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Percentileand TDistribution

The document discusses the t-distribution and percentile. The t-distribution is similar to the normal distribution but has heavier tails. It is used when sample sizes are small or the population variance is unknown. The t-table is used to find t-values based on degrees of freedom and the area under the curve. Examples show how to use the t-table to identify t-values for different percentiles given sample sizes.

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Rhea Rose Almoguez
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168 views35 pages

Percentileand TDistribution

The document discusses the t-distribution and percentile. The t-distribution is similar to the normal distribution but has heavier tails. It is used when sample sizes are small or the population variance is unknown. The t-table is used to find t-values based on degrees of freedom and the area under the curve. Examples show how to use the t-table to identify t-values for different percentiles given sample sizes.

Uploaded by

Rhea Rose Almoguez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Percentile and the

T-Distribution
Rhea Rose S. Almoguez
Most Essential Learning Competencies

01 M11-12SP-IIIg2 02 M11-12SP-IIIg5

Illustrate the t- Identify the percentile


distribution using the t-table
t-distribution
(also called Student’s distribution) is a family of distributions that look almost
identical to the normal distribution curve, only a bit shorter and stouter.

is a probability distribution that is used to estimate population parameters


when the sample size is small (n < 30) and/or when population variance is
unknown.

If 𝑥ҧ and s are the mean and standard deviation, respectively, of a random


sample size of n taken from a normally distributed population with a mean 𝜇,
ҧ
𝑥−𝜇 𝑥ҧ - sample mean
can be standardized as t = 𝑠 .
𝜇 – population mean
𝑛
𝑠 – sample standard deviation
𝑛 – sample size
Properties of t-Distribution
1. The t-distribution is bell-shaped like the normal
distribution but has heavier tails.
Properties of t-Distribution

2. The curve is symmetrical about


its center 0.

3. The mean, median, and


mode are all equal to zero.
Properties of t-Distribution
4. The t-distribution is defined
by the degrees of freedom. Degree of freedom - This refers
to the maximum number of
These are related to the sample logically independent values
which vary in the data sample.

size. df = n -1

5. As the degrees of freedom


increase, the t-distribution
curve looks more and more
like the normal distribution.
Properties of t-Distribution
Properties of t-Distribution
6. The t-distribution is most useful for small sample
sizes, when the population standard deviation is not
known, or both.
7. The standard deviation varies with the sample
size.
Percentile
it is a measure of position with data divided into 100 parts and whose area in
a distribution is to the left of the curve.

Example
The 75th percentile SAT score for incoming students is 1400.

75% of students 75th percentile


Scored 1400 or below (25% of students)
Scored above 1400
Example
The graph of a distribution with df = 15 is shown below.

Solutions:
a. If the shaded area on the right is 0.05, what is the area to the left of 𝑡1 ?
0.95 or 95%
b. What does 𝑡1 represent?
95th percentile
c. What is the value of 𝑡1 ?
t=1.753
T-table
Example
1. Identify the t-value whose number of samples n = 7 and has an area (𝛼)
equal to 0.05.
Solutions:
Identify the degree of Locate the t-value on the t-table using
freedom. the degree of freedom and the area (𝛼)
df= n-1 t-Table

df= 7-1
df= 6

Therefore, the t-value with sample size of 7 and


has 𝛼 = 0.05 is 1.943. 𝑡(0.05, 6) = 1.943 next
Previous
slide
Example
2. Find the t-value whose degree of freedom is 20 and has 𝛼 = 0.01.

Solutions:
Since the degree of freedom and 𝛼 are already given locate the t-value on
the t-table. t-Table

Therefore the t-value is 2.528.


𝑡(0.01, 20) = 2.528

next
Previ
ous
slide
Example
3.Identify the t-value of the following percentiles given the number of
samples.
a. 95th percentile , n= 29
b. 90th percentile, n=20
Solutions:
a. The 95th percentile is the number where 95% of the values lie below it
and 5% lie above it, 𝛼 = 0.05
𝑑𝑓 = 29 − 1
𝑑𝑓 = 28
Locate the t-value on the t-table using
the degree of freedom and the area (𝛼)

𝑡(0.05,29) = 1.701
t-Table
next
Previ
ous
slide
Example
3.Identify the t-value of the following percentiles given the number of
samples.
a. 95th percentile , n= 29
b. 90th percentile, n=20
Solutions:
b. The 90th percentile is the number where 90% of the values lie below it
and 10% lie above it,𝛼 = 0.10
𝑑𝑓 = 20 − 1
𝑑𝑓 = 19
Locate the t-value on the t-table using
the degree of freedom and the area (𝛼)

𝑡(0.10, 19) = 1.328


t-Table
next
Previ
ous
slide
Word Problem #1
What is the area of the region to the right of t=1.38 with df = 9?
Solutions:
Locate the df = 9 and the t-value

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎/𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 0.10 or 10%

t-Table next
Previ
ous
slide
Word Problem #2
What is the area to the left of t=1.796 with df=11?
Solutions:
Locate the df = 11 and the t-value
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎/𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 0.05 or 5%

Area to the left is 0.95 or 95%

t-Table next
Previ
ous
slide
Word Problem #3
A sample of size 24 is taken from a normal population to be used in a study. A
t-test was used and found out that the area to the right of the t-value is 25%.
What is the computed t-value?
Solutions:
n =24, df= 23
Locate the t-value using df and p=0.25

𝑡(0.25, 23) = 0.685

t-Table next
Previ
ous
slide
Word Problem #4
A sample size of 20 is randomly selected from a normal population with a
mean of 40. If these samples has a mean of 45 and a standard deviation of
10.8, what is the area to the right of t-value?
Solutions:
Identify the given. 𝝁= 40 ഥ = 45
𝑿 𝒔= 10.8 𝒏= 20
Compute the t-value.
𝑋ത − 𝜇 45 − 40
𝑡= 𝑠 = ≈ 2.070
10.8
𝑛 20
Compute the df.
𝒅𝒇 = 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟗 The probability is between 2.5% and 5%

t-Table next
Previ
ous
slide
Word Problem #5
A certain company manufactures lithium-ion batteries. The head claims that
their product last for 350 cycles. A research was conducted by taking 28
samples and found out that the sample standard deviation is 12.5. What is the
probability that the mean of the sample is less than 354 cycles? Assume that
the population is normally distributed.
Solutions:
Identify the given. 𝝁= 350 ഥ = 354 𝒔= 12.5 𝒏= 28
𝑿
Compute the t-value.
𝑋ത − 𝜇 354 − 350 The probability is between 5% and 10%
𝑡= 𝑠 = 12.5
≈ 1.693
Since we are looking for t < 1.693
𝑛 28
Compute the df. Then the probability is between 95%
and 90%
𝒅𝒇 = 𝟐𝟖 − 𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕
t-Table next
Previ
ous
slide
Problem
Rowena wants to test a randomly selected 20 students for her study.
Identify the t-value of the following percentiles.

1. 75th percentile
2. 5th percentile
3. 60th percentile
4. 40th percentile
5. 90th percentile
Problem
Solution:
1. 75th percentile

area (𝛼) = 0.25


T-value = 0.688
Problem
Solution:
2. 5th percentile

area (𝛼) = 0.95

T-value = -1.729
Problem
Solution:
3. 60th percentile

area (𝛼) = 0.40

T-value = 0.257
Problem
Solution:
4. 40th percentile

area (𝛼) = 0.60

T-value = -0.257
Problem
Solution:
5. 90th percentile

area (𝛼) = 0.10

T-value = 1.328

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