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AC by Sanjay Sharma

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100 views243 pages

AC by Sanjay Sharma

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Citdhyd Arise
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ise is Very Small and BPAY OS lenored af noise is generally unnoticeable, i effect vemeaticn aystems, the effect, of 20 r ; ee nee ‘systems operating with a limited amount of signal . i ‘ the noise. Thus, in such cases, the prese . However, in long-distance com the signal may be as small as noise or even smaller than ‘Mfnnise severally limits the capabilities of a communica 1.142, Bandwidth Limitation Tn addition to noise, the bandwidth limitation is anol system. The frequency range or the band of frequency nee i ven trai Eoown as bandwidth, This band of frequencies required for a particular tranemaltion also called worm This band af frequencioe or handwidth for a particular transmission is always allocated by emt International regulatory agencies. This type of regulation is essential to avoid interference among the signals having seme frequency. But, for a given transmission, this allocated bandwidth may not be sufficient to convey the entire information. Infact, the information theory states that the greater is the transmission bandwidth of a. ‘communication system, the more is the information that can be transmitted. Let us consider a simple ‘example, Suppose one is listening to a music in an AM radio. The complete amount of information pas ibe pease ae tn frequen zane woke 15 kHz, i.e. musical information m ie, However, in AM radio the maxinrum modulating frequency is ae 6 eis ad henes the marimem bandwidth of AM tranam‘asion is 10 Kir meester eeetreeseusb reer al = cae contained in the music Paceecielar ai isc 200 Klis: Thee on AE other hand, the bandwidth allocated to a Er et aay i igietiiic oes ee one ‘transmitted ion Alen He may bo beet ras means that a FM system has a better fidelity than an ABM at one prefers to listen to a FM radio than an AM radio, Thus, we i ee ‘can conclude that bandwidth is a major fandamental limitation of a eommunieation 1.14.8. Equipment Limitation ‘The noise and bandwi limitatis i width limitations dictate theoretically what can or cannot be achieved in of perf ir ine prattical ones in 8 comMnunication system. However, thi 5 i system duc tn ann... wever, this theoretical limit may not be tion system, her major constraint in a communication ded for a particular given transmission is = oor MES escecae thumb formula to caleulate tho bandwidth ofa singletons wag fdth is given as twice the sum of the froqu, Jo, the FM bandwidth is given as twice the sum queney ‘| eae te anaemic tir cocoe a ea approximation. Mathematically, Me BW =2 (aw +i0,) a ‘What wi But my eae ‘Therefore, BW = 2 (mp wy, w,)= 21 + mio, arr Rogarding Carson's rulo, wo can consider two special cases: ES @ + BW=2(1 +m), Maw <>, i. my>> 1 asis the case for wideband FM then BW = 2mpw,, But ‘Thus 488 Example 4.6. Find the bandwidth of « commercial FM transmission if frequency deviates Af= 75 kitz and modulating frequency /,, = 15 lcHtz, Solution: According to Carson's rulo, the bandwidth is given by, May f *90=180kH2 Ans, Example 4.7. Determine the bandwidth of a narro 4 kHz audio signal modulating a 125 MHz earriec, Solution: Given that wband FM signal which is generated BY# POEs phasor Ae Le oy Bay vary with im Trin this time dependect sso velocity or inseania aera eareine clpael by eeentited (ete bnak arvana Sle gal tiecnrier sama i esac a angi inch ata pet of Angie Modlaton very hain as a hh ei i ios ett) hemes aeameatra Hin is ueodtca grin echo Pa ete (0 kis peas leery witha bashand wt wsthtng tel ap eat os eataeiae a eee ae ee Boe = * 9) Disks & tinmst-rarying Comma nied arrasecr I ary tit rind arr sel epee Te Aesiet OR — ciate Beetintsret en aac eons ae : Ser. cording no Pham Srila ae ¥ sl federal 3 Tattesnctoeous aloof rege ened ba Testo ware k, -xtf) Fr wes nt ao al “This inexproed in radiamsrvnite ‘ince, the exprevaiea for unmedetatelcarser waves FOS Aatl Ter fs spececs apse eal re EN = Potting the value of 6, i eyestion (1.11) fromeyuati (L108 att) = Aco [as +A, nin “which ba the regiired mathematical represen fir a pha as Vint teal Panerengle oft bated i a ac a Pm egurtcn Ht 7 Ue rpc Br aibat Sees = —....... eee =< meats Fre eeaton 1616 ee oe i To woe ae pecan Sa ieee ee Reser se san sp ana ee Sri ea ot sa lea ree Py wn Pw seats sleet ae ea HEIR Comparizon of Frequency Modulation and Amplitude Modulates (Uy Advantages of FM over AM a, we the nme wg scaured by noise. ‘Tha wins PA reception 0 pood han AM reception, (UB. Is is pssbe ta reshace me stil . froqioeny deviate Weatare wich AM docs not have here shout cruning more (i) Standard Proqece . which thers app {i be leas noise than in the MF and HE vaceasts, (0) The amplitode ofthe FA wave ts const of the modulating, wheres in AM, mmdulation Gen Vowel mod f + C amplifier i alla fellewing the msdulator. Further constant owe ee average pomer handled eqals the pen poe cite ta aaa four times the average poner. Finals rer ie uefa whet AML, most the power i carrier power which do on information (F) Disadvantages of FM over AM Following are the dimdvantages of FM 0 cainet only 10 kHiies Aad Iatly ered for modulation tel lon tend te be more complex and bence mare costly “41%. FM Generation ee FM csodulatoe circuits used for generating FM om errereraeratine Fe shea te may be po iniotwo cei {i "The Sndineet metbed or ue Armstrong method The Direct Method or Parameter Variation Method shod ot parameter varistion mete 0 ox lig the carrier, The carter enna mtbad. the hascband o¢ modullating eee en a mi rad aed ne Sa ng pm a = Spares hae 70 ‘oytreeeceeare ecb hii yal satin haere at pubes mec eee ca {eiereleetaers era ee ee Seer eaneee Sai a ene pein cca Soha ee sen fenrsheonia genset co ta ta = ecu eae may reed fy mec eens ma Ae Spon eee aeons on ae Thee higher rads AEGUaeS ecm nae ae eA ab, ook bn om 20 esd aeons “ari hat ened wn a che earring wallace ane 0 | Reed pci eka on tpt no atin Ce ema aang cn ? a " eres LS aneneig ‘ lator en era semana) di tetera ep BE eager cee ee timens tao ee pt apart so that they do not interferes: other, and hence they can be separated easily at the receiver ond. Basically, multiplexing is of two types as under: ( frequency division multiplexing (FDM) (i) time-division multiplexing (TDM) _piFrequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) ‘The FDM scheme is illustrated in figure 3.1 with the simultaneous transmi message or baseband si (my nals. The spectra of the message signals and the sum of the modulated — carriers are indicated in the figure. DSB modulation is used in illustrating the spectra of figure $.1, Any type of modulation can be used in FDM as long as the carrier spacing is sufficient to avoid spectral overlapping. However, the most widely used method of modulation is SSB modulation. ‘Atthe receiving end of the channel the three modulated signals are separated by bandpass filters (BPFs) and then demodulated. FDM is used in telephone system, telemetry, commercial broadcast, television, and communication networks. Commercial AM broadcast stations use carrier frequency spaced 10 kHz apart in the frequency range from 640 to 1640 kHz, This separation is not sufficient to avoid spectral overlap for AM with a reasonably high fidelity (50 Hz to 15 kHz) audio signal. Therefore, AM stations on adjacent carrier frequencies are placed geographically far apart to minimize interference. Commercial FM (Frequency-Modulation) broadcast uses carrier frequencies spaced 200 kHz apart. In a long-distance telephone system, up to 600 or more voice signals (200 Hato 3.2 kHz) are transmitted over a coaxial cable or microwave links by using SSB modulation with carrier frequencies spaced 4 kHz apart. In practice, the composite signal formed by spacing several signals in frequency may, in turn, be modulated by using another carrier frequency. In this case, the first carrier frequencies are often called sub-carriers. 116 ms COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS — = tm) 20, =A Falf), Xa) 29, Rte) 0 ADEE} =. (ii) Time Division Mul ‘iplexing (TDM) In case of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), the complete channel bandwidth is allottelio ane user for a fixed time slot. As an example, if there are ten users, then every user can be given the time slot of one second. Thus, complate channel exn be used by each usor for one secon in every ten seconds, This techniques is suitable for digital signals. Because digital « transmitted intermittently and the time spacing between two successive digital codewords « be utilized by ather signals. There is possibility of crosstallein FDM whereas Intersymbol Interference 4S possible in TDM. These problems ean be overcome by some suecial cares. ‘3.3. Amplitude Modulation The expression for DSB-ON signa’ 1s given as a(t) = x(t) cos wt where x(t) = Baseband signal cos w.t = Carrier signal From this expression, we see that a DSB-SC signal is basically the product of the modulating or jaseband signal and the carrier signal. Unfortunately, a single electronic device cannot generate & DSB-SC signal. As discussed earlier, a circuit to achieve the genoration of a DSB-SC signal is called aproduct modulator. In this section, we shall discuss two types of product modulator, namely the Balanced Modulator and the Ring Modulator. ae The Balanced Modulator We know that a non-linear resistance or a non-linear device may be used to produce Amplitude Modulation, ie., one carrier and two sidebands. However, a DSB-SC signal contains only two sidebands. Thus, iftwo non-linear devices such as diodes, transistors etc. are connected in a balanced mode so as to suppress the carriers of each other, then only sidebands are left, i.e, a DSB-SC signal is generated. ‘Therefore, a balanced modulator may be defined as a cireuit in which two non-linear devices are ‘connected in a balanced mode to produce a DSB-SC signal. In the following section, we shall discuss a balanced modulator cireuit using diodes. _ * Figure 3.18 shows a balanced modulator circuit using two diodes. A modulating signal x(t) is applied to the two diodes through a centre-tapped transformer with the carrier signal cos wt. NEI lot Badal Did. ome 8 er ie ernst tte te a a dat ye alan erates et Kwan tint Sik re eee rine Fo 4 ate mena ent fy tenga ey mre. fo i= B= te eo nr ed parsiersien eh rsernen fr 0.50 el = the pointvon the finear portion of the « Phealyre SAM ic identical ot Hence, no harmanic distortion ft cant ren BAe aperation fe es 4.24.4, Disadvantages of the Balanced Slopo Detector The balanced slope detector has fow disadvantages as under ctertstics is limited to @ amall frequency devi ies in linear, depends, 40) The linear charn deviation, Aaa for which the tewultant character ‘ofeach tuned circuit which is equal to 2W. The linearity is limites to a range iguire 4.22. Thus, the deviation aa for which the eurve is Linear and give a satis! given as oad = sw or Aa = LW ifthe frequency deviation of an input FA wave is more than the one expressed by the distortion will occur dire to the non-linearity of the characteristics. H } thin detector is limited to amall deviathon only, } {0 The discriminator characteristics depends critheally upon the a resonant circuit ) The tuned cireuit output is not purely bandlimited and thus the how ps ‘envelope detector introduces distortion. However, in spite of all those drawbacks, this cireuit ean be Moaigned to keop the ‘within tolerable limits and provide a satisfactory operation, 4.25. Phase Difference Detectors tn this article, we shall ducin Posto Seeday aletot alent steer one by one 1. Fostor-Seeley Detector Thi tpe of detector in woth wey sd aie FosterSeoley detector Toa Ges aaa SE MnO nea tee ore gy rstiane VU. signal vltagr) thas appar era th adie areas dtr Lo ence gal ry areca taping Co HC nad I the dp acrona he fs pciee Cena br kop taphomi BERL rene dace be are dary sl hus el ad op lng Yar eat magn epee am Tae the dias wd Dyatennjrted Abe ye we Hesigaed ts hep the ducers third phasor diagram. Henee he voltage V,, and V,, diantansows apes fi tbe manner shown fn figure 4.25. The RF voltage Vand Vag are separately rectified by the diodes 2, and D, respectively to produce voltage Vg, and Wo). The RF components are by passed by the capacitors leaving only modulating frequency component andade, term. The voltage Vy, and Voq then represent the amplitude variations of Ve, and V,, respectively. The diodes até so arranged that the output voltage Vy is equal'té the. arithmetic diffgronce | Viol = [Vay] fea Mo = 1Vegl — Voy} __Honce, the voltage Vp will vary wi instantaneous frequeney in cordance cance ‘deference [Vial - | V1, aa she thie Tae Maal = [Va wn by the dotted curve in figure 4.25), This dotted : known as discriminator eb; ee 425, aracteristicin figure ve amplitude of output t Discriminator character'®’ ek itude (Lineay {Fa Pu sh Sei ete sh edison GO Pt Gee ae ‘zpitoe Motus ae Arce hshdnsen we ts to ale oem Bauically, euliplraing ios types at ule 1G treguency division eaipiesee FER 1) tienes uatpiring TOAD pr Prequency Division Multiplexing (FDS. va "The FIM echrove i letrned is fur 23 wiv wmslianes tila smtsnt pce basco signa Tha rpc fhe tens sig ud Sh rf (ale renee th Reve 50 odo wd atin api ry of bein: can be 2M ha Taree apne Hewwre be motes ed med os Mutwe tring ods ns ie tres modal gmaeae art bese NPBA is woet e eepiae oneten, Homey, Ta cole tegen orton, hm i Erst Bibet ote case regu Ft rem 05, os fa carne a Ric coaen Fourier trenaiorm oi) may he tency BS nt Scart oe ee ea ace eee, FD as a Dia Sane ah ilary, 7s Mn) Det. lac ol ot ral fancied sant be per a ahr con siting prac ia chaevedy malpying wnt asad sana a smn snow ierns = briaes ai ing tn (29 a Th we Henne Kiam Kime na Rett nth ch i "Te eas he ce itr A al in ‘Ais tin) «Rinna ‘Tein th Prarie tar A con mie se ‘Taerotie the Founesrasairm AM mace grey mph wl th amg Bienen Tas, Sad « Laie my)e eos fo nism Blea an RTE tent aa ar apa vl ast ro nthe a ht Saag sige wenn pn cer nl "Ph pct fli wre tne pt rene cator gal store hee Pe igure) Ping pa ab err om tn ies at ihn in ey Taos hy urn rnesrapl yee el gf he eke tha corre frequen. rteing fom Fos ¢ USER ae es {B18 Power Content in aM Wao. ema ved rm he extent AM wave hac ther emp fh age ‘motsilediner hehe we puiinnde snnnra uel ca lsc ae cea, (Be ele ware lo sshd eget ra Mal med eo rrrerrety a "Th eal power fh AM we he nmi enter pe el carrier Power "To eri per Peg hs gc i vb th rr mg Sideband Mower aad poe feu ates rm mA Sve tient es AM commie ae reece lca Comparing epution LAR ad (LAT. we ieaftcams “amma $n AM ean ine TES aEan Krona wore tbe carrer tren (percentage sluneduanin, Now, asthe rani wine ea i tet Aid Mati iBern Rick ies Il AS eta eyetors tna eb Seen epee Al ow pre eel elite sedating val icntne cf hn oe [ina Hags tare Ampliseds Metuttion Su em hiker et A mde as Peer en epsom, es medline sigs pve ea Tren ea or ibews tah poe beast tanteed sn oe er at evra, In tock thse of Sgn 1.50 She medsaieg Sena ed Si ier noite ante an A Me tered mar ea (Cllpeee pair reared pnts pssare ol peep eno ease hand oe cera eee eer eal = TFIRAE 08 nro ih it AM ae ect cs oe re nigh aio eal a a pet tty cesar of ane nar deer meanness Seubert red gr eh Towler rence ot Yon nent Cleon IEE See vine whey ner eng et aan an ne oe se voting arena tbe avr rite = a sad 4 pcs prope Secu (thn applied nnrinerCsemscat des seston “a ati 4 air unassisted mrt rt oan es gurl ten LAM may en rmvetape agate seine, 2 ——— “sera he aye 02 apts 31 Vs sin Baie ihe ese) oometed vated elie ver nastos fon emmosay Stites retin arabes milgure sade Ade tery nae harkens aie dn Twig lt apstedesebulsin abe ae Here, when carrier and ‘Sodulating (regeencies are athe wating regis. ‘Tastes wage scons be nines ste Tee Nee mt Naseem omaamlinrpped eer igus meee Sigoceeee pasar nm, sees agmasean Pafmimem hey, Macon ky meee a ° Aeon siuveuer = hermerae Seisnis Seer are ns oS itn ey eae a Tis rramy retina whch are saul ea,) Tacree ets o Tymehinmagatods wibrrmaia meen st ‘rae ins tamer ad Bat mov if esis on eli wa Acree thar nal wih ed tte ier eh ta paren deer Sere te rt ie eres Scorers dale ences iletercieat loa equnrebew tcc ‘Beer ed aw barton were in ar lew etectc rw pase ier athe ern is apy ates hs Le pod tien pvt i Ss = in Cherri of Ea dnd re waa, |S Double tidebond Sunpreseed Cone (058-6) tem ‘erent sfAM wu at erp mL sng mdi ue 1) Sea et 0 Avent + Aone ot Aor ym = rem thin eect vs tan Ue carrer songnenet in AS we meine od ‘ecpLibead teqiency This rons hat be cre spa aba eo [Fitts fn poner cazlation of AML sg, bas ben coer Ut it Scone Fin ona lee at nw te iene ec pote oe cet ra aoe are | ‘Ts peers nent seal Metin eqary demain wll yA Amt ‘Similar ™A) Me od et ince ral nrc od un bs eer ‘ing in pent in acirvo br zen MH fa omc egies teriyaki arver Siestaatertthn tr sea oat el oe ed ine Pena bcern es erm Ud LSD spas ant ais egual ot be that grand AME rewind fe a [il thes pensrating very rekon eattptien the beakid [ped pied FPEERI Spore 0/12 A. ape en dla (ETM Demodutation of 032-46 Signi, a ‘ta ARC shal may candy allowing ts med Spuhncus teen med (Bp tag evel dees ie orier risen. 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