refreshment facilities, accommodation (for workers and artists), dressing rooms,
storage space, equipment, etc., need to be provided, usually backstage. The event organizer shall
carefully consider the number of units required, fire hazards, access routes and circulation space,
generators, emergency care posts, ambulance, fire and police requirements. The event organizer
should try to keep performers' areas separate from production and working areas.
8.11 Fire and medical precautions

The event organizer shall ensure that fire and medical precautions such as the provision of parking
areas, emergency care posts, rendezvous points, and triage areas are carefully assessed and that
these are positioned in the appropriate places.
The event organizer shall design the site so that these areas are readily accessible and can be
easily identified. Fire appliances shall be able to access all parts of the site and be able to reach
within 50 m of any structure. The event organizer shall establish emergency access routes around
the venue that are kept clear at all times. Temporary track-ways might be implemented or made
where there is wet or difficult ground. Event organizers shall provide separate gated entrances and
exits, of sufficient height and width, for emergency vehicles.
8.12 Site workers

For large events a significant number of workers will be on-site and will need their own facilities
such as catering, toilets, showers, offices and sleeping accommodation. Such facilities shall be
sited or situated away from the main attendee area. The event organizer shall carefully plan such
requirements to incorporate them safely into the site design.
8.13 Hospitality area

The level of hospitality will vary according to the size and profile of the event. Accommodation and
facilities might be provided for only a few people who require no more than a small meeting area
through to very large sophisticated complexes catering for several thousands of people. Marquees
and viewing platforms might be required. The exact requirements need to be planned and
incorporated into the overall site and venue design. Often such large numbers are forgotten in the
capacity calculations but they need to be included.
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8.14 Noise considerations

The overall site design and layout shall be such that it maximizes the attendees' view and protect
neighbours from noise nuisance.
The event organizer shall consider the stage location and other sound sources, in relation to nearby
noise-sensitive properties and the topography of the site. The event organizer shall use slopes and
natural barriers to their maximum effect. A distributed sound system suspended from delay towers
might be used where it will be more advantageous. The event organizer shall carefully consider the
siting and construction of such towers to control sight lines, avoid crushing points and prevent
unauthorized viewing of the performance.
8.15 Catering and merchandising

The event organizer shall position catering and merchandising concessions away from access
routes in less densely occupied areas of the venue.
Some units will have highly flammable products such as liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and require
careful positioning. Pathways shall not be obstructed by circulation space and potential queuing
arrangements (see SANS 10087-1, SANS 10087-2 and SANS 10087-3).
8.16 Front-of-stage barriers

A front-of-stage barrier shall be installed where significant attendee pressure is expected, and shall
be agreed upon between the client, the event organizer and relevant stakeholders. The risk
assessment for the event, relating to the evaluation of the performer and profile of the attendees,
together with the capacity, will assist in determining whether or not one is required and if so what
type and design is required. For most large events, some form of front-of-stage barrier will be
necessary.
8.17 Signage
Signage shall comply with all the relevant requirements of all parts of SANS 1186 and SANS 7001.
Signage shall be clearly visible and easily understood. Signs in dark areas shall be lit. The effective
use of signs provides a rapid way of conveying orientation, directions and emergency information. It
therefore assists in attendee flow.
From a site-design perspective, the size and position are very important. Large outdoor venues will
require signage larger than usual so that it can be seen from a distance. Sign fixing points such as
scaffold towers might be constructed if needed. Safety signs shall comply with the relevant national
occupational health and safety legislation (see foreword).
8.18 Public facilities
8.18.1 Sanitary facilities

Sanitary facilities shall be distributed around the site in a manner that does not block sight lines and
serves the greatest need, for example, near bars and catering concessions. If sanitary facilities are
portable, access for emptying their tanks shall be planned. These facilities shall be clearly visible
and well signed. Queuing areas shall not obstruct any gate, emergency route, etc. Water supply is
normally situated next to sanitary facilities. If tankers are used, the space requirement and ground
drainage shall be considered.
8.18.2 Welfare and information points
The event organizer shall locate welfare and information points in less noisy parts of the site.
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8.19 Excess patrons

Contingency arrangements shall be made to cope with excess patrons to an event. Measures might
necessitate the design of a holding and queuing area and related facilities, which need to be
accommodated within the design. Staggered or phased access to the venue shall be considered.
An alternative venue for overflow should be considered.
8.20 Final site design

Once all the necessary details and requirements have been finalized each design shall be drawn to
scale on a site plan in relation to spacing requirements. The final plan shall then be reassessed to
check the occupant capacity (in relation to sight lines and circulation space) and emergency
services, worker and attendee entrances and exits. This final plan shall be approved by the local
authority. Power generation and distribution positions can be finalized at this stage.
9 Fire safety
NOTE More detailed information can be obtained from SANS 10400.
9.1 Venue capacity and emergency evacuation

The event organizer shall assess the existing emergency exits and make the necessary
modifications so that they comply with 8.2.
In the case of standing areas at longer events there is a need to take into account "sitting-down"
space for the attendees and freedom of movement for access to toilets and refreshment facilities. It
is essential to agree on the occupant capacity with the local authority and fire authority as early as
possible, as the emergency exits arrangements are dependent on this figure.
In areas where seating is provided, the major part of the occupant capacity will be determined by
the number of seats available. However, in other cases, a calculation will need to be made that is
2
based on each person occupying an area of 0,5 m . The maximum number of people who can be
accommodated can therefore be calculated by dividing the total area available to the attendees by
0,5 m2. The local or fire authority can, however, decide to reduce the occupant capacity for certain
events.
EXAMPLE An outdoor site measuring 100 m × 50 m with all areas available to the attendees can
2
accommodate a maximum of 10 000 people (i.e. 100 m × 50 m = 5 000 m divided by 0,5 = 10 000 people).
Setting a number in this way helps to identify the number of other facilities and service providers
that might be needed, for example, the number of medical, stewards and ushers.
9.2 General principles of emergency evacuation

People shall be able to walk, by their own unaided efforts regardless of where a fire might break
out, to safety through clearly signposted exits that operate efficiently along a clearly recognizable
route. Arrangements shall be made for or assistance shall be provided to people with disabilities.
When evacuation is necessary, people often try to leave the way they entered. If this is not possible
(perhaps because of the location of the fire or smoke), they need to be able to turn away from the
fire and find an alternative route to a place of safety. However, the attendees might underestimate
the risk or be reluctant to use exits they are unfamiliar with. Stewards shall be trained to guide the
attendees and to ensure that they leave promptly. Wheelchair aisles should be taken into account.
Entrances and exits for pedestrian access should be separated from entry routes used by service
and concession vehicles.
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9.3 Buildings designed for indoor public assembly

Buildings designed for public assembly shall have suitable and sufficient emergency exits for their
designed purpose. However, adaptations, such as the provision of a stage, temporary stands, or a
significant increase in the number of people to be accommodated, shall be taken into consideration
and might require additional safety measures.
Where additions to the existing emergency exits are needed, the event organizer shall ensure that
a) exits are suitable and sufficient in size and number,
b) exits are distributed so that people can turn their backs on any fire which might occur,
c) exits and exit routes are clearly indicated,
d) escape routes are adequately lit, and
e) provision shall be made for people with disabilities.
Usually, the scale of provision required regarding the normal use of the building will be adequate.
However, if additional facilities are to be provided, for example, a stage, concessions on a pitch, or
changing rooms, the event organizer shall ensure provision of adequate additional equipment.
9.4 Buildings not designed for indoor public assembly

Additional emergency exits might be required to accommodate an event where buildings were not
designed for indoor public assembly. The event organizer shall consult the fire and local authority at
an early stage before making provision for additional exits.
In deciding whether the emergency exits are reasonable, the event organizer shall take into
consideration
a) the occupant capacity of the building,
b) the width and number of exits required,
c) whether temporary stands and stages will be constructed within the building,
d) exit and directional signs, and
e) the normal and emergency lighting with which the building is provided.
The event organizer shall ensure that no steward needs to travel more than 30 m from the location
of a fire to reach a fire extinguisher. Fire extinguishers shall be positioned along exit routes near
exits.
9.5 Sports stadiums

The event organizer shall provide a sports stadium with adequate emergency exits from the normal
spectator areas. However, additional exits might be needed if the pitch area is to be occupied by the
attendees and by temporary structures, such as a stage or stands. If the pitch area has a perimeter
fence, provision shall be made for a 1,8 m opening at intervals of not more than 25 m.
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If a sports stadium is to be used, the event organizer shall ensure that there are adequate
emergency exits from all areas and shall consult the fire and local authorities regarding these exits
at an early stage.
9.6 Outdoor venues
9.6.1 Exits
To provide emergency exits that will allow for an orderly evacuation to take place, the event
organizer shall ensure that
a) the number and size of exits in the fences etc, are sufficient for the number of people present,
b) exits are distributed around the perimeter,
c) exits and gateways are unlocked and staffed by stewards throughout the event, and
d) all exits and gateways are clearly indicated by suitable signs that are illuminated if necessary.
The event organizer shall consult the fire authority and local authority at the planning stage about
the proposals for emergency exits.
NOTE Outdoor venues such as parks and fields will normally have boundary fences at their perimeters.
9.6.2 Marquees or tented structures
9.6.2.1 General
No dangerous or combustible or toxic gases or other allied product such as aerosols, explosives or
pyrotechnics shall be stored within a tented structure.
Persons other than the contractor’s staff or those under his/her supervision shall not be admitted to
a tented structure until it is deemed structurally complete and safe.
The area underneath stages, platforms etc. shall not be used for storage.
Rubbish shall not be allowed to accumulate underneath stages etc. Such areas should be inspected
daily to ensure conformity.
Exit routes should be kept free from obstruction at all times.
When any person is in a tented structure, the exit doors should not be locked.
Continual reference should be made to weather forecasting services, particularly with regard to
tents erected during the summer months or those erected on exposed sites (or both). Contingency
plans should be in place to evacuate tents when wind speeds approaching the maximum service
gust speed are forecast.
9.6.2.2 Internal layout
The organizer shall prepare and submit an internal layout of a tented structure clearly indicating
seating, aisles, escape routes and fire exits.
An internal layout shall include the following:
a) a minimum of 0,5 m shall be provided between rows of seats;
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b) all seats shall be securely attached in blocks of not less than four seats;
c) rows of seats shall not exceed 15 seats;
d) blocks of seats shall not exceed 12 rows;
e) the travel distance from any seat to not less than two exits shall not exceed 45 m;
f) no exit shall be less than 1,8 m wide;
g) all aisles connecting two or more blocks to an exit shall not be less than 1,8 m wide;
h) aisles to individual blocks shall not be less than 1,1 m wide;
i) all aisles shall be kept free of tripping hazards and obstructions;
j) all cables shall be adequately secured and covered to prevent tripping; and
k) all exits shall provide an unobstructed route to an open area not less than 30 m from the tent.
9.6.2.3 Flame retardancy properties of tent material
9.6.2.3.1 Flame retardancy properties of all tent material shall be specified and shall include
— tent material ignition time,
— continuous flaming after removal of the test flame, and
— continuous flaming of the drip residue.
Flame retardancy tests shall be conducted on both sides of the material.
9.6.2.3.2 Tent material shall comply with the following minimum requirements:
— Material ignition time : 3 min
— Continuous flaming time (air removal of flame) : 2 s
— Continuous flaming time of drip residue :2s
The manufacturer shall include the maximum usage period for tent material before the re-treatment
with a flame retardant chemical is required.
9.6.2.4 Fire extinguishing equipment in tented structures
A minimum of one 9 kg fire extinguisher (or two 4,5 kg fire extinguishers) shall be provided
per 100 m² or part thereof of tent space. A minimum of four fire extinguishers shall be provided.
Where food is prepared or warmed inside a tented structure, an additional 4,5 kg fire extinguisher
shall be provided at each point. In cases where the entire tent can be serviced by a hose reel,
one 9 kg fire extinguisher (or two 4,5 kg fire extinguishers) shall be provided for every 200 m² or
part thereof of tent space.
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9.6.2.5 Exits
Exits shall be sufficient for the number of occupants in relation to their width, number and siting. No
exit shall be less than 1,1 m wide.
Although the general principle is that no person should have to travel more than 18 m to reach an
exit, this is not inflexible as a number of factors might influence the situation. For example, a high
risk of fire spread might require a shorter travel distance whilst an effective fire safety policy,
sufficient trained stewards and suitable signposting of exit routes might permit longer travel
distances.
9.6.2.6 Ramps and stairways
Where a temporary ramp or temporary stairway forms part of an emergency exit, an

additional 0,25 m shall be added to the calculation of travel distance for every 1 m of the ramp or
stairway. Thus if the actual distance to a final exit is 18 m, of which 10 m is a temporary stairway,
the distance of travel would be regarded as 20,5 m.
9.6.2.7 Vegetation
The event organizer shall ensure that all vegetation is cleared to a distance of at least 4,5 m around
the site before the temporary structure is erected.
9.6.2.8 Electrical installations
The electrical installations in a tented structure shall be certified safe by a registered electrician.
9.7 Stairways
Any stairway, lobby, corridor or passageway, which forms part of the emergency exits from the
venue, shall be of a uniform width and constructed and arranged so as to provide a safe escape for
the people using it. Therefore, spiral staircases shall not be used as fire escapes.
In general, stairways shall be not less than 1,1 m wide. The aggregate capacity of stairways shall
be sufficient for the number of people likely to have to use the stairways at the time of a fire or other
emergency. In this connection it will be necessary to consider the possibility of one stairway being
inaccessible because of fire. The aggregate width shall allow for this possible reduction.
Stairways wider than about 2,1 m shall normally be divided into sections, each section separated
from the adjacent section by a handrail, so that each section measured between the handrails is not
normally less than 1,05 m wide.
9.8 Ramps
Where ramps are used the
a) gradient shall be constant and not broken by steps,
b) maximum gradient for a ramp that is subject to heavy crowd flow shall not exceed 1 in 12,
c) ramp shall have a non-slip surface and, as appropriate, a guard rail and a handrail, and
d) ramps installed for wheelchair users shall comply with SANS 10246.
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9.9 Exits
The event organizer shall ensure that every venue is provided with exits that are sufficient for the
number of people present in relation to their width, number and siting. Normally no exit shall be less
than 1,1 m wide.
9.10 Doors and escape routes

As a general principle, if a building is used for public assembly, a door used for emergency exits
shall open in the direction of travel.
Doors shall
a) not open across an escape route,
b) be hung to open through not less than 90° and with a swing, which is clear of any change of
floor level,
c) be provided with a vision panel if it is hung to swing both ways, and
d) if protecting an escape route, be fire resisting, fitted with smoke seals and be self-closing.
A door which, for structural reasons, is hung to open outwards shall be securely locked in the fully
open position at all times when the building or venue is occupied. The key shall be removed and
kept at a safe place and the door shall be clearly indicated with a sign bearing the words “TO BE
SECURED OPEN WHEN THE PREMISES ARE OCCUPIED”. The notice shall be provided on each
side of the door in a position where it can be clearly seen whether the door is in the open or closed
position.
9.11 Fastenings on doors and gates

The event organizer shall check doors and gates that are final exits and all doors leading to such
exits before the event starts to ensure that they are unlocked, or in circumstances where security
devices are provided, and shall ensure that they can be easily and immediately opened from within,
without the use of a key, by someone escaping. Security fastenings such as padlocks and chains
shall not, under any circumstances, be used when the venue is occupied; they shall be placed on
numbered hooks in a position that is not accessible to unauthorized people at all times when the
building is occupied. All fastenings shall be numbered to match the numbered hooks.
Where doors have to be kept fastened while people are present, they shall be fastened only by
pressure-release devices such as panic bolts, panic latches or pressure pads, which ensure that the
door can be readily opened by pressure applied by people from within. Panic bolts, panic latches
and pads shall comply with the relevant national standards such as SANS 10400.
9.12 Self-closing devices for fire doors

9.12.1 Escape routes shall be protected by fire-resisting construction and fire doors. All such doors,
except those to cupboards and service ducts, shall be fitted with effective self-closing devices to
ensure positive closure. Rising butt hinges are not normally acceptable.
9.12.2 Fire doors to cupboards, service ducts and any vertical shafts linking floors shall be either
self-closing or kept locked shut when not in use. Self-closing doors shall be indicated by notices
bearing the words “FIRE DOOR KEEP SHUT”. Doors to be kept locked shall be indicated by
notices bearing the words “FIRE DOOR KEEP LOCKED”.
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All fire doors shall be checked regularly to ensure that
a) they are undamaged,
b) they swing freely,
c) they are closely fitted to frame and floor, and
d) the self-closing devices operate effectively and close in sequence.
9.13 Exit and directional signs
9.13.1 In an emergency, it is essential that all available exits are used. Clearly indicate all available
exit routes so that attendees and workers are aware of all the routes to leave the venue in an
emergency. In addition, the provision of exit route signs that are clearly visible to everyone present
will prevent panic in an emergency.
9.13.2 All fire safety signs, notices and graphic symbols shall comply with national regulations.
9.13.3 Exit signs shall take the form of a pictogram symbol and should be supplemented by text
bearing the words "EXIT" or "FIRE EXIT" in conspicuous lettering. Any exit on an escape route shall
be clearly indicated by suitable exit signs positioned, wherever possible, immediately above the
door or opening.
9.13.4 Where an exit cannot be seen or where people escaping might be in doubt as to the
location of an exit, directional exit signs shall be provided at suitable points along the escape route.
Such signs shall be sufficiently large, fixed in conspicuous positions, and wherever possible be
positioned between 2 m and 2,5 m above ground level.
9.13.5 Exit signs and signs incorporating supplementary directional arrows shall be lit whenever
people are present. Signs at outdoor events shall be weatherproof and clearly visible above people
and also lit at night, if necessary.
9.14 Normal and emergency lighting

If used at night time, or in the absence of natural daylight, all parts of the venue to which the
attendees have access and all escape routes shall be provided with adequate lighting and
emergency lighting.
9.15 Fire-fighting equipment
9.15.1 General
All venues shall be provided with appropriate portable or hand-held fire-fighting equipment and this
provision shall be determined at the planning stage in consultation with the local authority and the
fire authority.
NOTE Some venues designed for public assembly might have a fire suppression system, for example, a
sprinkler system, automatic sprinkler system (such as water mist), carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam,
Halon 1301, water spray, or a standard extinguishing system of another type, but generally portable or hand-
held fire-fighting equipment, i.e. extinguishers, hose reels and fire blankets, will be sufficient.
The event organizer shall ensure that portable fire extinguishers installed and maintained comply
with the requirements of this standard and SANS 1910.
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9.15.2 Fire-fighting equipment for outdoor venues
The provision of fire-fighting equipment for outdoor venues will vary according to the local
conditions. There will need to be equipment for tackling fires in vegetation, vehicles and marquees.
Well-indicated fire points shall be provided as follows:
a) Where water hydrants are provided on-site and there is a water supply of sufficient pressure and
flow to project a jet of water approximately 5 m from the nozzle, fire points consisting of a
standpipe together with a reel of small diameter hose of not less than 30 m in length shall be
provided.
The hose shall have a means of connection to the water standpipe (preferably a screw thread).
The hose shall end in a small hand-control nozzle. The hose shall be kept in a box painted red
and marked "HOSE REEL".
b) Where standpipes are not provided or the water pressure or flow is not sufficient, each fire point
shall be provided with either a water tank of at least 25 L in capacity fitted with a hinged cover,
two buckets and one hand pump or bucket pump; or a suitable number of water-type fire
extinguishers (not less than two extinguishers).
c) Arrangements might need to be made to protect fire-fighting equipment located outdoors from
the effects of weather, vandalism and theft. Fire points shall have prominent signs.
Further advice on fire-fighting equipment for outdoor venues shall be sought from the fire authority
or local authority.
9.15.3 Hose reels
If hose reels are installed they shall be located where they are conspicuous and always accessible.
9.15.4 Fire involving electrical equipment
Extinguishers provided specifically for the protection of electrical risks shall be of the dry powder or
carbon dioxide type. Alcohol-resistant fire-fighting foam (AFFF) systems shall not be used at events.
WARNING: Use of water-type fire extinguishers where there is any electrical supply is
dangerous.
9.16 Fire retardancy of curtains, drapes and other materials

NOTE See SANS 1423 (all parts).
9.16.1 All curtains and drapes shall be of durable and inherently flame retardant fabric or treated
with a flame-retardant product. Other decorative elements such as chair covers, tablecloths, floor
coverings and centrepieces shall be considered part of the risk assessment.
9.16.2 Event organizers should know that the use of curtains, drapes and temporary decorations
can affect the safe use of the emergency exits. The local authority shall be notified in writing of any
proposal to use combustible decorative materials. This notification shall be accompanied by full
details and shall include samples of the proposed material.
9.16.3 Curtains across exit doors present an additional problem and shall be arranged so as not to
trail on the floor. They shall open from the centre and shall only be permitted where stewards are
present nearby to open curtains in the event of an emergency.
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9.17 Artificial and dried foliage
9.17.1 All artificial and dried foliage used for decorative purposes in public areas shall be flame
retardant. As the flame retardant treatment can be adversely affected by contact with moisture,
periodic re-treatment might be necessary. Re-treatment might also be necessary to maintain the
appearance of foliage.
9.17.2 As it is difficult to totally inhibit the production of flaming molten droplets or debris from the
solid plastic parts of artificial foliage such as branches and stems, the local authority might limit the
amount of material used and prohibit use in some locations.
9.17.3 Dried flowers and grasses shall not be sprayed with hair lacquer or similar substances, as
such treatment will make them ignite easily and burn more quickly.
9.18 Special risks

Portable fire-fighting equipment for special risks shall be provided in accordance with table 1.
Table 1 — Portable fire fighting equipment
1 2
Location Recommended equipment
2
Stage exceeding 56 m Hydraulic hose reels or two approved extinguishers, on each
side of the stage, and one light-duty fire blanket
Stage not exceeding 56 m2 One approved extinguisher, on each side of the stage, and one
light-duty fire blanket
Dressing rooms In every block of four dressing rooms a minimum of one
approved extinguisher and one light-duty fire blanket
Scenery store, stage basement, property Approved extinguisher in each risk area or an appropriate
store and band room extinguisher where the use of water is unsuitable for the fire risk
presented
Electrical intake rooms, battery rooms, Carbon dioxide extinguisher or one dry-powder extinguisher
stage switchboards and electrical
equipment
Boiler rooms – solid fuel fired Approved extinguisher
Boiler rooms – oil fired One dry-powder or foam extinguisher
Portable generators (power supply) Carbon dioxide extinguisher or one dry-powder extinguisher
9.19 Warning systems

In the case of indoor events, fire-warning systems shall comply with the requirements of
SANS 10139. A fire-warning sign or signal that needs a power supply to operate shall also have a
backup power supply. Existing systems designed or installed in accordance with an earlier standard
might be acceptable subject to satisfactory testing, electrical certification and approval by the local
authority.
The purpose of a fire-warning system is to provide information to stewards and everyone present so
that all can be safely evacuated before escape routes become impassable through fire, heat or
smoke. The warning systems shall be suitable for the particular venue, taking into account its size
and layout and the number of people likely to be present. (See table 1.)
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10 Incident planning (emergency planning)

10.1 Major and minor incident planning
10.1.1 The event organizer shall plan for the possibility of a major incident with relevant
stakeholders.
The consequences of a major incident at an event could be catastrophic and it is necessary to plan
for such an occurrence. A major incident will normally require a multi-agency approach in which the
event organizer, police, emergency medical vehicles, fire authority, local authority, disaster
management local emergency planning officer, stewards and emergency medical practitioners
might play a part. It is therefore important that there is a clear demarcation of duties and that those
responsibilities are agreed upon and understood at the event planning stage.
10.1.2 Agreed procedures shall be issued in writing to all relevant parties. When planning the
JOC/VOC, all parties involved shall be briefed and a number of event planning meetings shall be
held so that all matters, including incident planning, can be finalized. The event organizer shall
include the people (such as regulators and professionals) who need to decide on courses of action.
The event organizer shall ensure that adequate minutes are taken, confirmed and distributed.
10.1.3 Minor emergencies or incidents that do not require the intervention of the emergency
services, medical authorities or local authority will need to be dealt with by developing suitable
contingency plans. Incident planning should be such that there is no ignorance of the fact that a
minor incident has the potential to develop into a major incident. Therefore, all precautionary
measures shall be taken during the risk audit and during the assessment of the actual minor
incident. Event organizers shall therefore develop contingency plans to deal with minor incidents
along with their major incident plans. All planning shall be risk based and shall address the worst
case scenario.
10.1.4 Major incident plans shall be developed in conjunction with the emergency services. When
planning, it is of fundamental importance to identify precisely what needs to be done and to agree
upon the situations in which it will be necessary to hand over coordination of an incident to the
police or disaster management. This could be before any actual major incident has taken place if it
is thought that a handover might prevent an incident from developing. It is also important to agree
with the emergency services upon the procedures for declaring a major incident and who declares
it.
10.1.5 The event organizer shall consider the following matters when preparing a major incident
plan:
a) identification of key decision-makers;
b) stopping the event;
c) identification of emergency routes and access for the emergency services;
d) individuals with special needs;
e) identification of holding areas for performers, workers and the attendees;
f) details of the script of coded messages to alert and "stand down" stewards;
g) alerting procedures;
h) public warning mechanisms;
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i) evacuation and containment measures and procedures;
j) details of the script of PA announcements and preprepared visual messages if a big screen is in
use;
k) identification of rendezvous points for emergency services;
l) identification of ambulance loading points and triage areas;
m) location of hospitals in the area prepared for major incidents and traffic routes secured to such
hospitals;
n) details of a temporary mortuary facility;
o) an outline of the roles of those involved including a contact list and methods to alert them;
p) details and maintenance of emergency equipment location and availability;
q) documentation and message pads; and
r) location of staffing and equipping of the VOC.
10.1.6 The plan shall provide a flexible response whatever the incident, environment or available
resources at the time. It might be necessary to prepare variations of the plan to deal with specific
issues. The plan shall also build on routine arrangements and integrate them into the existing
working procedures on-site.
10.1.7 A planning team that comprises staff from the emergency services and agencies shall be
formed. The planning team will be required to respond to any emergency or major incident.
NOTE Experience has shown that a multi-agency approach to all planning shares the ownership of problems
and leads to effective solutions. This approach can be termed integrated emergency management.
10.1.8 To be effective, the major incident planning team shall not be too large. It might be useful to
have a number of specialist subgroups. Each event organizer shall obtain a clear undertaking
regarding roles and committed resources in the case of a major incident from each of the team
members, for example the police, fire services, and emergency medical services. This shall be in
the form of a statement of intent.
10.1.9 The person leading the planning team shall be competent to do so and shall have a broad
understanding of the issues. This person does not necessarily have to be the event organizer or
one of the workers. However, the event organizer shall be accountable for the plan's effectiveness
and for the person chosen to lead the team. The event safety coordinator shall be involved in the
planning process. Records of meetings and decisions taken should be kept.
10.1.10 The plan shall be written without jargon and shall be easily understood. Instructions,
particularly in respect of action to be taken, shall be specific so that a named person/role/rank will
carry out a specific function. A glossary of terms might assist. Much time can be saved if the layout
of the plan allows for simple and quick updating. Revised copies shall be easily identifiable from a
date/numbering system.
10.1.11 Detailed site plans (drawn on a grid) or aerial photography (or both) containing pertinent
geographic and topographic features can be of great value during planning and in the event of a
major incident. They will be particularly useful when calculating normal and emergency pedestrian
flow.
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10.1.12 Once the plan has been agreed upon, the event organizer shall ensure that the people
responsible for putting the plan into practice are fully briefed. Communication exercises are strongly
recommended before the event. Stewards and others likely to have an emergency role, shall be
issued with written details of their duties, major incident procedures and a site plan drawn on a grid.
Relevant staff such as concessionaires and those supplying other services, who might be in a
position to provide important assistance shall be briefed on the major incident plan.
10.1.13 An event disaster plan addresses integration, coordination on a multi-agency basis and
interacts with the security, fire and evacuation, emergency medical, traffic and crowd management,
environmental health and other line plans.
10.2 Event risk assessment

Different local authority structures shall be taken into account when dealing with responsibilities for
handover under different protocol situations.
A suitably qualified person shall complete the event risk assessment. The following shall be
considered for any major incident plan:
a) the type of event, nature of performers, time of day and duration;
b) capacity versus anticipated crowd;
b) the audience profile, including age, previous or expected behaviour, special needs, emotional
potential, etc;
c) the existence or absence of seating;
d) the geography of the location and venue;
e) the topography;
f) fires/explosions;
g) terrorism;
h) structural failure;
i) crowd surge/collapse;
j) disorder;
k) lighting or power failure;
l) weather, for example, excessive heat/cold/rain/wind and hail;
m) off-site hazards, for example, industrial plants;
n) failure of safety equipment such as closed-circuit television (CCTV) and a PA system;
o) delayed start, curtailment or abandonment of the event;
p) biochemical threat (weapons of mass destruction such as anthrax);
q) detailed security planning;
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r) special risks, for example air shows or motor races;
s) consumption of alcohol or drugs; and
t) probability, impact and manageability.
10.3 Coordination of emergency services

Once a major incident has been declared, the VOC or JOC commander or appointed disaster
management representative shall coordinate on-site and off-site activities of the relevant emergency
services.
10.4 Venue operations centre (VOC)

The VOC is on-site accommodation that is set aside as a designated emergency or incident control
centre. The VOC shall be staffed continuously while the event is running. The location of the VOC in
the overall venue and site design shall be taken into account.
10.5 Emergency services vehicles

Emergency vehicles and the medical centre shall be situated to enable handling of minor or mass
casualty with easy ingress and egress and direct communication with the VOC.
10.6 Voluntary agencies

Many voluntary agencies can provide high-quality aid at incidents and should be involved in the
emergency planning.
10.7 Bomb threats

All bomb threats and suspicious objects shall be reported to the VOC immediately. The VOC, on
advice of the national police services will decide on what action is to be taken.
11 Communication
11.1 Communication and coordination
The event organizer shall develop and implement a communication strategy to provide suitable and
identifiable communications facilities that are available for effective management and
implementation of any plan.
Information shall be communicated to contribute to the safety and well-being of the audience.
The range and level of information communicated at any event shall be determined by the event
risk assessment.
Communication responsibilities of all role players involved in the event shall be assessed
individually and jointly for good coordination of the overall communication strategy. This includes
examining the general and operational management of the event, handling routine health, safety
and welfare information and communicating effectively in the event of a major incident.
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11.2 Communication during the event planning phase

Everyone involved in the planning of an event shall keep proper records of decisions and ensure
that relevant information is communicated to others. Statement of intent documents shall be clear
and unambiguous in their definition of roles and the responsibilities of different agencies and
individuals.
11.3 Preparation of key support documentation

The event organizer shall not use ambiguous language in providing a clear and reliable
communication framework. Jargon and acronyms should preferably not be used. When they are
unavoidable, a glossary of terms shall be included in the main planning documents.
Terminology to be used shall be agreed upon by people preparing plans, documents and
communication procedures in relation to:
a) naming different control points and control persons;
b) labelling different types of rendezvous and collection points;
c) providing unique reference labels for key locations within and around the venue;
d) naming conventions for categories of people involved on-site;
e) compatible terminology for assessing risks and grading levels of urgency; and
f) clear contact protocols for establishing communication.
Plans shall state who does what, not just what is to be done, and this shall be written in clear and
simple language, for example, "the VOC shall be informed when an incident occurs", not "the duty
officer shall inform the incident control room". Visual data and maps shall show key routes for
vehicles and people, and restrictions on access.
NOTE A site plan (drawn on a grid) for the venue and its immediate surrounds is recommended.
Discrepancies can result in delayed responses, misdirected resources and communication channels being
unnecessarily blocked with requests for clarification and attempts to sort out confusion.
Attention shall be paid to the consistent labelling of features and functions in different documents. If
a feature occurs more than once (for example, if there are several emergency care points) each
feature shall have a unique reference. The applicable authority shall be consulted before plans are
altered so that possible consequences of the changes can be considered.
The event organizer shall appoint a network coordinator as a single point-of-contact. Such a person
should receive, collate, cross-check and spread information about radio-channel frequencies, call
signs, phone lines, alert cascades, camera points, siting of control equipment, contact lists, etc.
These data shall be placed on A3 maps. Maps shall be clear and succinct. Separate maps will
reduce confusion.
The event organizer shall ensure that major incident plans are compatible with emergency plans
drawn up by the local authority or emergency services and shall make sure that relevant information
is easily available to people in control rooms at remote locations.
Many other types of documents (technical diagrams, safety certificates, licences, approvals,
minutes of meetings, etc.) will feature in the overall communication processes, reference, guidance,
authorization or approval. The event organizer shall keep all documents up to date and inform
people involved in the planning process of any changes immediately.
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11.4 Framework for handling the event
11.4.1 The event organizer shall ensure that there is a framework that allows effective
communication within each organization, and between individual emergency services, the event
organizer, stewarding event organizers, the local authority and different agencies (police to fire,
stewarding event organizer to ambulance, venue operator to police, etc.).
11.4.2 Such a framework involves both on-site and off-site links to ensure that
a) event organizers who need to respond to events on-site can be easily contacted,
b) appropriate organizations can be informed of events on-site that might have off-site
repercussions.
11.5 Communication controls in the VOC/JOC

The event organizer shall ensure that
a) power supplies for communication equipment are independent of production power supplies and
have independent backup facilities,
b) power supplies are tested for their ability to provide continuity of communication when switching
over to auxiliary power,
c) the backup supply is adequate (in a major incident, this supply might need to last beyond a
scheduled event finish time),
d) incident control rooms or "units" have a clear view over as much of the event as possible, are
easily accessible and have adequate space for equipment and for workers to operate effectively,
e) links are available to allow communication between key personnel,
f) arrangements are in place to allow possible communication between incident control rooms,
critical locations and activities,
g) there is a communications hub for stewards/security personnel, personnel of the emergency

services, the local authority and emergency medical services, wherever practicable,
h) staffing is sufficient to allow for periodic policy and review meetings between personnel from
different event organizers,
i) based on the radio communications protocol, radio controllers have the option to stop "talk-
through" facilities if an urgent situation develops,
j) all cabling and wiring is routed through areas of low risk from fire or other damage,
k) there are arrangements for maintenance workers to be available to carry out any necessary
repairs or adjustments,
l) appropriate levels of soundproofing are in place and, where appropriate, workers are provided
with headsets to cut out interference from noise within a busy control room,
m) key items of documentation and stationery are provided in all control rooms such as site plans,
key contact details, alerting cascades, message pads, and log sheets, and
n) frequently-used information are clearly displayed (site plans, key contacts, etc.) and facilities
such as white boards, flip charts, data projectors, laptops, and modern technology are available
for writing up incident-specific information of each occurrence.
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11.6 Off-site links
11.6.1 The event organizer shall provide details of the event in the communications hub of each of
the emergency services and ensure that communication lines, whether by radio or telephone, to the
local headquarters of all emergency services are available at all times so that emergency calls can
be made instantly.
11.6.2 The event organizer shall make arrangements for communicating with service providers
that are affected off-site by movements of large numbers of people, for example, traffic police, and
transport providers. This is particularly relevant when unforeseen events (such as curtailment of an
event) could have significant knock-on effects at locations remote from the event itself.
11.7 Radio communication
11.7.1 Depending on the size of the event, there can be many radio sets and networks operating
simultaneously on-site. The event organizer shall inform contractors of the frequencies that are
available before they hire radios. The network coordinator shall collect information on all proposed
frequencies and consult with local emergency services.
11.7.2 Each event organizer that requires radio communication shall consider what operational
channels are necessary for identified functions or areas. In addition, emergency services shall
consider the need for command channels at large events.
11.7.3 The event organizer shall ensure that pre-event checks are done on radios and that full
perimeter tests are done to ensure that coverage is adequate. At an outdoor site, appropriate
positioning of masts, antennae and repeaters might require prior research and testing. The erection
of temporary structures can have a significant impact on radio coverage and corrective measures
may be necessary. Headsets for cellphones, radios and other forms of verbal communication shall
be used.
11.7.4 The event organizer shall ensure that all workers who work in high-noise areas are issued
with ear-defending headsets.
11.7.5 The event organizer shall ensure that all batteries are fully charged before the start of the
event. Adequate numbers of spare batteries and charging facilities are essential.
11.8 Telephone equipment

The event organizer shall have external lines provided for immediate telephone contact between the
venue control points and emergency services control rooms off-site. These lines shall be used for
that purpose only. Dedicated lines and unlisted numbers should be considered.
Field telephone networks and cellphones shall not be relied upon for important links and especially
not for emergency communication.
11.9 Communication procedures

There shall be a clear framework of information flow procedures that stipulate who shall inform
whom of what, when, and by what means.
The event organizer shall ensure that the following are adhered to:
a) strict radio discipline with proper use of call signs and contact protocols;
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b) making the purpose/function of a message clear (is it a question, warning, request for action,
command, prohibition, etc.);
c) concise and precise information;
d) cross-checking that messages have been received and interpreted correctly;
e) relaying message content clearly and unambiguously;
f) keeping accurate records of communication activities; and
g) keeping accurate logs of decisions and actions.
11.10 Message delivery and acknowledgement

Workers shall be aware of the possible consequences if messages are not properly communicated
and understood. There shall be marked differences in levels of local knowledge among workers at
and around the event, and therefore procedures for acknowledging or reading back messages shall
be introduced.
11.11 Situation reports
11.11.1 The event organizer shall develop procedures for providing information from the scene of
an incident or emergency.
NOTE 1 A practiced format helps the person providing information to include necessary details for an
appropriate response.
NOTE 2 A familiar communication pattern helps people who receive information to anticipate and recognize
items; this assists the receiver to note that the information is ready for subsequent use or relay.
11.11.2 A situation report format shall work equally well for any type of incident and shall include,
but shall not be limited to,
a) identification: call signs, names of calling and called parties,
b) location: exact details of where the incident is,
c) incident: precise details of what is involved,
d) requirements: details of services, equipment and agencies required, and
e) recoding of time and date of incident.
11.11.3 The event organizer shall obtain acknowledgement that the key items in 11.11.2 have
been received and understood before giving further details. If more information is available, further
items that are particularly important in second or further transmissions are as follows:
a) warnings: details of any present or potential hazards;
b) access: any details about what might affect access to the scene, or advice on the quickest
access route;
c) casualties: any details known about injured or sick people;
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d) control points: details of who to contact and where to go for more information from the scene;
and
e) any other relevant information.
11.12 Alerting procedures

The event organizer shall ensure that adequate and effective alerting procedures are in place.
Since each link in a communication chain is a potential source of misunderstanding or breakdown;

alerting chains between informants, decision makers and response providers shall be as short as
possible.
Alarms or threats shall be evaluated on their merits, but in those circumstances where the first
response is to investigate further, specific instructions or coded announcements shall reach all
those who have an emergency role. All workers involved shall be on stand-by at designated
emergency positions and await further information.
11.13 Regular updating

The event organizer shall ensure that communication channels for easy access to information are in
place.
NOTE Whiteboard logs are a simple example of regular updating. They are effective "broadcasting"
mechanisms that provide ready access to information and that reduce verbal and hand-written exchanges.
Much thought should be given to anticipating the information requirements of other role players and the need
for records.
11.14 Record-keeping
The event organizer shall keep records and log information throughout the course of an event. Logs
shall show key events and actions in sequence. Logs are a valuable tool for keeping workers
informed of the progress of any incident.
11.15 Training, briefing and preparation

The event organizer shall train workers appropriately. The training shall cover all issues ranging
from using appropriate radio discipline to keeping decision logs. There shall be proper briefings for
all workers about their duties for the event. This includes briefing of workers off-site, for example,
workers in incident control rooms who need to be aware of special arrangements for an event.
11.16 Public information and communication
11.16.1 Public address (PA) systems
PA systems are a vital channel of communication with the audience. The output shall be clear and
intelligible for everyone of normal hearing in all parts of the venue, including the immediate
surrounds. The event organizer shall ensure that the PA announcer has a good view of as much of
the venue as possible and good communication links with control points. In the event of a major
incident, override facilities shall allow announcements to be made over the PA system without
interference from other sound sources. The circumstances in which this will happen shall be agreed
upon between the JOC and the event organizer and shall be stated in the major incident plans. The
PA system shall be fully tested before the event.
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11.16.2 Loudhailers
The event organizer shall
a) provide loudhailers at strategic points in the venue for use by stewards and police for urgent
communication and as a backup in case the PA system fails,
NOTE The use of vehicular PA systems could be considered.
b) train workers on how to use loudhailers and ensure that workers know where loudhailers are
located, and
c) ensure that batteries for loudhailers are fully charged.
11.16.3 Emergency public announcements
11.16.3.1 Where there is known danger, early warning is essential. Many estimates of crowd
evacuation times only calculate the time between a crowd starting to move and the time the area
has been cleared. However, in many situations, the time between first requesting the attendees to
evacuate an area and when they start to comply is a significant factor in the overall evacuation.
Persuasion time shall be added to movement time.
11.16.3.2 The major incident plan shall indicate who has the authority to decide that an emergency
announcement is necessary, who shall make the announcement and under what circumstances
shall the announcement be made. Plan the wording of announcements or text messages as far as
possible. Agree on the messages to be made through consultation between event organizers with a
safety role.
11.16.3.3 Instructions shall tie in with route marking, signs and other visual cues. Announcements
shall be clear and specific about location references (for example, avoid relative references that can
be interpreted differently, such as "away from the front" or "further back"). In serious situations, an
integrated approach would combine spoken announcements, text displays and directions from
stewards in high-visibility clothing. Reinforcement and repetition are needed to keep the attendees
on course.
11.16.3.4 Key elements shall be repeated: what action is required, the nature of the incident, where
to go, what to do on arrival. The attendees shall be told that the key elements will be repeated as
they proceed along their route. If not, they might be afraid of missing information and impede flows
by stopping to check, seeking an authoritative figure to ask, or waiting for a further announcement.
11.16.3.5 The attendees shall be kept up to date of the situation, even if no changes have
occurred. This will pre-empt individual queries and remove pressure from workers.
11.16.3.6 Key points for emergency announcements are as follows:
a) early warning/timely information;
b) persuasion time added to movement time;
c) clarity and quality of announcement delivery;
d) consideration whether an audience will respond better to an empathy figure who makes certain
announcements;
e) live, directive messages relating to the circumstances that are more effective than those that are
pre-recorded;
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f) reasons for messages (the nature of problems), where possible;
g) planned key message elements and sequencing;
h) announcements reinforced by message displays, where possible;
i) sectoring facilities that help public announcements to be targeted effectively;
j) positive statements and instructions (not negative ones); and
k) repetition of key items (location of problem, required destination, required route, etc.).
12 Crowd management, crowd control and contingency planning

12.1 Planning
12.1.1 The event organizer shall have a crowd management plan, based on the risk assessment,
which will include detailed allocation of responsibilities and coordination of activities related to
ensuring the health, safety and security of the employees, attendees and performers at the event. In
order to develop the plan the event organizer shall identify the following matters:
a) the nature of the event;
b) the number and profile of people expected to attend; and
c) the manner in which people will be expected to get to the event.
The event organizer will then use this information to plan the following:
a) facilities for people with special needs;
b) admission policies;
c) entrances and exits;
d) transport management (including parking and park-and-ride facilities);
e) medical facilities management;
f) crowd pressure control;
g) refreshments, food and water facilities; and
h) internal and external communication with the attendees.
12.1.2 Staff with safety roles shall wear easily identifiable tabards or other high-visibility items of
clothing. These allow attendees to seek them out as a source of assistance and to recognize their
authority when appropriate. If attendees are being directed along a route of safety, stewards in high-
visibility clothing can help indicate the way much more clearly.
NOTE Coloured (preferably fluorescent colours) vests or bibs should be considered.
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12.2 Entry and exit of the attendees
12.2.1 The event organizer shall plan for the entry and exit of the attendees. The plan based on
the risk assessment shall include the expected number of people, the anticipated route and modes
of transport. Based on these projections, the plan shall include
a) the number and size of entrances,
b) fire and emergency facilities,
c) locking of all exits for entry to the event in accordance with local by-laws,
d) escape routes clearance of obstruction,
e) queue chutes – if needed to alleviate pressure on entrances,
f) provision of emergency lighting and fire-fighting equipment, and
g) contingencies – what to do when fences, funnels, barriers, etc. collapse.
12.2.2 Before the attendees enter the venue, the event organizer shall ensure that
a) checks are made of all fire and emergency facilities,
b) all exits are unlocked,
c) all escape routes are clear,
d) emergency lighting is in working order,
e) fire-fighting equipment and alarms are in working order,
f) entrances and exits are clearly sign-posted and operate efficiently,
g) separate entrances and exits for pedestrian access have been provided from entry routes used
for emergency services and concession vehicles,
h) information has been provided to the attendees about any restricted exits that are not in use
while the event is in progress,
i) entrances and exits are clearly sign-posted in compliance with national building regulations
(where applicable), and
j) any restricted exits are clearly demarcated.
12.3 Opening time

The event organizer shall plan to allow public access to the event sufficient before the event is due
to start, based on the nature of the event and the number of people anticipated. The plan should
include the following:
a) clearly advertising the event start time and opening time;
b) starting times to avoid public transport and traffic peaks, as appropriate;
c) outside video/display screens to provide information and footage to minimize the risk of crushing
where significant portions of the attendees have not yet entered at the event starting time (refer
to the risk assessment); pre-event entertainment to encourage a staggered arrival of the
attendees should be considered;
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d) in the case of significant crowding before the starting time, opening of the gates before
published time, provided that on-site services are ready; and
e) contingencies to delay the start in the event of unforeseen circumstances.
12.4 Crowd pressure at entrances

Depending on the nature of the event, crowd pressure at entrances should be reduced by:
a) keeping all other activities, including mobile concessionaires, clear of entry points;
b) arranging for adequate queuing areas, including queue chutes away from entrances;
c) creating holding areas away from entrances;
d) ensuring that barriers, fences and gates are suitable and sufficient for the anticipated number of
people;
e) locating ticket sales and pick-up points away from entrances;
f) providing a sufficient number of trained and competent stewards;
g) providing for off-site ticket sales and collection;
h) if tickets are sold at the venue, setting ticket prices to amounts that require minimum change to
prevent shortages; and
i) where large crowds are anticipated, no selling of tickets at the venue on the day of the event.
Staggered/phased access should be used in such cases, which will require additional staff.
12.5 Body searching

Where body searching is to be carried out the event organizer shall provide appropriate signage to
authorize security personnel to carry out appropriate searches with the necessary protective
surgical gloves.
The planning shall include the provision of adequate and appropriate security officers for the
anticipated crowd. This shall include the provision of female officers and facilities to search female
attendees and shall be in accordance with the relevant national legislation on private security (see
foreword) and the relevant national legislation on criminal procedure (see foreword).
Searches at entrances might be necessary to prevent prohibited items from being brought onto site,
on provision that the appropriate signage (such as "right of admission reserved" and a list of
restricted items) is displayed.
12.6 The pit

The event organizer shall plan for an area between the stage and the audience to allow for a pit.
The plan shall include the provision of crowd barriers.
Staff present in the pit shall include
a) registered and authorized security officers, and
b) staff responsible for the provision of water and medical services.
If a secondary barrier is provided the above will apply.
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12.7 Late leavers

The event organizer shall appoint stewards who will, at the end of the event, clear the venue, thus
ensuring that all attendees who entered the site have left. The following can be used to clear the
venue:
a) parade marshalling;
b) stewards forming a line in front of the stage and slowly walking to the furthermost exit, thereby
moving the remaining attendees out of the area; and
c) public announcements reminding attendees to leave, which will help with a staggered/phased
exit. Playing music on the PA system will encourage attendees to stay longer.
12.8 Admission policies
12.8.1 The event organizer shall establish and clearly communicate an admission policy. When
formulating the policy, the following shall be considered:
a) Pass-outs that enable attendees to leave the event for a short time and to return. These pass-
outs should be controlled so as to avoid abuse of this system.
b) Guest/VIP/restricted areas that might necessitate separate access points for access of particular
types of ticket holders, for example, guests, VIPs, artists, workers, officials and emergency
services workers. Consideration should be given to the location of the gates between these
areas and the main arena in order to prevent crowd build-up at such points.
12.8.2 The admission policy can have a direct effect on the rates of admission, management of
entrance areas and audience accommodation in general. The following points are recommended:
a) Cash sales – to ensure a steady flow of people into the venue when entry is by cash, the
admission price should be set at a round figure. This avoids the need for handling large amounts
of small change. Where possible, the cash point should be located away from the entrances.
b) Ticket-only sales – the advantage of confining entry to ticket-only is that the rate of admission
should be higher than that for cash sales. If tickets are sold at the event, separate sales outlets
should be provided, wherever possible.
c) No ticket sales on-site – if all tickets have been sold out in advance, or if tickets are not sold on-
site, every effort should be made to publicize this fact in the media. In addition, signs advising
people of the situation should be placed along all approaches to the event. This is to avoid
unnecessary build-up of crowds outside the venue.
12.9 Facilities for people with special needs

Where the event organizer provides facilities for people with special needs, the event organizer
shall ensure that the necessary resources are provided. The planning of these facilities should
include planning for special access, ramps, facilities and viewing areas in compliance with the
national building regulations and other applicable legislation. In the event of an emergency, the
evacuation of people with special needs can pose significant problems and should be taken into
account in the plan.
NOTE People with special needs can include people with mobility problems (including wheelchair users),
difficulty in walking, and impaired vision or hearing. Bear in mind that women, children, the elderly and people
with disabilities are highly vulnerable to crushing.
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12.10 Opening entrances and front-of-stage area

The event organizer shall provide a line(s) of stewards across the arena through which the
audience can move towards the stage in an orderly manner. This should be supplemented by PA
announcements to keep the audience informed about what is happening.
When entrances are first opened at non-seated events, the audience tends to rush towards the
front, which can cause tripping accidents and injuries. Careful consideration shall be given to the
way in which the area in front of the stage will be managed and stewarded when the entrances are
opened. If a standing area is provided in front of the stage, the entrances shall not lead directly to
this area from stage right or left.
12.11 Ticketing
Since ticketing policies have a direct effect on the safe management of the audience, the event
organizer shall ensure that:
a) where a capacity or near-capacity attendance is expected for an event, admission shall be by

advance ticketing only;
b) tickets for seats that offer restricted views, or that are uncovered, shall be marked accordingly,
and the buyer forewarned;
c) seats with severely restricted views shall not be used;
d) part of the ticket that is retained by the attendee after passing through a ticket control point shall
clearly identify the location of the accommodation for which it has been issued;
e) a simplified, understandable ground plan shall be shown on the ticket;
f) if there is more than one entrance, colour-coded tickets shall correspond to different entrances
and the audience shall be proportionally divided between entrances;
g) all sections of the venue, aisles, rows and individual seats shall be clearly marked or numbered,
in accordance with the ticketing information; and
h) the controlling authority is notified by the event organizer or contracted service provider (or both)
such as ticket sales agencies of the ticket sales progress in order to determine the necessary
resources to be deployed in accordance with the population certificate issued, depending on the
venue.
12.12 Police involvement

The event organizer shall ensure that the agreement between the responsibilities of the police and
the stewards during an event is documented.
Such agreement shall be documented in a statement of intent. A statement of intent is a

management statement and not a legal document.
12.13 Stewards and security personnel
12.13.1 The main responsibility of stewards and security officers is crowd management. They are
also there to assist the police and other emergency services if necessary. Apart from the specialist
security officers provided for the protection of the performers, the use of separate teams for security
and stewards shall not be considered without consultation with the relevant stakeholders. The roles
of these two groups are closely interlinked and lack of communication can lead to ineffective crowd
management. Crowd management is not simply achieved by attempting to control the audience, but
by trying to understand their behaviour and various factors that can affect this.
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The risk assessment will help to establish the number of stewards necessary to manage the
audience safely. When preparing a risk assessment for crowd management, a comprehensive
survey shall be carried out to assess the various parts of the site and the size and profile of the
audience shall be considered. Basing stewarding security deployment numbers on the risk
assessment rather than on a precise mathematical formula will allow a full account to be taken of all
relevant circumstances, including previous experience.
To manage the audience, stewards shall be located at key points, such as barriers, pit areas,
gangways, entrances, exits, the mixer desk and delay towers. The stewards that are responsible for
crowd monitoring shall face the crowd. They shall also ensure that people are properly seated and
do not obstruct stairs and exit routes.
12.13.2 Many factors, such as the following, might introduce the potential for crowd movement and
should therefore be considered at the venue and site-design stage:
a) multiple-stage entertainment;
b) provision of satellite stages, platforms and stage thrusts;
c) sound and video towers;
d) sight-line obstructions or restricted views;
e) multiple-barrier systems and pens;
f) location of facilities;
g) the psychological state of the audience; and
h) special effects.
12.13.3 The factors to be considered for the risk assessment include the following:
a) previous experience of specific behaviour associated with the performers and audience;
b) uneven ground, presence of obstacles, etc, within or around the site, that affect flow rates;
c) the length of the perimeter fencing;
d) the type of stage barrier and any secondary barriers; and
e) the provision of seating.
12.13.4 The event organizer shall establish a chain of command. A chief steward shall be
appointed to be responsible for the effective management of all stewarding contractors at the event.
(This could be a role of the safety coordinator.) Appointing stewarding contractors will depend on
the nature and size of the event and venue but may include
a) a chief steward,
b) a number of senior supervisors, responsible for specific tasks, who report directly to the chief
steward, and
c) a number of supervisors who report directly to a senior supervisor and who are normally in
charge of six to ten stewards (see 4.2.2 and 4.2.3).
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12.13.5 The event organizer and appointed security company shall have a written agreement
between the parties, outlining the roles, responsibilities and staff deployment, a checklist (if this is
appropriate), and a plan showing key features. The stewards shall be briefed before the event,
particularly about communicating with supervisors and other role players in the event of a major
incident.
12.14 Conduct of stewards

The event organizer shall ensure that all stewards are fit to carry out their allocated duties. While on
duty, the stewards shall concentrate only on their duties and not on the performance. The event
organizer shall also ensure that stewards understand that they shall
a) not leave their place without permission,
b) not consume or be under the influence of alcohol or other drugs,
c) remain calm and be courteous towards all members of the audience,
d) wear uniform distinctive clothing and be individually identifiable,
e) understand their general responsibilities towards the health and safety of all categories of the
audience (including those with special needs and children), other stewards, event workers and
themselves,
f) carry out pre-event safety checks,
g) be familiar with the layout of the site and be able to assist the audience by giving information
about the available facilities, including facilities for emergency care, water, welfare, people with
special needs, and toilets,
h) man the entrances, exits and other strategic points; for example, exit doors or gates that are not
continuously secured in the open position while the event is in progress;
i) control or direct the audience as they enter or leave the event, to help achieve an even flow of
people into and from the various parts of the site;
j) recognize crowd conditions to ensure the safe dispersal of the audience and the prevention of
overcrowding;
k) assist in the safe operation of the event by keeping gangways and exits clear at all times and by
preventing people standing on seats and furniture;
l) investigate any disturbances or incidents;
m) ensure that combustible refuse does not accumulate;
n) respond to emergencies (such as the early stages of a fire), raising the alarm and taking the
necessary immediate action;
o) be familiar with the arrangements for evacuating the audience, including the handling of coded
messages and undertaking specific duties in an emergency; and
p) communicate with the incident control centre in the event of an emergency.

NOTE 1 Records of observations may be in the form of a metrologist's note that should contain sufficient
information to establish an audit trail.
NOTE 2 Technical records are accumulations of data and information that result from carrying out verification
and that indicate whether specified quality or process parameters are achieved. These records should include
forms, contracts, test sheets, workbooks, verification certificates and clients' feedback.
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12.15 Welfare of stewards

The event organizer shall ensure that stewards are not stationed for long periods near loudspeakers
and that they are provided with ear protection in accordance with any relevant noise regulations and
the relevant national health and safety legislation (see foreword).
Stewards will need adequate rest breaks, therefore arrangements shall be in place for them to have
intervals. These intervals shall be agreed upon among event organizers, stewards and local
authorities.
Stewards may only leave their posts when relieved by another steward. Provision shall be made for
reserve contingent to perform this task.
13 Transport and traffic management

13.1 Transport management
The event organizer shall consult timeously with the appropriate transport, road and traffic
authorities to identify all the needs, for example route planning, road closures, restrictions,
applications and approvals.
The event organizer shall
a) Plan for the management of vehicle parking and identify the likely resources required and
methods to be used for parking management.
b) Ensure that car and bus parks are adequately lit, sign-posted and labelled with reflective
numerals or letters so that vehicles can be easily located at the end of an event or in any
emergency.
c) Plan provision for the entry and exit of emergency service vehicles. These routes shall be
separated and safeguarded.
d) For large events, plan for the possibility of providing for road closures, banned turns, lane
closures, parking restrictions, temporary speed limits and lay-by closures, and traffic free zones.
e) Consult with the local traffic authority to ensure that traffic management arrangements and
temporary traffic regulation orders are in place.
(f) Keep in mind that only the local authority approves road closures and provisions for road
closures regarding, for example traffic officials, signage, barriers and public notices.
13.2 Traffic marshalling

Only the traffic police, police or someone under their direction can legally undertake traffic
regulation on public roads. Therefore the event organizer shall consult with them to secure the
appropriate provision of resources. Stewards directing traffic on-site shall have suitable personal
protective equipment, such as high-visibility clothing, torches for night events and weather
protection.
The event organizer shall ensure that there is suitable and sufficient communication between on-
site and off-site traffic marshalling regarding temporary one-way systems etc. Also, adequate
numbers of stewards shall be provided to manage traffic flows and to deal with parking of vehicles.
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13.3 Buses
Planning the arrival and departure of buses can greatly reduce congestion at the beginning and end
of an event. Careful consideration should be given to the routing of such vehicles. The event
organizer shall plan for parking areas and access roads to reduce as far as possible the need for
buses to reverse. The use of one-way routes should be considered.
Private bus operators are often prepared to provide special shuttle bus services between local rail
and bus stations, or “park-and-ride” areas. However, shuttle bus systems might not be appropriate
for all events. Congestion caused by a natural mass departure at the end of an event is likely to
prohibit free flow of traffic routes and consequently shuttle buses can become unable to operate
effectively.
For large events, the appointment of a traffic management coordinator, who shall be a member of
the VOC, shall be considered. Such coordinator will liaise with the police, car park management,
traffic police and local authority.
13.4 Vehicle access

The event organizer shall ensure that the road signs are appropriate and easily visible, the
capacities of the parking areas are adequate and the surface is capable of withstanding the
anticipated traffic volume. Using hardcore, track way or other suitable temporary surfacing that can
prevent damage to the ground and that might prove invaluable in wet ground conditions should be
considered.
Detailed capacity assessments might be needed to ensure that the access entry capacity is
adequate. Methods for ensuring the safe exit of vehicles from the site need just as much careful
planning.
The planning of alternative routes and accesses should be considered. These can be used if main
access points or routes become blocked.
Vehicle access for service vehicles, for example waste collection vehicles and sanitary servicing
vehicles, before, during and after the event shall be planned. Large colour-coded parking permits
with the vehicle registration number reduce vehicle access problems.
13.5 Parking
The event organizer shall plan separate parking areas for the general audience traffic, vehicles for
people with special needs (close to the event site), buses, shuttle buses, guests/VIPs, artists,
emergency service workers and event workers. Overspill-parking facilities either on-site or at a
convenient location off-site to accommodate the potential for excess attendees should also be
planned. This should take the form of a vehicular circulation/holding area as a temporary measure.
Car and bus parks shall be adequately lit, signposted and labelled with reflective numerals or letters
so that vehicles can be easily located at the end of an event or in any emergency. The bus park
shall be separate from the car park. For outdoor events, signs shall be positioned at exit gates
leading from the parking area to the venue to assist in identifying the location of parked vehicles.
Clear signs for exiting vehicles showing route direction shall be considered.
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13.6 Emergency access

The event organizer shall plan provision for the entry and exit of emergency service vehicles. These
routes shall be separated and safeguarded. The routes and access chosen shall allow for means of
access by the fire brigade to within 50 m of any structure, including fuel storage facilities. The
access route will need to bear the weight of fire appliances. The use of manhole covers shall be
avoided on these routes. These routes shall be signposted.
The event organizer shall consult the local authorities concerning access route specification and
incorporate this into the transport management plan. In this respect, early application for road
closures and temporary traffic regulation orders shall be required. It is also important to identify
allocated emergency vehicle rendezvous points in the transport management plan.
13.7 Pedestrians
The event organizer shall identify safe means of entry and exit for pedestrians, ideally restricting
vehicles access. Where pedestrian access is difficult, alternative means of access shall be
provided, for example, shuttle buses to collect pedestrians en route. Special arrangements shall be
made for persons with disabilities and those who might not be able to walk long distances. Entry
and exit routes that cross car or bus parks and traffic routes shall be avoided; where this is
unavoidable, adequate traffic control measures shall be planned.
13.8 On-site vehicle management and temporary roadways
13.8.1 It is important to minimize traffic movement within the site in order to avoid accidents
between vehicles and pedestrians.
13.8.2 Vehicles shall be moved into the parking areas as efficiently as possible and a dedicated
access to parking areas with no ticket checks on entry shall be in place. In some circumstances,
ticket checks can be undertaken on pedestrian exits from the parking into the event area. This
might, however, not be practicable for camping events.
13.8.3 Traffic movement shall be restricted in the event arena except to emergency service
vehicles and other essential services.
13.8.4 Speed restrictions shall be enforced on-site and separate access for production vehicles
shall be planned.
13.8.5 Temporary roadways are useful to allow suitable hard-surfaced access for pedestrians and
service vehicles. Temporary access roads shall be planned, ideally to provide for two-way
emergency access or one-way with passing places and working space, as appropriate.
13.8.6 All vehicles on-site shall switch on lights at night time when in motion in order to avoid
pedestrian and vehicle accidents.
13.8.7 The safe entrance to and exit of the site during the build-up (and breakdown) of the event of
vehicles for the delivering of equipment and provisions shall be planned.
13.8.8 Where vehicle routes change from those arranged at planning stage, owing to heavy rain or
some other unforeseen circumstance, arrangements shall be in place for reinforcing the alternative
route. Safe vehicle recovery from soft ground shall be planned.
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13.9 Fork lift trucks

a) no person is permitted to operate a fork lift truck unless such person have been licensed to do
so,
b) licensed operators have a certificate from an accredited entity indicating the type of fork lift truck
for which they have received training,
c) hired fork lift trucks have a valid certificate of inspection and testing, issued by an LMI,
d) the fork lift truck is marked with the safe working load (SWL), and
e) no person shall be lifted by means of a fork lift.
A certificate to drive one type of fork lift truck does not qualify an operator to drive other types of fork
lift trucks.
If national legislation dictates the operation and maintenance of fork lift trucks during operation,
such legislation shall be adhered to.
13.10 Other vehicles used on-site
13.10.1 There might be a need for other types of vehicles to operate on-site, such as:
a) specialized lifting vehicles, such as scissor lifts and mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs);
b) vehicles used to deliver equipment around the site or venue, for example, golf buggies and
electric carts; and
c) other vehicles, for example, tractors, trailers and waste-collection vehicles.
Where possible, deliveries shall be made before members of the public are admitted. Deliveries
shall be restricted during the event. Planning shall be done.
13.10.2 The use of all vehicles on-site shall be carefully planned and monitored to ensure that
accidents do not result from the incorrect use of vehicles or that pedestrians are not injured as a
result of the use of such vehicles.
14 Structures
14.1 Temporary structures
14.1.1 General
Many events require the provision of temporary demountable structures, for example, grandstands,
stages and marquees. Managing the hazards connected with these structures is just as important
as managing other hazards. This can only be achieved if all those responsible for these structures
undertake their duties conscientiously. A separate risk assessment is required for temporary
structures.
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14.1.2 Design and erection
The failure of any temporary demountable structure, no matter how small, in a crowded, confined
space can have devastating effects. It is therefore essential to design and erect structures to suit
the specific intended purpose, and to recognize that the key to the safety of these structures is
largely in the
a) choice of appropriate design and materials,
b) correct siting or positioning, especially access areas,
c) proper planning and control of work practices, and
d) careful inspection and certification of the finished product.
14.1.3 Kinds of structure
The kinds of structure usually found at events include stages, sets, barriers, fencing, tents,
marquees, seating, lighting and special effect towers, platforms and masts, video screens, TV
platforms and crane jibs, dance platforms, loudspeaker stacks, and signage and advertising
hoardings. Temporary demountable structures erected outdoors shall comply with all the
requirements of indoor structures and shall take additional factors created by the effects of the
weather into consideration.
14.1.4 Marquees or tented structures
NOTE These guidelines cover all marquees/tents and all textile-covered frame structures, whether of steel or
aluminium, which are intended for public assembly, place of work or the like. Camping tents are excluded.
14.1.4.1 Documentation
The purchase of marquees/tents by the marquee-hiring contractors shall be accompanied by

documentation pertaining to all design criteria from the manufacturer.
14.1.4.2 Manufacturers’ specifications
No tent shall be sold or hired without the manufacturers’ specifications as set out in this standard. In
the case of existing tents, the owner shall obtain the specifications from the manufacturer within six
months of the implementation of this standard. Specifications shall include the requirements given
in 14.1.4.4 to 14.1.4.11.
One copy of the manufacturer’s specifications and the original certificate to occupy/engineer’s
certificate shall be available on site at all times for the duration of the event.
Two additional copies of the specifications and certificate to occupy/engineer’s certificate shall be
given to the local authority and the police services.
14.1.4.3 Wind load
The design wind load shall be not less than 108 km/h or 30 m/s. In calculating the wind load the
shape and surface area shall be considered.
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14.1.4.4 Structural specifications
The location, spacing and dimensions of all structural components, including bracing and load
bearing components, and sound and lighting tracks or beams, shall be specified by the
manufacturer.
Any alterations to or deviations from the manufacturer's specifications shall be designed and
certified by a registered engineer.
14.1.4.5 Pressure-reduction vents
The manufacturer shall specify any vents or other mechanisms designed to reduce pressure or lift
(or both).
14.1.4.6 Securing material
The securing material shall be affixed in a manner that will not allow it to slip.
The manufacturer shall specify the material and dimensions or SWL (or both) of all materials such
as rope, cables and cargo strapping used for securing the tent.
The tension applied to the tent by the securing material shall be adequate to prevent excessive
movement of the tent in a wind equal to the design wind.
The point of securing shall not be more than 10 % of the peg length or 300 mm (whichever is the
lesser distance) above the ground.
Pegs shall comply with the following:
a) The type, length, diameter, fixing method and also the angle and depth of pegs into the ground
shall be specified by the manufacturer.
b) Pegs shall be evenly spaced unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer.
c) In the case of framed structures, the manufacturer shall specify the minimum number of pegs
permissible for each base plate.
d) In the case of smooth pegs, a hook, eye or broad flat washer shall be fixed to the peg to prevent
slipping.
e) The pegs shall be covered with a suitable soft material to reduce the risk of injury.
14.1.4.7 Safety barriers
A physical demarcation of rope, barrier tape or other suitable material shall be placed on the outside
of the pegs and securing material to avoid the risk of tripping.
This barrier shall be of a height not less than 500 mm and not more than 900 mm.
14.1.4.8 Tent material
The manufacturer shall specify the tent material supplied to include roof covers, soft wall covers,
solid cassette wall panels and solid doors.
The material mass (expressed in grams per square metre), thickness, tensile and tear shall be
indicated.
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14.1.4.9 Quality control
The marquee-hiring contractor shall observe a good standard of workmanship and that the
marquees/tents are of appropriate quality.
14.1.4.10 Inspection and testing of components
A visual inspection for wear and damage shall be conducted on all components before the
assembly and erection of the tent. Worn or damaged components shall immediately be repaired or
replaced.
Regular annual checks (as a minimum or as recommended by the manufacturer) and inspections of
all marquee/tent components shall be conducted and recorded by the owners of marquees/tents.
The following checklist could be used as a guideline:
a) ropes checked for fraying and discarded if necessary;
b) roof and side covers checked for tears and repaired or replaced in accordance with the
manufacturer’s specifications;
c) repairs to load bearing structural members effected in accordance with the manufacturer’s
specifications or certified by a qualified engineer;
d) roof rafters and purlins checked to ensure that they are straight;
e) brackets checked to ensure they are sound and secure;
f) riveted connections checked for soundness;
g) galvanized steel checked for corrosion;
h) welds checked for cracks;
i) extruded sections checked for kinking or bowing; and
j) safety wires/cross bracing checked for soundness and secure fixing.
14.1.4.11 Site inspection and report
Before the installation of the marquees/tents, a thorough site inspection shall be conducted.
A report addressing the following shall be submitted to the event organizer:
a) access and egress for members of the public (including persons with disabilities), emergency
vehicles and equipment;
b) the proximity of surrounding buildings, vegetation and other fire risks in relation to the spread of
fire;
c) the availability of mains services; and
d) the slope or unevenness of the ground.
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14.1.4.12 Soil condition
The area on which the tent is erected shall have soil of adequate consistency and density to prevent
failure of the securing of the tent.
Sandy, wet and soft soil should be avoided. Where tents are erected on hardened surfaces such as
roads and car parks, the approval of the owner shall be obtained. The area shall be fully reinstated
after the removal of the pegs.
14.1.4.13 Soil density testing

2
In the case of a tent larger than 500 m , or, if required by the local authority, a competent person
shall certify that the site is suitable for the erection of the tent.
14.1.4.14 Underground/overhead cabling
If underground services or overhead cables cross sites where marquees/tents are to be erected, the
appropriate advice and permission shall be obtained from the owner or local authority.
14.1.4.15 Securing in areas where pegs are not permitted
In cases where the owner declines permission to use pegs, use may be made of concrete blocks,
water ballast or other means to secure the tent, provided that a registered engineer has certified
that the applied securing will be able to withstand the design wind.
Where marquees are erected on a scaffold deck or the like, the marquee contractor shall ensure
that the securing of the marquee/tent to the deck is in accordance with the manufacturer’s
specifications or as indicated by a qualified engineer. The supplier of the deck or the like shall
supply relevant details, including an engineer’s certificate, as to the load capacities per square
metre of the deck.
14.1.4.16 Subcontracting
Where the marquee-hiring contractor subcontracts any of its work it shall ensure that its
subcontractor is a competent and bona fide hiring company with all appropriate insurance cover and
shall also ensure that the subcontractor complies with the relevant and necessary guidelines and
recommendations as indicated above. The marquee hirer shall act with fairness and integrity in all
of its dealings with its subcontractors.
14.1.4.17 Certificate to occupy
The person erecting the tent shall conduct an inspection of the structure, pegs, tension of fixing
material and other issues critical to the safe occupancy of the tent (see the checklist below), and
shall issue a certificate to occupy.
In the case of tents larger than 500 m² a person registered with the engineering council shall issue
the certificate to occupy.
The following is a recommended minimum checklist for assembled structures:
a) anchorages are suitable for the purpose and are holding fast;
b) bracing wires on roof and walls are in place and adequately tensioned;
c) all ropes, including wire ropes, are sound;
d) fabric is tensioned and not prone to ponding;
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e) emergency exits are in place, operating correctly and are without obstruction;
f) escape routes are clear of obstruction;
g) exposed ropes and stakes adjacent to exits and entrances are marked or roped off;
h) all locking pins and bolts are in place and secure;
i) all structural supports are sound;
j) eaves connection joints are securely locked home;
k) no unrepaired tears in fabric are present;
l) walls are securely pegged or secured (or both);
m) any pole tent has its full complement of side uprights, anchor stakes, pulley blocks and guy rope;
n) the main upright is independently guyed; and
o) an all-round visual check after all checks have been done to satisfy that the tented structure is
erected securely.
The inspection shall be conducted not more than 2 h before occupancy or not more than 1 h in the
case of winds in excess of 35 km/h (9,7 m/s).
14.1.4.18 Capacity calculations
The occupant capacity is the permissible number of people occupying a tent or part of a tent and is
an important factor in assessing the means of escape.
In areas where fixed seating is provided, the major part of occupant capacity will be determined by
the number of seats available. In other cases, however, the contractor should ensure that an
assessment is made of the probable density of people within the occupant capacity.
The guidelines for capacity calculations are as follows:
a) Standing room – Cocktail function : 0,5 m² per person
b) Cinema style seating (Conference) : 1,0 m² per person
c) School room seating (Conference) : 1,3 m² per person
d) Banquet seating (1,8 m round tables) : 1,75 m² per person
14.1.4.19 Crew safety and standby
14.1.4.19.1 General
All crew working on the site shall be equipped with the relevant safety equipment – safety helmets
and boots, gloves and, where necessary, safety glasses.
Standby crew shall be placed on site during the event to open, close and in certain instances to
remove side walls. The number of standby crew shall be determined by the sizes of the
marquees/tents – the minimum number at any one time shall be two. The names and contact
numbers shall be handed to the event organizer.
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14.1.4.19.2 Action to be taken in the event of excessive wind
The person erecting the tent shall have sufficient staff, tools and equipment immediately available
on site in the case of winds in excess of 35 km/h (9,7 m/s).
In the event of winds in excess of 50 km/h (13,8 m/s) continual inspection of the tent shall be
conducted, and the occupants made aware of the evacuation procedures.
In the event of winds in excess of 95 % of the design wind load or the first signs of possible failure,
the order to evacuate shall be given immediately and the occupants moved up wind of the tent as
quickly as possible.
14.1.4.20 Public liability
Marquee-hiring contractors shall maintain public liability insurance of at least R5 million.
14.2 Choosing the supplier
14.2.1 The event organizer shall choose a competent supplier for all temporary demountable
structures to be erected and used on-site. Competent suppliers shall be able to demonstrate at
least the following:
a) a knowledge and understanding of the work involved;
b) the ability to manage/eliminate the risks involved in constructing temporary demountable

structures; and
c) employment of a suitably trained workforce.
14.2.2 It is important to note that the design of temporary demountable structures is outside
mainstream civil and structural engineering. Therefore, the design of temporary structures shall only
be carried out by suitably competent people. A competent designer shall demonstrate
a) full understanding of applicable codes and standards,
b) full understanding of the loads that the temporary demountable structures might be subjected to,
c) full understanding of the properties of the materials normally used for these structures,
d) knowledge of the skills of the people normally employed to erect these structures, and
e) full understanding of the proprietary structural elements used in these structures.
14.3 Design
14.3.1 All temporary structures shall possess adequate strength and stability, in service and during
construction.
14.3.2 The design of a temporary structure shall provide protection against falls for
a) performers – handrails shall be supplied at an appropriate height for all stage areas, platforms
and access ways,
b) workers, and
c) the attendees.
In addition, the surfaces of ramps or treads, particularly those that could become wet, shall be
covered with a slip-resistant material.
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14.4 Assembly and erection

To prevent the incorrect erection and subsequent use of temporary structures, attention shall be
paid to the following:
a) The assembly of temporary structures shall be carried out in accordance with calculations, plans
and specifications drawn up by a competent designer.
b) Apparent similarities between proprietary systems used for temporary structures might only be
cosmetic. Products from different manufacturers shall not be mixed except where means to deal
with potential hazards have been catered for.
c) Erection shall take place in a way that ensures stability at all times.
d) When practicable, temporary structures shall be erected either from the ground or from a stable
platform.
e) Many temporary demountable structures cannot be built except by climbing the framework as it
is assembled; this shall be addressed in the risk assessment and safety method statement.
f) Equipment shall be checked to ensure that it is fit for its purpose and fully complies with the
relevant standards. For example, steel items with cracked welds, bent or buckled members, or
with large amounts of corrosion shall be rejected.
g) All components shall be examined during assembly (and dismantling) for signs of wear,
deformation or other damage, and replaced, where necessary.
h) Correct alignment of components is important – they shall not be bent, distorted or otherwise
altered in order to fit. Particular attention shall be given to fastenings and connections. It is
essential to provide suitable covering for bolts and fittings that project into or adjoin audience
areas.
i) Adequate and safe earthing of any structure.
j) Where guying is used, care shall be taken to ensure that the guys and their anchors do not
cause an obstruction. All stakes or anchors shall be located or covered so that they do not create
a tripping hazard, and shall be located such that underground cables and sewers are not
damaged.
14.5 Protection against falling

Virtually every temporary demountable structure is free-standing without the benefit of support from
existing buildings or other sustainable structures. It is therefore very difficult to provide effective fall
restraint systems for the workers assembling or dismantling the top components. As in the
construction scaffold industry, maximum protection shall be provided by the selection of competent
workers who have demonstrated their aptitude for the task and who are subject to ongoing
assessment and training.
Where personal protective equipment is assessed to be the most effective means of controlling the
risk of injury, employers shall supply these to workers. Employers shall advise workers on the
usage of personal protective equipment and shall ensure that such equipment complies with
SANS 50361, SANS 50362, SANS 50363, SANS 50364 and SANS 50365.
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14.6 Protection from falling objects

While structures are being erected, the site shall be demarcated as a "no-go" area for all people
who are not part of the current construction team, where possible. Where working space is not
sufficient, applicable signs, for example, “Workers Overhead” and “Hard hat area” shall be used.
The site is a construction site and therefore the construction regulations shall apply during the set-
up and the removal of structures.
14.7 Safe handling of loads

When handling loads, the main duties of employers shall be to
a) avoid the need for manual handling of loads involving a risk of injury so far as is reasonably
practical,
b) assess the risk of injury in those operations that cannot be avoided, and
c) reduce the risk of injury to the lowest level reasonably practicable using the assessment as a
basis for action.
The assessment shall take into account a number of factors including the load, the task, the working
environment and individual capability.
Any event organizer who uses lifting equipment shall provide physical evidence (for example, a
copy of the last report of thorough examination) to health and safety inspectors to demonstrate that
the last inspection has been carried out. People who hire lifting equipment shall make sure that it is
accompanied by the necessary documentation. After positioning rigging and similar equipment, the
user shall ensure that a competent person inspects the lifting equipment before it is put into use to
make sure it is safe to operate. The user shall manage the subsequent lifting operations in a safe
manner.
The selection of suitable work equipment for particular tasks and processes makes it possible to
reduce or remove many risks to the health and safety of people at the workplace. This applies both
to the normal use of the equipment and also to other operations such as maintenance. The risk
assessment will help to select work equipment and to assess its suitability for particular tasks.
Everyone involved in erecting and dismantling temporary demountable structures shall be

appropriately trained. Training is now commercially available in safe techniques for high-level
rigging, and those working at high level shall have undergone training and assessment in
compliance with SANS 1169.
14.8 Dismantling
Dismantling of temporary demountable structures is subject to the same risks as the assembly
operation. Therefore, it shall be carried out methodically by people who are appropriately trained,
and strictly in accordance with the design documentation. Items or components shall be handed or
lowered down, never dropped or "bombed" (thrown down).
14.9 Design concept and statement

All proper designs shall have calculations to determine the loading and other forces acting on the
structure. Therefore, the designer shall be able to provide
a) a statement as to what the structure is designed to do (the concept),
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b) a list of items or connections that require particular checking each time the structure is erected,
and
c) particularly for outdoor structures, details of the methods of transferring all horizontal forces, for
example, wind load transfer back to the ground (without which the structure will not be stable).
The physical checking of temporary structures becomes much more effective and simple if the
designer's statement is available on-site.
14.10 Construction drawings

Construction drawings shall be required for all rostrums. These drawings shall be accompanied by
full calculations, design loads and any relevant test results. They shall be made available for
inspection and approval at least 14 d before the event. Supplementary details, for example, loads
from lighting and sound suppliers, might not be available until nearer to the event, in which case
“as-built” check calculations shall be made and proof of “as-built” adequacy lodged with the event
organizer.
14.11 Safety method statement

A safety method statement shall be drawn up for the erection and dismantling of any structure. This
shall be included with the initial plans and calculations. The method statement shall be specific to
the type of structure.
14.12 Certification
The event organizer, assisted by the safety coordinator, shall monitor all activities at the venue
relating to the erection and construction of temporary demountable structures to ensure that they
are erected in compliance with the manufacturer's specifications and that safety method statements
and safe working practices are followed.
The event organizer shall ensure that all structures are checked by a competent person after they
have been erected and before they are used, to make sure that they comply with the manufacturer's
drawings and specified details. If the check is carried out by someone employed by the contractor
erecting the structure, the event organizer shall verify that the checks have been carried out
effectively and have been recorded. At this stage, a handover certificate shall be issued by the
contractor to the event organizer.
All electrical installations shall be certified upon completion in accordance with SANS 10142-1.
The temporary demountable structures shall be certified only by people who are competent to do
so, such as structural engineers, or deemed competent by virtue of experience.
14.13 Before admitting the audience

Temporary demountable structures shall comply with the design documentation, before the
audience is admitted to the site. If modifications to the structure are required, the event organizer
shall liaise fully with the designer.
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14.14 Monitoring after erection
14.14.1 Temporary structures
The event organizer shall ensure that a competent person monitors a structure that is susceptible to
the effects of the weather and misuse (for example by overloading the roof structure) at all times. In
practice this means that a representative of the supplier, or other suitably qualified person, shall be
on site at all times while the temporary demountable structure is in use, either by workers or during
a performance. The ground shall be checked regularly after the structure has been erected to
confirm that no deterioration in its load bearing capacity, such as excessive settlement, has
occurred.
14.14.2 People at work
If work is to be done on a completed structure at a height, a safe access system shall be used to
ensure that maintenance and adjustments can take place. Guard rails for platforms shall normally
be provided where a drop exceeds 2 m. Where an access platform is not practicable, an alternative
means such as safety nets or a safety harness, which can protect workers from falling from working
areas, shall be provided.
14.14.3 Falling objects
Platforms higher than 1,8 m shall have either a clear space around them or a method of preventing
objects falling onto people. Where items are being passed up a structure, for example, by means of
a line or a lift, no person shall be allowed in the area immediately below or next to the loads.
14.15 Public protection against falls

Protection against falls, provided for the audience, shall not, in any circumstance, be removed,
altered or tampered with in any way.
14.16 Providing adequate lighting

Lighting shall be sufficient to enable people to move safely on temporary demountable structures.
Dazzling lights and distracting glare shall be avoided. Stairs shall be well lit in a way that ensures
that shadows are not cast over the main part of the treads. Where necessary, local lighting shall be
provided to supplement the general level of lighting available, for example, at locations of high-risk,
such as where there are unavoidable changes in level.
Since it is considered difficult to avoid this situation, it is recommended that the performers be
guided off the stage.
Lights and their fittings shall be positioned so that they do not form a hazard. Lights shall not be
allowed to become obscured. Sufficient emergency lighting shall be provided in case of partial or
complete failure of the normal lighting.
14.17 Marking of obstructions and edges

Fall protection for the edge of the performance area facing the audience is not normally provided
but the edge shall be clearly marked. Other physical obstructions, unprotected edges, edges by
gaps and stair nosing shall all be marked with luminous or reflective tape. Any such markings shall
be a minimum of 25 mm wide.
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14.18 Altering of structures

Components in temporary structures shall not be removed without first consulting the designer. If
cladding is added to structures, they might become more vulnerable to wind (adding to the loading)
and might also allow other forces to be transmitted to the temporary structure. Banners or other
types of hoarding shall never be added to a temporary structure without first consulting the
designer.
14.19 Work near temporary structures

Any ancillary operations that are carried out close to temporary structures shall not affect the
stability of those structures. Where trenches are to be dug they shall be placed at a sufficient
distance from a temporary structure so as not to undermine or adversely affect stability.
14.20 Managing the loads

Loads on temporary demountable structures can be applied in various ways. It is important to
ensure that they do not exceed the design loads. Therefore, adequate measures shall be taken to
prevent overloading by
a) people (due to overcrowding any part of a temporary demountable structure),
b) unauthorized additions such as banners, hoardings, projection screens, scrims and scenic
facades, and
c) equipment such as lighting, special effects, sound systems, video and TV screens.
Banners, hoardings, projection screens, scrims and scenic facades shall only be added to
temporary demountable structures with the consent of the designer.
14.21 Roofs, stages, seating and platforms
14.21.1 Seating stands
The following requirements for seating stands, including bleachers, retractables, scaffolding, type
seating, flat seats, decks, mobile seating, and trailers apply:
a) seating stands shall comply with SANS 1169;
b) drawings shall be submitted to and approved by a structural engineer before construction;
c) drawings shall be submitted timeously to the relevant local authority/council for written approval;
d) access and egress shall be clear of obstruction;
e) drawings shall indicate seats, aisles/walkways, stairs and clearance capability;
f) a whole stand shall be able to be cleared within 8 min;
g) before the erection of any stand for seating, the ground shall be tested by means of a damp-
proof course test to ensure its suitability.
h) slopes of up to 1:6 are considered safe. An engineering certificate shall be obtained when
radical slopes are to be used;
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i) jacks shall be centred on sole boards that are a minimum of 450 mm long by 45 mm thick by
228 mm wide);
j) the load shall be spread evenly on soft sand, beaches etc. by the use of sole boards;
k) the proper equipment that is cleaned, painted and that complies with design requirements shall
be used for each installation. No protruding sharp objects shall be present on the installation;
l) all required bracing shall be installed and placed in all required directions (such as plan,
longitudinal, face, sway, diagonal and front to rear). All fittings shall be properly tightened;
m) seats shall be properly secured and in good condition. If seats are fastened together, the
maximum number of seats shall not exceed 30 seats between aisles. No person shall be
allowed to obstruct the aisles;
n) front and middle cross-over walkways shall be clear of any obstruction and no person shall be
allowed to sit in a walkway;
o) proper support to walkway boards (reinforced support members) capable of bearing anticipated
2
loadings (a minimum of 500 kg/m with a minimum factor of safety (FoS) of 2) shall be ensured.
Proper stair facilities for access and egress shall be available;
p) guard rails shall consist of at least a knee rail and a handrail. A bottom rail and the use of fence
barriers could be considered as well, and shall be strong enough to withstand a minimum
horizontal force of 300 kN and shall be correctly spaced. Children shall not be allowed to climb
or hang on the rails and barriers;
q) in the interest of public safety appropriate warning signs shall be displayed (see SANS 7001);
and
r) wind loadings on shade netting and advertising boards shall be taken into account. If a structure
is covered on all four sides with shade netting or advertising boards (or both), an opening shall
be provided for inspection purposes.
14.21.2 Scaffolding for lighting towers and special effects
Scaffolding for lighting towers and special effects shall comply with SANS 10085-1. Annex D
provides a basic checklist for scaffold inspections.
If lighting or sound equipment (or both) is hung on scaffold towers, correct load bearing beams shall
be used.
If loads of more than 320 kg/m2 are to be installed, a structural engineer shall be consulted for the
design of the load bearing scaffold towers.
Scaffold erectors and scaffolding supervisors shall be competent, correctly trained and in
possession of a certificate to carry out their work.
14.21.3 Platforms, public decks, skyboxes, floor levelling and decks for marquees
Drawings for the construction of platforms, public decks, skyboxes, floor levelling and decks for
marquees shall be approved by a structural engineer.
Properly reinforced load bearing members shall be used to support a deck carrying a minimum load
of 500 kg/m2.
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14.21.4 Screens (plasma, video, LED, LCD, etc)
Correct scaffolding or tubular structures for the erection of screens shall be used and approved by a
structural engineer. Wind loadings shall be taken into account. All electrical equipment shall be
earthed correctly.
Counterweights to counter overturning of the structure shall be installed. Overturning moments shall
be considered by the engineer. The platform shall be installed on reinforced load bearers and shall
be designed and checked for point and uniformly distributed loads (UDLs). Loads shall be spread
across the complete platform using sole boards or appropriate timber-spreaders. All screens shall
be positively attached to the structure. The use of rope is not acceptable. Truck straps could be
used. The outside perimeter shall be fixed by a bolt and nut or proper mechanical system. The
structure shall be made waterproof.
The control booth shall have line of sight to the stage.
Emergency/standby power arrangements shall be in place.
No member of the public shall be allowed access to the screen area. The effect of wind on frame
and fabric type screens shall be taken into account. If projectors are used they shall be mounted on
a proper structure.
14.21.5 TV platforms/camera towers
Scaffolding for TV platforms/camera towers shall be erected in accordance with SANS 10085-1.
The following safety measures shall be in place:
a) earth spikes to earth the structure;
b) lightening conductors (if needed, depending upon the risk assessment);
c) anti-slip tape installed on stair edges, platform edges and any other surfaces that may become
slippery due to dew or rain;
d) proper roof canopy structures to prevent risk of electrocution of operators and damage to
equipment;
e) the camera tower base size shall be stable. The base dimension of the tower shall be a
minimum of one third of the height of the tower. The use of guy ropes for extra stability is
recommended;
f) wooden or rubber mat platform covering;
g) the use of knee rails is only permitted for the area in front of the camera, provided that a risk
assessment has been done and the operator has been given a safety briefing that is
documented and signed off. Handrails shall be installed around the rest of the platform. It is
recommended that a safety harness be used; and
h) a jib arm to hoist camera equipment.
NOTE Staircases with handrails are recommended. Ladder beams are unsafe and should be avoided.
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14.21.6 Crane jibs/giraffes/remote control boom arms
The support structure shall be designed to support loads. If a rail track is used, it shall be barricaded
to prevent public access.
14.21.7 Mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs), scissor lifts and boom lifts
a) no person operates MEWPs, scissor lifts and boom lifts unless he/she is in possession of a
certificate of training issued by an approved organization (see SANS 16368, SANS 18878 and
SANS 18893),
b) the operator only operates the type of MEWP, scissor lift and boom lift for which he/she has
been declared competent, and
c) MEWPs, scissor lifts and boom lifts have valid certificates of inspection and testing, issued by an
LMI.
14.21.8 Platforms/ramps for persons with disabilities
The slope of platforms/ramps for persons with disabilities shall be not more than 1:15. The surface
shall be non-slip and the width shall be a minimum of 1,5 m. Handrails shall be fitted and seating
shall be provided for assistants (pushers of wheelchairs etc.).
The line of sight for and location (being too close to speakers or too close to toilet facilities) of
persons with disabilities on the platform shall be taken into account.
14.21.9 Sanitation
Different types of portable sanitation units are available on the market, such as
rockets/portaloos/polyjohns, executive trailer units (two toilets per unit, usually towed by a light duty
vehicle (LDV)) and modular-building type units (normally consisting of urinals and toilets).
Screening shall be provided around the ablution area. Access shall be provided for the vacuum
tanker (also known as a honey sucker in industry) to get to the units to clear and clean them. Time
restriction shall be taken into consideration for access of the vacuum tanker.
Separate facilities should be provided for male and female attendees, where possible.
Cleaning staff should be assigned for the maintenance of the ablution facilities.
When siting ablution facilities, the effect of wind, heat, cold, rain, smell, sun and slope, and
aesthetic aspects shall be taken into account.
Ablution facilities that are suitable for use by persons with disabilities shall be taken into
consideration.
14.21.10 Screened barriers
Screened barriers refer to speed fencing, scaffolding barriers and any other barrier that are used to
channel crowds and that have shade netting or advertising boards attached, which constitute a wind
trap.
The covering porosity to wind shall be considered. The density of shade nets (80 %, 50 %, etc.)
shall also be taken into account.
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14.21.11 Sound dampers around generators
Occasionally generators will be required as standby or backup power. It may be necessary to

dampen the noise created by generators through the use of screens for the residents of nearby
homes, or the set-up.
Bales of hay are a good acoustic insulation material but consideration shall be given to the fire
hazard that might be created, the possibility of damp and the removal of the bales.
14.21.12 Caravans
The regular use of caravans for accommodation at events should be considered. The following shall
be taken into account:
a) ablution facilities;
b) power;
c) the size of stands;
d) access and egress; and
e) the ecological impact.
14.21.13 Temporary modular buildings (TMBs)
Temporary modular buildings (TMBs) are transported on heavy trucks. The TMBs are bulky and
require cranes and special jacks with spreader bars to be moved. Ground (as level as possible) and
site conditions (wet, slippery grass or paving) shall be taken into account when planning the siting of
these units.
The TMB units usually need power for air conditioning, computers, plugs, radios, etc.
14.21.14 Light duty frame towers
Light duty frame towers are easily erected mobile scaffold towers and are only suitable for light duty
work such as changing light bulbs, providing access to heights, and general maintenance work.
They are not suitable for use as load bearing structures such as those that support PA systems and
roofs.
Correct components such as castor wheels, plan and knee braces, toeboards, trap doors, tie bars
and steel board have to be used when erecting these towers. The maximum height for safe use is
three times the minimum base dimension, i.e. 3 m × 3 m = maximum height of 9 m. (See figure 1.)
Weight bearing capacities shall be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification. A sign
with the maximum load bearing capacity shall be affixed to each tower.
A scaffold tag detailing information relating to the scaffold shall also be affixed to the tower (see
SANS 10085-1).
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Figure 1 — Tubular steel mobile tower (interlocking frame scaffolding)
14.21.15 Aluminium zip towers
Aluminium zip towers are light duty easily erected mobile scaffold towers. They are only suitable for
light duty work such as changing light bulbs, providing access to heights, and general maintenance
work.
The maximum free-standing height as recommended by the manufacturer shall be adhered to.
Generally, this height should be not more than 12,5 m.
Outriggers shall be used on any tower higher than 6 m. Steel and aluminium shall not be mixed as
this will cause reactive corrosion.
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Weight bearing capacities shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification. A sign with
the maximum load bearing capacity shall be affixed to each tower.
A scaffold tag detailing information relating to the scaffold shall also be affixed to the tower (see
SANS 10085-1).
14.21.16 Ladders
14.21.16.1 Ladders intended for domestic shall not be used in a commercial application. Users of
ladders shall adhere to rated loadings.
14.21.16.2 Ladder inspections shall be carried out on a monthly basis and records shall be kept in
accordance with the relevant national occupational health and safety legislation (see foreword).
14.21.16.3 Ladders shall have the following minimum safety features:
a) non-slip feet;
b) securely fixed extensions and guides;
c) correct extension guide ropes; and
d) correct d-ring shapes for stiles.
14.21.16.4 Extra care shall be taken when using double or triple extension ladders.
14.21.16.5 Cognizance shall be taken of the ladder's positioning in the height to perpendicular
ratio.
15 Barriers
15.1 General
Barriers at events serve several different purposes. They can provide physical security, as in the
case of a high perimeter fence at an outdoor concert, or be used to prevent the audience climbing
on top of mixer towers, etc. They can also be used to relieve and prevent the build-up of audience
pressures, for example, a properly constructed front-of-stage barrier enables those suffering
physical distress to be reached and helped more easily.
Barriers will always be subject to loading and shall therefore be designed to withstand right angle
and parallel loads in line with the probable pressures. Account shall be taken of the nature of the
loading, for example, surging.
NOTE Where barriers are used two risk assessments are needed. The first assessment identifies the need for
barriers and the second assessment evaluates the risks created by barriers.
15.2 Front-of-stage barrier

The event organizer shall assess whether a front-of-stage barrier is needed and what form it should
take. If audience pressure is anticipated a front-of-stage barrier shall be installed. Factors to be
taken into account include audience density, the likely behaviour and size of the audience and the
nature of the venue. For most concerts, some form of front-of-stage barrier will be required.
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Audience pressure is normally greatest at the front-of-stage barrier. If the audience surges, dynamic
loads might be considerable, but such pressure is momentary and has to date not been identified as
the cause of serious injury. Audience pressure might cause fainting and exhaustion that might
necessitate first-aid treatment and that are often aggravated by other factors such as heat, alcohol
abuse and hysteria. However, there is a risk that the audience might "collapse" due to surging or
heaving motions near the front of the stage, resulting in people falling to the ground and being
trampled and perhaps asphyxiated. A suitably designed and constructed barrier arrangement can
help to reduce the risk of collapse.
NOTE Studies have shown that asphyxia is a leading cause of death in crowd crush disasters. Asphyxia is
due to prolonged pressure on the body and happens mostly to women and children.
15.3 The pit

The pit is the area between the stage and the front-of-stage barrier and shall be designed to assist
the work of stewards and emergency care practitioners. An important role of stewards is to extract
members of the audience who are in distress. The pit shall have a non-slip unobstructed working
area behind the barrier that is large enough to allow persons in the pit to lift members of the
audience into the pit. Some form of raised platform inside the barrier can enable stewards and other
officials to oversee the audience and identify anyone in distress. Entrances or exits from the pit shall
be unobstructed to allow stretcher-bearers clear access to a medical or first-aid point away from the
pit area. Pit exits shall be at least 1,1 m wide.
The pit area shall be kept clear of anyone other than stewards and emergency care practitioners.
Any arrangements for TV film crew or photographers to work in the pit area shall be planned to
ensure that their activity will not interfere with the work of stewards or first-aid staff.
A concert that is held "in the round" with a standing audience requires special arrangements for a
pit area. The provision of an unobstructed escape corridor enables members of the audience to be
lifted over the barrier and to be led away from the pit. However, care needs to be taken to avoid
creating a point where people can be trapped between the escape corridor and the barrier. A
method shall be planned to enable people to return to the arena after having been lifted into the pit.
15.4 Construction of front-of-stage barriers

Modern barrier systems rely on a tread plate at the front to maintain their stability. They are
normally free-standing but if used outdoors they might be fixed to the stage structure with couplers.
Fixing by couplers is only appropriate if the stage is designed to resist the imposed lateral load.
All barriers shall be designed to comply with the necessary loadings. Checks shall be made by a
competent person to ensure that, when erected, the barrier complies with the design criteria.
To prevent injuries barriers shall be smooth with no rough edges, protruding edges or trapping
points for feet and hands, especially when under load.
Barriers fitted with a tread plate or floor panel shall have a ramped approach or any similar
arrangement to reduce the risk of tripping.
There shall be a reasonable distance between the front-of-stage barrier and the edge of the stage.
Under no circumstances shall it be less than 1 m and should often be considerably more for outdoor
events.
The distance shall be determined by the risk assessment. The calculations shall be done by a
competent person.
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15.5 Shape of front-of-stage barriers

If a venue has restricted space, a straight barrier is suitable. However, for large concerts,
particularly those outdoors, a convex barrier extending towards the audience might be preferable. In
such circumstances, the barrier shall consist of short, straight sections installed at angles to one
another to form a curve across the main performance area, extending to the ends of the side
stages. It shall be erected in conjunction with escapes to the right and the left of the stage. Concave
stage barriers shall not be used as people could be trapped between a curved barrier and a straight
barrier. The risk assessment will determine the most appropriate barrier to be used.
A curved barrier can provide the following additional safety benefits:
a) dissipation of audience surges away from the centre of the stage;
b) assistance in emergency exits;
c) provision of a wider front row sight line;
d) improved performer safety by placing a greater distance between the stage and the barrier,
therefore making it difficult for members of the audience to reach the stage; and
e) provision of a wider area for stewards and first aiders to operate within the pit.
15.6 Barrier around thrusts

A thrust is a section of the stage, which projects from the main body of the stage towards the
audience. Where thrusts extend towards the audience, a barrier shall be provided that complies
with the design criteria and loading factors for a front-of-stage barrier. It is advisable to construct a
thrust in such a way that it does not create poor sight lines. Care shall be taken to ensure that such
stage designs do not result in concave trapping points from which audience members cannot
escape.
With less conventional venue layouts that have in-the-round stages, “B” stages (a second stage)
and other satellite performance spaces, it is important to design the barrier systems to avoid
penning people in and creating trapping points.
15.7 Multiple-barrier systems

For large events, it might be possible to use a multiple-barrier system (i.e. double or triple barriers in
front of the stage). If such a system is required, arrangements for emergency evacuation shall be
agreed upon with the relevant authorities. Multiple-barrier systems are not suitable for all venues;
for instance, controlled side escapes might be difficult to incorporate in some venues. Penning of
audiences in flat, open areas by means other than the systems described below might also create
difficulties in evacuation and is considered unsafe.
Where multiple-barrier systems are used, the barriers shall form a convex curve towards the
audience with exits at both ends. The provision of a corridor or area behind each curved barrier will
give stewards and first aiders adequate access to the audience along the length of the barriers.
Multiple-barrier systems shall comply with the required minimum loading.
With a very enthusiastic audience, it is likely that many of the problems normally encountered at the
front-of-stage barrier will be experienced at the barrier furthest from the stage. It is therefore
essential that adequate numbers of emergency medical personnel and stewards be provided.
However, because of the wider sight line potential (75 % in some cases) and the increased
distances from the stage, the incidence of audience surge and crushing might be reduced. The risk
assessment will determine the type of barrier to be used.
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16 Planning for electrical installations and lighting

16.1 Electrical installation and lighting
When the event organizer provides electrical facilities, they shall be installed in accordance with
SANS 10142-1.
The event organizer shall establish adequate lighting levels by means of a risk assessment (see
clause 6) and shall provide lighting. In many circumstances the electrical supply might be of a
temporary nature, but this does not mean that it can be substandard or of an inferior quality to a
permanent installation. Only a competent electrician shall carry out electrical work.
16.2 Planning
The event organizer shall consider the following factors when planning the electrical installation:
a) the location of any existing overhead power lines or buried cables;

b) the total power requirements for the site;
c) access to a network power supply;
d) the use of generators;
e) earthing;
f) positioning of temporary overhead or underground cables;
g) the location of the stages;
h) the main isolators that control the electrical supplies to the stage lighting, sound, special effects,
emergency lighting, and lifting equipment;
i) the location of mixer positions etc.;
j) special power supplies for some equipment, for example, equipment from the USA that operates
on 117 VAC nominal, 60 Hz;
k) power supplies required for hoists, portable tools, etc.;
l) the electrical requirements for emergency lighting and exit signs;
m) power supplies for catering equipment, emergency care points, incident control rooms, CCTV
cameras, etc.; and
n) power supplies for heating or air conditioning.
16.3 Installation
The main electrical intake and generator enclosure shall be located where it is accessible for normal
operations or emergencies, but segregated from the public areas of the venue. Danger warning
signs shall be displayed around the intake or enclosure.
Cable runs from generators shall be carefully planned and monitored so that they do not obstruct
the safe movement of people, and that cables are not exposed to damage from vehicles, fork-lifts
trucks, etc.
All electrical equipment that might be exposed to the weather, for example, consumer units and
distribution boards, shall be protected by means of suitable and sufficient covers, enclosures or
shelters. As far as practicable, all electrical equipment shall be located so that it cannot be touched
by members of the public or unauthorized workers.
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On completion of the electrical installation it shall be inspected and tested in accordance with
SANS 10142-1 and the procedures laid down in the relevant national health and safety legislation
(see foreword) and electrical and construction regulations. A certificate of compliance shall be
issued by a competent person after a load test has been done and a load shedding plan has been
developed.
16.4 Cabling
Temporary overhead cables, whether they are carrying mains voltage, communication, or television
signals, shall be securely fixed or supported by a catenary wire. The catenary wire and cables shall
be placed out of reach of members of the public. The catenary wire shall be bonded to the earthing
system of the cable supported. The cables shall be suspended from the catenary wire by means of
suitable hangers spaced at regular intervals to provide adequate support to the cable. Advisory
notices warning of the location of the overhead cables and the voltage being carried shall be clearly
displayed.
If it is necessary to run cables underground, cables shall be placed far enough underground to
protect against
a) crushing by vehicles,
b) damage by machinery, equipment or tools, and
c) other mechanical damage (for example, damage by members of the public).
If cables have to be run on the surface they shall be protected against sharp edges or crushing by
heavy loads, for example, by covering them with ramps or rubber mats. Ramps shall be
conspicuously marked to avoid tripping hazards.
16.5 Electricity utility and cables

Overhead or underground electricity supply cables belonging to an electricity supply company might
cross the site, or its access roads. If this is so, precautions shall be taken to avoid danger from
these cables.
Overhead cables and cable bridges shall have adequate clearance to allow safe access to vehicles.
Emergency and abnormal-height vehicles shall be taken into account.
16.6 Access to electrical equipment

The event organizer shall ensure that there is a clear working space to allow access to
a) control switches and equipment,
b) amplification equipment,
c) special effects equipment,
d) follow spots,
e) dimmers, and
f) high-voltage discharge lighting, such as neon lighting.
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The main control equipment and items specified above shall be clearly identified, and their locations
marked on a plan to be located in the incident control area.
Switchgear shall be protected to prevent access by unauthorized people. Where switchgear is

installed in a locked enclosure, specific personnel shall be appointed to operate the equipment to
comply safely with any request made by the emergency services.
16.7 Generators
If generators are to be used, their location and accessibility for refuelling purposes shall be planned.
Storage of the fuel and accessibility for further fuel deliveries shall be taken into account.
The generator and its fuel shall not be accessible to members of the public or other unauthorized
people and should be fenced. If the venue is located close to a residential area the noise-levels
factor shall be taken into account. If this is excessive, silenced generators shall be used.
It is important that the earthing of mobile generators for outdoor events be carefully considered and
carried out.
The correct mains isolation systems shall be in place where generators are used.
16.8 Electricity to the stage area and effects lighting

The electricity supply to the stage shall be controlled by a switch or switches and installed in a
position accessible at all times to authorized people.
Sufficient fixed socket outlets shall be provided within the stage area to avoid using flexible
extension leads and multi-socket outlets, where possible. Fixed socket outlets can be either
permanent or on properly mounted temporary distribution boards. It is also recommended that
equipment be located within 2 m of a fixed socket outlet to avoid needing long trailing leads.
Any lantern or other suspended lighting equipment shall have a suitable safety chain or safety wire
fitted. The weight of any flown lighting equipment shall not exceed the SWL of the securing points.
No flown or suspended equipment, including lighting bars and amplification equipment, shall rely
solely on one suspension cable, clamp or bolt. Each means of suspension shall be secured to
independent fixing points on the flown equipment and the structure.
If lighting equipment and other apparatus likely to reach high temperatures are located close to
scenery and other combustible materials, the necessity of guarding to prevent fire shall be
assessed.
16.9 Normal lighting circuits

All parts of an outdoor venue shall, unless not intended to be used in the absence of adequate
daylight, be provided with suitable levels of artificial light. The lighting of the emergency medical
centre, information area/marquees, pedestrian access to car parks, car park areas, toilets, and
access routes to public highways shall be planned.
16.10 Emergency lighting circuits

In addition to the normal lighting arrangement, emergency lighting shall be provided as determined
by the general risk assessment and the fire-risk assessment. These assessments shall cover all
possible hazards associated with the venue, for example, pits, holes, trenches and ditches. The
provision of emergency lighting within generator enclosures, the main electrical in-take, or main
area of isolation shall be taken into account.
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The emergency lighting supply shall be provided from a source of electricity independent of that of
the normal lighting. The emergency lighting shall be of a maintained type (continuously lit), which
includes the exit signs located around the venue for directional purposes, and located above the
final exit doors. The emergency-lighting arrangements and all exit signs throughout the venue shall
be in accordance with the relevant national health and safety legislation (see foreword) and
electrical and construction regulations.
Any source of supply used for providing emergency lighting shall be capable of maintaining the full
light load as determined by the event risk assessment and the major incident plans prepared for the
event, in case of a mains failure. It is important to keep any battery used for this purpose in a fully
charged condition whenever the venue is in use.
16.11 Management of lighting circuits

The normal and emergency lighting systems shall be installed so that a fault or accident arising in
one system cannot jeopardize the other systems. Suitable provision shall be made to enable repairs
to be undertaken if a part of these lighting systems fail. Both the normal lighting circuits and
emergency lighting circuits, including generators, shall be protected from acts of vandalism.
Dimming equipment shall be located in an approved position, and shall be under the continuous
supervision of a competent person when the venue is open to members of the public.
16.12 Lighting levels for emergency exits

All parts of the venue to which people have access shall be provided with normal and emergency
lighting, capable of giving sufficient light for people to leave safely as determined by the risk
assessment. Additional emergency lighting that operates in a maintained mode to the gangways
passing through temporary seating structures shall be provided. For stairways, gangways/corridors,
exit doorways, gates, etc, the average lighting level shall be 20 lux and the minimum shall be 5 lux.
16.13 Portable electrical appliances

Portable electrical equipment is defined as equipment that is not part of a fixed installation but is, or
is intended to be, connected to a fixed installation or a generator by means of a flexible cable and
either a plug and socket or a spur box, or similar means. Any person that might bring portable
electrical equipment onto the site shall be able to demonstrate that the electrical equipment is
maintained correctly and has been subjected to routine inspection and testing.
17 Facilities
17.1 General
17.1.1 The event organizer shall ensure that merchandising stalls and stands are considered in all
aspects of the planning and management of the event.
17.1.2 The event organizer shall consider the following matters when planning the venue or site
design:
a) the position, size and space requirements of the merchandising stalls or stands within the arena
or venue to ensure that entrance and exit audience flows are not obstructed, or cause an
audience build-up at any strategic point;
b) whether stands and stalls are of a fixed or temporary nature;
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c) proper erection of any structures and compliance with any structural integrity requirements (see
clause 14), as well as requirements in respect of fire safety (see clause 9);
d) power supplies, if required, need to be considered part of the overall electrical supplies of the
event (see 16.1);
e) any vehicle or vehicle movements associated with the stands or stalls;
f) allocation of parking spaces and camping accommodation for people working at the stalls or
stands;
f) waste accumulation and collection;
g) security arrangements; and
h) public liability and insurance certificates available on-site.
The event organizer shall ensure that people working on merchandising stalls and stands are
informed of the site safety rules particularly in relation to the equipment that can or cannot be
brought onto site or within the arena or venue. They shall also be made aware of the space
allocated to them on-site and that they shall adhere to allotted space. Provision shall be made for
storage of merchandising. Escape routes, emergency exits, etc. shall be avoided when storing
merchandise. The allocated spaces shall be approved by the local authorities and fire services. The
storage areas shall be included on the site plan.
17.2 Setting up, operation and dismantling
17.2.1 The event organizer shall ensure that all relevant safety information is provided to all
workers by
a) briefing all the people running the stalls and stands about safety matters and potential hazards
on site,
b) defining responsibilities for health and safety and agreeing upon methods of communication with
the merchandisers, and
c) handing a copy of the site safety rules to the merchandisers when they arrive on site and ensure
that they and any subcontractors are informed of the site safety rules.
The relevant safety clauses shall form part of the contract with the merchandiser. The merchandiser
shall ensure that the safety documentation is signed by his/her workers. The workers shall know the
relevant safety information.
17.2.2 The event organizer shall check any public and products liability insurance certificates. The
operation time of the merchandising stands shall be agreed upon with the operator and procedures
to be taken in the event of a major incident or contingency shall be explained. Any gas or electrical
equipment brought onto site by merchandisers shall be accompanied by relevant reports and have
undergone the recommended testing. All gas and electrical equipment shall comply with safety
requirements.
17.2.3 In the case of permanent sites, information on health and safety policies within the
premises will already be in place. Therefore, the procedures shall be followed at all times by all
concerned.
17.2.4 Stewards working on behalf of the merchandisers, and who do not form part of the event
stewarding teams, shall be approved by the event organizer and involved in the event briefing and
the agreed lines of communication and coordinating activities. The use of radios shall be discussed
to avoid conflicting frequencies.
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17.3 Merchandising and special licensing

The event organizer shall plan and manage the following:
a) the merchandising facilities, which include the structure of the stalls or stands;
b) the space requirements;
c) the setting up, dismantling and operation of the stall or stand;
d) the items for sale as merchandising; and
e) a liquor licence, where applicable.
17.4 Catering facilities
17.4.1 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

LPG is the main source of fuel for outside catering operations. The event organizer shall ensure that
a) operators that use LPG can demonstrate a basic understanding of its safe use, its
characteristics and emergency procedures,
b) LPG is installed, handled and stored in accordance with SANS 10087-1 or SANS 10087-3. A
certificate of compliance shall be issued on completion of the gas installation, and
c) supplies of LPG, whether in compounds or within catering operations, are secure from
interference by the audience.
17.4.2 Flammable liquids

17.4.2.1 The volumes of flammable liquids given in table 2 shall be kept at any one time on the
premises during the event and shall not be exceeded.
Table 2 — Volumes of flammable liquids allowed on premises
1 2 3 4
Volume Flash point Boiling point
Example of liquid
L °C °C
Petrol 100 lower that 35
Acetone 420 lower than 23 higher than 35
Paraffin and diesel 1 100 between 23 and 60,5 higher than 35
17.4.2.2 Flammable liquids shall be stored only in containers (200 L or less in volume) that were
manufactured specifically for that liquid. Such containers shall only be openable by special tools
that are not available to members of the public, at the premises.
17.4.2.3 Decanted flammable liquid shall be stored in closed, purpose-designed containers only.
These containers shall be secured from public interference and accidental overturning when not in
use.
17.4.2.4 Flammable liquids stored in drums shall be decanted by means of purpose-designed

pumps only. Decanting of flammable liquids from portable containers shall be done only from
purpose designed portable containers.
17.4.2.5 If containers larger than 200 L are needed, permanent above-ground storage tanks for
petroleum products that comply with the requirements of SANS 10131 shall be installed.
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17.4.3 Electrical installations
The event organizer shall ensure that electrical installations
a) are of a suitable rated power output for the intended use,
b) have been tested and certified by a competent person,
c) are sited in a well-ventilated place away from LPG cylinders and combustible material,
d) are adequately guarded to avoid accidental contact by people or combustible material,
e) have cables and sockets that are appropriate for their intended use,
f) are protected by an earth leakage device,
g) have cables that do not create a trip hazard,
h) have generators that are fuelled and re-fuelled in a safe manner, and
i) have fuel for generators that is stored in a safe manner in suitable containers.
17.4.4 Fire fighting
The event organizer shall provide suitable portable fire-fighting equipment at the catering operation
dependent on the activity type. The equipment shall comply with the requirements of SANS 1475
(all parts). No combustible materials shall be allowed to accumulate next to any catering outlets.
Suitable equipment levels are as follows:
a) for non-cooking: a 2 kg dry-powder extinguisher;
b) for cooking: a 4,5 kg dry-powder extinguisher and a 1 m2 light-duty fire blanket; and
c) for deep-fat frying: a 9 L foam-type fire extinguisher and a 1 m2 light-duty fire blanket.
18 Refreshments
18.1 Food safety
The event organizer shall ensure that there is safe delivery, storage, preparation and sale of food
that comply with food safety regulations and that are signed off by the environmental health
authority.
18.2 Drinking water

The event organizer shall provide a supply of drinking water within easy access of the attendees
and all catering operations. At outdoor sites (one-day events) a general guideline is one water outlet
per 3 000 people and one outlet per 10 caterers, provided that they are in the same area.
Free drinking water that is accessible to the attendees at sufficient points shall be provided at all
events, especially at open-air concerts and dance events, owing to the volume of people, confined
conditions and the weather.
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All water points shall
a) have unobstructed access,
b) be clearly marked, and
c) be clearly lit at night if the event continues after dark.
Generally, all water shall be provided from a mains supply, but if this is not possible then bowsers
are permissible, provided that they are suitable for the purpose. All water dispensing equipment
shall be clean, well maintained and suitable. It is considered good practice to sample and test
temporary water supplies for bacteriological safety, especially those provided at outdoor events.
Drinking water shall comply with SANS 241.
18.3 Alcohol and bar area

Alcohol falls under the definition of foodstuffs. The use and selling of alcohol shall comply with the
requirements of the relevant national legislation on food safety, catering and hygiene (see foreword)
and also regional and municipal regulations and by-laws.
a) the structure used for the selling of alcohol, usually marquees or tents, complies with structural
requirements (see clause 14),
b) the operation is designed to allow the free flow of people to and from the bar areas to prevent
congestion and crushing hazards (this might involve the use of suitable barriers, provided that
consideration has been given to the barriers becoming a hazard in themselves),
c) electrical installations comply with relevant legislation,
d) suitable and sufficient lighting is provided,
e) risk assessments for food and health and safety have been carried out,
f) carbon dioxide cylinders are suitably secured,
g) chemicals to clean pipelines are appropriately handled and stored,
h) the type of containers that drinks are served in comply with any site/event specifications. For
example, a no-glass policy could be followed, where no cans and bottles, including plastic
bottles, are sold at events, and only paper or plastic cups are used,
i) there is a suitable means of disposal for glass bottles or any container used to decant drinks
before serving,
j) bar areas are kept free of litter and the floors are cleared of spillages, and
k) if a token system is used instead of cash, the "change areas" need to be separate from the bar
service area.
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18.4 Pit area

The event organizer shall ensure that there is an adequate supply of drinking water points in the pit
area, together with an adequate supply of plastic or paper cups. The number of drinking water
points will be determined by the risk assessment.
If storage containers are used to supply water, they should be of sufficient capacity and number for
the anticipated needs of the attendees within the first 5 m of the pit barrier. Pit area water points
shall not be within the reach of the attendees.
18.5 Drainage
Suitable drainage that complies with by-laws shall be provided for the catering and the wash-up
area. Drainage shall not cause ecological damage.
The ground surrounding all water points shall be well drained or provision shall be made to "bridge"
any flooded areas.
Drainage shall be discharged to a sewer or a suitable temporary collection point for later disposal.
No grey water shall be discharged into the environment. Any disposal other than directly into the
sewer shall be approved by the local authority.
19 Amusements, attractions and promotional displays

19.1 When the event organizer wishes to include amusement activities at the event, he/she should
obtain the required safety information about the activities from the operator. This is to ensure that
the siting and operation of the amusement does not
a) compromise safety in relation to the overall risk assessment for the event,
b) block the emergency access routes, or
c) cause attendee congestion problems.
19.2 The event organizer shall consider the following points when incorporating any amusement
activity as part of the overall entertainment:
a) Advice shall be obtained from the operator about the particular hazards associated with the
amusement activity or attraction, and copies of the operator's own risk assessment and safety
information shall be requested. The information shall be incorporated into the overall risk
assessment for the event.
b) Advice shall be obtained from the relevant enforcement authority about the particular
amusement activity. Local authority officers and inspectors shall have up-to-date information
concerning hazards that have been reported about a particular amusement activity.
c) The event organizer shall check the competence of the operator against the following criteria:
1) if the operator is able to demonstrate compliance with the relevant national health and
safety legislation (see foreword);
2) if the operator is a member of a professional body;
3) if the operator has current insurance;
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4) if the operator has a current certificate of a thorough examination from an inspection body;
5) is the operator experienced in operating the amusement activity; and
6) what safety information can the operator supply in relation to the amusement activity.
d) Information concerning the safe operation of the amusement activity should also be given to
other contractors working at the event who might be affected. The power type and closest
distribution point shall be considered when approving and siting the activity.
e) Appropriate setting-up times, operating times and dismantling times shall be determined.
Amusements should be set up before the attendees enter or approach the event. The
amusement equipment shall not be dismantled until all attendees have left or are at a safe
distance. Vehicle movements are often prohibited during events and amusement operators shall
be informed about this policy.
f) Suitable space shall be allocated for the amusement activity. Space is one of the most important
considerations for any amusement activity. This does not just include space on the ground but
often space above. Obstacles such as large trees, overhead-cables and power lines can cause
major hazards. The sides and rear amusement equipment might need barriers to prevent the
attendees from being exposed to hazardous parts of the equipment.
g) When planning the positioning of the amusement activity, emergency access routes as well as
space for the attendees who might be queuing for the amusement activity shall be taken into
account. Space might be needed for family, friends and others to comfortably watch the
amusement activity.
h) The main event and other amusement activities shall be so coordinated that the attendees
remain well managed.
i) Availability of natural light might also be an important safety factor in the operation of some
amusement activities, particularly where colour-dependent safety features are used.
j) Promotional displays in or around an event shall be properly secured to prevent them from being
dislodged by adverse weather conditions.
20 Sanitary facilities
20.1 Sanitary facilities for attendees
The event organizer shall make provision for adequate sanitary facilities for the event detailing the
number, placement, maintenance and sewage disposal of the units, for the expected number and
movement of the attendees and event workers. Provision shall also be made for people with
disabilities where these have been identified.
Toilets shall be readily visible, lit, and clearly signed from all parts of the venue. The areas and,
where appropriate, the individual sanitary units, shall be adequately lit at night and during the day, if
required. The recommended minimum lighting level is 100 lux for general toilet areas and 200 lux
for wheelchair-accessible toilets.
Toilets shall be regularly maintained, repaired and serviced throughout the event by using suitably
experienced and competent workers to ensure that the toilets are kept safe, clean and hygienic.
Toilets shall be supplied with adequate toilet paper, in a holder or dispenser at all times.
Arrangements shall be made for the rapid clearance of any blockages.
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Temporary mains units can be used if a sewer, drain, septic tank, or cesspool is available, provided
that an adequate water supply and adequate water pressure are available. Re-circulating self-
contained units are not reliant on the availability of drains or water services. Provision shall be made
for servicing vehicles and safe access.
General guidelines for the provision of toilet facilities for a music event are given in table 3. These
guidelines might be too high for short-duration/"non-peak" events, such as country fairs and garden
parties, or too low for events with high levels of fluid consumption or for camping events.
Table 3 — Number of toilet facilities
1 2 3 4
For events with a gate-opening time of 6 h or For events with a gate-opening time of less than
more 6h
Female attendees Male attendees Female attendees Male attendees
One toilet per 100 One toilet per 500 male One toilet per 120 female One toilet per 600 male
female attendees attendees, plus one urinal attendees attendees, plus one urinal
per 150 male attendees per 175 male attendees
The provision of sanitary facilities shall also relate to the expected number of people with disabilities
attending the event. It is suggested that one toilet with hand-washing facilities be provided per 75
people with disabilities.
20.2 Sanitary facilities for event workers

The relevant national health and safety legislation (see foreword) requires that suitable and
sufficient toilets and washing facilities be provided at workplaces.
Sanitary accommodation for use by event workers shall be located near the work areas and, in
particular, near the control tower drainage and the mixer tower, and next to the catering areas, car
parks, the emergency care areas, and welfare and children's areas. Proper hand-washing facilities
shall be provided for food handlers. Adequate separation (toilets and food or male/female) is
required. Toilets shall be sited down wind. Local health authorities shall approve the siting.
21 Waste management
The event organizer shall identify the type of waste that is likely to be generated, hazards posed by
the waste, and methods of collection and disposal having due regard for appropriate by-law
requirements.
A waste management plan should be developed for the event. This plan should identify the types,
volumes, hazardous nature of waste, temporary storage facilities and location, and methods of
collection and disposal. It should also embrace the philosophy of water reduction, re-use and
recycling.
Medical waste shall be disposed of by medical personnel in accordance with the relevant
national/local authority's best practice.
22 Sound, noise and vibration

Employees shall be protected against exposure to continuous high-sound pressure and noise
levels. It is recommended that hearing protection be made available to employees for continuous
noise levels above 85 db. The event organizer is ultimately responsible for the provision and use of
hearing protection by all workers on site.
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Any event shall comply with local authority requirements for surrounding ambient noise levels and
after-hours noise.
Where practicable, attendees shall not be allowed within 3 m of any loudspeaker. This can be
achieved by the use of approved safety barriers and dedicated stewards who are wearing
appropriate ear protection. Under no circumstances shall the attendee and loudspeaker separation
distance be less than 1 m.
A structural engineer is required to check the noise impact and noise vibration (exciting frequency)
on all temporary structures. Consideration shall be given to the type of event (such as a rock show,
opera and orchestral performance). Cognizance shall be taken of the exciting frequency on any
permanent structures that may be affected.
23 Non-explosive special effects and pyrotechnics

23.1 General
Certain special effects are created by using pyrotechnics whereas other non-explosive special
effects can be created by means such as laser beams, smoke and special lighting.
23.2 Non-explosive special effects
23.2.1 General requirements for projectors
All types of high-power projection systems require significant amounts of electrical power.
Typically, 32 A three-phase power is required for xenon lamps and 32 A to 63 A single-phase power
for hydrargyrum medium arc iodide (HMI) lamps for each projector. When installing electrical
systems for high-power projectors this shall be taken into account and cabling shall be rated
accordingly. Sufficient dry powder or carbon dioxide fire extinguishers shall be provided to ensure
coverage of all the areas that house scenic projectors.
Projection towers shall comply with safe working practices. The weight and dimensions of the
chosen projection system shall be taken into account, not only to house the projector, but also to
allow sufficient working space around the system. Projectors being used externally shall be housed
in a weatherproof projection structure. Provision shall be made to prevent water from seeping into
the projector while in operation.
Projectors shall to be protected against unauthorized interference, and shall be staffed or readily
accessible by a competent technician at all times when in use.
23.2.2 Ultraviolet (UV) light
The event organizer shall ensure that lamps are used correctly to restrict exposure to UV radiation
and in particular to UVB radiation (i.e. ultraviolet radiation of relatively short wavelengths). To
remove UVB radiation, some lamps have a double skin whereas other manufacturers provide lamp
housings that have separate filters. Lamps shall not be used if the outer skin is broken or if the
housing filter is not in place.
A risk assessment shall be carried out for the use of UV radiation at events and shall take account
of exposure to the audience, performers and workers, particularly in relation to photosensitive
reactions.
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23.3 Pyrotechnics (explosive special effects)

23.3.1 Theatrical and stage pyrotechnics, public fireworks displays and explosive
special effects
Pyrotechnics and fireworks are used in many productions ranging from small theatrical shows to
major rock concerts, and as they are classified as explosives, the dangers inherent in the types
used for the entertainment industry shall be taken into account.
All pyrotechnics and fireworks produce light, colour, heat, sound or smoke (or any combination of
these). With one or two exceptions, pyrotechnics rely on the ignition of chemicals to create a
combustion reaction; this can be spontaneous or over a longer period. Once ignited, pyrotechnic
devices are virtually impossible to extinguish, therefore the effects shall be chosen carefully.
To ensure safety
a) only registered pyrotechnicians shall be allowed to produce pyrotechnics for stage and theatrical
events, public fireworks displays and special effects events,
b) the effects shall be obtained from a licensed supplier. Homemade effects are illegal and might
be dangerous in performance,
c) the effects shall only be fired by means of a control system that has been designed and
manufactured with adequate built-in safety features,
d) a risk assessment to cover the use of the pyrotechnics and fireworks at the event shall be
prepared by the pyrotechnician or a competent person appointed by the pyrotechnician or the
events manager The pyrotechnic company or the individual pyrotechnician shall have adequate
public liability insurance, and
e) furnishings, stage property or clothes used in proximity of pyrotechnics shall be treated to be

flame-retardant.
23.3.2 Operation
The pyrotechnician is responsible for all aspects of the pyrotechnics display, including the firing and
site inspection immediately after the display. He/she is also responsible for the safe disposal and
destruction of any pyrotechnics or explosives that are left over, damaged or found in the debris and
fall-out. The pyrotechnician is responsible for the safety of other workers, performers and attendees,
and shall therefore provide appropriate personal protective equipment, for example where there are
noise effects, hearing protection shall be provided. He/she shall also ensure that a first-aid kit, eye-
wash kit and fire extinguishers are available.
23.4 Regulations and controls for pyrotechnics
23.4.1 The pyrotechnician is responsible to obtain all relevant permits pertaining to the display. All
applications for the use of pyrotechnics during the staging of an event shall be submitted to the
national chief inspector of explosives (CIE).
23.4.2 The use of pyrotechnics and fireworks shall adhere to the relevant by-laws. Because by-
laws of local authorities differ, they should be obtained from the relevant municipality.
23.4.3 Primary control on the supply and acquisition of fireworks is laid down by the relevant
national legislation (see foreword) and regulations on explosives.
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23.5 Risk assessment for the use of pyrotechnics
23.5.1 The following shall be taken into account in the risk assessment planning and setting up of
an event where pyrotechnics are used:
a) animals;
b) animal rescue organizations;
c) aviation;
d) buildings;
e) decor;
f) fire risks (such as thatched roofs);
g) gas installations;
h) grass fields;
i) hospitals;
j) old age homes;
k) performers;
l) petrol stations;
m) police stations;
n) props;
o) schools; and
p) attendees.
23.5.2 Precautions taken while the fireworks are being set up shall be adequate, taking into
account risks to those who are doing the work as well as other people, including the public.
23.5.3 Risks from shells and other fireworks that can explode before the planned time or that
project debris shall be fully considered and adequate precautions shall be taken.
23.5.4 Noise levels from fireworks shall be taken into consideration.
23.5.5 The risks associated with the firing and clearing-up operations shall have been fully
considered and adequate precautions shall have been taken.
24 Camping events
24.1 The event organizer shall ensure that camping is incorporated as part of the event planning.
Emphasis should be placed on ensuring that an adequate level of services and facilities are
available for the whole duration of the camping event and not merely during the licensed period of
entertainment.
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24.2 In isolated locations or where the event starts early or finishes late, contingency provision
shall be made for camping. Consideration shall be given to camping for crew and for stallholders
with their stalls.
24.3 Services provided such as fire, stewarding, medical facilities and water supply, shall be
available for the length of time that campers are allowed to remain on the site. The event publicity
shall state the opening and closing times of the camp site. If large numbers of campers are likely to
remain after the event, a gradual closing of the site shall be considered to encourage those people
to move, but without exposing them to risk.
25 Events on, at or near water

25.1 Risk assessment
A risk assessment shall be conducted for all events on, at or near water.
The hazards will vary, dependent on the event and water type, and may include
a) backwash,
b) changes in weather and water conditions,
c) currents, rips and drifts,
d) eddies,
e) hypothermia,
f) insect bites and stings,
g) near-drowning/drowning,
h) persons in distress,
i) submerged objects,
j) tides,
k) waves, and
l) whirlpools.
25.2 Safety of participants
25.2.1 Any member of the public who participates in a water related activity shall be deemed to be
a participant.
25.2.2 Participants shall wear adequate body and head protection and flotation equipment as
identified by the risk assessment.
25.2.3 The event organizer shall deploy sufficient craft, qualified staff and equipment as identified
by the risk assessment.
25.2.4 In events with more than 50 participants or if indicated by the risk assessment, the event
organizer shall appoint a rescue coordinator.
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25.3 Safety of spectators

NOTE See SANS 20712-1 for water safety signs.
25.3.1 The event organizer shall appoint a rescue coordinator at all water-related events.
25.3.2 Adequate fencing shall be provided around the water to prevent spectators from
accidentally falling into the water. Additional safety measures shall be put in place to prevent a
hazard for small children. Adequate security staff shall be deployed to manage the crowd.
25.3.3 Sufficient craft, qualified staff and equipment shall be deployed to assist spectators should
they fall into the water.
25.3.4 Additional safety precautions shall be in place at events where alcohol might be consumed.
25.4 Electrical safety

Special precautions shall be implemented for all electrical equipment used near water.
25.5 Foreign objects

No participant or spectator may throw any can, bottle or other object onto or into the water.
25.6 Rescue teams

Rescue teams used at water-related events shall consist of not less than two members.
25.7 Water rescue craft

The craft selected shall be seaworthy and suitable for the type of event and water and
environmental conditions.
Special precautions are required when operating craft with propellers.
When operating water rescue craft, skippers shall
a) be qualified to operate the craft, and
b) ensure that adequate fuel is available.
25.8 Water rescue staff
25.8.1 Water rescue staff shall be

a) equipped with personal protective equipment that are required to perform the task safely,
b) fit, and
c) competent swimmers.
25.8.2 Individual specialists may be used in water rescue teams, provided that the collective team
can provide the following skills:
a) the ability to assess weather and water conditions and to take appropriate action;
b) the ability to safely operate the craft in use;
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c) knowledge of water safety;
d) knowledge of water rescue equipment;
e) knowledge of water rescue operations (including search operations);
f) knowledge of signalling and radio communication; and
g) the ability to render emergency medical assistance.
25.9 Water rescue equipment

The risk assessment will determine the type and quantity of equipment required.
The following equipment should be considered:
a) air or oxygen (or both);
b) flares, flags, lamps and lanterns;
c) flotation equipment;
d) maps and charts;
e) medical equipment;
f) oars,
g) ropes, harnesses and slings;
h) stretchers and splints; and
i) waterproof radios.
25.10 Rescue coordinator

The rescue coordinator shall have a minimum of 100 h rescue operational experience and shall be
competent in
a) leadership skills,
b) the use of rescue craft,
c) the use of rescue equipment,
d) rescue techniques, and
e) water safety.
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26 Facilities for persons with disabilities

26.1 General
Wheelchair spaces in parts of a seated area shall allow for adequate room for manoeuvring a
wheelchair. Generally, a manual wheelchair needs a space of approximately 0,9 m width and 1,4 m
depth. Electric wheelchairs need more space. Seating for assistants who manoeuvre the
wheelchairs shall be considered.
26.2 Access
At indoor events parking facilities for persons with disabilities shall be located at the most direct
accessible point to the entrances and exits with ramps. Spaces allocated shall be wider than normal
(about 3,6 m) to allow room to manoeuvre. At outdoor events parking for persons with disabilities
shall also be placed at the most direct accessible point to the allocated seating areas, and also the
most direct accessible point to designated and accessible campsites. Direct and safe access links
between the designated parking, camping and seating areas shall be provided. Flat surfaces or
ramps shall be used to provide access from parking or drop-off areas to designated areas. All
openings on the route shall be 1,1 m or wider.
26.3 Ramps
The event organizer shall ensure that ramps for wheelchairs have an easy gradient (i.e. not steeper
than 1 in 12). Ramps shall have a level resting space landing every 10 m. They shall also have
raised safety edges and handrails.
26.4 Viewing area

As standing attendees can cause surging movements, all persons with disabilities shall be located
in an area where they will not be affected. When setting aside such a viewing area, the area shall
present a clear view of the stage. The area shall be constructed using non-slip materials and shall
have direct access to an exit.
At outdoor concerts wheelchair users can be accommodated either on an open area or on a flat
terrace with direct access to toilet facilities and concessions. The eye level of a wheelchair user is
estimated at being between 1,1 m and 1,25 m.
At events where 50 or more persons with disabilities are anticipated a dedicated exit shall be
provided. No stairs or obstructions shall be on the route. A ramp is preferable.
27 Medical and emergency care management

27.1 Personnel management
The medical coordinator shall be accountable to organize emergency medical treatment on-site and
transportation of patients.
The event organizer shall appoint a medical coordinator who has had experience in the
management of similar events. The medical coordinator shall accept responsibility for providing an
appropriate management and operational control infrastructure and coordinate the activities of other
medical providers. The appointed medical providers shall liaise with other statutory services and
emergency care providers on-site.
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27.2 Planning
The event organizer and the medical coordinator shall plan the provision of emergency medical
services along with the statutory services. All medical plans shall be approved by the provincial
emergency medical services. Respective roles and responsibilities shall be set out in an emergency
medical service plan.
27.3 Information
The event organizer shall ensure that information on the location of emergency facilities is displayed
to all attendees. The event organizer shall provide adequate signage and consider printing the
location of emergency facilities on the tickets for the event. The medical coordinator shall maintain a
recent, comprehensive record of all emergency incidents on-site. At large crowd events emergency
medical staff shall be deployed at strategic positions in the crowd.
27.4 Helicopters
An area for medical evacuation by helicopter might be required. A suitable landing site (casevac
site), either at the site or nearby, shall be identified.
Consideration should be given to the distances from hospitals. Consideration should also be given
to the transport of prominent attendees (for example heads of state and cabinet ministers) in the
event of an emergency.
27.5 Communication
A separate radio channel that connects the emergency care practitioners, key medical workers,
mobile response teams and key emergency medical personnel shall be made available at events.
A protocol for the use of radio equipment, including consistent call signs, shall be agreed upon
before the event.
The event organizer shall have a communications plan detailing medical communications links. The
plan shall be produced and held at the medical control point or incident control room (JOC or VOC)
and central ambulance control point.
27.6 Medical services in pit areas

The risk assessment might indicate that medical services are required within the pit area. Medical
workers positioned in this area shall be suitably experienced and trained in triage and, where
required, shall have the ability to facilitate the rapid evacuation of any casualties to a medical
facility. The pit medical coordinator shall be responsible for briefing stewards on the evacuation
procedures of this area.
27.7 On-site medical facilities

The event organizer shall plan the number, location and suitability of on-site medical facilities
(emergency points). If there is more than one on-site medical facility, one shall be designated as the
main medical facility. Medical staff at first-line medical facilities, including those in the pit area, will
refer casualties that require further treatment to the second-line main medical facility.
An on-site medical facility may be equipped as a medical centre or field hospital as determined by
the risk assessment. In the event of an incident, in accordance with local authority incident
procedures, a medical facility will be established or designated as the casualty clearing station.
27.8 Maps and plans

The event organizer shall ensure that detailed gridded maps or plans of the site with the position of
medical facilities clearly marked are available before the event. These maps or plans shall include
the surrounding roads and access routes.
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27.9 Staffing plan

The event organizer shall ensure that the appropriate number of competent emergency care
practitioners, doctors and nurses, as indicated by the risk assessment, staff the medical facility.
At outdoor events the event organizer shall ensure that a proportion of mobile emergency medical
personnel is strategically positioned or asked to patrol a defined area, in consultation with the
ambulance service, if present.
All workers shall be clearly identified.
Mobile emergency medical personnel shall be in constant radio contact with the VOC.
27.10 General requirements for the medical facility

The medical facility shall be
a) designated as a no-smoking area in accordance with the relevant national health and safety
legislation (see foreword),
b) of an adequate size (i.e. a minimum of 4 m2 per bed/stretcher and 2 m2 per seated patient) for
the anticipated number of casualties (i.e. 0,02 % of attendees) with a minimum of one bed per
10 000 attendees with a minimum of one bed designated for resuscitation purposes (a minimum
of 9 m2 per resuscitation bed) and readily accessible for the admission of casualties and
ambulance crews,
c) large enough to contain the required number of examination couches (one per 10 000
attendees) or ambulance stretcher trolleys of which at least one can be screened off for private
consultation, when required, with adequate space to walk around, and an area for the treatment
of sitting casualties,
d) accessible at ground level and have a doorway large enough to allow access for an ambulance
stretcher trolley or wheelchair,
e) maintained in a clean and hygienic condition, free from dust, and with air-conditioning, lighting
and ventilation,
f) provided with adequate emergency care and medical equipment appropriate to the level of
healthcare provider, including an automated external defibrillator or manual defibrillator that shall
be separate from those contained in ambulances,
g) within proximity of sanitary facilities for patients with disabilities and shall also provide sanitary
facilities for stretcher bound patients,
h) provided with a supply of running water; if this is not possible, adequate fresh clean water shall
be provided in containers with a mechanism to dispense with contaminated effluent,
i) provided with a supply of drinking water,
j) provided with a worktop or other suitable surface (for example folding tables) for equipment and
documentation, and
k) provided with suitable secure storage facilities for drugs and equipment used by the medical
providers.
A separate rest area for healthcare workers shall be provided (for events lasting more than 4 h).
27.11 Welfare of medical personnel

The event organizer shall plan the welfare of the medical, ambulance, nursing and emergency
medical personnel. At any event that lasts more than 4 h, it is recommended that rest areas,
sanitary and dining facilities be provided. Where practical, these areas shall be separated from
facilities for the attendees.
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27.12 Emergency facilities for employees and event workers

The relevant national health and safety legislation (see foreword) requires employers to ensure that
emergency care facilities, equipment and personnel are provided for their employees if they are
injured or become ill at work. In order to decide on the level of emergency care provision that is
necessary, the event organizer shall make an assessment of the emergency needs appropriate to
the circumstances on the site. (This should be considered in the risk assessment.)
Employees who are appointed as emergency medical personnel shall have successfully completed
the necessary training with an approved training provider. It is strongly recommended that the
various employers, for example, contractors, subcontractors and others working at the event, have
a written agreement to ensure that the emergency care that is provided meets all their needs, and
to avoid misunderstandings.
27.13 Provision of medical and emergency care

It is recognized that medical care at events can be organized in different ways and that the most
appropriate model will vary according to the medical provider and the nature of the event. A method
of estimating the minimum level of medical resources required is set out in tables 4, 5, 6 and 7.
The suggested levels of resource are intended only as guidance for the minimum staff
requirements. Tables 4, 5, 6 and 7 are not a substitute for a full risk assessment of the event and
more resources may be required based on the risk assessment. The figures presented in the tables
do not take account of dedicated care for performers or VIPs. Similarly for sporting events the
medical care for the participants should be determined based on guidelines provided by the relevant
sporting body in conjunction with the national healthcare body (see foreword). Tables 4, 5, 6 and 7
shall be used to predict the minimum medical support for the spectators.
Under the category of basic life support (BLS), which does not form part of the category of
ambulance crew, given in column 3 of table 7, it is acceptable to utilize volunteer qualified first
aiders at a maximum of 75 % of the predicted BLS (except for an event where only two BLSs are
required where it would be acceptable to utilize qualified volunteer first aiders of which one shall be
qualified to at least at level 3).
Although nurses are included in the prediction of resource allocation, it is accepted that it will not
always be possible to source nurses and therefore this category is highly recommended but not
considered mandatory.
Tables 4, 5, 6 and 7 are used as follows:
a) table 4 is used to allocate a score based on the nature of the event;
b) table 5 is used to allocate a score based on available history and pre-event intelligence;
c) table 6 is used to take into consideration additional elements that might have an effect on the
likelihood of risk; and
d) table 7 is used to indicate a suggested resource requirement.
Under each item in tables 4, 5 and 6 the highest relevant score for the specific event should be
selected. For example, if a low risk event such as a classical performance (score = 2) has a
pyrotechnic display as well (score = 4), the higher score (i.e. 4) should be selected.
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Table 4 — Nature of the event
1 2 3
Item Details Score
A Nature of event Classical performance 2
Public exhibition 3
Pop/rock concert 5
Dance event (Rave/disco) 8
Agricultural/country show 2
Marine 3
Motorcycle display 3
Aviation 3
International event 3
Motor sport 4
State occasion 2
VIP visit/summit 3
Music festival 3
Bonfire/pyrotechnic display 4
New Year celebrations 7
Demonstration/march 5
Sports event with low risk of disorder 2
Sports event with medium risk of disorder 5
Sports event with high risk of disorder 7
Opposing factions involved 9
B Venue Indoor 1
Stadium 2
Outdoor in confined location, e.g. a park 2
Other outdoor, e.g. a festival 3
Widespread public location in streets 4
Temporary outdoor structures 4
Includes overnight camping 5
C Standing/seated Seated 1
Mixed 2
Standing 3
D Audience profile Full mix, in family groups 2
Full mix, not in family groups 3
Predominately young adults 3
Predominately children and teenagers 4
Predominately the elderly 4
Add A+B+C+D Total score for table 4
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Table 5 — Event intelligence
1 2 3
Item Details Score
E History Good data, low casualty rate previously -1
(less than 0,05 %)
Good data, medium casualty rate previously 1
(0,05 % to 0,2 %)
Good data, high casualty rate previously 2
(more than 0,2 %)
First event, no data 2
F Expected numbers < 1 000 1
< 3 000 2
< 5 000 4
< 10 000 8
< 20 000 16
< 30 000 20
< 40 000 24
< 50 000 28
< 60 000 32
< 70 000 36
< 80 000 42
< 90 000 46
< 100 000 50
< 200 000 60
< 300 000 70
Add E+F Total score for table 5
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Table 6 — Example of additional considerations
1 2 3
Item Details Score
G Expected event duration Less than 4 h 1
(including queuing)
More than 4 h less than 12 h 2
More than 12 h 3
H Time of year Summer 2
(outdoor events) Autumn 1
Winter 1
Spring 1
I Proximity to definitive care Less than 30 min by road 0
(nearest suitable accident and More than 30 min by road 2
emergency (A&E) facility)
J Profile of definitive care Choice of A&E departments 1
Large A&E department 2
Small A&E department 3
K Additional hazards Carnival 1
Helicopter 1
Water hazard 1
Parachute display 1
Street theatre 1
On-site alcohol use 1
L Additional on-site facilities Suturing or plastering (or both) 2
Vending machine for over-the-counter 2
medication
Automated external defibrillator (AED) 1
Existing full-time operational medical facilities 2
on-site
Add G+H+I+J+K
Subtract L Total score for table 6
TOTAL Total score for tables 4, 5 and 6
28 Calculation
To calculate the overall score for an event, add the total scores for tables 4, 5 and 6 and then use
table 7 to determine the suggested resource requirements.
Use the score from the calculation in 27.13 to gauge the levels of resource indicated for an event.
The scores in table 7 refer to the suggested resources that shall be available on duty at any one
time during an event and not the cumulative number of personnel deployed throughout the duration
of an event. The local authority's requirements shall be taken into account.
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Table 7 — Suggested resource requirements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ambulance Medical
Score Ambulance BLSa ILSb ALSc Doctor Nurse Coordinator
crew facility
<20 0 2 0 0 0 0
21-25 0 4 0 0 0 0
26-30 1 4 1 0 2 0 0 0
31-35 1 6 1 1 2 0 0 visit Yes
36-40 1 8 1 1 2 0 0 visit Yes
41-45 2 12 1 1 4 1 0 1 Yes
46-50 2 16 2 2 4 1 1 1 Yes
51-55 3 20 3 3 6 2 1 1 Yes
56-60 3 24 3 3 6 2 2 1 Yes
61-65 4 32 4 4 8 2 2 1 Yes
66-70 5 40 5 5 10 3 3 1 Yes
71-75 6 48 6 6 12 3 3 1 Yes
76-80 8 64 8 8 16 4 4 1 Yes
81-85 10 80 10 10 20 5 5 2 Yes
86+ 15 120 15 15 30 6 6 2 Yes
a
Basic life support.
b
Intermediate life support.
c
Advanced life support.
29 Children
29.1 The event organizer shall make provision for children even if the event itself is not
necessarily intended for children, as children might accompany adults. Ensure that publicity material
indicates whether or not the event is suitable for children and if they are required to be
accompanied by an adult, or if children under a certain age are not allowed entry.
29.2 The event organizer should consult the registration and inspection unit of the local authority
social services department for advice and clarification with regard to children’s activities.
29.3 The event organizer shall consider the following matters in relation to children at events:
a) designated play areas;
b) joy rides and other activities that are not located in designated play areas;
c) children with disabilities;
d) activities that involve teenagers; and
e) temporary arrangements for the safe care of lost children (which should be present at all
events).
30 Performers
The event organizer shall ensure that the requirements and responsibilities of performers are
considered in the planning of an event. Contract negotiations provide an opportunity to raise
concerns and resolve safety issues in advance. Performers have responsibilities in relation to the
safety of the attendees and site workers. Performers might be held directly responsible for injury
that results from their behaviour such as throwing objects from the stage or not keeping to
performance time.
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The event organizer shall brief the performers' management before an event on, inter alia, the
following:
a) how to reach the site and a map of the site;
b) any itinerary of what is happening, site access times, sound check times, performance times;
and
c) specific security arrangements.
An action plan shall be in place for cases where the performer/artist invites one or more attendees
onto the stage. The performer/artist shall be made aware of the possible consequences of inciting
the attendees. Uncontrolled crowd surges can be dangerous in limited spaces.
31 The media
31.1 General
The event organizer shall split the management of the media into two main areas, namely "pre-
event" and "during-the-event" publicity.
31.2 Pre-event publicity
31.2.1 The event organizer should consider issuing a press release that contains as much
information as possible about the event. This should include the following:
a) the name of the event;
b) dates of the event;
c) times of the event;
d) the location of the event;
e) the line-up of performers;
f) ticket information;
g) public transport information; and
h) a contact name and telephone number for more information.
31.2.2 The risk assessment shall determine the amount of media representatives that could
realistically be accommodated at the event. The event organizer shall ensure that each media
representative who will be attending the event receives information and advice on site safety
arrangements.
31.3 During the event

The event organizer should consider setting up a press tent or press office within the VIP or guest
hospitality area (if provided).
NOTE Events attract a wide cross-section of media workers. Depending on the size, location and type of
event, this can range from local media coverage through to global media attention. Large events can attract as
many as 20 TV crews, 100 photographers, 150 journalists and up to 20 radio stations resulting in a community
of up to about 250 people.
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Annex A
(informative)
The five stages of an event

In general, the processes of planning an event differ according to the nature of the event. In most
cases, however, the processes can be classified into the following five stages (see figure A.1):
• Stage 1: Feasibility study
This stage is the evaluation of an intended event. The process includes the initial decision as to
whether or not to go ahead with the event, and factors such as the approximate size and nature
of the event, the potential venue, and the suitability of thereof.
• Stage 2: Planning
This stage involves the planning of the venue layouts, selection of competent personnel,
contractors and subcontractors and the design of temporary structures, fencing, etc. During the
planning stage, the event organizer conducts a preliminary risk assessment and plans for the
management of possible hazards in order to reduce or eliminate such hazards.
• Stage 3: Pre-production
This stage is a detailed process of identifying hazards and risks and deciding on suitable
measures to eliminate, mitigate or control such hazards and risks.
• Stage 4: Production
This stage covers the planning during the event itself. Workers and attendees alike are catered
for in the plan.
• Stage 5: Post production
This stage involves the efficient dismantling of temporary structures, and all related cleaning and
disposal on site. It also includes a debriefing of the event and a list of improvements to the
management systems.
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1 Feasibility study
Site survey and availability
Financial feasibility
Preliminary discussions with authorities
...............................................................
...............................................................
↓
2 Planning
Detailed risks assessment
Health and safety responsibilities
Venue and site design
Fire safety
Major incident planning
...............................................................
...............................................................
↓
3 Pre-production
Detailed risk assessment
...............................................................
...............................................................
↓
4 Production
Site preparation
Get-in
Rehearsals
Production/Event
Get-out
...............................................................
...............................................................
↓
5 Post production
Debriefing
Review and feedback
...............................................................
...............................................................
Figure A.1 — The five stages of an event
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Annex B
(informative)
General checklist
Clause Feasibility
Items to be considered Planning Pre-production Production Post production Notes
number study
4 Health and safety responsibilities
4.1 General
4.2 Organizing safe working conditions
4.3 Duties of the site/venue owner
4.4 National occupational health and safety legislation
4.5 Duties of employers and contractors
4.6 Duties of employees
4.7 The legal position of self-employed people
5 Safety planning for an event
5.1 Feasibility study
5.2 The planning phases of an event
5.3 Planning for the build-up
5.4 Pre-production
5.5 Planning for the set-up
5.6 Planning for the event
Planning for post-event management
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5.7
5.8 Identification of required processes or services
5.9 Implementation
5.10 Measurement and evaluations
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5.11 The role of the safety coordinator
Auditing and reviewing safety performances
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5.12
6 Risk assessment
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Clause Feasibility
number study
7 Planning and management
7.1 Health and safety planning
7.2 Health and safety policy
8 Venue and site design
8.1 Capacity
8.2 Exits
8.3 Venue access
8.4 Entrances
8.5 Sight lines
8.6 Video screens
8.7 Seating/standing arrangements
8.8 Slopes
8.9 Observation points
8.10 Production infrastructure
8.11 Fire and medical precautions
8.12 Site workers
8.13 Hospitality area
8.14 Noise considerations
8.15 Catering and merchandising
8.16 Front-of-stage barriers
8.17 Signage
8.18 Public facilities
8.19 Excess patrons
8.20 Final site design
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9 Fire safety
9.1 Venue capacity and emergency evacuation
9.2 General principles of emergency evacuation
9.3 Buildings designed for indoor public assembly
9.4 Buildings not designed for indoor public assembly
9.5 Sports stadium
9.6 Outdoor venues
9.7 Stairways
9.8 Ramps
9.9 Exits
9.10 Doors and escape routes
9.11 Fastenings on doors and gates
9.12 Self-closing devices for fire doors
9.13 Exits and directional signs
9.14 Normal and emergency lighting
9.15 Fire-fighting equipment
9.16 Fire retardancy of curtains, drapes and other materials
9.17 Artificial and dried foliage
9.18 Special risks
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9.19 Warning systems
10 Incident planning (emergency planning)
10.1 Major and minor incident planning
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10.2 Event risk assessment
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10.3 Coordination of emergency services
10.4 Venue operations centre (VOC)
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10.5 Emergency services vehicles
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Clause Feasibility
number study
10.6 Voluntary agencies
10.7 Bomb threats
11 Communication
11.1 Communication and coordination
11.2 Communication during the event planning phase
11.3 Preparation of key support documentation
11.4 Framework for handling the event
11.5 Communication controls in the VOC/JOC
11.6 Off-site links
11.7 Radio communication
11.8 Telephone equipment
11.9 Communication procedures
11.10 Message delivery and acknowledgement
11.11 Situation reports
11.12 Alerting procedures
11.13 Regular updating
11.14 Record-keeping
11.15 Training, briefing and preparation
11.16 Public information and communication
12 Crowd management, crowd control and contingency
planning
12.1 Planning
12.2 Entry and exit of the attendees
12.3 Opening time
12.4 Crowd pressure at entrances
12.5 Body searching
12.6 The pit
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12.7 Late leavers
12.8 Admission policies
12.9 Facilities for people with special needs
12.10 Opening entrances and front-of-stage area
12.11 Ticketing
12.12 Police involvement
12.13 Stewards and security personnel
12.14 Conduct of stewards
12.15 Welfare of stewards
13 Transport and traffic management
13.1 Transport management
13.2 Traffic marshalling
13.3 Buses
13.4 Vehicle access
13.5 Parking
13.6 Emergency access
13.7 Pedestrians
13.8 On-site vehicle management and temporary roadways
13.9 Fork lift trucks
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13.10 Other vehicles used on-site
14 Structures
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14.2 Choosing the supplier

14.3 Design
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14.4 Assembly and erection

14.5 Protection against falling
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14.6 Protection from falling objects
14.7 Safe handling of loads
14.8 Dismantling
14.9 Design concept and statement
14.10 Construction drawings
14.11 Safety method statement
14.12 Certification
14.13 Before admitting the audience
14.14 Monitoring after erection
14.15 Public protection against falls
14.16 Providing adequate lighting
14.17 Marking of obstructions and edges
14.18 Altering of structures
14.19 Work near temporary structures
14.20 Managing the loads
14.21 Roofs, stages, seating and platforms
15 Barriers
15.1 General
15.2 Front-of-stage-barrier
15.3 The pit
15.4 Construction of front-of-stage barriers
15.5 Shape of front-of-stage barriers
15.6 Barrier around thrusts
15.7 Multiple-barrier systems
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16 Planning for electrical installations and lighting
16.1 Electrical installation and lighting
16.2 Planning
16.3 Installation
16.4 Cabling
16.5 Electricity utility and cables
16.6 Access to electrical equipment
16.7 Generators
16.8 Electricity to the stage area and effects lighting
16.9 Normal lighting circuits
16.10 Emergency lighting circuits
16.11 Management of lighting circuits
16.12 Lighting levels for emergency exits
16.13 Portable electrical appliances
17 Facilities
17.1 General
17.2 Setting up, operation and dismantling
17.3 Merchandising and special licensing
17.4 Catering facilities
One printout
18 Refreshments
18.1 Food safety
18.2 Drinking water
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18.4 Pit area
18.5 Drainage
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19 Amusements, attractions and promotional displays
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Clause Feasibility
number study
20 Sanitary facilities
20.1 Sanitary facilities for attendees
20.2 Sanitary facilities for event workers
21 Waste management
22 Sound, noise and vibration
23 Non-explosive special effects and pyrotechnics
23.1 General
23.2 Non-explosive special effects
23.3 Pyrotechnics (explosive special effects)
23.4 Regulations and controls for pyrotechnics
23.5 Risk assessment for the use of pyrotechnics
24 Camping events
25 Events on, at or near water
25.1 Risk assessment
25.2 Safety of participants
25.3 Safety of spectators
25.4 Electrical safety
25.5 Foreign objects
25.6 Rescue teams
25.7 Water rescue craft
25.8 Water rescue staff
25.9 Water rescue equipment
25.10 Rescue coordinator
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26 Facilities for persons with disabilities
26.1 General
26.2 Access
26.3 Ramps
26.4 Viewing area
27 Medical and emergency care management
27.1 Personnel management
27.2 Planning
27.3 Information
27.4 Helicopters
27.5 Communication
27.6 Medical services in pit areas
27.7 On-site medical facilities
27.8 Maps and plans
27.9 Staffing plan
27.10 General requirements for the medical facility
27.11 Welfare of medical personnel
27.12 Emergency facilities for employees and event workers
27.13 Provision of medical and emergency care
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Annex C
(informative)
Additional terminology
bay
space defined by two adjacent transverse rows of standards
brace
diagonal member of a stand that is so attached to other members as to afford stability (in a desired
plane) to the stand
coupler
fitting that so grips the external surfaces of two members as to secure them together
exit
point of egress that opens directly into a safe dispersal area or an unobstructed lane
foot tie
horizontal member designed to restrain movement of the lower end of a standard
ledger
member that spans a stand horizontally and ties it longitudinally, and that may also act as a support
for putlogs or transoms
lift
height from the ground or floor to the lowest ledger, or the vertical distance between adjacent
ledgers, as relevant
positively tied
descriptive of a screen that is tied and braced to the supporting structure horizontally, vertically, and
in all planes
NOTE Rope will only restrain in one direction. Cargo straps can be used if doubled to act in each direction.
Scaffold fittings are good couplers in all directions.
putlog coupler
non-load-bearing, positioning coupler that is used to secure a putlog or transom to a ledger
raker
inclined load-bearing member
right-angle coupler
coupler, other than a putlog coupler, that is used for connecting structural members at right angles
sole plate
timber or other support of adequate size and strength used between a base-plate and the ground to
distribute the load
standard
vertical supporting member
temporary stand
assembly of prefabricated, or other components that are designed for ready and periodic erection,
dismantling, and transport, and intended for the provision of temporary seating or standing
accommodation for persons
transom
member that spans a structure horizontally and ties it transversely, and that may also support
decking
116
access it from a file server/intranet constitutes a violation of SABS copyright rules. Note
SANS 10366:2009
Edition 2
Annex D
(informative)
Basic checklist for scaffold inspections

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Detail or characteristic to be
Items to be inspected Feasibility study Planning Pre-production Production Post production Notes
checked
Equipment Fitness for purpose
Correct spacing of standards
Firm fixing
Loading of scaffolding (See 7.2.3 and tables 4 and 5 of
SANS 10085-1:2004)
Standards spaced to suit
classification
Permissible number of working
platforms is known by user
Total allowable number of platforms
not exceeded
Foundations Ground
Sole boards
SANS
Base-plates
Jacks
that 10366:2009
Ties Soundness of structure
only One printout of the standard may be made.

Sufficient ties
Sound condition
Edition 2
Tightness of ties
Bracing Complete lines
Sufficient types
Correct fitting
117
117
access it from
SANS 10366:2009
118
Edition 2
SANS
Edition 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Detail or characteristic to be
Items to be inspected Feasibility study Planning Pre-production Production Post production Notes
checked
Platforms Boards properly supported
Boards in good condition
Trapdoors
Toe-boards
Handrails
Boards tied down
Access Ladders secured 900 mm above
platform
Ladders in good condition
Ladders properly supported
Mobile towers Correct castors
Height/width ratio correct
Braced
Brakes
Cantilevers Design and sketch provided
Checked to sketch
Signage Correct signs
Correct positions
Special scaffolds (which Designed and checked by specialist
are beyond the scope of Type of material stated by the
SANS 10085-1) designers
118
SANS 10366:2009
Edition 2
Bibliography
British Health and Safety Executive, The event safety guide: A guide to health, safety and welfare at
music and similar events. Great Britain, Edition 2:1999.
SANS 1151, Portable rechargeable fire extinguishers – Halogenated hydrocarbon type

extinguishers.
SANS 1322, Portable, non-refillable fire extinguishers (general purpose type).
SANS 1423-1, Performance requirements for textile fabrics of low flammability – Part 1: Apparel
fabrics.
SANS 1423-2, Performance requirements for textile fabrics of low flammability – Part 2: Curtain and
drape fabrics.
SANS 1423-3, Performance requirements for textile fabrics of low flammability – Part 3: Upholstery
fabrics.
SANS 1423-4, Performance requirements for textile fabrics of low flammability – Part 4: Bedding
fabrics, bedcovers and pillows.
SANS 1423-5, Performance requirements for textile fabrics of low flammability – Part 5: Fabrics for
use in movable office partitions.
SANS 1567, Portable rechargeable fire extinguishers – CO2 type extinguishers.
SANS 10105-1, The use and control of fire-fighting equipment – Part 1: Portable and wheeled
(mobile) fire extinguishers.
SANS 10139, Fire detection and alarm systems for buildings – System design, installation and
servicing.
SANS 16368, Mobile elevating work platforms – Design calculations, safety requirements and test
methods.
SANS 18878, Mobile elevating work platforms – Operator (driver) training.
SANS 18893, Mobile elevating work platforms – Safety principles, inspection, maintenance and
operation.
Technical Production Services Association (TPSA), The event safety guide, edition 1 July 2002.
© SABS
119
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This Standard was downloaded on 2010-02-16 13:36 and is exclusively for Alex Gintan Associates for use on ONE

SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Health and safety at events — Requirements

Published by SABS Standards Division

This document was published in October 2009.

This document supersedes SANS 10366:2006 (edition 1).

This document is based on The event safety guide by the TPSA.

Annexes A, B, C and D are for information only.

This page is intentionally left blank

Reference to legislation and by-laws

8.14 Noise considerations ............................................................................................................ 29

12 Crowd management, crowd control and contingency planning .................................................. 49

25 Events on, at or near water ......................................................................................................... 93

This page is intentionally left blank

Health and safety at events — Requirements

NOTE 1 Annex A gives the five stages in the planning of an event.

NOTE 2 A general checklist is provided in annex B.

SANS 241, Drinking water.

SANS 1169, Temporary stands.

SANS 1186-3, Symbolic safety signs – Part 3: Internally illuminated signs.

SANS 1186-4, Symbolic safety signs – Part 4: Retro-reflective signs.

SANS 1186-5, Symbolic safety signs – Part 5: Photoluminescent signs.

SANS 1910, Portable refillable fire extinguishers.

SANS 7001/ISO 7001, Graphical symbols – Public information symbols.

SANS 10131, Above-ground storage tanks for petroleum products.

SANS 10142-1, The wiring of premises – Part 1: Low-voltage installations.

SANS 10246 (SABS 0246), Accessibility of buildings to disabled persons.

NOTE Places of safety include streets, passageways, walkways or open spaces.

EXAMPLE Crime, accidents and attacks.

a) the marshalling and overseeing of the safe general flow of spectators;

c) the provision of ushering services;

4 Health and safety responsibilities

4.2 Organizing safe working conditions

4.3 Duties of the site/venue owner

4.4 National occupational health and safety legislation

4.5 Duties of employers and contractors

4.5.5 Contractors and subcontractors as employers shall

c) inform their employees of any risks to their health and safety,

d) train their employees,

f) make suitable arrangements for their employees while working on-site,

4.6 Duties of employees

4.7 The legal position of self-employed people

5 Safety planning for an event

The feasibility study shall include the following:

5.2 The planning phases of an event

5.3 Planning for the build-up

a) identify temporary lay-down areas for contractors' equipment,

c) review and update the safety plan,

d) agree on any intervention or hold points required by the event organizer,

e) agree on the necessary inspection, documentation and handover procedures,

g) decide on suitable measures to eliminate, mitigate, or control risks, and

5.5 Planning for the set-up

5.6 Planning for the event

The event safety management plan shall include the following:

5.7 Planning for post-event management

5.8 Identification of required processes or services

5.10 Measurement and evaluations

5.10.2 Audit and review

5.10.3 Monitoring safety performances