Department of Civil Engineering

University of South Asia

Lab Manual
Fluid Mechanics I (CE-281)

Name of student: Roll No.:

Instructor: M. Ahmad Baig

Session: _______________
Fluid Mechanics 1 Manual

Table of Contents

Sr. # Description Page No.

1
To Perform Layout of Fluid Mechanics Laboratory 3

2 To determine the metacentric height of a floating body and to locate the 4

centre of buoyancy, metacentre and the centre of gravity of the body.

3 To determine the magnitude and location of hydrostatic force on a vertical, 9

submerged, plane surface. Also draw a graph between Fth and Fexp.

4 14
To make the study of Hydraulic Bench.
To investigate the validity of Bernoulli‟s theorem for steady flow of water
5 17
through a tapering pipe.

To perform experiment on orifice tank and hence determine the values for
coefficient of velocity, coefficient of discharge and coefficient of
6 contraction for the given circular orifices. Also draw the following graphs: 21

i. Qth versus Qact

ii. Qth versus √
iii. Qact versus H
To perform experiment on “Rectangular Notch” and to calibrate it. Also,
draw the following graphs: 26
7
i. Qth versus Qact
ii. Qth versus H3/2
iii. Qact versus H
To perform experiment on Triangular notch and to draw the following
graph: 30
8
1. Qth versus Qact
2. Qth versus H5/2
3. Qth versus H
9 To perform experiment on Pipe Friction Apparatus and to determine the 33
friction factor of the pipe.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 1
DATE:

Objective:-

To Perform Layout of Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

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Fluid Mechanics 1 Manual

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
DATE:

Objective:-

To determine the metacentric height of a floating body and to locate the centre of
buoyancy, metacentre and the centre of gravity of the body.

Apparatus:-

Metacentric height apparatus, water tank.

Related Theory:-

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Buoyancy:-

It is the tendency of the fluid to lift a submerged body.

Force of buoyancy, FB:-

It is the resultant upward force exerted by a fluid on submerged body. According to

Archimedes‟s principle, the force of buoyancy (or Buoyant force), FB equals the weight, W of the
volume of the liquid displaced by the body, i.e., FB=W.

Centre of gravity, C:-

It is the point where the weight of the body is acting.

Centre of buoyancy B and Bo:-

It is the point where the buoyant force is acting. Centre of buoyancy is the centre of
gravity of the liquid displaced by the body.

Metacentre, M:-

It is the point of intersection of the symmetrical axis of the floating body and the new line
of action of the force of buoyancy after the body tilts slightly.

Metacentre height, CM:-

It is the distance between the centre of gravity, C and the metacentre, M.

Metacentric radius, BM:-

It is the distance between the original centre of buoyancy before the body tilts, B and the
metacentre, M.

BM=I/V, (2.1)

Where

V is the volume of the liquid displaced by the body, and

I is the second moment of the water line area or the moment of inertia of
the water line area about the longitudinal axis.

Floating vessel:-

The cross-sections of the floating vessel used in the laboratory before tilting and after
tilting are sketched below:-

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Condition of stability of floating body is that the force of buoyancy, FB must be equal to
the weight of the floating body, W.

Also, metacentre must be above the centre of gravity. Resistance couple or righting
couple is formed by FB and W only when the second condition is satisfied.

Procedure:-

1. Place the floating vessel in the water tank.

2. Shift the jockey weight to zero position and note the corresponding angle of rotation.
3. If it is on zero then it is correct. If not, then note the error and its direction.
4. Shift the jockey weight to either left or right side by 0.5 in. Note the angle against
that reading.
5. Similarly shift the jockey weight to 1in, 1.5in. etc and note the corresponding angles.
6. Repeat the steps 4 and 5 for the other side and complete the “observations and
calculations”.

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Observations and calculations:-

Jockey weight, Wo= 0.75lb.

Length of the floating vessel, L= 20in.

Breadth of the floating vessel, B= 10in.

Radius of the semicircle, r= 5in.

Volume of liquid displaced, V=πr2.L/2=____________ in3=__________ft3.

Specific weight of water, γH2o = 9810 N/m3 =62.4lb/ft3

Weight of volume of liquid displaced, W= γH2O. V=62.4 V=____________lb.

Moment of inertia of water line area about

Longitudinal axis, I= LB3/12 =_________ in4.

Experimental value of metacentric height, CM= Wo.x/W (2.2)

Displacement Angle of rotation, Metacentric

of jockey
height
weight
No of obs. Left Right Mean CM
X
In degree degree degree in
1

Mean value of CM=________ in

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BM=I/V=___________ in.

OB=4r/3π=__________ in.

OM= BM-OB=___________in.

OC=CM-OM=___________in.

Conclusion:-

1. Metacentric height, CM=______in.

2. Centre of buoyancy, B lies ______ in. below the water surface.
3. Metacentre, M lies at the water surface, or ______ in. above/below the water surface
4. Centre of gravity, C lies at the water surface, or ________in. above/below the water
surface.
5. As the centre of gravity, C lies below/above the metacentre a righting couple/a
disturbing couple is formed which causes stable/unstable equilibrium of the floating
vessel.

Comments:-

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EXPERIMENT NO. 3
DATE:

Objective:

To determine the magnitude and location of hydrostatic force on a vertical, submerged,

plane surface. Also draw a graph between Fth and Fexp.

Apparatus:

Transparent water tank with leveling screws, Toroid (a quarter circle solid object), level
beam (arm), Counter balance weight, Spirit level, point gauge.

Related theory:

a) Hydrostatic Force and Centre of Pressure:

When a surface is submerged in a fluid, a force is exerted on the surface. This

force is caused by pressures acting on different points on the surface. The resultant force
on one side of the surface is the summation of the product of the elementary areas and the
pressure upon them. This force which acts normal to the surface is called “Hydrostatic
Force” and its point of application on the surface is known as “Centre of Pressure”.

The magnitude and location of hydrostatic force on a plane surface submerged

vertically in a liquid are given by the following equation:

F= γ hc A (3.1)

hp = hc+Ic/(hc.A) (3.2)

Where:

F is the hydrostatic force.

γ is the specific weight of the liquid.

A is the area of the submerged part of the surface.

hc is the vertical distance of the centroid of the submerged

part of the surface from the free liquid surface.

hp is the vertical distance i.e. depth of the centre of pressure

from the free liquid surface.

Ic is the moment of inertia of the plane area about an axis

passing through the centre of gravity of the area.

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b) Derivation of Expressions for F and hp:

i. Case I.________ h<d (Fig 3.1)

F = γ hc A = γ h/2 bh = γ b h2/2 (3.3)

hp = hc + Ic/ (hc .A) = h/2+(bh3/12)/(h/2.bh)

= h/2+h/6 = 2h/3 (3.4)

ii. Case II.________ h>d ( Fig3.2)

F = γ hc A = γ (h-d/2) bd (3.5)

hp = hc +Ic/(hc A) = (h-d/2) +
( )

= (h-d/2) + (d2/12)/(h-d/2) (3.6)

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c) Apparatus set-up:

The device (shown in fig. 3.3) used for determining the hydrostatic force and its location
on a submerged vertical plane surface consists of an annular sector of solid material attached
to a level beam (arm). When the device is properly balanced the face of the sector which is
not attached to the beam is directly below the fulcrum, O and is vertical. The solid sector and
the balance beam is supported above a tank of water.

d) Experimental value of F:
Taking moments of F and W about o,
F. (r2-h+hp) = W.x

Fexp= W.x/ (r2-h+hp) (3.7)

Procedure:

1. Place the centre of pressure apparatus on a plane level surface.

2. Level the apparatus using bottom screws.
3. Pour water in the tank such that it just touches the bottom of the Toroid.
4. Check whether the level beam is horizontal or not. If not, make it horizontal by rotating
the counter-balance weight.
5. Adjust the point gauge reading to “zero” „with pointed end of the gauge touching the
water surface.

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6. Add some known weight in the pan and pour water in the tank such that the level beam
becomes horizontal.
7. Measure and record h.
8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 by gradually increasing the weights in the pan. Make sure that some
water levels leave part of the vertical face exposed and for some water levels the vertical
face is completely submerged.

Observations and Calculations:

b = 7.5 cm =_______m

r1 = 10 cm =_______m

r2 = 20 cm =_______m

d = 20-10 = 10 cm =_______m

x = 30 cm =_______m

Percent
Weight
Mass in the Depth of difference
in the
No pan water (Fth- Fexp)
pan hp Fth Fexp.
of m h x100/Fth
W = mg
Obs.
gm kg N mm m m N N %
1 50

2 70

3 90

4 250

5 270

6 290

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Comments:-

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Fluid Mechanics 1 Manual

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
DATE:

Objective:-

To make the study of Hydraulic Bench.

Introduction:

Hydraulic Bench is a very useful apparatus in hydraulics and fluid mechanics. It is involved in
many of experiments to be conducted, e.g. use of venturimeter, Notches etc. The main purpose of
the hydraulic bench is to supply and determine the flow of water through the respective set of
apparatus.

Parts of Hydraulic bench:-

Main parts of hydraulic bench (Fig 4.1) are given below:-

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Centrifugal pump:-

It draws water from the sump tank and supplies it for performing experiments.

Sump tank:-

It stores water for hydraulic bench. It is located in the bottom portion of the
hydraulic bench. Water from here is transported to other parts by using the pump.

Vertical pipe:-

It supplies water to the upper part of the hydraulic bench from sump tank through
the pump.

Control valve:-

It is used to control the flow in the pipe i.e., to increase or decrease the inflow of
water in the hydraulic bench.

Connecter:-

With the help of this we attach accessories with the hydraulic bench.

Channel:-

It is used in number of experiments. It provides passage for water for different

experiments.

Drain valve:-

It is used for emptying the sump tank.

Side Channels:-

These are the upper sides of the channel. These are used to attach accessories on test.

Volumetric tank:-

Water discharging from the accessory on test is collected in a volumetric measuring

tank which is used to determine the flow rate.

Scale and Tapping:-

A side tube and scale is connected to a tapping in the base of the volumetric tank and
gives an instantaneous indication of water level.

Dump valve:-

It is at the base of the volumetric tank. Opening the dump valve allows the entrained
water to return to the sump tank for recycling.

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Comments:-

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Fluid Mechanics 1 Manual

EXPERIMENT NO. 5
DATE:

Objective:-

To investigate the validity of Bernoulli‟s theorem for steady flow of water through a
tapering pipe.

Apparatus:-

Hydraulic bench, Bernoulli‟s theorem demonstration apparatus, stop watch.

Related theory:-

Bernoulli‟s theorem states that for steady flow of fluids, total energy remains constant.
The mathematical form of the theorem is the Bernoulli‟s equation. For steady flow of ideal
incompressible fluids the Bernoulli‟s equation is written as:

p1/γ+V12/2g+Z1 = p2/γ+V22/2g+Z2

Where p/γ, V2/2g and Z are pressure head, velocity head and datum head respectively.

In the case of a horizontal pipe of varying cross-section, the Bernoulli‟s equation may be written
as:

p1/γ+V12/2g= p2/γ+V22/2g=……………….=pn/γ+Vn2/2g=constant

Allowing for friction losses in the case of real fluids, the Bernoulli‟s equation is modified as:

p1/γ+V12/2g+Z1= p2/γ+V22/2g+Z2+hl (5.1)

Equation 5.1 is known as energy equation which, for a horizontal pipe is simplified as:

p1/γ+V12/2g= p2/γ+V22/2g+ hl

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Experimental set up:-

The tapering pipe has 6measurement sections. The diameters at these sections are
given in table 5.1

Table 5.1

Section No 1 2 3 4 5 6
Diameter 28.4 22.5 14.0 17.2 24.2 28.4
(mm)

Procedure:-

1. Arrange the experimental set-up on the hydraulic bench such that the discharge routes the
water into the channel.
2. Make hose connections between hydraulic bench and the unit.
3. Open discharge of hydraulic bench.
4. Open the inlet and outlet valves.
5. Switch on the motor of the pump and slowly open the main valve of hydraulic bench.
6. Open vent valves on piezometers tubes.

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7. Carefully close the outlet valve until piezometers tubes are flushed.
8. By simultaneously setting inlet and outlet valves, regulate water level in piezometers
tubes such that neither upper nor lower range limit is overshot or undershot.
9. Record pressure heads at all measurement sections. Aslo,take the total head readings at
different sections with the help of probe.
10. Determine volumetric flow rate by noting down the time require for collecting certain
volume of water in the volumetric tank of the hydraulic bench.

Observations and Calculations:-

Volume of water collected in the volumetric tank=_______lit=______m3.

Time of collection, t=_________sec

Discharge, Q=volume/time=________m3/sec.

Table 5.2

Velocity Total Total

Diameter Area Velocity Pressure
head head head
Section head
V2/2g p/γ+V2/2g probe
No. (d) (A) V p/γ
H
m m2 m/sec m mm m m m
1

Conclusions:

Based on comparison of the calculated values of pressure heads, velocity heads, total heads and
the observed values of the total heads by the probe at different sections, the following
conclusions are drawn.

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Comments:-

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Fluid Mechanics 1 Manual

EXPERIMENT NO. 6
DATE:

Objective:-

To perform experiment on orifice tank and hence determine the values for coefficient of
velocity, coefficient of discharge and coefficient of contraction for the given circular orifices.
Also draw the following graphs:

iv. Qth versus Qact

v. Qth versus √
vi. Qact versus H

Apparatus:-

Hydraulic Bench, Orifice jet apparatus, Arrangement of needles to measure coordinates

of any point on the jet, Stop watch.

Related theory:-

Orifice: - An orifice is a small opening in the side or bottom of a tank or in a plate held
normal to the direction of flow. The thickness (in the direction of flow) is very small in
comparison with its other measurements. An orifice used for discharge measuring purposes has a
sharp edge (the bevelled side facing downstream as in Fig. 7.1) so that there is a minimum
contact with the fluid and consequently minimum “frictional” effects.

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Fig. 7.1 illustrates an orifice in one side of a tank containing a liquid. The tank and the
free liquid surface are so large in comparison with the orifice that the velocity of the liquid at the
free surface is negligibly small. The liquid issues from the orifice as a free jet.

Vena Contracta:-

Liquid flow lines approaching the orifice converge towards it. Because an
instantaneous change of direction is impossible, the flow lines continue to converge beyond the
orifice until they become parallel at section CC. Such a section of parallel flow takes place at
only a short distance (about one-half the orifice diameter) from the orifice. The jet may diverge
again beyond section CC and so this is then the section of minimum area. This section is known
as “Vena Contracta”.

Coefficient of Velocity:-

Neglecting friction and applying Bernoulli‟s equation between the free liquid surface in
the tank and the jet at vena contracta, the expression for the theoretical (ideal) velocity Vth at the
vena contracta may be derived as:

Vth = √ (7.1)

Where H is the “head” on the orifice.

The velocity attained at the vena contracta is slightly less than the theoretical velocity and a
“coefficient of velocity” Cv is defined as the ratio of the actual velocity to the theoretical
velocity.

Cv = Vact/Vth (7.2)

Coefficient of contraction:-

The coefficient of contraction, Cc is defined as the ratio of the area of the jet at the vena
contracta, ac to the area of the orifice, ao.

Cc = ac/ao (7.3)

Coefficient of discharge:-

Because of the effects of friction and contraction the actual discharge from the orifice is
less than the theoretical discharge. The coefficient of discharge, Cd is defined as the ratio of
actual discharge, Qact to the theoretical discharge, Qth.

Cd = (7.4)

Cd

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Cd = Cc×Cv (7.5)

Expression for Actual Velocity:-

Taking a point P(x, y) on the jet trajectory with x and y as the horizontal distance and
vertical distance with respect to centre of the jet at vena contracta (Fig 7.1) and applying
Newton‟s equation‟s of motion the expression for actual velocity at the vena contracta may be
derived as:

Vact= (gx2/2y)1/2 (7.6)

Dividing L.H.S and R.H.S of equation (7.6) and (7.1) respevtively.

Cv= (x2/4yH)1/2 (7.7)

Procedure:-

1. Place the “orifice jet apparatus” (Fig 7.2) on the hydraulic bench and level it with the
help of leveling screws.

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2. Fill the orifice tank by opening the inflow valve and adjust the position of overflow
pipe such that a constant head is maintained in the tank.
3. Measure the head, H above the orifice using the graduated scale.
4. Take a point P on the falling jet and measure its coordinates x and y with respect to
the centre of the jet at the “vena contracta”.
5. Record the time, t for collecting certain volume of water in the volumetric tank of the
hydraulic bench.
6. Repeat the step 2 to 5 for at least four more different heads by changing the position
of the adjustable overflow pipe.

Observations and calculations:-

Diameter of the orifice,do = __________ mm = ___________ m.

Area of the orifice, ao= __________m2.
Volume of water collected in volumetric tank =_________lit. = _________m3.
x-coordinate of point P = _______ cm= _________m.

No. of H Vth Qth t Qact y Vact Cd Cv Cc

obs.
m m/sec m3/sec sec m3/sec m m/sec -- -- --

Average values

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Comments:-

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EXPERIMENT NO. 7
DATE:

Objective:

To perform experiment on “Rectangular Notch” and to calibrate it. Also, draw the
following graphs.

vii. Qth versus Qact

viii. Qth versus H3/2
ix. Qact versus H

Apparatus:-

Hydraulic Bench, Rectangular Notch fitted at the end of a rectangular channel, Hook
gauge, Stop watch.

Related Theory:-

Notches and Weirs:-

A notch may be defined as a sharp-edged obstruction over which flow of a liquid occurs.
As the depth of flow above the base of the notch is related to discharge, the notch forms a useful
measuring device. It is formed in a smooth, plane, vertical plate and its edges are bevelled on the
downstream side so as to give minimum contact with the fluid. The area of flow is most
commonly either rectangular or V-shaped. The notch is accordingly called as a rectangular notch
(Fig. 8.1) or a V notch. A large rectangular notch is more oftenly termed as a sharp-crested weir.

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Rectangular Notch:-

In its simplest form the water flows over the top of the plate. The top of the plate is
known as the “Crest” or “sill” of the notch (Fig. 8.2)

The upstream of the weir plate should be smooth and the plate should be strictly vertical.
The crest should have a sharp, square upstream edge, and a bevel on the downstream side, so that
the nappe makes a line contact. The approach channel should be long and the liquid surface
should be as free of waves as possible.

The rate of flow is determined by measuring the height (head), relative to the crest, at a
distance upstream from the crest at least four times the maximum head that is to be used. The
amount of drawdown at the crest is about 0.15 H.

Suppressed and Contracted weirs:-

The suppressed weir (notch) is as wide as the channel and the width of the nappe is the
same as the length of the crest. As there are no contractions of the stream at the sides, it is said
that end contractions are suppressed. The notch is accordingly called as suppressed notch.

When the length L of the crest of a rectangular notch (weir) is less than the width B of the
channel upstream, there will be lateral contraction of the nappe so that its width is less than L.
The notch is then said to have end contractions and accordingly it is called as an end contracted
or simply the contracted notch (weir). The contraction in width may be on one side or on both
sides of the channel. The number of end contractions, n will then be one or two.

Discharge Formulae:-

Bernoulli‟s equation may be used to derive the formula for theoretical discharge through
a suppressed rectangular notch.

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Qth=2/3√ LH3/2 (8.1)

where L is the length of the crest of the notch, and

H is the head of the liquid over the crest.

Introducing the coefficient of discharge, Cd as the ratio of the actual discharge, Qact to the
theoretical discharge, Qth, equation (8.1) is modified as:

Qact=2/3 Cd √ LH3/2 (8.2)

Experiments by Francis indicated that in the case of a contracted

notch, each side contraction reduces the effective width of the nappe by 0.1 H. Hence, for a
contracted notch,

Qact=2/3 Cd √ H3/2 (8.3)

where n is the number of end contractions.

Procedure:-

1. Place and fix the rectangular notch apparatus properly in the water passage of the
hydraulic bench.
2. Measure the length of the notch at the crest level.
3. Turn on the pump and open the control valve such that water just starts flowing over the
crest of the notch.
4. Close the control valve and turn off the pump and allow water level to drop until water
flow through the notch stops.
5. Measure the depth of water in the channel upstream the notch with the help of the hook
gauge. Name the water depth as zero error, H0.
6. Restart the pump and open the control valve such that water starts flowing over the crest
of the notch.
7. For each flow rate, after the flow becomes steady, measure and record the adjusted value
of the head, H=H1-Ho.
8. Take reading of volume discharged and time of discharge using the volumetric tank to
determine the actual flow rate, Qact.
9. Repeat steps 7 and 8 for four or five more readings in the increasing order of flow.

Observations and Calculations:-

Length of the notch, L =_______cm= _______m

Zero error for head, Ho =_______mm

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Head Vol. Collected Time

No of H3/2 Qth Qact Cd
H t
obs.
Mm m Lit. m3 sec m3/2 m3/sec m3/sec --

Average value of Cd=

Comments:-

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EXPERIMENT NO. 8
DATE:

Objective:-

To perform experiment on Triangular notch and to draw the following graph:

4. Qth versus Qact

5. Qth versus H5/2
6. Qth versus H

Apparatus:-

Hydraulic Bench, Triangular Notch fitted at the end of the rectangular channel,
Hook Gauge, Stop Watch.

Related Theory:-

A weir or a notch is the simplest and accurate device used for measuring the rate of
flow of liquids in small to medium sized stream, or in industrial discharged location.

There are different types of weirs. It may be a simple metal plate with a v-notch cut
into it, or it may concrete or steel structure across the bed of the river. Common weir
constructions are the rectangular weir, the triangular or v-notch weir and the broad-crested weir.
Weirs are called sharp-crested if their crests are constructed of thin metal plates, and broad-
crested if they are made of wide timber or concrete.

The triangular notch has advantage over the rectangular notch since the shape of
nappe does not change with head so that the coefficient of discharge does not vary so much. A
triangular notch can also accommodate a wide range of flow rates.

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Bernoulli‟s equation may be used to derive the formula for theoretical discharge, Qth
flowing through a triangular notch.

Qth = 8/15 √ tan Ɵ/2 H5/2 (9.1)

Where Ɵ = angle of the notch, and

H = Head above the apex of the notch.

Introducing the coefficient of discharge, Cd as the ratio of the actual discharge, Qact to
the theoretical discharge, Qth equation (9.1) is modified as:

Qth = 8/15Cd √ tan Ɵ/2 H5/2 (9.2)

For a right angled (Ɵ=90⁰) v-notch, equation (9.1) is simplified as:

Qth = 8/15 √ H5/2 (9.3)

Procedure:

1. Make sure that the Hydraulic Bench is leveled.

2. Set the vernier on the hook gauge to a datum reading by placing the tip of the gauge on the
apex of the triangular notch.
3. Start the pump and allow water to flow into experimental setup and adjust the minimum flow
rate by means of the control valve. Increase the flow rate incrementally such that the head
above the apex increases around 5mm for each flow increment.
4. For each flow rate, measure the initial and final volumes in the collecting tank and the time
required to collect that volume.

Observation and calculations:

Angle of the notch, Ɵ =

Zero error for head, H0 =

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Table 9.1: Observations and Calculations

Head vol. collected Time

No. of H5/2 Qth Qact Cd
H t
obs.
mm m Lit. m3 sec m5/2 m3/sec m3/sec --

Average value of Cd =

Comments:

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EXPERIMENT NO. 9
DATE:

Objective:-

To perform experiment on Pipe Friction Apparatus and to determine the friction

factor of the pipe.

Apparatus:-

Hydraulic Bench, Pipe Friction Apparatus, Stop Watch, Thermometer.

Related theory:-

A pipe is a closed conduit through which fluid flows under pressure. When a fluid
flows in a pipe, some of its energy is lost to overcome the hydraulic resistance which is classified
as:

1. The viscous friction effect associated with fluid flow.

2. The local resistance which results from disturbances caused by:
a) Sudden expansion and contraction in pipe.
b) Obstruction in the form of valves, elbows and other fittings.
c) Curves and bends in the pipe.
d) Entrance and exit losses.

The viscous friction loss or major loss in energy due to friction is given by Darcy-
Weisbach formula.

hf = fLV2/2gd (10.1)

Where hf = Major head loss

L = Length of pipe

f = Friction factor

V = Mean velocity of flow

g = Acceleration due to gravity

d = Diameter of the pipe

If water manometer is used for measuring the head loss due to friction through
the pipe, the difference of pressure heads between the inlet and outlet of the pipe as obtained
directly from the piezometers tubes reading are taken as head loss i.e. hf = p1/γ – p2/ γ .

However, if mercury-water manometer is used, then the head loss due to friction
is worked out by using the well known mercury-water manometer formula:

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hf = y (Sm / Sf - 1) (10.2)

where y = Manometer reading

Sm = Specific gravity of manometric liquid, viz. murcry.

Sf = Specific gravity of flowing liquid, viz water.

Equation 10.2 may be simplified as:

hf = 12.6 y (10.3)

Procedure:-

1. Note down the diameter and length of the pipe between tappings. Also note down
the room temperature.
2. Open the pressure tappings of the pipe to be used and close the pressure tappings of
the remaining pipes, if any.
3. Start the pump of the hydraulic bench and allow water to flow into the experimental
setup. Adjust the maximum flow rate by means of the control valve fitted to pipe
friction apparatus.
4. Take reading of volume discharged and time of discharge using the volumetric tank
and the stop watch.

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5. Also take the reading of the pressure head difference between the inlet and outlet of
the pipe with the help of water-mercury manometer or the piezometer tubes
connected to the inlet and outlet pressure tappings.
6. Repeat the steps 4 and 5 by reducing the flow rate in stages with the help of volume
control valve.

Observation and Calculations:-

Diameter of the pipe, d = _________cm =___________m

Length of the pipe, L = __________cm =___________m

Area of the pipe, A = πd2/4 =_________ m2

Room temperature, T =__________ C

Density of water, ρ =__________kg/m3

Absolute viscosity of water, μ =_________Nsec/m2

Volume of water collected =____________liters

Head Flow Reynolds Friction

Manometric Reading Time Velocity
Loss rate No. Factor
No. of
h1 h2 y= h1-h2 hf t Q V RN f
Obs.
mm mm mm m of m of
sec m3/sec m/sec __ __
of Hg of Hg of Hg Hg H2O
1

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Comments:-

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