\.

.
•
'

-~
'8,
•
"' •
•
•

/
; • • •

CLASS XI

SURENDHER ,~
~
• •• 1,
11
'\
' ~
.
I
,,j j

•••
i \

• ••
,-~,,,
I

I 'I
/ - -
\ \

,_;.,.,

\
·/
..,,
, ,,
So, how do we define Artificial Intelligence [Al?)

Al ls a technique that facilitates a machine to perform all cognitive functions such as perceiving, learning
and reasoning that are otherwise performed by humans.

"The Science and Engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent Computer programs
is Artificial intelligence" - JOHN M C CARTHY (Father of Al)

John McCarthy
, . . or~• •• =

The yardstick to achieve true Al st ill seems decades away. Computers execute certain tasks way better
than humans e.g.: Sorting, compu ting, memorizing, Indexing, find ing patt erns etc. While identifying of
emotions, recognising faces, communication and conversation are unbeatable human skills. This is
where Al will play a crucial role to enable machines achieving equalling human capabilities.

World Famous Al Machines [naming a few of them]:

• IBM Watson (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s wgf75GwCM )

I
""IBM WatsonN

• Google's Drlverless car (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdgQpalpUUE)

• Sophia, the humanoid Robot (https://www.youtubeom/watch?v=cdgQpalpUUE)

• The assistant/ Chabot - Alexa, Slri, Google's Home

amazon alexa

• Honda Asimo (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1urL X vp7w)

2. History of Al

In 1950's
The modern-day Al got impetus since sos of the previous centuries, once Alan Turning introduced
"Turning Test" for assessment of intelligence.

In 1955

John M cCarthy known as the founder of Artificial Intelligence introduced the term 'Artificial
Intelligence'. McCarthy along with Alan Turing, Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon, and Marvin Minsky too
has the greatest contribution to present day machine intelligence. Alan suggested that if humans use
accessible information, as well as reason, to solve problems t o make decisions - then why can't it be
done with the help of machines?

In 1970's

70 s saw an upsurge of computer era. These machines were much quicker, affordable and stowed more
information. They had an amazing character to think abstract, could self-recognize and accomplished
natural language processing.

In 1980's

These were tlhe years that saw flow of funds for research and algorithmic tools. The learning skills were
enhanced and computers improved with deeper user experience.

In 2000's

Many unsuccessful attempts, Alas! The technology was successfully established by years 2000.The
milestones were realised, that needed to be accomplished. Al could somehow manage to thrive despite
lack of government funds and public appreciation.

History of
Artificial Intelligence

{Image Source: www.data-flair.com)

6
1. Key Fields of Application in Al
According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, "Artificial Intelligence is the science and
engineering of making Intelligent machines, especially Intelligent computer programs". Artificial
Intelligence helps In developing Intelligent machines and software that learns, works and responds like
the human beings. Today, Al has become an Integral part of human lives and has permeated In areas as
diverse as science, engineering, business, medicine, video games, et c. Some of the applications are
discussed below.

1.1 Chatbots
If you remember from Unlt-1, Al tries to mimic human cognitive functions like vision, speech, reasoning
etc. Chatbot is one of the applications of Al which simulate conversation with humans either through
voice commands or through text chats or both. We can define Chatbot as an Al application that can
Imitate a real conversation with a user in their natural language. They enable communication via text or
audio on websites, messaging applications, mobile apps, or telephones.

(•

4
--
--
- •

4
•
• 0
Some interesting applications of Chatbot are Customer services, E-commerce, Sales and Marketing,
Schools and Universities etc.

Let us take up some real -life examples. HDFC Bank's EVA (Electronic Virtual Assistant) is making
banking service simple and is available 24x7 for the HDFC bank's customers.

Please visit the link to get a first-hand experience of banking related conversations with EVA:
h ttps ://vl.hdfcban k.com/htd ocs/ common/eva/1 nd ex.ht ml

You can also visit https://watson-assistanl-demo.ng.bluemix.net/ for a completely new experience on

the IBM Web based text Chatbot.

Open the link In your web browser, and you will land on the demo page of IBM's banking virtual
assistant. In this demo, you will be engaging with a banking virtual assistant that is capable of
simulating a few scenarios, such as making a credit card payment, booking an appointment with a
banker or choosing a credit card. Watson can understand your entries and responds accordingly.
1.2 Natural Language processing (NLP)

We read about Chatbots in the previous section. But do you understand the technology behind the
Chatbots? It is called is NLP, short for Natural Language Processing. Every time you throw a question to
Alexa, Siri or Google assistant, they use NLP to answer your question. Now we are faced with the
question, what is Natural Language processi ng (NLP)?

11110fffllli0!1 flelrjcyal lnfOffllltian Elltractam!

DocA

Mochlna Tm1tlat,on Natural QuntionAn-iag

Language ----
---.
Processing ·-
.,..,_,...,..
=--·
Source: https://www.techsophv.com/chatbots-need-na tural-language-processlng/

Natural language means the language of humans. It refers to the different forms in which humans
communicate with each other - verbal, written or non-verbal or expressions (sentiments such as sad,
happy, etc.). The technology which enables the machines (software) to understand and process the
natural language (of humans), is called natural language processing (NLP). In other words, it is defined
as branch of Artificial Intelligence that deals with the interaction between computers and humans using
the natural language. The main objective of NLP is to read, interpret, comprehend, and coherently make
sense of the human language such that it creates value for all. Therefore, we can safely conclude that
NLP essentially comprises of natural language understanding (human to machine) and natural language
generation (machine to human).

NLP is a sub - area of Artificial Intelligence deals with the capability of software to process and analyse
human language, both verbal and written language.
 Semantic Classification Object Instance
Segmentation + Localization Detection Segmentation

GRASS , CAT DOG , DOG, CAT DOG, DOG, CAT

TREE, SKY
y
./ \..______ ____,/
V
No objects. Just pixels Single Object Multiple Object

{Source : hllr:r n?Jln ,uinfonl.edu , l,dcv2017tc,Hln !017 le~lurcl I rdD

1. Semantic Segmentation
Semantic Segmentation is also called the Image classification. Semantic segmentation is a process in
Computer Vision where an Image is classified depending on its visual content. Basically, a set of classes
(objects to identify In images) are defined and a model Is t rained to recognize them with the help of
labelled example photos. In slmple terms It takes an image as an Input and outputs a class I.e. a cat, dog
etc. or a probablllty of classes from which one has the highest chance of being correct.
For human, this ability comes naturally and effortlessly but for machines, It's a fairly complicated
process.

For example, the cat image shown below is the size of 248x400x3 pixels (297,600 numbers)

...... ..,... .. 111

• l
•• •

_. •
# ...• •
- _ • t l •· •• • •J 111 111 J •• •
•••••••
..... .. ............. .......
I ... 111 1 I I

•.1•h ·• ·••JI
· · · · ...
· 111•1l•t•ff••·····• ..t
, , ••••••••N•t•l, ••••••II.,
J .. tt " , ••••• 0 U •• N •• U • • • • 11 ltt •
• '1l •t II U 'H II t f U 'f4 •t et t . , \ • U M I t t• •i
" ... - . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . :a. "'" . . . . . . . •11 •
t • •• 'ti t• •• •• t t t t • •• •t I I 11 •1 t t l't llt
♦ • •• , • • 111 •• •I It •• u 1• ,., • •• •• •

. . .• . ., .. "" . . . .•
• • • u , ••••• ,. •• , .....
t ., I ~ 1) • • I I J ..... :JJ al • • • • • • •
u ' •• • • • •• ... •• • •

Whal t he computer sees

82% cal
15°,i, dog
Image classification
2% hat
1 % mug

(SOurce : Imp .-Uln.g11huh.1tl!u"c1, d11"l[y.Jmg)

Though image classification model takes this image as an input and reports 4 possibilities, w e can see
that it indicat es the highest probability of a cat. Therefore, the classi fication model has to be refined
/ t rained on further to produce a single label 'cat' as output.

2. Classification and Localization

Once the object classified and labelled, the localization task is evoked which puts a bounding box around
the object in the picture. The term 'localization' refers to where the object is in the image. Say we have
a dog in an image, the algorithm predicts the class and creates a bounding box around the object in the
Image.

Image Localization
Source: https://medtum.com/analytlcs-vldhya/lmage-cl,mllication·vs•object-detectlon·vs•image-s,gmentauon-f36db85fe81

3. Object Detection
When human beings see a video or an image, they immediately identify the objects present in them.
This intelligence can be duplicated using a computer. If we have multiple objects in the image, the
algorithm will Identify all of them and localise (put a bounding box around) each one of them. You will
therefore, have multiple bounding boxes and labels around the objects.

Source: https·//pjreddle.com/da,knet{yolovl/
4. Instance segmentat ion
Instance segmentation is that technique of CV which helps in identifying and outlining dist inctly each
object of Interest appearing In an Image. This process helps to create a pixel -wise mask for each object
In t he Image and provides us a far more granular understanding of the object(s) in the Image. As you
can see In t he Image below, objects belonging to the same class are shown In multiple colours.

Sh••Pshff
1 2

Instance Segmentation
SoutC• htlP\ //ltt1rd)Q+1IIK t 19! !ftult JpJ' 1 'D ntf1 b?" tf•L + 1.,9!)•®11 ◄ 1ft!ldfJ7•4
We all know that computer understands only numbers (binary/ hexadecimal etc.) then how do you
think they (computer/mobile phones/ digital camera etc.) store the image?

Let us capture the image of a pet dog using the mobile camera

But for your mobile, the above image is like a grid as written below:
II' ,r lloM •I
GtN'n chOl!rid 17l 6

~td d><,t,n~ 24 1

J 120 67 89 107

2 u 216 145 26

J 0 16 .. <IS

0 71 90 167
"
- -
6( u 67 82 141 12

l 2 3
" 6(

tmog,: array: {64 .t 64 1t JJ

The grid above is a matrix - which is what we are going to learn about nowl

Matrix (or linear algebra) is also called the mathematics of data. It is arguably the pillar of the study of
Artificial Intelligence and therefore this topic Is advised as a prerequisite prior to getting started w ith
the study of Artificial Intelligence.

78
2. Characteristics and Types of Al

• Artificial Intelligence is autonomous and can make independent decisions - It does not require
human inputs, Interference or Intervention and works silently In the background without the
user's knowledge. These systems do not d'epend on human programming, Instead they learn on
their own through data experiencing.
• Has the capacity to predict and adapt - Its ability to understand data patterns Is being used for
future predictions and decision-making.
• It is continuously learning - It learns from data patterns.
• Al Is reactive - It perceives a problem and acts on perception.
• Al Is futur istic- Its cutting-edge technology is expected to be used in many more fields In future.

There are many applications and tools, being backed by Al, which has a direct Impact on our daily life.
So, It Is Important for us to understand what kind of systems can be developed, In a broad sense, using
Al.

2.1. Data Driven Al

The recent development in cheap data storage (hard disk etc.), fast processors (CPU, GPU or TPU) and
sophisticated deep learning algorithm has made It possible to extract huge value from data and that has
led to the rise of data centric Al systems. Such Al systems can predict what will happen next based on
what they've experienced so far, very efficiently. At times these systems have managed to outperform
humans. Data driven Al systems, get trained with large datasets, before It makes predictions, forecasts
or decisions. However, the success of such systems depends largely on the avallablllty of correctly
labelled large datasets.
Every Al system we know around, are data driven, Al system.

2.2. Autonomous System

Autonomous system is a technology which understands the environment and reacts without human
Intervention. The autonomous systems are often based on Artificial Intelligence. For example, self-
driving car, space probe rover like Mars rover or a floor cleaning robot etc. are autonomous system. An
loT device like a smart home system Is another example of an autonomous system. Because It does
things like gather Information about the temperature of a room, then uses that Information to
determine whether the AC needs to be switched on or not, then executes a task to achieve the desired
result.

2.3. Recommendation systems

A recommendation system recommends or suggests products, services, information to users based on
analysis of data based on a number of factors such as the history, behaviour, preference, and interest
of the user, etc. It is a data driven Al which needs data for training. For Instance, when you watch a
video on YouTube, it suggests many videos that match or suit the videos that you generally search for,
prefer, or have been watching In the past. So, In short It gathers data from the history of your activities
and behaviour. Let us now take another example. Fllpkart recommends the types of products that you
normally prefer or buy. All these are classic examples of recommendation, but you must know that
Machine Learning (Al) is working behind all this to give you a good user experience.
4. Al and Society
Al Is sure changing the world but at the same time there is also a lot of hype and misconceptions about
it. In ord er for cit izens, businesses and the government to take full advantages of Al, it is imperative that
w e have realistic view about the same.

Al w ill impact almost every walk of society, from health, security, culture, education, Jobs and
businesses. And as w ith any change/development, Al also has positive and negative Influence on society
and this depends on how we leverage the same.

Some of the key social benefits of Al are outlined below:

1. Healthcare
IBM Watson (An Al Tool by IBM) can predict development of a particular form of cancer up to 12
months before its onset with almost a 90% accuracy.
(https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/artificial .ntelligence/ibm-ai-predicts-breast-cancer-up-to-a-
year· in-advance-using-health-records-mammograms.html)

There are many such developments happening in the field of medical science. To control the outbreak
of CORONA virus In China, the country leaned on Artificial Intelligence (Al), Data Science, to track cases
and fight the pandemic. Our healthcare sectors are moving towards a future where Robots and Al tools
w ill work alongside doctors.
Though scientists and researchers are working hard to find out the opportunities to apply Al technology
in almost all sectors like transportation, education, agriculture etc. But healthcare has been the focal
points for Al. Can you please try to find out the two reasons why impact of Al is maximum In healthcare
sector?
2. Transportation

Transportation is a field where artificial intelligence along wi th machine learning has given us major
innovations.

Autonomous vehicles like cars, trucks etc. use advanced Al capabilities that offer features like lane-
changing systems, automated vehicle guidance, automated braking, use of sensors and cameras for
collision avoidance, and analysing Information In real t ime, thus saving human lives by reducing road
accidents.

3. Disaster Prediction

Al Is considered as one of the best tools for prediction of natural occurrences. There Is an Al model that
can almost perfectly predict the weather for the next couple of days, which was unimaginable before
the advent of Al.

4. Agriculture

Farming is a sector faced is full of multiple challenges such like unpredictable as unpredictable weather,
availability of natural resources, growing populations etc. With the help of Al, farmers can now analyse
a variety of factors things in real time such as weather conditions, temperature, water usage or soil
conditions collected from their farm. Real-time data analytics helps farmers to maximize their crop
yields and thus, in t urn, their profits too.

Having discussed the advantages of Al, it is important to also understand how Al is negatively affecting
our society. With all the Al benefits, there comes some significant disadvantages as well, but that's
natural for any technology!
Listed below are some of the challenges posed by Al

1. Integrity of Al

Al systems learn by analysing huge volume s of data. What are the consequences of using biased data
(via the training data set)) in favour of a particular class/section of customers or users?

In 2016, the professional networking site Linked In was discovered to have a gender bias in its system.
W hen a search was made for the female name 'Andrea', the platform would show
recommendations/results of male users with the name 'Andrew' and its variations. However, the site
did not show similar recommendations/results for male names. i.e. A search/ query for the name
'Andrew' did not result in a prompt asking the users if he/she meant to find 'Andrea' . The company said
this was due to a gender bias in their training data which they fixed later.

2. Technological Unemployment
Due to heavy automation, (with the advent of Al and robotics) some sets of people will lose their jobs.
These jobs will be replaced by intelligent machines. There will be significant changes in the workforce
and the market - there w ill be creation of some high skilled jobs however some roles and jobs will
become obsolete.
3. Disproportionate control over data

Data is the fuel to Al; the more data you have, the more Intelligent machine you would be able to
develop. Technology giants are invest ing heavily in Al and data acquisition projects. This gives them an
unfair advantage over their smaller competitors.

4. Privacy

In this digitally connected world, privacy w ill become next to Impossible. Numerous consumer products,
from smart home appliances to computer applications have features that makes them vulnerable to
data exploitation by Al. Al can be utilized to Identify, track and monitor Individuals across multiple
devices, whether they are at work, home, or at a public location. To complicate things furth er, Al does
not forget anything. Once Al knows you, It knows you forever!