ENGR 2000 Fluid Mechanics Week 5

Chapter 4: The Bernoulli Equation

Dr Tan Inn Shi

[email protected]
[email protected]

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Program calendar (Part A)
Week Date Chapter Lecturer

27/2/2023 1: Introduction, flow fields (steady/unsteady flow,

streamlines), velocity profile, Newton's law of
1 viscosity, Reynolds number
Week 1 Tutorial 1 (No tutorial) *in class discussion
6/3/2023 2, Hydrostatics
2
Week 2 Tutorial 1
13/3/2023 2, Buoyancy forces
3 3, control-volume analysis - mass conservation Dr Tan Inn Shi
Week 3 Tutorial 2
20/3/2023 3, Momentum equation
4
Week 4 Tutorial 3
27/3/2023 4, Bernoulli equation
5, Applications of mass conservation, momentum
5 equation and Bernoulli equation
Week 5 Tutorials 4-5
6 3/4/2023 Midterm test
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Chapter 4: The Bernoulli Equation

 Derivation

 Examples of the use of the Bernoulli equation     

 Flow measuring devices

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Introduction

 Noted that the pressure in a fluid is linked to its motion;

 It is also linked to the hydrostatic pressure;
 An especially useful equation although there are some limitations as
to its use;
 To be discussed after (as consequence of) its derivation.

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What is Bernoulli equation ?

It was Proposed by the Swiss scientist Daniel

Bernoulli (1700–1782).
“Bernoulli's equation states that for an incompressible
and inviscid fluid, the total mechanical energy of the
fluid is constant” .

Bernoulli Equation

p: the actual pressure (i.e., experienced by fluid = static pressure) at a location in the flow field.
U: the speed of the fluid, 𝐯𝐯 (in a direction of the streamline) at the location.
Daniel Bernoulli z: the ‘up’ coordinate of the location from a reference level

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Derivation of the Bernoulli equation:

This is derived by considering the motion of fluid element in S-direction along a stream line.

Consider a suitable control volume:

Element of Stream-tube

Stream-tube

Stream-line

Figure X4.1: Definition of a stream-tube (in flow past a cylinder).

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 Taylor expansion
• If the value of a quantity, y(x) is known at point x, then we can find its value at x+dx using a Taylor
expansion.
𝜹𝜹𝜹𝜹 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅(𝒙𝒙) 𝜹𝜹𝜹𝜹𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐𝒚𝒚(𝒙𝒙) 𝜹𝜹𝜹𝜹𝟑𝟑 𝒅𝒅𝟑𝟑𝒚𝒚(𝒙𝒙)
𝒚𝒚 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒚𝒚 𝒙𝒙 + + + + …
𝟏𝟏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝟑𝟑
𝒚𝒚(𝒙𝒙)
y
𝒚𝒚 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 ≈ 𝒚𝒚 𝒙𝒙
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅(𝒙𝒙)
+ 𝜹𝜹𝜹𝜹
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒚𝒚 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
=?
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅(𝒙𝒙) 𝒚𝒚 𝒔𝒔 + 𝜹𝜹𝜹𝜹 − 𝒚𝒚(𝒙𝒙)
≈
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝜹𝜹𝜹𝜹

𝒚𝒚 𝒙𝒙

x x+dx x

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 Derivation
• Using the mass conservation and momentum equations.
• Assumption: Steady, Incompressible, Inviscid.
• Mass conservation:
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒎𝒎̇ = 𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆 = 𝝆𝝆 𝑼𝑼 + 𝜹𝜹𝜹𝜹 𝑨𝑨 + 𝜹𝜹𝜹𝜹
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
• Momentum equation:

Sum of applied forces to the fluid = Rate of

increase of momentum inside CV – (Momentum
flux into CV – Momentum flux out of CV)


Sum of applied forces to the fluid = Momentum
flux out of CV – momentum flux into CV)

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝟏𝟏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

� 𝑭𝑭𝒔𝒔 = 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 − 𝑭𝑭𝒈𝒈 sin 𝜽𝜽 − 𝒑𝒑 + 𝜹𝜹𝜹𝜹 𝑨𝑨 + 𝜹𝜹𝜹𝜹 + 𝒑𝒑 + 𝜹𝜹𝜹𝜹 𝜹𝜹𝜹𝜹 ̇ = 𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆 𝑼𝑼
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 = 𝒎𝒎𝑼𝑼
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
� 𝑭𝑭 = −𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆 + 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶 = 𝒎𝒎̇ 𝑼𝑼 + 𝜹𝜹𝜹𝜹 = 𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆 𝑼𝑼 + 𝜹𝜹𝜹𝜹
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅 𝑼𝑼𝟐𝟐
−𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆 + = 𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝝆𝝆 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝟐𝟐

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅 𝑼𝑼𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏

+ 𝝆𝝆 + 𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆 = 𝒑𝒑 + 𝝆𝝆𝑼𝑼𝟐𝟐 + 𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆 = 𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒑 + 𝝆𝝆𝑼𝑼𝟐𝟐 + 𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆 = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 (𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

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Energy form:

Head form:

Pressure form:
The Bernoulli Equation?

The Bernoulli Equation can be considered to be a statement of the conservation of energy principle
appropriate for flowing fluids.

Energy per unit volume before = Energy per unit volume after

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Along a streamline

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Along a streamline

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 APPLICATION OF THE BERNOULLI EQUATION

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Example 1

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Example 1

For horizontal flow: An increase in velocity must be accompanied by a

decrease in pressure

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Example 2

 Example Application of The Bernoulli Equation     

y
𝟏𝟏
𝒑𝒑 + 𝝆𝝆𝑼𝑼𝟐𝟐 + 𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆 = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 (𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔)
(1) 𝟐𝟐
• x

6m U=?

(2)

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Example 3

 Piped Flow from a Reservoir     

Assuming that inviscid flow occurs, find the

pressure and velocity of the fluid at the mid-
length of the pipe and just before its end for
ө=00 (horizontal pipe) and ө=300

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Flow-measuring Devices

Static pressure can be Dynamic pressure can be

measured by static measured by a pitot-static
tapping. tube by recording the
difference between the
stagnation and static
pressures.
Thus, we can calculate the
flow speed.

Stagnation pressure can be

measured using a pitot tube
inserted into the flow which Static pressure can also be
brings the flow along a measured by a static tube
steamline to rest. inserted into the flow.

The manometer records the

stagnation pressure.

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Flow-measuring Devices

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Limitations of The Bernoulli Equation     

1. In the derivation of the equation, we used ‘mass flow-rate in = mass flow-rate out’ by assuming steady
and incompressible flow, so the Bernoulli equation can be used for STEADY and INCOMPRESSIBLE
flow.

2. The Bernoulli Equation is only used in the INVISCID flow regions since the shear forces (due to
viscosity) acting in the s-direction along the side walls of the CV were omitted in its derivation.

3. If the fluid element is experiencing angular rotation about an internal point (this is called rotational
flow), then the Bernoulli equation is not valid. Thus, the equation can only be used in the
IRROTATIONAL flow.
4. The Bernoulli equation is basically an energy-conservation equation. Thus, it cannot be used where
energy is removed/added to a system by friction/fans etc.

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Homework #1

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Homework #2

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Homework #3

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Homework #4

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Checklist #1 for Week 5:

□Example 1
□Example 2
□Example 3
□Example 4
□Homework #1 FE2017
□Homework #2 FE2018
□Homework #3 FE2019
□Homework #4 FE2019

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