LEARNING MODULE 3 Logo of TVET Provider

TVET PROGRAM TITLE:Basic Electrical/Electronic Equipment Servicing Level I

MODULE TITLE:Preparing and interpreting technical drawing

MODULE CODE: EEL BEE1 M03 0811
NOMINAL DURATION: 50 Hours
MODULE DESCRIPTION: This module covers the knowledge, attitudes and skills
required in Preparing and interpreting technical drawing in electrical/electronics industry. It
includes:Identify different kinds of technical drawings, Interpret technical
drawing,Prepare/make changes to schematics and drawings,Store technical drawings and
equipment /instruments.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module the trainer will be able to
LO1Identify different kinds of technical drawings
LO2: Interpret technical drawing
LO3:Prepare/make changes to schematics and drawings
LO4:Store technical drawings and equipment /instruments
MODULE CONTENTS:
LO1:Identify different kinds of technical drawings
1.1, Identifying drawing instruments
1.1.1, Ruler
1.1.2, T-square
1.1.3, Set square
1.1.4, Divider
1.1.5, Compass
1.1.6, French curve
1.1.7, scale
1.1.8, Pencil sharpener
1.1.9, Drawing board
1.2 Identifying drawing materials
1.2.1 Drawing paper (A4, A3, A2, A1, A0)
1.2.2, Eraser
1.2.3, Pencils ( Hard ,Medium And Soft)
1.2.4, Dusting brush
1.2.5, terracing paper
1.2.6, Radiography
LO2: Interpret technical drawing
2.1 Types of Drawing lines
2.1.1, object line
2.1.2, Hidden Line
2.1.3, dimension Line
2.1.4 Boarder Line and Title Block
2.1.5 section Line
LO3:Prepare/make changes to schematics and drawings
 3.1, Technical Drawings
3.1.1, Schematic Diagram
3.1.2, Charts
3.1.3, Block Diagram
3.1.4, Lay out plan
3.1.5, Location plan
3.1.6, Process and Instrumentation Diagrams
3.1.7, Loop Diagrams
3.1.8, System control Diagrams
LO4: Store technical drawings and equipment /instruments
4.1 Drawing Geometrical Figures
4.1.1, Drawing straight line figures
4.1.2, Drawing regular polygons
4.1.3, Drawing tangent Lines and arcs
4.2 Reading, interpreting and installing drawing
4.2.1, Introduction to technical drawing
4.2.2, standards
4.2.3,signs, symbols and data
4.2.4, electrical / electronic schematic diagrams
4.2.5, Drawing for installation
4.2.5.1, layout and control diagrams
4.2.6, wiring diagram
4.2.7, power circuit diagram
4.3, Analyzing and interpreting data and work plan

LEARNING STRATEGIES:
 Lecture-discussion
 Demonstration
 Practical exercises

*for the modules

ASSESSMENT METHODS:
Competence may be accessed through:
 Practical assessment
 Simulation
 oral question
 Theoretical exam/written tests

*for the modules

Basic Electrical Electronics Equipment Servicing

Level I

Learning Guide #03

Unit of Competence: Prepare and interpret Technical drawing

Module Title: Preparing and interpreting Technical drawing

LG Code: EEL BEE1 M03 LO1-04

TTLM Code: EEL BEE1 TTLM03 0811

A drawing is a graphic representation of an object, or a part of it, and is the result of creative thought by an
engineer or technician. When one person sketches a rough map in giving direction to another, this is graphic
communication. Graphic communication involves using visual materials to relate ideas.
Drawings, photographs, slides, transparencies, and sketches are all forms of graphic communication. Any medium
that uses a graphic image to aid in conveying a message, instructions, or an idea is involved in graphic
communication.
LO1 Identifying drawing instruments
Ruler:is possibly one of the most important pieces of drawing equipment. Be remembered that the edge
of a ruler is not guaranteed to have a perfectly straight edge unlike a good T-Square or set square. The
recommended material for a ruler is a plastic but for cutting purpose, it is advisable to use a metal ruler.
Recommended maximum dimension of a ruler is 12 inches and it is commonly known as one foot ruler.

T-Square:It is used primarily to draw horizontal lines and for guiding the triangles when drawing
vertical and inclined lines. It is manipulated by sliding the working edge (inner face) of the head along the
left edge of the board until the blade is in the required position. The common parts of a T-square are the
head and the blade. The common materials to produce T-square are wood, plastic and metal. The
substitute of a T-square is a slider which is shown on the figure upper right.

Setsquares
They are used to construct the most common angles (i.e. 300,450, 600) in technical drawings.
Divider:Used chiefly for transferring distances and occasionally for dividing spaces into equal parts. i.e.
for dividing curved and straight lines into any number of equal parts, and for transferring measurements.

Compass is an absolute essential piece of equipment. It is well worth buying a good set which includes at
least two compasses allowing the drawing of small and large circles. The drawing opposite is a ‘bow’
compass. This is very effective in making big diameter of a circle and curves

French curve: It is used to draw irregular curves that are not circle arcs. The shape varies according to
the shape of irregular curve.
Scales:The architectural draftsman's scale is made in various lengths, but 12 -inch triangular scale will be
found best for student use. This has in one face the normal full size division of the foot. The scale at
which the drawing is to be made may depend upon three things: first the size of the paper on which the
draftsman wishes to work; second the size of the building or detail to be drawn; third, the amount of detail
that is desirable to show in the drawing.

The Metric Scale:

The metric scale is used for work on metric drawings or dual-dimensioned drawings. Metric scales are
size scales. For instance, a drawing made to a 1:20 scale means the drawing is 1/20 th the size of the actual
object.
A scale of 1:20 may be referenced on the drawing as 1:20 or 5 cm = 1 m (see figure below). A scale of
1:100 means the drawing is 1/100th the size of the actual object. It may be referenced as 1:100 or as 1 cm =
1m. When the scale is used as reduction scaled with a ratio 1:100, the numerals 1, 2 and 3 represent 1
meter each (1 cm = 100 cm or 1 meter). The 1:100 scale may also be used as a full-size scale since the
smallest division is actually 1 millimeter (mm). The numerals 1, 2, and 3 actually represent full-size
centimeters (10 mm). Since the metric scales are decimal scales based on the number 10, the ratio of a
metric scale, may be changed by multiplying (or dividing) by a multiple of 10. For example, the 1:100
scale may be changed to 1:1000 by multiplying by 10. By multiplying each of the numerals on the scale
(1, 2, and 3) by 10, they now represent different values (10 m, 20 m, 30 m).
Drawing Pencil:The student and professional man should be equipped with a selection of good, well-
sharpened pencil with leads of various degrees of hardness such as: 9H, 8H, 7H, and 6H (hard); 5H& 4H
(medium hard); 3H and 2H (medium); and H& F (medium soft). The grade of pencil to be used for
various purposes depends on the type of line desired, the kind of paper employed, and the humidity, which
affects the surface of the paper. Standards for line quality usually will govern the selection. For instance,
♦ 6H is used for light construction line.
♦ 4H is used for re-penciling light finished lines (dimension lines, center lines, and invisible object lines)
♦ 2H is used for visible object lines
♦ F and H are used for all lettering and freehand work.

Pencil sharpeneris an essential for sharpening pencils. Accurate drawings cannot be produced unless
they are sharp. However, when shading a blunt pencil is sometimes useful. This is an electrical pencil
sharpener and it is a heavy duty. Very precise and sensitive pencil sharpener. Be very carefull in dealing
with it so that it will not consume your pencil easily.

Eraser: is a soft and a consumable material. There are two kinds of it, an eraser for pencil and an eraser
for ink pen.

Protractor:is a typical, a semi-circular piece of plastic with 180 degrees printed around its curve. This
instrument is not advisable to draw curves. The purpose of this instrument is for determining angles only.
Paper sizesthe rolls vary in width from 36 to 54 inches and contain a measurement from 10 to 50
yards. A 36 inch roll may be cut without waste into sheets 36 by 26, 26 by 18, 18 by 13, 13 by 9 by 6 1/2
inches.

Tracing paperis a thin white transparent paper for general use where one drawing is to be made over
another. But if ink was applied then you cannot use again. This material is recommended to use in
preparation of plans and specifications.

Drawing Table/Board
This has different dimensions that depend on the needs of a drafter. This should be a perfectly smooth flat
board of soft wood or metal are made in such a way that it cannot warp or split. All angles should be
perfectly true and smooth. The drawing board should be smooth and free from any hard particle.
LO 2 Interpret Technical Drawing
2.1 Types of Drawing Lines
The ability to read and interpret drawings and blueprints depends on the ability to recognize the different
types of lines used in making the drawings, and to understand how these lines describe the object or parts
represented. Lines used to represent an object and to aid in reading the drawing are made in definite
standard forms. The relative thickness of a line, (thick or thin) and the line’s composition: solid, broken,
dashed have specific meanings.
Along with line weight and quality, there are standards for different types of lines. Each has a definite
meaning and is recognized as a typical symbol or object within the building trades industry. Below are
standard types of lines that will typically be used in design drawings.
Object lines:are thick solid lines that outline all surfaces visible to the eye. Solid lines are also used for
leader lines and dimension lines.
Hidden lines: consisting of short, evenly-spaced dashes outline invisible or hidden surfaces. They are
thin lines, about half as heavy as visible lines. They always begin with a dash in contact with the line from
which they start, except when a dash would form a continuation of a solid line.
Movement, ghost or phantom line: are thin lines used to indicate alternate positions of the parts of
an object, repeated detail or the locations of absent parts. This can include bi-swing doors, the space
needed for drawer and cabinet door openings, sliding door opening direction, hinge points for doors and
windows in elevation. They are made by alternating one long and two evenly spaced, short dashes, with a
long dash at each end.
Extension lines:are short, solid lines used to show the limits of dimensions. They may be placed inside
or outside the outline of an object. They extend from an outline or surface, but do not touch it. Extension
lines are the same weight as invisible lines.
Leader line: indicate the part or area of a drawing to which a number, note or other reference applies.
They are solid lines and usually terminate in a single arrowhead.
Break lines:are used when the extents of a drawing cannot fit on the size of paper being used for
drawing. It can also be used when you only need to illustrate a portion of a design or a partial view.
There are long and short break lines. These indicate that a part is broken out or removed to show more
clearly the part or the parts that lie directly below the broken out part. They also are used to reduce the
size of the drawing of a long part having a uniform cross section so that it can be shown on a smaller sheet
of paper. Short breaks are indicated by solid, thick, freehand lines. Long breaks are indicated by solid,
thin, ruled lines broken by freehand zigzags. Breaks on shafts, rods, tubes, and pipes are curved.
Center lines:are used to indicate the center of a plan, object, circle, arc, or any symmetrical object. Use
a series of very long and short dashes to create a center line. If two center lines intersect use short dashes
at the intersection.
Section line:is used to show the cutaway view of a floor plan. A section cutting all the way through a
floor plan is referred to as a full section. The direction of the arrows shows the direction of the section
view.
Dimension line:are short, solid lines that indicate the distance between two points on a drawing. They
terminate or end in arrowheads at each end, and are broken to insert the dimension.
Cutting plane line:consists of a heavy dash followed by two shorter dashes. At each end, it has a short
line at right angles to the cutting plane line terminating with arrowheads pointing in the direction from
which the cut surface is viewed.
 Fig.Example of line types
Phantom linesshall be used to indicate the alternate position of parts of the item delineated, repeated
detail, or the relative position of an absent part and shall be composed of alternating one long and two
short dashes, evenly spaced, with a long dash at each end.
Border lines: are most commonly used in drawing templates. It enclosed the boundaries of the drawing
area and the title block. It has the most heaviest line weight.
Title Block: In every engineering drawing, a Title Block is included at the bottom right-hand corner.
The Title Blocks are locally standardized but should be designed in such a way that it can be easily
understood. The information needed in any standard Title Block is normally:
 Name of the Firm/School/College
 Name of the Object (Work piece)
 Number of the drawing (particularly useful for reference where more than one drawing are
concerned --- typically in assembly drawings)
 Format of the paper used (paper size)
 Scale used
 Dimensioning unit (usually millimeters --- mm)
 Symbol for the method of projection used
 Date when the drawing was finished
 Name of the draftsman (draughtsman) --- e.g. student name if it is a normal class exercise
 Name of the person who checked the drawing
 Remarks
2.2 DIMENSIONS
A drawing without dimensions is meaningless. Dimensions are necessary to show the exact size of an object.
Dimensioning refers to the act of giving dimensions, i.e., length, width, height, diameter, etc., of the object. This
information is provided by giving numeric values to various features of the object on the drawing. A feature is an
individual characteristic such as a flat or cylindrical surface, a slot or a groove, a taper, a shoulder, a screw thread,
etc.
Dimension is a numerical value expressed in appropriate units of measurement and indicated graphically on
technical drawings with lines, symbols and notes. The important aspects of dimensioning are as follows:
 Units of Measurement :
On technical drawing we need to show lengths and angles. The most convenient
unit for length is millimeter. In civil engineering and architectural drawing, inch
or foot is often used as a unit of length. Angles are shown in degrees.
 Symbols : Symbols are incorporated to indicate specific geometry whenever necessary.
 Notes : Notes are provided to give specification of a particular feature or to give specific
information necessary during the manufacturing of the object.
Elements of dimensioning
A line on the drawing whose length is to be shown is called and object line. The object line is essentially an outline
representing the feature(s) of the object. While showing an angle, the two lines forming the angle will be the object
lines.
Dimensioning is often done by a set of elements, which includes extension lines, dimension lines, leader lines,
arrowheads and dimensions.
 Extension line – is a short line drawn perpendicular to an object line. These line start immediately or a few
millimeters from the ends of object lines and extend a few millimeters beyond a dimension line.
Extension lines may be used to show an angle due to space constraint. In such case, extension lines
are drawn parallel to and at the ends of object lines.
 Dimension line – is drawn between two extension lines parallel to the object line. As a rule, there
must be one and only one dimension line between any two extension lines. One dimension line
represents one dimension. While dimensioning an angle, a curved dimension line is drawn by
drawing a suitable are having its center at the vertex of the angle.
 Leader line – is a line which connects a note or a dimension with the feature to which it applies.
Leaders are drawn at suitable angles, preferably 30º, 45º or 60º, and is never drawn horizontal or
vertical. One end of the leader carries an arrowhead which connects it to the outline of the object.
A dot is used instead of an arrowhead, if the leader ends inside the object, figure 3.2(b). The other
 end of the leader is made horizontal. A note or dimension is placed above the horizontal portion of
the leader. Leaders are frequently used to indicate the diameter or radius of a circular feature.

 Arrowheads – an arrowhead is drawn at each end of a dimension line. The tip of an arrowhead
touches the extension line. An arrowhead is also drawn at the end of a leader, which points out the
feature of an object. The various styles of drawing an arrowhead are shown in the figure below.
The arrowheads may be open, closed, or closed and filled. The angle formed the barbs of the
arrowhead usually varies from 15º to 90º. Sometimes, an oblique stroke drawn at 45º to the
extension line is used instead of an arrowhead

The closed and filled arrowhead is most commonly adopted. It is the form of an isosceles triangle having a
height three (3) times of its base. The space inside the triangle is uniformly filled in. The size of an
arrowhead should be proportionate to the length of the dimension line. Too small or too large arrowheads
should be avoided.
 Dimension– is a numeric value of length or angle expressed in a specified unit of measurement.
Dimensions are placed near the middle and above dimension lines or at the center of dimension
lines by breaking them. Since all dimensions of a drawing are expressed in the same unit (i.e., mm
cm or in), the unit is not written after the dimension figure. Instead, a note “ALL DIMENSIONS
IN MM” is written at a prominent place (preferably on the left hand side of the title block) on the
drawing sheet. The dimension text should be same for all the dimensions on a drawing and should
have a suitable size.
 Figure A

Figure B
Elements of dimensioning

For placing the dimensions on a drawing, of the two systems is adopted.

 Aligned system – dimensions are placed perpendicular to the dimension line so that they may be
read from the bottom or right-hand side of the drawing sheet. All horizontal and inclined
dimensions can be read from the bottom, whereas vertical dimensions can be read from the right-
hand side of the drawing sheet. Dimensions are place at the middle and on top of the dimension
lines.
  Unidirectional system – dimensions are placed in such a way that they can be read from the
bottom edge of the drawing sheet. All horizontal dimensions are placed at the middle and on the
top of the dimension lines while vertical and inclined dimensions are inserted by breaking the
dimension lines at the middle.

It should be noted that dimensioning leader for both system is the same.

Rules for dimensioning

The following rules for dimensioning must be adopted to achieve the good dimensioning characteristics
like clearness, completeness, readability and accuracy.

1. Between any two extension lines, there must be one and only one dimension line bearing one
dimension.

2. As far as possible, all dimensions should be placed outside the views. Inside dimensions are
preferred only if they are clearer and more easily readable.
3. All dimensions on a drawing must be shown using either aligned system or unidirectional
system. In no case should, the two systems be mixed on the same drawing.

4. The same unit of length should be used for all the dimensions on a drawing. The unit should not be
written after each dimension, but a note mentioning the unit should be placed below the drawing.

5. Dimensions lines should not cross each other; Dimension lines should also not cross any other
lines of the object. However, extension lines may cross each other or outlines of the object.

6. All dimensions must be given. As far as possible, there should not be need for calculation,
assumption or direct measurement for any dimension.
7. Each dimension should be given only once. No dimension should be redundant, i.e., no dimension
should be repeated directly or indirectly. If a particular dimension is mentioned, directly or
indirectly, in one view, it should not be repeated in other views.

8. Do not use an outline or a centerline as a dimension line. A centerline may be extended serve as an
extension line
9. When it is necessary to place a dimension within a sectioned area, leave a blank space for the
dimension.

10. Avoid dimensioning hidden lines.

11. Keep dimensions 6 – 8 mm away from the object line and also from each other.

12. If the space between two extension lines is too narrow to mark arrowheads and the dimension then
one of the following ways, depending on space availability, should be adopted.

(i) Draw arrowheads touching the outsides of the extension lines and pointing toward each other.
Place the dimension above the dimension line.
 (ii) Draw arrowheads as in (i) above and place the dimension at one end of the dimension line
outside of the extension line.

(iii) Draw arrowheads as in (i) above and place the dimension at the end of the leader which
terminates on the dimension line.

(iv) For two consecutive dimensions, replace two intermediate arrowheads by a dot and place the
dimensions as in (i) or (iii) above, depending on the space availability.

13. For dimensions in series, adopt any one of the following ways :
(i) Chain dimensioning (continuous dimensioning): All the dimensions are aligned in such a
way that an arrowhead of one dimension touches tip-to-tip the arrowhead of the adjacent
dimension. The overall dimension is placed outside the other smaller dimensions.

(ii) Parallel dimensioning (progressive dimensioning): All the dimensions are shown form a
common reference line. Obviously, all these dimensions share a common extension line. This
method is adopted when dimensions have to be established from a particular datum surface.
 (iii) Combined dimensioning: When both the methods, i.e., chain dimensioning and parallel
dimensioning are used on the same drawing, the method of dimensioning is called combined
dimensioning.

14. Smaller dimensions should always be placed nearer the view. The next dimension should be placed
next and so on. The overall dimension should always be away from the view. This will avoid
crossing of the extension lines and dimension lines.

15. All notes should be written horizontally

Below are samples figures on how to place dimensions in objects:
2.3 SYMBOLS
Electrical Symbols
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) is a professional association that, in its own
words, "promotes the art, science, and practice of multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences around
the globe" via "continuing education, training and professional development, codes and
standards, research, conferences and publications, government relations, and other forms of outreach.
ASME is thus an engineering society, a standards organization, a research and development organization,
a lobbying organization, a provider of training and education, and a nonprofit organization. Founded as an
engineering society focused on mechanical engineering in North America, ASME is today
multidisciplinary and global.
Symbols active components

Diode   Diac

Thyristor   Triac

IC / Chip   Amplifier

Electric generator   Battery

Vacuum tube /
Transistor   Electron tube
Example: Diode

Symbols active components (Digital electronic)

AND gate OR gate

ANSI system   ANSI system

NAND gate NOR gate

ANSI system   ANSI system
 Display 7-segment LED
Logic inverter  

OR gate
AND gate
  British system
British system
OR gate
AND gate
  NEMA system
NEMA system

Instrumentation symbols

Ammeter Voltmeter
 

Ohmmeter Frequency meter

 

Wattmeter Electric clock

 

Recording
Electrical counter / Integrator instrument
The asterisk is replaced by the The asterisk is
letter or symbol for the   replaced by the letter
quantity count or symbol of the
magnitude recorded

Other basic electrical and electronic symbols

Antenna / aerial Speaker

 

Microphone Lamp / Light Bulb

 
Direct current, DC Alternating current, AC
 
Positive polarity Negative polarity
 

Piezoelectric crystal Relay (Coil and Switch)

 
 Electric transformer Electric motor
 

Symbols passive components

Resistor Resistor
IEC system   NEMA system

Inductor / Coil Capacitor

 

Switch Circuit switch

 
Plug
Pushbutton
  IEC system

Female plug
Fuse
  IEC system

Plug
Electric line
  NEMA system

Female plug
Ground
  NEMA system

LO3 Prepare/make changes to schematics and drawings

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTTRONIC DIAGRAMS
There are many kinds of electrical/electronic diagrams. Each kind of diagram suits its purpose.

1. SINGLE-LINE DIAGRAM
The single-line diagram is used basically for the same purpose as the block diagram. When used with text
material, it gives you a basic understanding of the functions of the components of a system.
There are two major differences between the single-line diagram and the block diagram. The first
difference is that the single-line diagram uses symbols, rather than labeled blocks, to represent
components. Second, the single-line diagram shows all components in a single line. There are no
interconnections shown for selected components as were shown on the block diagram (for example,
alternator to voltage regulator and back to the battery). The single-line diagram is very simplified and
should be used primarily to learn (in very broad terms) the function of each of the various components as a
part of the total system.

Fig. Single line diagram

2. SCHEMATIC (ELEMENTARY) DIAGRAM:Shows the ways a circuit is connected and

what the circuit does using graphic symbols. The schematic does not have to show the size or shape of the
parts of the circuit. It does not have to show where the parts of the circuit actually are.

Fig. Schematic diagram

3. CONNECTION OR WIRING DIAGRAM: Shows how the components of a circuit are

connected. It may cover connections inside or outside the components. It has as much detail as is needed
to make or trace connections. The connection diagram usually shows how a component looks and where it
is placed.
 Fig. Installation assembly drawing

LAY OUT DIAGRAM:Is a pictorial representation of how the electronic circuit actually looks.
These drawings show the actual lay out of the components on the circuit board. This provides a two
dimensional drawing, usually looking down from the top, detailing the components in their location.
Figure below shows the schematic for the circuit and the same circuit drawn in pictorial or lay out format
for comparison. Normally the pictorial layout would be accompanied by a parts list.
 Fig. Schematic and layout diagram of a pulsing third brake light
BLOCK DIAGRAM
A block diagram is used primarily to present a general description of a system and its functions. This type
of diagram is generally used in conjunction with text material. A block diagram shows the major
components of a system and the interconnections of these components. All components are shown in
block form, and each block is labeled for identification purposes.

CHART
A chart, also called a graph, is a graphical representation of data, in which "the data is represented by
symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart". A chart can represent
tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative structure and provides different info.
The term "chart" as a graphical representation of data has multiple meanings:
A data chart is a type of diagram or graph that organizes and represents a set of numerical or qualitative
data.
Maps that are adorned with extra information (map surround) for a specific purpose are often known as
charts, such as a nautical chart or aeronautical chart, typically spread over several map sheets.
Other domain specific constructs are sometimes called charts, such as the chord chart in music notation or
a record chart for album popularity.

LOCATION PLAN

 A location plan shows the proposed development in relation to its surrounding properties
 It must be based on an up-to-date map and at an identified standard metric scale (typically 1:1250
or 1:2500)
 The site of the proposed development needs to be outlined in red and any other land owned by the
applicant that is close to or adjoining the site needs to be outlined in blue
 Choose from 2 scales:
1. 1:1250 Location Plan: for urban areas and small properties within 200 x 200m
2. 1:2500 Location Plan: for rural areas and large properties within 400 x 400m

Instrument Loop Diagram

Loop diagram represents detailed drawing showing a connection from one point to control system.
It could be connection between:
 Field instrument to control system (or vice versa)
 Signal from Control Panel to control system (or vice versa)
 Signal from MCC to control system (or vice versa)
 Signal form one control system to another system
Loop diagram shows instrument (in a symbol) and its terminal numbers which are to be connected,
instrument cable number, junction box number, terminal number assigned for the specified
instrument, multi-pair cable and  pair number , marshaling cabinet number, terminal number in
marshaling cabinet, control system details (rack, slot, I/O channel). It also clearly indicates location of
each equipment by means of border line as a limit.
Loop Diagram usually shows a single control loop which means it could only contains just one
input (sensor to control system), just one output (control system to final element) or combination of both
Reference drawing
To have the loop diagram completed and provide complete information, the following are list of
data required along with its source/reference:

 Instrument Terminal number.  Most instrument could be assumed to use (+) and (-).
Terminals. Instrument which needs special arrangement such as smoke detector or instrument
which in series loop, requires manufacturer connection detail to make the cable is properly
connected.
 Junction box terminal number, this information could be obtained from  JB wiring connection

 Marshaling terminal number, this information could be obtained from marshaling

wiring connection.

 I/O point detail information. Obtain this information from I/O assignment which is produced
by system integrator or control system vendor.

The purpose of instrument loop diagram

It is used in checking of a correct installation and connection when tested during pre-
commissioning, commissioning and also for trouble shooting during operation.

Piping and instrumentation diagram/drawing 

A diagram which shows the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to control
the process. In the process industry, a standard set of symbols is used to prepare drawings of processes.
The instrument symbols used in these drawings are generally based on International Society of
Automation (ISA) Standard S5.
 Fig. Piping and Instrumentation Diagram

SYSTEM CONTROL DIAGRAM

The SCD concept returns to the basis of the P&ID, the process schematic. Information not required for the
design of the control system is removed. The SCD shall focus on representing systems and functional
relationships, not individual physical equipment.
The SCD combines all functional design requirements into a common unambiguous document and
represents a top-down approach to the design of the system.
The process schematic includes a simplified representation of process lines and equipment.
Instrumentation & control objects are represented by simplified symbols only.
The automation functions are represented by a limited number of high-level function templates.
Each template represents a specific control philosophy selected for a class of objects. The control
philosophy is defined/limited by a general range of attributes made available for the specific application.
The application level is defined by using the applicable attributes.
Complex control and interlocking strategies are developed by inter-connecting templates. Additional logic
and arithmetic functions may be used.
POWER CIRCUIT
The power circuit shows all the components or parts of components required to handle the load current of
the motor. Remember that the motor in question may be a small 1.5 kW (2 HP) or a large 225 kW (300
HP). As the motor power rating increases so too must the current rating of the contactor, overload relay
and supply cables.
N.B. When wiring circuits, the supply should be fed in on the low number terminal and out on the high
number terminal.

Fig. Power Circuit

CONTROL CIRCUIT
The control circuit shows all the components or parts of components required to control the motor. These
components are basically the same regardless of the power rating of the motor in question.
Note when wiring circuits, the supply should be fed in on the low number terminal and out on the high
number terminal.

Fig. Control circuit

WIRING DIAGRAM: is a detailed diagram of each circuit installation showing all of the wiring,
connectors, terminal boards, and electrical or electronic components of the circuit. It also identifies
thewires by wire numbers or color coding. Wiring diagrams are necessary to troubleshoot and repair
electrical or electronic circuits.
You should use the schematic diagram previously discussed to determine where the trouble might be in
the circuit when a malfunction occurs. The schematic diagram does not show the terminals, connector
points, and so forth, of the circuit. Therefore, you must go to the circuit wiring diagram to determine
where to make the voltage or resistance checks in the circuit when troubleshooting.
Schematics and wiring diagrams are the written language of control circuits. Before a technician can
become proficient in troubleshooting control circuits, he or she must learn how to read and interpret
schematic and wiring diagrams.

Fig. Wiring Diagram

LO4: Store technical drawings and equipment /instruments
4.2 GEOMETRIC NOMENICLATURE
A. POINTS IN SPACE
A point is an exact location in space or on a drawing surface. A point is actually represented on the drawing by a
crisscross at its exact location. The exact point in space is where the twolines of the crisscross intersect. When a
point is located on an existing line, a light, short dashed line or cross bar is placed on the line at the location of the
exact point. Never represent a point on a drawing by a dot; except for sketching locations.
B. LINE
Lines are straight elements that have no width, but are infinite in length (magnitude), and they can be located by two
points which are not on the same spot but fall along the line. Lines may be straight lines or curved lines. A straight line
is the shortest distance between two points. It can be drawn in any direction. If a line is indefinite, and the ends are
not fixed in length, the actual length is a matter of convenience. If the end points of a line are important, they must be
marked by means of small, mechanically drawn crossbars, as described by a
pint in space.
Straight lines and curved lines are considered parallel if the shortest distance between them remains constant. The symbol used
for parallel line is //. Lines, which are tangent and at 900 are considered perpendicular. The symbol for
Perpendicular line is ⊥.

Figure Points and lines

C. ANGLE
An angle is formed by the intersection of two lines. There are three major kinds of angles: right angels, acute angles and
Obtuse angles. The right angle is an angle of 900, an acute angle is an angle less than 900, and an obtuse angle is an
angle more than 900. A straight line is 1800. The symbol for an angle is < (singular) and <’s (Plural). To draw an angle, use
the drafting machine, a triangle, or a protractor.

Figure Angles
D. TRIANGLES
A triangle is a closed plane figure with three straight sides and their interior angles sum up exactly 180 0. The various kinds of
triangles: a right triangle, an equilateral triangle, an isosceles triangle, and an obtuse angled triangle. Figure

Figure Triangles
E. QUADRIALTERAL
It is a plane figure bounded by four straight sides. When opposite sides are parallel, the quadrilateral is also
Considered to be a parallelogram.

Figure Quadrilaterals
F. POLYGON
A polygon is a closed plane figure with three or more straight sides. The most important of these polygons as they relate to
drafting are probably the triangle with three sides, square with four sides, the hexagon with six sides, and the octagon with eight
sides.

Figure Polygons

G. CIRCLE
A circle is a closed curve with all points on the circle at the same distance from the center point. The major components of a
circle are the diameter, the radius and circumference.
♦the diameter of the circle is the straight distance from one outside curved surface through the center point to
the opposite outside curved surface.
♦the radius of a circle is the distance from the center point to the outside curved surface. The radius is half the
Diameter, and is used to set the compass when drawing a diameter.
♦a central angle: is an angle formed by two radial linesfrom the center of the circle.
♦a sector: is the area of a circle lying between two radial lines and the circumference.
♦a quadrant: is a sector with a central angle of 900 and usually with one of the radial lines oriented horizontally.
♦a chord: is any straight line whose opposite ends terminate on the circumference of the circle.
♦a segment: is the smaller portion of a circle separated by a chord.
♦concentric circles are two or more circles with a common center point.
♦Eccentric circles are two or more circles without a common center point.
♦Asemi-circleis half of the circle.

Figure Circle
Techniques of Geometric
Constructions
To construct the above mentioned geometric figures, we have to know some principles and procedures of geometric
construction. Thus, the remaining of this chapter is devoted to illustrate step-by-step geometric construction procedures used by
drafters and technicians to develop various geometric forms.
A. How to Bisect a Line or an Arc
To bisect a line means to divide it in half or to find its center point. In the given process, a line will also be constructed at the
exact center point at exactly 900.
Given: Line A-B
Step 1: Set the compass approximately two-thirds of the length of line A-B and swing an arc from point A.
Step 2: Using the exact same compass setting, swing an arc from point B.
Step 3: At the two intersections of these arcs, locate points D and E
Step 4: Draw a straight-line connecting point D with point E.
Where this line intersects line A-B, it bisects line A-B.
Line D-E is also perpendicular to line A-B at the exact center point.

Figure Example on how to bisect a line or arc

B. HOW TO DIVIDE A LINE IN TO Number of EQUAL PARTS
Given: Line A-B
Step 1: Draw a construction line AC that starts at end A of given line AB. This new line is longer than the given
line and makes an angle of not more than 300 with it.
Step 2: Find a scale that will approximately divide the line AB in to the number of parts needed (11 in the example
below), and mark these divisions on the line AC.
There are now ‘n’ equal divisions from A to D that lie on the line AC (11 in this example).
Step 3: Set the adjustable triangle to draw a construction line from point D to point B. Then draw construction lines
through each of the remaining ‘n-1’ divisions parallel to the first line BD by sliding the triangle along the straight edge. The
original line AB will now beaccurately divided.

Figure Example on how to divide a line in to a number of

equal parts
C. How to Bisect an Angle
To bisect an angle means to divide it in half or to cut it in to two equal angles.
Given: Angle BAC
Step 1: Set the compass at any convenient radius and swing an arc from point A
Step 2: Locate points E and F on the legs of the angle, and swing two arcs of the same identical length from points E and F,
respectively.
Step 3: Where these arcs intersect, locate point D. Draw a straight line from A to D. This line will bisect angle
BAC and establish two equal angles: CAD and BAD.

Figure Example on how to bisect an angle

D. How to Draw an Arc or Circle (Radius) Through Three
Given Points
Given: Three points in space at random: A, Band C.
Step 1: With straight line, lightly connect points A to B, and B to C,
Step 2: Using the method outlined for bisecting a line, bisect lines A-B and B-C
Step 3: Locate point X where the two extended bisectors meet. Point X is the exact center of the arc or circle.
Step 4: Place the point of the compass on point X and adjust the lead to any of the points A, B, or C (they are the
same distance), and swing the circle. If all work is done correctly, the arc or circle should pass through each point.
Figure Example on how to draw an arc or circle
E. How to Draw a Line Parallel to a Straight Line at a
Given Distance
Given: Line A-B, and a required distance to the parallel line.
Step 1: Set the compass at the required distance to the parallel line. Place the point of the compass at any location on the given
line, and swing a light arc whose radius is the required distance.
Step 2: Adjust the straight edge of either a drafting machine or an adjusted triangle so that it line sup with line A-B,
slide the straight edge up or down to the extreme high point, which is the tangent point, of the arc, then draw the parallel line.

Figure Example on how to draw parallel line

F. How to Draw a Perpendicular Lines to a Line at a Point
Method 1
Given: Line A-B with point P on the same line.
Step 1: Using P as a center, make two arcs of equal radius or more continuous arc (R1) to intercept line A-B on
either side of point P, at points S and T.
Step 2: Swing larger but equal arcs (R2) from each of points S and T to cross each other at point U.
Step 3: A line from P to U is perpendicular to line A-B at point P
Figure Example on how to draw a perpendicular line, to a point outside the line
G. How to Draw a Square
Method-1
Given: The locations of the center and the required distance across the sides of a square.
Step 1: Lightly draw a circle with a diameter equal to the distance around the sides of the square. Set the compass at half the
required diameter.
Step 2: Using triangles, lightly complete the square by constructing tangent lines to the circle. Allow the light construction lines
to project from the square, without erasing them.
Step 3: Check to see that there are four equal sides and, if so, darken in the actual square using the correct line thickness.

Figure Example on how to draw square with given side

Method-2
Given one side AB. Through point A, draw a perpendicular.
With A as a center, and AB as radius; draw the arc to intersect the perpendicular at C. With B and C as centers, and AB as
radius, strike arcs to intersect at D. Draw line CD and BD.

Figure Example on how to draw square with given side

H. How to Draw A Pentagon (5 Sides)
Given: The locations of the pentagon center and the diameter that will circumscribe the pentagon.
Step 1: Bisect radius OD at C.
Step 2: With C as center, and CA as radius, strike arc AE. With A as center, and AE as radius, strike arc EB.
Step 3: Draw line AB, then set off distances AB around the circumference of the circle, and draw the sides through these points.

Figure Example on how to draw pentagon with a given side