Answers

Exercise 6.4 Force and momentum d Momentum is conserved in this collision (and in any
collision). Energy is also conserved, but kinetic energy
1 a 11 250 kg m s −1 has decreased; some KE will have been converted to heat,
b 500 N sound, etc.
15
c = 0.67 m s −2 2 a mgh = 0.70 × 9.81 × 0.06 = 0.41 mJ
22.5
d 500 N (as in part b) b ½ mv2 = 0.41 mJ
2 0.41 10 −3
2 a 420 × 2 × 7850 = 6 590 000 kg m s −1 so, v2 = = 1.17 m2 s −2
0.70 × 10 −3
b 420 × 8.9 = 3740 N so, v = 1.08 m s −1
6 594 000
c T/2 = = 1764 s; T = 3530 s
3738 c p = 0.70 × 10 −3 × 1.08 = 0.76 × 10 −3 kg m s −1
3 It is correct that, when two people collide, each exerts the same p 0 76 × 10−3
d speed = = = 3.0 m s −1
force on the other and for the same length of time. However, the m 0 25 × 10−3
effect on an elderly person is likely to be more serious than on a
younger, fitter person. e The answer depends on the criteria selected for the
optimum position. For example, if highest speed is thought
to be optimum, to give the bee the greatest momentum and
Exercise 6.5 Newton’s laws of motion ‘launch’ speed, then this would occur at the lowest point of
1 a It will remain stationary. the swing in the direction that the bee faces. An alternative
b It will continue to move in a straight line at the same speed is to choose a stationary highest point (at either end of the
(i.e. with constant velocity). swing), to give the bee the benefit of higher gravitational
potential energy.
c It will remain stationary or continue to move with constant
velocity.
d The resultant force is zero.
Chapter 7:
e The resultant force is not zero.
Matter and materials
2 a i Its velocity is changing at a constant rate, so its
9
momentum is also increasing at a constant rate.
ii The resultant force is not zero.
Exercise 7.1 Density and pressure
4 4
b i The rate of increase of momentum is decreasing, so the 1 a volume = πr3 = π × (58.2 × 106)3 = 8.26 × 1023 m3
3 3
resultant force is decreasing. density = M/V = 690 kg m−3
ii Forces are weight (downwards) and drag (upwards), 4
which is less than weight. Weight is constant but drag b M = ρV = 5510 × π × (6.37 × 106)3 = 6.0 × 1024 kg
3
increases as velocity increases. So, the resultant force c The Earth is composed of denser materials than hydrogen
is decreasing, causing the momentum to increase at a and helium.
slower rate.
2 a p = pressure (pascal, Pa)
3 a Newton’s second law says that the resultant force is
proportional to the rate of change of momentum; in SI units, ρ = density (kilogram per cubic metre, kg m−3)
the constant of proportionality is 1 so we can ignore it. g = acceleration due to gravity (metre per second squared, m s −2)
b unit of momentum − kg m s −1; unit of rate of change of
h = depth in fluid (metre, m).
momentum = kg m s −2 = N
b 1 Pa = 1 kg m−3 × 1 m s −2 × 1 m = 1 kg m−1 s −2
4 a i repel
c volume = 70 m3
ii The forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
mass = 59 500 kg
They act on different objects (the two magnets).
weight = 584 kN
b i The two forces act on the same object, not on different
d 14.0 m2
objects.
e 41.7 kPa
ii The ‘pair’ to weight is the gravitational pull of the person on
the Earth. The ‘pair’ to the contact force of the floor on the f 41.7 kPa
person is the contact force the person exerts on the floor. g 143 kPa
h decrease
Exam-style questions i 49 kPa
1 a 21 kg m s −1 3 a The density of the wood is less than that of the water, so the
b 525 N blocks will tend to float upwards.
c inelastic (the relative speed of the two objects has changed) b 186 N
 Cambridge International AS and A level Physics

c upthrust 26
3 a strain = = 0.13
20
b load = 6 × 5.0 × 9.81 = 294 N
294
stress = = 7350 Pa = 7.35 kPa
0 202

4 a steel (greatest value of E)

b tin (smallest value of E)
c 0.60 mm
200
d stress = 1 10−6 = 200 × 106

200 × 106
strain = = 4 × 10 −3
50 × 109
extension = 4 mm
weight tension in string
4
5 a strain = = 8.8 × 10 −4
d p = ρ gh = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.30 = 2940 Pa 4539
b micrometer screw gauge (or travelling microscope, etc.)
e F = pA = 2940 × 0.202 = 118 N downwards
c cross-sectional area = πr2 = π × (0.6 × 10 −3)2 = 1.13 × 10 −6 m2
f p = ρ gh = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.80 = 7850 Pa
200
F = pA = 7848 × 0.202 = 314 N upwards d stress = = 1.77 × 108 Pa = 177 MPa
1 13 10 −6 m2
g upthrust = 314 − 118 = 196 N
stress
h tension = (upthrust – weight) = (196 – 186) = 10 N e Young modulus = = 201 GPa
strain
i following the same procedure for Block B:
upper surface: p = ρ gh = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.50 = 4905 Pa f

F = pA = 4905 × 0.20 × 0.50 = 491 N downwards

lower surface: p = ρ gh = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.70 = 6867 Pa
10
F = pA = 6867 × 0.20 × 0.50 = 687 N upwards
stress

upthrust = 687 − 491 = 196 N

Exercise 7.2 Stretching things

1 a

Strain

Find the gradient of the initial straight section of the graph.

Hooke's law up
Load

to here
Exam-style questions
1 a pressure: the force acting normally per unit area of a
surface
b mass of liquid of height h above a horizontal area A in the
liquid = ρ V = ρ Ah
weight of liquid above an area A = mass of liquid × g = ρ Ahg
Extension weight of liquid ρAhg
p= = = ρ hg
area A
b i extension = 5.0 cm = 0.050 m
c Either:
load = 150 × 0.050 = 7.5 N
base units of ρ are kg m−3
ii We do not know if the spring obeys Hooke’s law for this base units of g are m s −2
load.
base units of p are kg m−3 × m s −2 × m = kg m−1 s −2
2 a work done = ½ Fx = 0.5 × 20.0 × 0.057 = 0.57 J Or
b We do not know if the spring obeys Hooke’s law for this load. base units of force = kg m s −2
 Answers

base units of pressure = base units of force ÷ base units Exercise 8.2 Calculating force and field strength
of area = kg m s −2 ÷ m2 = kg m−1 s −2
1 a E = electric field strength (N C−1)
force 50 × 9.81 F = force (N)
d Pressure = = = 2.0 × 10 4 Pa or N m−2
area (0.04 0.6) Q = charge (C)
2 a The wire returns to its original length when the load is b F = EQ
removed. QE
maximum force 90 c a=
b i maximum stress = = m
area 2.5 10−7 2 a 4.4 × 10 −4 N C−1
= 3.6 × 108 Pa b 3.2 × 10 −15 N

10 × 10−3 3 a E = electric field strength (N C−1)

ii strain when load is 90 N = = 5.0 × 10 −3
2 V = potential difference (V)
stress 3.6 108 d = separation of the plates (m)
Young modulus = = = 7.2 × 1010 Pa
strain 5.0 10−3 b 25 000 N C−1 (or 25 000 V m−1 or 25 kV m−1)
iii energy = area under graph = 1 × 90 × 10 × 10 −3 = 0.45 J c 5.0 V
2
d E = 2857 N m−1
c The area halves if the volume is the same and so the stress
so F = EQ = 2857 × 2 × 1.6 × 10 −19 = 9.1 × 10 −16 N
is doubled. The Young modulus is the same so the strain is
doubled, and hence the extension is four times greater for the e 4 × 109 N downwards
longer wire.
Exercise 8.3 Moving in an electric field
Chapter 8: 1 a E = 12 000 V m−1
b F = 1.92 × 10 −15 N
Electric fields F
c a= = 1.15 × 1012 m s −2
m
Exercise 8.1 Representing an electric field d to the right, accelerating 11
1 a Two positive electric charges will repel each other. 2 a Electric field lines are parallel and evenly spaced.
b There is an attractive force between two opposite electric b The field is directed from positive to negative.
charges.
c Each electron has negative charge so force is in opposite
c Electric field lines are directed from positive to negative. direction to field lines.
d An electric field line shows the direction of the force on a d The electric force has no horizontal component.
positive charge placed at a point in a field.
e The vertical component of their velocity increases at a steady
2 a–c (constant acceleration due to constant force).
f The path is a parabola (as for a projectile in the uniform
gravitational field of the Earth).
+ −
+ −
+ + + −
− Exam-style questions
+ −
+ − 1 a electric field: a region in which a charged body experiences
a force
F
a b c b electric field strength: the force per unit positive charge; E =
Q
c electrical force = EQ = 2500 × −4.5 × 10 −9 = 1.1 × 10 −5 N (to left)
3
d gravitational force = mg = 1.0 × 10 −6 × 9.81 = 9.8 × 10 −6 N
F F
+ Q − Q + (downwards)
e The two forces have similar magnitudes so their resultant will
a b be at roughly 45° to the horizontal.
electric force
+ + + + +
c Q
F
resultant
− − − − − force gravitational
force