Geotech Geol Eng

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ORIGINAL PAPER

The Influence of Water Balance for Slope Stability

on the High Mine Waste Dump
Supandi

Received: 21 August 2020 / Accepted: 17 April 2021

Ó The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

Abstract One of the vital parts of mining activity is mine waste dump. The rainfall and the seepage are
optimizing the mine waste dump. It means that the interrelated because a rise follows an increase in
capacity needs to be conserved by the various aspects rainfall in seepage debit. The large permeability
of feasibility study. Hydrogeology is one of the main difference between the in-situ material and the layer
aspects of mine waste stability that needs to be slope is approximately 14°, therefore, the water tends
controlled to ensure slope stability. The research aims to flow following the contact zone and forms a
to determine the influence of water balance toward seepage. Pore pressure can be minimized, and stability
mine waste dump stability, especially for inclined of the mine waste dump slope maintained.
basement. The analysis was carried out by distributing
the constituent material grain size, mapping of Keywords Water control
Seepage
Hydraulic
permeability value, determining the water balance conductivity
Coarse
Disposal
Optimization
behaviour between recharge and discharge, and
watering behaviour inside mine waste dump material.
It was also about the fragmentation analysis that was
carried out to determine the layer of porosity value, 1 Introduction
while the permeability test was used to examine the
rainfall infiltration rate. It is important to decide on the Open-pit mining is defined as a surface drilling
equilibrium water flow between the recharge and the procedure that involves the extraction of minerals or
discharge rates to ensure no water accumulates to mine ore deposits discovered relatively close to the surface
waste dump. The fragmentation analysis results of the earth, therefore the safety of the work area is
showed that the top layer of the waste is composed paramount (Abbasi 2018). The operation’s progres-
of sand-boulder-sized material with porosity towards sion involves the optimization of its spatial proximity
the contact zone and a little clay. The hydraulic to maximize the productivity and the cost-efficiency
conductivity material values range from 6 9 10–6 m/s (Wentzel 2012; Otto and Musingwini 2019). A
and 3 9 10–2 m/s at the top and the bottom layers of specific requirement in this circumstance is the need
to optimize the disposal of tailings embankment. This
research is carried out in one of the coal mines located
Supandi (&) at Asam-asam area, South Kalimantan. The company
Department of Mining Engineering,
InstitutTeknologiNasional Yogyakarta,
desires to optimally backfill the mine with waste dump
Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia at the low-wall part of the pit to gain accessibility and
e-mail: [email protected]

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ensure the embankment’s safety. This research aims to which is the original rock layer, appears seepage
determine the influence of water balance on the (Hawley and Cunning 2017).
stability of mine waste dump, particularly an inclined Furthermore, the contact zone needs to be kept
basement. highly porous to maintain stability. Porosity is due to
Maintaining slope stability is one of main aspects to increased pore pressure, and it causes the zone to
determine the optimization of embankments (Riyadi become a weak field. It is important to identify the
2020). Slope stability on the low wall part is controlled characteristics of rocks as well as their geological
by material properties and geometries of the bedding conditions because it is the basis for mine waste
separated by layering or bedding contact between both management (Wesley et al. 2019). Subsequently, the
materials (Supandi 2014a) and the interaction of the geological block models are also used to determine the
water body in the embankment (Supandi et al. 2018). geomechanical and the geochemical conditions, that is
In addition, the certain conditions need to be con- including the fragmentation of mine waste dump.
trolled to ensure the water does not affect slope These outcomes are used to control risks during
stability (Riyadi 2020). Therefore, there is a need to operation; it’s particularly in the management of Acid
establish the regulation on water balance to prohibit Mine Drainage (AMD) (Pearce et al. 2019). A mine
the gradual development of pore pressure in the closure plan needs to be optimized based on operating
embankment, there is by maintaining the slope’s procedures. The formation of seepage based on
stability. This research is carried out to discover the geochemical conditions is essential for controlling
importance of water balance on the embankment’s the development of Acid Mine Drainage (Wright
hydrogeological condition. 2019). Waste rock pile modelling was carried out
Data acquisitions are carried out in the field to based on groundwater behaviour. The distribution of
realize its actual condition. The electrical resistivity water content is in accordance with the heterogeneity
tomography is used to aid the interpretation of of the material (Hajizadeh et al. 2015). All stages
embankment’s layer because it determines the distri- involved in mine water management is important, it’s
bution of the materials. The fragmentation measure- begun from the operational to the completion of
ments are carried out on the surface to acquire the construction (Turkmen and Walter 2008). This
grain-size distribution using photographic and image research is carried out in one of the coal mines located
analysis techniques and scaling object (Elahi and at Asam-asam area, South Kalimantan, as shown in
Hosseini 2017). The hydrologic conditions, such as Fig. 2. The company desires to optimally backfill the
seepage, are directly measured in the proximity of test mine with waste dump at the low-wall part of the pit to
site to acquire the volume of discharge in the area. The gain accessibility and ensure the embankment’s
already measured rainfall intensity of the area is safety. This research is aimed to determine the
utilized in analyzing the water balance (Omahgeo influence of water balance on the stability of mine
2015). waste dump, it’s particularly in an inclined basement.
Finite element method for slope stability analysis The material is dominated by sandstone and claystone
uses transient finite element to analyze the groundwa- with some carbonaceous minerals where the material
ter capabilities (Rocscience 2010). Furthermore, it is is easily degraded after the rock is exposed (Supandi
considered to be reliable (Rocscience 2011). Geotech- et al. 2019). Sandstone is composed by quartz material
nical profiling of heap materials can be done by using a with a composition that is more than 80% (Supandi
geophysical approach based on the assessment of rock and Hartono 2020) with a sandstone breaking angle is
resistivity results (Supandi 2021a). The rainfall inten- about 53° (Supandi et al. 2020). Bedrock has a slope of
sity is represented as the infiltration in the embank- 14° but the bedding ratio has not yet been determined.
ment. The hydrogeological condition’s dynamics were Bedding ratio has an important role in lowall stability
analysed by using the software (Riyadi 2020), which (Supandi and Hidayat 2013) where the bedding ratio is
was focused on the flow vectors, pore pressure, and separated from the thin layer that has a high plasticity
discharge of water from the embankment (Tao and Xi with a cohesion of 0 and friction angle of 13 (Supandi
2006). Rainfall flows as the surface runs off and enters 2014b).
the mine waste dump material (see Fig. 1). The Determination of lateral pressure coefficient uses
direction of groundwater flow to the contact zone, back analysis in seepage zone on heap material those

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Fig. 1 The conceptual hydrogeology models on mine waste dump of stockpile (Hawley and Cunning 2017)

Fig. 2 The research area in the Kintap area (yellow line), Tanah Laut, South Kalimantan

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Table 1 Criteria of Criteria Variable

analysis
Surface vertical infiltration 0.25; m/day 0.5 m/day 1 m/day 2 m/day

Stages Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

3h 6h 12 h 24 h
Initial stage No water flow

Fig. 3 The illustration of the two-dimensional models of analysis

Table 2 Layers material on Layers Material Hydraulic conductivity

mine waste dump
Upper embankment layer Sand—gravel, with less clay 6 9 10–6 m/s
Lower embankment layer Boulder with high porosity 3 9 10–2 m/s
Base (in situ) material clay stone Assumed impermeable

are yields 5% deviation (Deng et al. 2017). In the the materials that have Acid Generation properties can
analysis of mine waste dump should pay attention to be covered by impermeable coating. The porosity and
the geotechnical–geochemical aspects and hydroge- the impermebaility factors must be maintained prop-
ology, hydrology. Each of these aspects plays an erly so that reactive acidic material does not occur
important role in the stability of mine waste dumps (Williams 2012). The selective material in waste
both short-term and long-term (Barritt et al. 2016). construction is indispensable for surface water man-
Reactive material especially acidic material can be agement, so it does not increase the pore pressure
placed in an encapsulated cell. And encapsulated cell material (Bar et al. 2020). The previous Researchers
is made from the impermeable material, so the have considered the selection and placement of
material selection is very important in waste dump materials but it would be an expensive cost in
construction sequence. In reactive material must be construction and operation, if active maintenance
maintained water content and encapsulated cells layer was to be carried out. It need a more detailed study of
must be a protector with an impermeable layer the water balance between incoming and outgoing
(Williams 2006). Waste dump material construction water, so there is no increase in water content or pore
must pay attention to the behaviour of groundwater, so pressure in mine waste dump. The rainwater, the

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Fig. 4 Actual rainfall intensity and seepage measurement data

groundwater and the seepage must form a constant pressure does not become a pushback that has an
cycle so that the stability of disposal can be observed. impact on the improvement of pore pressure (Jamali
In this research, a study was conducted on how to and Tolooiyan 2021). The liquefaction of heap
make the construction of mine waste dump optimum, material depends on earthquake, type of soil, plastic
so the water balance can be maintained to the term limit, liquid limit, particle size distribution (Ghani and
stability Length can be achieved. The study was Kumari 2021). In the construction of the basic
conducted starting from material identification, rain construction of landfill mine waste, it is necessary to
evaluation and correlation with seepage of mine waste consider hard materials with low plasticity. The
dump. determination of material properties of heap material
Non-woven geotextile installation can increase the is widely done with field testing such as N-SPT
steady state shear strength, decrease the liquefaction (Ghoreishi et al. 2021) however, this method cannot be
potential and decrease the material degradation performed on mine waste dumps that have hard
(Talamkhani and Naeini 2021). The permeability material properties and are large (chunks). The method
value of peat and organic materials decreases signif- of analysis uses undrained on mine waste dump. It is
icantly when there is a decrease in void ratio as a result very commonly used but once the selection of
of consolidation (Hayashi and Hatakeyama (2021)). characteristic material and water balance conditions
Restructure and reorientation of constituent materials in the heap has not been done much research
will occur during dnyacyle loading or loading that has (Ghoreishi et al. 2021).
an increased impact so as to increase pore pressure. In
this process, it is necessary to control drained, so the

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Fig. 5 The correlation between rainfall intensity and seepage debit at the mine waste dump

2 Material and Method field measurements. Consequently, the groundwater

volumetric analysis was obtained at each location in
Data analysis was carried out by mapping the grain the study area.
size distribution on the surface slope, discharge area,
and the slope’s top. The fragmentation was carried out
using a split engineering program with output in the 3 Research Result
form of grain size distribution. The analysis and
evaluation of permeability were carried out at 20 The analysis is carried out based on certain parameters
locations within the study area using ASTM D6539- (Table 1), a transient groundwater finite element
13. Furthermore, the daily amount of rainfall was method, and a two-dimensional section of the embank-
measured at rainfall stations. The amount of discharge ment (Fig. 3). The distributions of the materials are
is directly measured on the field to obtain the actual shown in Fig. 3. Stratigraphy of heap material uses the
debit value, and the time is also recorded to validate previous research data. The material is composed by 3
the rainfall data. Mapping of the discharge point is also layers consisting of upper zone, contact zone and
carried out to determine the correlation of groundwa- basement zone (Supandi 2021a). Material properties
ter balance in the mine waste dump. The geohydro- use the results of back analysis on heap material
logical evaluation was carried out using a finite consisting of disposal material, contact zone and
element method to obtain groundwater distribution bedrock. The contact zone material has a cohesion and
patterns and movements. The results of analysis shows friction angle of 2 kPa and 37 degree respectively and
that the values of flow velocity are compared based on the upper waste dump material has a cohesion and

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Fig. 6 The results from the fragmentation analysis of mine waste dump material, particularly on the top side

frictian angle of 3 kPa and 26 degrees respectively 3.1 Evaluation Rainfall

(Supandi 2014a).
The variations in infiltration show the differences in The daily amount of rainfall was measured at rainfall
rainfall intensity, which is used to determine its stations. This study was carried out during the rainy
significance on hydrogeological conditions. The season in order to determine the behaviour of both
stages define the conditions per hour. It shows the surface and subsurface water. The measurement
duration of rainfall before it infiltrated the embank- results show that the average rainfall intensity is
ment. The vertical infiltration (rainfall) is only the 4 mm/h, and its peak is 26 mm/h, which was detected
source of water defined in the analysis. Therefore, in once during the research. The measurement of seepage
the initial stage, there is no flow of water. was carried out at 35 slope locations, as shown in
The hydrological parameters reported in this study Fig. 4. Therefore, whenever it rains and at every 1-h
are flow vector, discharge, pore pressure, and seepage. interval, it runs out of water or becomes stable at a
The change of parameters helps in the identification of certain discharge. The seepage debit was discovered to
the hydro geological condition in each stage. be stable after 12 h of rainfall. According to the results
from this measurement, the average seepage is
200 ml/h.

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Fig. 7 Distribution of total discharge velocity in the embankment (showing the vertical surface infiltration)

Fig. 8 Correlation of time stages and water discharges for various vertical infiltration

The measurement from the rainfall intensity and digital methods such as split engineering software.
seepage is shown in Fig. 5. In addition, the seepage The samplings of location are carried out at a
debit increases 6 h after heavy rainfall. It shows that, minimum of 3 points, where each point is approxi-
there is a correlation between rainfall intensity and mately 5 9 3 m2. According to the processed data, the
seepage debit, which is important for slope stability. It grain distribution ranges from sand to boulder
implies that no water is retained in the mine waste (2–1000 mm), as shown in Fig. 6. The average value
dump material. However, when there is water excess of D60 is approximately 100 mm therefore, the
in the material, it increases pore pressure, which shows material is highly porous.
that the water in the embankment is completely
drained. It occurs when groundwater in the mass of the
stack is dried properly, so it is necessary to verify the
distribution of grain size from the material. The
analysis of grain size distribution is carried out using

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Fig. 9 Distribution of vertical discharge velocity in the embankment

Fig. 10 Distribution of horizontal discharge velocity in the embankment

3.2 Flow Vectors in the Embankment The vectors in the upper part of the embankment are
and Significance of Rainfall Intensity restricted. This condition’s occurrence is due to the
low hydraulic conductivity in the upper layer of the
According to Fig. 7, the vertical surface infiltration in embankment. Therefore, this limits the percolation of
the embankment is the intensity of the rainfall. Some water from the surface to the lower parts of the
of the water infiltrate and percolate into the lower layer embankment. However, most of the water flowing
of the embankment, which functions as a drainage through the surface is referred to as runoff water.
system. The total discharge velocity and the flow There is an insignificant change in discharge due to
vectors in the body of embankment are also shown in the increase in rainfall intensity, as shown in Fig. 8.
Fig. 7. The right bottom part of the figure shows the The upper layer’s hydraulic behaviour limits the flow
discharges through the embankment. of water in the lower part of embankment. It is

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Fig. 11 Distribution of hydraulic gradient in the embankment

Fig. 12 Query points on the contact zone between embankment material and in situ based on a cross-sectional pore pressure
distribution

confirmed by the value of discharge velocity on the higher. The following figures show the vertical and
upper layer of the embankment shown in Fig. 7. horizontal discharges of the embankment section, as
The total discharge velocity in the lower layer is shown in Figs. 9 and 10.
significantly higher than the upper layer. The lower Vertical discharge has more significant effect than
layer serves as a drainage system in the embankment. horizontal discharge during the percolation process in
Meanwhile, the upper layer has an extremely low total the upper layer of the embankment. Meanwhile, the
discharge velocity and hydraulic conductivity. The discharge in lower layer tends to be horizontal due to
percolation occurred gradually in the upper layer until restricted infiltration towards the base. It correlates to
it reached the lower layer. However, a significant the hydraulic gradient of the embankment, as it’s
increase was detected where the conductivity is shown in Fig. 11, where the upper layer has a

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Fig. 13 Models of volumetric water content in each of the 3-h stages

Fig. 14 Models of volumetric water content on each of the stage 6-h stage

significant high hydraulic gradient, which is used to zone between the embankment and in situ base
predict the discharge velocity in the embankment. materials.
Figure 12 shows the correlation of distance among
3.3 Initial Pore Pressure Build Up and Drainage query points (a) between time stages on the horizontal
Characteristics of Lower Layer Embankment axis (b) against pore pressure in the vertical axis. The
value of pore pressure on each of the query points is
The section’s pore pressure is reviewed by using the shown by each vertex of the correlation chart (a),
query point located on a certain part of the embank- while the values for the different stages are appeared
ment. Figure 8 shows the pore pressure distribution of as a single curve because they are relatively equiva-
the embankment on the time stage, 6 h after the initial lent. Consequently, each query point’s pore pressure
rainfall. The query points are created in the contact needs to be compared with the different time stages to

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Fig. 15 Models of volumetric water content on each of the 12-h stages

Fig. 16 Models of volumetric water content on each of the 24-h stages

understand the dynamics of the hydro geological drainage caused by the porous and conductive lower
condition (b). layer.
There is an insignificant increasing or changing in In addition, the increasing in time causes an
the pore pressure, it’s due to the infiltration of water increasing in the amount of infiltrated water, thereby
after the initial saturation. The only of noticeable it causes a rise in its level in the embankment. The
increasing in pore pressure occurred in the initial stage saturation and drainage process in each of the stages is
because the saturation process was void. The other illustrated on the two-dimensional distribution of the
stages showed a decreasing in pore pressure due to embankment’s volumetric water content, as shown in
elongated infiltration. It occurred when the water input Fig. 13.
and output is equivalent. The water balance is reached Figure 14 shows a 3-h stage condition, there was a
after the initial stage of 0.125 day (3 h) due to significant increasing in the saturation process of the

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material in the initial stage, as well as a large that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this
increasing in water content, it’s particularly in the paper.
lower layer of the pile top. The water balance starts at
this stage.
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