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1. Do you know the following words? If so, circle them and
translate them into Spanish.

2. Look at the picture and answer in Spanish. Do you know these

symbols?

3. Read the following article.

IT (Information Technology): Information Systems Manager

An information systems manager is responsible for the computer systems in a company.

Some of his important activities are:
 installation;
 operation of back-up systems;
 purchase of hardware and software;

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  provision of technology infrastructures for an organisation;
 contribution to organisational policy, quality standards and strategic planning.
Experience in the sector, in technical support or in operations is very important for a
manager.
Information systems managers work in an organisation, in an industry and in the service
sector, with a staff of technicians, programmers and database administrators.
The title of information systems manager is very common in the ICT sector.
Information systems managers are responsible for the implementation of technology in a
company and direct the work of systems and business analysts, developers, support
specialists and other computer-workers.

4. Answer these questions about the article “IT (Information

Technology): Information Systems Manager” in Spanish.
a. What is IT?

b. What is an information systems manager responsible for?

c. Is “provision of technology infrastructures” one of his activities?

d. What is important for a manager?

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 e. Where does a manager work?

f. Is his title very common in his sector?

g. Does he direct the work of different people?

h. Is your PC vital in your job? Why?

COGNATES
Cognados
Los cognados son palabras transparentes, palabras parecidas en ambos idiomas (inglés y
español) ya sea en su escritura y/o pronunciación.
Palabra en inglés Significado en español
important importante
institution institución
person persona
area área

FALSE COGNATES
Falsos cognados
Son aquellas palabras que, en diferentes idiomas, se escriben de una manera parecida
pero tienen significados completamente diferentes.
Palabra en inglés Significado real Significado falso
actually realmente actualmente
fabric tela fábrica
eventually finalmente eventualmente

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5. Complete the following chart with the words in Activity 1.
Cognates False cognates

6. Can you identify any cognates and false cognates in the

article “IT (Information Technology): Information Systems
Manager”?
Cognates False cognates

COMMON NOUNS
Sustantivos comunes
Los sustantivos comunes son palabras que se utilizan para designar nombres de cosas,
animales, y otros objetos que pertenecen a una misma clase.
 book, girl, dog, computer.

PROPER NOUNS
Sustantivos propios
Se utilizan para distinguir a cada individuo o lugar de los demás, como ocurre con los
nombres de las ciudades o de las personas, y deben ser escritos con su letra inicial en
mayúscula.
 Tokyo, Cecilia, UNLa, Argentina

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ADJECTIVES
Adjetivos calificativos
Son aquellas palabras que califican o determinan a un sustantivo. Los adjetivos
calificativos son los más frecuentes, ya que señalan una cualidad del sustantivo, ya sea
concreta o abstracta.
En inglés, los adjetivos se ubican delante de los sustantivos. En cambio, en español se
prefiere ubicar al adjetivo detrás del sustantivo.
 The car is blue. Incluye un adjetivo calificativo (“azul”) que refiere a una
característica concreta (el color del coche).
 The car is horrible. Indica una cualidad abstracta y subjetiva.

VERB
Verbo
Es la clase de palabra que puede modificarse para concordar con la persona, el número,
el tiempo, el modo, la voz y el aspecto que posea el sujeto del cual habla.
 play, study, work, be.

7. Complete the following chart with the words from Activity 1.

Nouns Adjectives

8. Complete the following chart with the vocabulary from the

article “IT (Information Technology): Information Systems
Manager”.
Nouns Adjectives Verbs

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PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Pronombres personales

VERB “BE”
Verbo “ser” o “estar”
9. Forma afirmativa.

10. Forma afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa.

11. Can you identify any pronouns and verbs in “IT

(Information Technology): Information Systems Manager”?
Personal pronouns Verb “be”

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 Personal pronouns Verb “be”

ARTICLES
Artículos
“The” y “A”/”An” son artículos: los dividimos en definidos e indefinidos.
En inglés, existe un solo artículo definido: “the”, que se utiliza tanto en singular como en
plural. Existen dos artículos indefinidos: “a” y “an”, que se utilizan para sustantivos
contables en la forma singular.
 A student. Seguido de un sustantivo que comienza con consonante.
 An accident. Seguido de un sustantivo que comienza con vocal.
 She is a student. Utilizamos el artículo indefinido porque es la primera vez que se
utiliza el término “student”.
 The student is responsible. Tanto el escritor como el lector saben a quién se
refiere el término “student”, ya que en este caso fue nombrado.

12. Can you provide two examples of articles from “IT

(Information Technology): Information Systems Manager”?
Definite article Indefinite article

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Pronombres demostrativos

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13. Recordemos.

This (singular)
se utilizan para señalar objetos que se encuentran cerca.
These (plural)

That (singular)
se utilizan para objetos que se encuentran lejos.
Those (plural)

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1. Answer these questions.
a. What is Fundación Vida Silvestre?

b. Are animal species in danger in Argentina?

2. Read the article and answer the following questions in

Spanish.

Environmental Conservation Work in Argentina

Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina is a member organisation of World Wildlife Foundation

since 1988. Its mission is to promote conservation of biodiversity and natural resources in
Argentina. Together with WWF, FVS has campaigns to implement conservation
programmes and projects. FVS has offices in Buenos Aires, Puerto Iguazú, and Mar del
Plata.
There are many projects in Argentina:

Movements of Atlantic Leatherback Turtles

The project studies the movements of leatherback turtles in the Atlantic basin by satellite-
tracking from Costa Rica, French Guiana, Panama, Suriname, Uruguay and Gabon.

Argentina Marine Programme

The waters off of eastern Argentina are very cold because of strong currents from
Antarctica, but waters are calm and warm in lagoons and gulfs. The coastal area has
important breeding habitat for marine seabirds and mammals. They have marine
protected areas and sustainable fisheries.
WWF award recognizes Argentina’s ocean protection efforts
Dr. Patricia Gandini is Argentina’s National Parks Administration President. She received
the award Leaders for a Living Planet (LLP).
There are four new marine protected areas in
Argentina. The marine protected areas (MPAs) cover
over 580,800 ha of the south-west Atlantic Ocean, they
are along Argentina’s coast. “As a marine ecologist, the
creation of new marine protected areas is one of my
main challenges,” said Dr. Gandini. “The MPAs are part
of our national protected areas system”.

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About the new Marine Protected Areas
Patagonia Austral Inter-jurisdictional Coastal-Marine Park – It is in
the Chubut Province, Patagonia, in northern San Jorge Gulf.
Pingüino Island Inter-jurisdictional Park – It is in the province of
Santa Cruz. It extends from the western shore of the Chaffer Island
(Puerto Deseado locality of reference) to Laura Bay.
Makenke Inter-jurisdictional Marine Park – It is in the south of
Puerto San Julian, Santa Cruz province, with an area of 90,000ha.
Banco Burdwood National Marine Park –It is at 54º 30 S and 60º
30` W, 54º 30 S and 59º 30 W, 54º 15 S and 60º 30 W, 54º 15 S
and 59º 30 W. It protects an area with fish resources.

3. Answer these questions in Spanish.

a. Where are the offices of Fundación Vida Silvestre?

b. Who is Dr. Patricia Gandini?

c. Why is the Turtles Project important?

d. Describe the waters of the South Atlantic Ocean.

e. Mention and locate the four Marine Protected Areas.

4. Find three examples of cognates, adjectives and nouns.

Cognates Adjectives Nouns

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5. Find examples of HAVE/ HAVE GOT and explain how they are
used.
Example Function

6. Identify five different forms of showing possession.

7. Find examples of connectors: AND, BUT, OR, BECAUSE and

explain their functions.
Example Function

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HAVE GOT, HAS GOT
Tener

Se utilizan para:
Expresar posesión.
 I have got a vegetable garden.
 I have got a lemon tree.
 Has she got a car?
Describir relaciones.
 Have you got a girlfriend?
 He's got three brothers / He has three brothers.
Describir enfermedades.
 I've got a bad cold / I have a bad cold.
Describir características.
 Her office has got a nice view. / Her office has a nice view.
 Why has he got a tattoo?

HAVE GOT
es una expresión usada con más frecuencia en el lenguaje coloquial.

WAYS OF SHOWING POSSESSION

Formas de indicar posesión

Adjetivos posesivos
Se colocan siempre delante de sustantivo.
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  This is my fruit.
 Karen is American. Her house is in Atlanta.
Singular
1st  I my
2nd  you your
3rd  he his
3rd  she her
3rd  it its
Plural
1st  we our
2nd  you your
3rd  they their

POSSESSIVE CASE
Caso posesivo
Generalmente, agregamos 's a un sustantivo singular y apóstrofo ' a un sustantivo plural.
El caso posesivo se utiliza para indicar:
Posesión.
 the boy's apple
 Silvia loves Florencia Bonelli's books.
Relaciones de parentesco.
 Benito Cerati is Gustavo’s son.
Partes del cuerpo.
 Charles's hands are red.
Creación.
 Claudia Piñeiro’s novel Betivu is a famous film.
Lugares.
 China’s rivers are very long.
Tiempo.
 I see you in three week’s time.

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SOMETHING OF SOMETHING
Algo de algo
Otra alternativa es usar la estructura something of something. Esto es una alternativa
al ‘s pero solo se usa para indicar:
Relaciones de parentesco.
 The sisters of my mother are twins.
Creación.
 The Gioconda of Leonardo is a very small painting.
Lugar.
 The big cities of Canada are in the south.

CONNECTORS
Conectores
Los conectores ayudan a construir un argumento lógico en el texto al vincular una
palabra, frase u oración con otra. Un texto sin conectores se lee como una serie de
enunciados sin relación, ni flujo
Los conectores pueden enlazar el flujo de ideas en el texto, guiar al lector hacia la
siguiente etapa del argumento y hasta enlazar párrafos.

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SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
Plural de los sustantivos
La mayoría de los sustantivos forman su  radio radios
plural agregando “s”.
 photo  photos
 bottle  bottles
 rhino  rhinos
 cup  cups
 chelo  chelos
 pencil  pencils
 potatoes  potatoes
 desk  desks
Algunos sustantivos tienen plurales
 sticker  stickers irregulares.
 window  windows  child  children
Los sustantivos que terminan en los  woman  women
sonidos “sh”, “ch”, “x”, “s”, o “z”,
 man  men
agregan “es”.
 mouse  mice
 box  boxes
 goose  geese
 watch  watches
 person  people
 moss  mosses
Algunos sustantivos permanecen igual en
 bus  buses
el plural.
Los sustantivos que terminan en “f” o
 sheep  sheep
“fe”, cambian la “f” por “v” y agregan
“es”.  deer  deer
 wolf  wolves  series  series
 wife  wives  species  species
 leaf  leaves Aquellos sustantivos que provienen del
latín que terminan en “um”, se pluralizan
 life  lives
con “a”.
Los sustantivos que terminan en
 curriculum  curricula
consonante + “y”, cambian la “y” por “i”
y agregan “es”. Los que terminan en  memorandum  memoranda
vocal + “y”, agregan “s”. Aquellos sustantivos que provienen del
 baby  babies griego que finalizan en “is”, cambian “is”
por “es”.
 toy  toys
 crisis  crises
 kidney  kidneys
 thesis  theses
 family  families
 day  days
 lily  lilies
Los sustantivos que terminan en
consonante + “o”, agregan “es”. Los que
terminan en vocal + “o” o son palabras
abreviadas o provenientes del italiano,
simplemente agregan “s”.
 tomato  tomatoes

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1. Read the following article.

Tim’s day

Tim works for a company in Sacramento, California. He is a customer service

representative. He gets up at six o’clock each weekday. He drives to work and begins his
job at eight o’clock. He speaks to people on the telephone to help them with their banking
problems. People telephone the bank to ask questions about their business accounts but
he does not give information about accounts until people answer a few questions. Tim
asks callers their birth date, the last four digits of their social security number and their
address. If a person gives incorrect information, Tim asks him to call back with the correct
information. Tim is polite and friendly with everyone. He often has lunch in a park next to
his office. He returns home at five o’clock in the evening. After work, he goes to the gym
to work out. He usually has dinner at seven o’clock. “I like watching TV after dinner” he
says. He goes to bed at eleven o’clock at night.

2. Answer TRUE or FALSE. Justify the false ones in Spanish.

True False Justification

Tim lives in Britain.

He goes to work by train.

If a person gives incorrect

information, Tim doesn’t answer
him questions about his account.

He goes to the gym before dinner.

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3. Read the text and match the questions to the correct answer.

What does he do? In the park.

What time does he get up? To work out.

Where does he have lunch? He’s a customer service representative.

Why does he go to the gym? After dinner.

When does he watch TV? At 6 o´clock.

QUESTION WORDS
Pronombres interrogativos
Who quién  Who’s that?  That’s Nancy.
Where dónde  Where do you live?  In Boston.
 Why do you sleep early?  Because I’ve
Why por qué
got to get up early.
When cuándo  When do you go to work? – At seven.
How cómo  How do you go to the office? – By car.
What qué  What do you do? – I’m an engineer.
Which cuál  Which one do you prefer? – The red one.
Whose de quién  Whose is this book? – It’s Alan’s
 Whom do you meet this afternoon? – I
Whom a quién
meet the new manager
 What kind of music do you like? – I like
What kind qué tipo
quiet songs.
 What time do you usually go to bed? – I
What time a qué hora
usually go to bed at 9.00 pm.
 How many students are there? – There
How many cuántos
are twenty.
 How much time have we got? – Ten
How much cuánto (uncountable)
minutes!
 How long do you want to stay in the
How long por cuánto tiempo
hotel? – For a week.
 How often do you go to the gym? – Twice
How often cuán a menudo
a week.
 How far is your school? – It’s one mile
How far cuán lejos
far.
How old cuán viejo  How old are you? – I’m 20 (years old).

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 Question words are also called WH questions because they include the
letters “W” and “H”.

4. Analyze the use of Simple Present in the following examples.

Complete the table in Spanish.
Example Use

He gets up at 6 o´clock

People phone to the bank

Tim is polite and friendly

I like watching TV after dinner

5. Copy examples of adverbs of frequency and translate them

into Spanish.
Example Translation

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

Prefijos y sufijos
Los prefijos y sufijos son grupos de letras que se encuentran al comienzo o al final de la
palabra. No son palabras en sí mismas y no aparecen solas en la oración, aunque pueden
estar separadas de la palabra por un guion.

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PREFIXES
Prefijos
Los prefijos se ubican delante de una palabra con el fin de crear otra palabra con
diferente significado.
Prefix Word New word
un- happy unhappy
multi- cultural multicultural
over- work overwork
cyber- space cyberspace
super- market supermarket

SUFFIXES
Sufijos
Los sufijos se ubican detrás de una palabra y frecuentemente dichas palabras cambian su
función.
Word Suffix New word
work -er worker
taste -less tasteless
childish (cambia de
child -ish
sustantivo a adjetivo)
idolize (cambia de
idol -ize/-ise
sustantivo a verbo)
likeable (cambia de verbo a
like -able
adjetivo)

Algunos prefijos y sufijos se usan habitualmente en palabras que se relacionan con

conceptos o productos nuevos.
Email contiene el prefijo e-, que significa “electronic”. Dicho prefijo se utiliza en palabras
que se relacionan con Internet.
 e-book, e-cash, e-commerce.

6. Write down at least three jobs in the correct column

according to the suffix.
-ER -OR -IST -ANT

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NOUN-NOUN STRUCTURE
Estructura sustantivo-sustantivo
7. Translate.
Customer service representative.

8. Find the following Noun-Noun structures in the text and

match the two columns.

business date

security problems

banking accounts

birth number

El primer sustantivo funciona como adjetivo. Siempre se encuentra en singular aunque se

lo traduzca como plural.
 shopping center, coffee bar, living room, a shoe-shop (NOT a shoes shop), a bus-
stop (NOT a buses stop).
El primer sustantivo puede describir:
Material del que/con que está hecho.
 milk chocolate, a glass bowl.
Lugar donde se ubica.
 a table lamp, Oxford University.
Tiempo en el que sucede.
 a daydream, afternoon tea.
Propósito.
 car keys, a conference room.

Noun + noun + noun + noun ...

Podemos encontrar dos, tres o más sustantivos actuando de adjetivos.
Por lo general, dichas estructuras se pueden encontrar en los títulos de los periódicos.
 road accident research centre.

9. Copy examples of adverbs of frequency

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10. Find examples of connectors and explain their function.
Connector Use

PRESENT SIMPLE
Presente
A continuación, se especifican los usos con los ejemplos correspondientes, y la estructura
gramatical del Present Simple.
Situaciones permanentes o duraderas.
 Where do you work?
 The store opens at 9 o’clock.
 She lives in New York.
Hábitos y rutinas.
 I usually get up at 7 o’clock.
 She doesn’t often go to the cinema.
 When do they usually have lunch?
Hechos reales.
 The Earth revolves around the Sun.
 What does ‘strange’ mean?
 Water doesn’t boil at 20 degrees.
Gustos y preferencias.
 I love walking around late at night during the summer.
 She hates flying!
 What do you like?
Opiniones y creencias.
 He doesn’t agree with you.
 I think he is a wonderful student.
 What do you consider your best accomplishment?

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Horarios pre-establecidos.
 The plane leaves at 4 p.m.
 When do courses begin this semester?
 The train doesn’t arrive until 10.35.

Estructura gramatical
I
You
In the positive form the base eat lunch at noon.
form of the 3rd person singular We
POSITIVE ends in “s”, “ies” (if the verb
They
Afirmación ends in -y preceded by a
consonant) or “es” (if the verb He
ends in “o”, “sh”, “ch” or “x”) works well in any
She
situation.
It
I
You
don’t enjoy opera.
Conjugate the auxiliary ‘do’ not We
NEGATIVE (don’t and doesn’t) before the
They
Negación base form of the verb to make
negatives. He
doesn’t belong to the
She
club.
It

Adverbios y expresiones de frecuencia para el Present

Simple.
Se utilizan para indicar con qué frecuencia se realiza la acción indicada por el verbo.
 always  twice a month
 at weekends  once a month
 every + day: every Thursday  three times a month
 everyday  once a week
 frequently  twice a week
 hardly ever  three times a week
 never  rarely
 often  seldom
 on + day + “s”: on Thursdays  sometimes
 on occasion  usually

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Posición de los adverbios
“Always”, “usually”, “often”, “frequently”, “sometimes”, “seldom” y “never” se ubican
siempre entre la persona y el verbo. Los restantes van al comienzo o al final de la frase.
 I always go to school by bus.  Every Monday I have gym.
 I usually get up at 7.  On Mondays I have gym.
 I often / frequently watch TV in  Once a month I have a test.
the evening.
 Twice a month I have a test.
 I sometimes have lunch in a
 Three times a month I have a
restaurant.
test.
 I seldom have breakfast.
 I play tennis once a week.
 I never arrive late.
 I play tennis twice a week.
 Everyday I have homework.
 I play tennis three times a week.

Para preguntar a alguien con qué frecuencia realiza algo, se usa “how often”.
 How often do you have gym classes?
 I have gym classes every Monday.

Días de la semana
Day of the Week Abbreviation
Monday Mon. Mo.
Tuesday Tue. Tu.
Weekdays
Wednesday Wed. We.
Days of the week (5 days)
Thursday Thu. Th.
(7 days)
Friday Fri. Fr.
Weekend Saturday Sat. Sa.
(2 days) Sunday Sun. Su.

“Days of the week” son los 7 días de la semana. (lunes a domingo).

“Weekdays” son los 5 días de la semana (lunes a viernes).
The “weekend” es el fin de semana (sábado y domingo)

Meses del año

Month Short Form Days Season
1 January Jan. 31
Summer
2 February Feb. 28/29
3 March Mar. 31 Autumn

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 Month Short Form Days Season
4 April Apr. 30
5 May May 31
6 June Jun. 30
7 July Jul. 31 Winter
8 August Aug. 31
9 September Sep. 30
10 October Oct. 31 Spring
11 November Nov. 30
12 December Dec. 31 Summer

El tiempo cronológico
What´s the time?
What time… ?

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11. Now read this article.

A proposal for companies

This proposal is to highlight that we are not sufficiently aware of environmental problems.
Although we already have recycling bins, we do not use them in a proper way. I
recommend installing more bins, in prominent positions and sending memos to members
of staff to tell them about the new facilities and to remind them of the importance of
recycling all waste articles.
we usually waste a great amount of energy when we leave lights and photocopiers on
unnecessarily, even at night.
Sometimes we fail to conserve heating because we leave doors and windows open when
temperatures rise, and this impacts on our heating bills.
The level of traffic around our promises is intolerable, the use of car-share schemes or
more bike rooms reduce the problem.
I propose the companies to carry out these recommendations to reduce their negative
impact on the environment.

12. What tense does the author use? Why?

Tense Use

13. Analyse the main ideas of the text and complete the table
in Spanish.
Causes Consequences Solutions
1)

2)

3)

4)

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14. Copy examples from the text of Noun-Noun structures.

15. Choose two prefixes and copy them.

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1. Read the following article.

Your First Interview!

If it is your first job interview, you may be nervous. In fact if you are not nervous, maybe
your attitude is wrong! The only way to do this is by creating a good impression on the
person who interviews you. Here is how:
DO DON´T
Find as much as you can about the job. Walk into the interview chewing gum or
smoking.
Think about how your qualifications and
experience relate to the job. Forget to bring with you any school
certificates.
Choose your interview clothing with care.
Appearance counts. Have an alcoholic drink before to give you
courage.
Make sure you know where the interview
office is and how to get there. It is better to Forget to shake hands with the interviewer.
be on time or a few minutes before.
Stress poor aspects of yourself and always
Make a real effort to answer any questions show your best side.
and be clear and concise.
Show enthusiasm.
Concentrate on what the interviewer says.
Sell yourself, but do not exaggerate.

2. Which are the best pieces of advice in the article? Choose 6

and translate them.
Instruction Translation

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 32
 Instruction Translation

3. What is NOT advisable according to the article in any job

interview?

4. Find an example of a noun-noun structure.

5. Give an example of a comparative adjective.

6. Provide an example of a superlative adjective.

IMPERATIVE
Imperativo
El imperativo se utiliza, generalmente, para dar órdenes, instrucciones o advertencias. Si
se utiliza para hacer pedidos, se utiliza “please”.
Órdenes.
 Sit down now!

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 33
Advertencias.
 Watch out!
 Don't cross!
Consejos.
 Don't drink alcohol.
 Eat healthily.
Invitaciones.
 Come with me, please.
Instrucciones.
 Read carefully.
Pedidos: se puede usar el imperativo para hacer pedidos, pero se debe agregar alguna
palabra amable antes del verbo.
 Give me that book, please.
 Please take a seat.
 Please wait here.
 Go ahead!
Para utilizar el imperativo, se utiliza el infinitivo sin “to”.
 Stop!
 Sit down!
Para utilizar un imperativo negativo, agregar “do not” o “don’t” antes del verbo.
 Don't go!
 Do not walk on the grass.

Las oraciones imperativas no requieren de un sujeto. El “usted” o “ustedes”

está implícito.

ADJECTIVE DEGREES
Grados de los adjetivos
Los grados de comparación del adjetivo son tres.
POSITIVE
Es el adjetivo en su forma simple, básica.  big
Positivo
COMPARATIVE Establece la relación o comparación entre dos
 bigger
Comparativo cosas.

SUPERLATIVE  the
Denota el más alto grado de una cualidad.
Superlativo biggest

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 34
Estos dos últimos grados se explican a continuación y tienen siempre como punto de
partida el adjetivo en su grado positivo.

Comparativo
DE IGUALDAD AFIRMATIVO
as + adjective + as  This book is as interesting as that magazine.
TAN + adjetivo + COMO  Buenos Aires is as expensive as Tokyo.

DE IGUALDAD NEGATIVO
not as + adjective + as  This flat is not as big as that house.
NO TAN + adjetivo + COMO  Paris is not as expensive as Tokyo.

DE SUPERIORIDAD
Los monosílabos y los bisílabos terminados en sonido vocálico o con acento en la segunda
sílaba forman el comparativo añadiendo “-er” al adjetivo.
adjective + er + than
 This book is cheaper than that magazine.
MAS + adjetivo + QUE

Con los polisílabos se antepone “more” (más) al adjetivo seguido de “than” (“que”
comparativo).
more + adjective + than
Paris is more interesting than Los Angeles.
MAS + adjetivo + QUE

DE INFERIORIDAD
less + adjective + than  less expensive than
MENOS + adjetivo + QUE  less intelligent than

Superlativo
Los monosílabos y bisílabos añaden la terminación “-est” al adjetivo.
 You are the tallest.
 Mount Everest is the highest mountain.
Los polisílabos anteponen “the most” (el más, los más, la más, las más) al adjetivo.
 This book is the most expensive.
El superlativo de inferioridad se forma añadiendo “the least” (el menos) al adjetivo.
 La Rioja is the least expensive province in Argentina.

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Comparativos y superlativos irregulares
Comparativos Superlativos
good better than the best
bad worse than the worst
far farther than the farthest

NOW LET’S SEE SPEELING RULES!!!

7. Veamos ahora la manera de deletrear los adjetivos
comparativos y superlativos.
El comparativo y superlativo de los
adjetivos de una sílaba se forman
REGLA 1 cold  colder  coldest
agregando las terminaciones “-er”
y “-est” al final del adjetivo.
Los adjetivos que terminan con
vocal seguida de una consonante
REGLA 2 duplican la consonante final antes hot  hotter  hottest
de agregar las terminaciones “-er”
o “-est”.
Los adjetivos de dos sílabas que
terminan en “-y” cambian la “y”
REGLA 3 noisy  noisier  noisiest
por “i” y recién entonces agregan
las terminaciones “-er” o “-est”.
En el caso de adjetivos de más de
dos sílabas, el comparativo y
beautiful  more beautiful than
REGLA 4 superlativo se forman
 the most beautiful
generalmente con “more” y
“most”.
good  better  best
Los comparativos y superlativos bad  worse  worst
REGLA 5
“irregulares” cambian totalmente.
far  farther / further  farthest
/ furthest
absurd  more absurd than 
the most absurd
modern  more modern than 
Sin embargo, existen algunos
the most modern
adjetivos que, a pesar de tener
dos sílabas, se los trata como polite  more polite than  the
EXCEPCIONES
adjetivos largos o polisílabos y most polite
forman el comparativo y
serious  more serious than 
superlativo con “more” y “most”.
the most serious
tired  more tired than  the
most tired

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 36
8. Now read this article. These headings are missing from the
text. Put them in the correct place.
The Generic Ring The Shouter
The I-Talk-Anywhere The Useless Call Maker
The Distracted Driver The Corporate Big Shot

Cell phone personality types

In her travels, "Telephone Doctor" Nancy Friedman always notices a variety of

"cell phone personalities," Which of these types do you see around?

1.
Talking three times louder than necessary is characteristic of this offensive cell phone
user. He seems to think everyone has a hearing impairment. Doesn't he know the phone
already amplifies his voice?
2.
This pompous fellow makes all his business calls in public places while standing in the
middle of a crowded room. He conducts big business deals right there in front of us, but
we're not impressed.
3.
This exasperating person makes trivial phone calls, one after another, after another. On
airplanes, you overhear them saying ridiculous things like, ' Hi, I miss you already,' or 'Hi,
I we just landed. OK, see you in a minute.’
4.
These people make and take calls anytime and anywhere. They chat in restaurants, at
movie theaters, and even at funerals. If their cell phone rings, they look at you and say
insincerely, 'Oh, sorry about that’.
5.
Drive or use the phone - don't do both at the same time. This can be dangerous. It’s
really scary to see a delivery truck in the rear view mirror with a distracted driver on a
phone behind the wheel.
6.
These are the people who do not bother to personalise their ring tone. One phone rings
and ten people check to see if it’s theirs.
Wait!!! I think that’s my phone!

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 37
9. This is an example of a conditional sentence. What type is it?
Why does the author use this conditional sentence? Translate
it.
If their cell phone rings, they look at you and say insincerely, 'Oh, sorry about that’.

CONDITIONAL TYPE 0
Condicional tipo cero

IF + Simple Present + Simple Present

Usado para expresar verdades científicas, hechos que nunca cambian o situaciones que
siempre ocurren.
 If you heat butter, it melts.
 If you put water in a cooler, it freezes.
 If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
 If you cross an international date line, the time changes.
 If you drop ice in water, it floats.
 If iron gets wet, it rusts.

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 Inglés 1
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1. Answer the following questions in Spanish.
a. What do you think the word “manager” means?

b. Do you have a manager at work?

c. What does he or she do?

2. Read the article carefully.

Are there too many managers?

There are five million managers in the UK today, ten times more than in the past.
Even if you don't actually manage anyone, your title pretends you do. A conductor is a
train manager. An administrator is an office manager. A technician is an IT manager.

Are there too many managers?

We are all obsessed with management. Any self-respecting executive now has an MBA, a
shelf full of management books, and a vocabulary stuffed with many technical terms.
However, the word “manager” is only widely applied to business after the 20th century. It
is important to state that this word has many meanings that change from time to time.
“There's an earlier set of meanings of management,
one about managing the household,” says Chris
Grey, professor of organization studies at Royal
Holloway University.
“But it also has a meaning, in popular early 19th
Century culture, of dishonesty. A manager is
someone who will escape with your money. Someone
that takes your business, gets control of it, and
escapes. Manager means something quite
disreputable, quite unprofessional.”
In The Wealth of Nations, author Adam Smith shares
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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 40
his suspicions.
“Because the directors of companies are the managers of other people's money, we
cannot expect them to watch over it with the same anxious vigilance with which the
partners in a private co-partnership frequently watch over their own.”
In the UK, we still distrust our managers, sometimes with good cause. We are suspicious
of some of them not just because we do not know what they do - we fear they do not
know either.

3. Read the article again and answer the following questions in

Spanish.
a. How many managers are there in the UK today?

b. What is an MBA?

c. Mention the different meanings of “manager” according to the text.

d. Why do people distrust managers?

Revision
4. Recognize and copy three examples of nouns, adjectives, and
cognates.
Nouns Adjectives Cognates

5. Find examples of connectors and explain their function.

Connector Function (in Spanish)

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 41
 Connector Function (in Spanish)

6. Recognize and copy three examples of the noun-noun

structure and say what they mean in Spanish.
Noun-noun structure In Spanish

7. Look at this sentence from the text: …we fear they don't
know either. Recognize the conjugated verbs and state the
tense and its function.
Verb Tense Function (in Spanish)

EXISTENTIAL THERE
Existencia
8. Recognize and copy an example of existence from the text.

There + BE

La estructura THERE + BE puede ser singular o plural y puede utilizarse en los distintos
tiempos verbales. Su significado es de EXISTENCIA. Se puede traducir como hay, tiene(n)
o existe(n).

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 42
 Affirmative  There is a library in the university
Negative  There is not a library in the university
SINGULAR
 Is there a library in the university?
Interrogative
 Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t.
Affirmative  There are six computer rooms in the university.
 There are not six computer rooms in the
Negative
PLURAL university.
 Are there six computer rooms in the university?
Interrogative
 Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Sustantivos contables e incontables
9. Search the text for examples of countable and uncountable
nouns.
Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

10. What do the bold and underlined words in the text mean?
Transcribe them and translate them.

COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Sustantivos contables Sustantivos incontables
Son aquellos que se pueden contar, es Se denominan de esta manera a aquellos
decir que es posible establecer su número sustantivos que no es posible determinar
en unidades. su número en unidades.

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 43
 COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Sustantivos contables Sustantivos incontables

Water
An/one elephant A bottle of water
Two elephants Two waters
Two bottles of water

SOME / ANY
Ambas palabras se usan con sustantivos incontables o en plural, y aunque muchas veces
no se traducen en castellano, en inglés no se pueden omitir.
Normalmente, “some” se usa en oraciones afirmativas y “any” en interrogativas y
negativas.
 There are some books here.
 I don't want any sweets now.
 Do you have any children?
Sin embargo, “some” puede usarse en oraciones interrogativas para ofrecer o pedir algo.
 Would you like some coffee?
 Can I have some bread, please?
Con oraciones condicionales, se usa “any”.
 If you need any help, tell me.
Cuando “any” se usa en oraciones afirmativas significa “cualquiera” (no “algún(o)”).
 Any mother would have worried.
 Any dessert will do.

IT
11. Recognize examples of the word IT in the text and indicate
whether it is PRONOUN IT, DUMMY IT or ANTICIPATORY IT.

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Usos de IT
La palabra “it” es el pronombre personal de la tercera persona singular, que utilizamos
para hablar de cosas, animales, ideas.
 I have a dog. It is black and white.
Sin embargo, esta palabra también tiene otros usos que no están relacionados con su uso
pronominal. Cuando hablamos de la hora y el clima, utilizamos oraciones como las de los
ejemplos.
 What time is it?
 It is four o'clock.
 It is snowing.
 It's going to rain.
En estos ejemplos, no podemos identificar precisamente a qué se refiere “it”. Tiene una
referencia bastante vaga y, por eso, se lo llama dummy it.
 Hold it!
 Take it easy!
 Can you make it to my party?
También se utiliza “it” para anticipar algo que aparece luego en la misma oración. En el
primer ejemplo, “it” anticipa “to see you”. Podemos eliminar “it” de la oración y
reemplazarlo por “to see you”. En este caso se lo llama it anticipatorio.
 It's great to see you.
 It's a pity that you can't come to my party.
 To see you is great

AT – IN – ON
12. Recognize and copy examples of phrases with prepositions
of time and place and say what they mean in Spanish.
English Spanish

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 Inglés 1
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 Inglés 1
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1. Answer the following questions in Spanish.
a. What do you think is the most important invention in the last decades?

b. Which do you think are positive inventions, and which do you think are negative
ones?

2. Read the text and check your ideas. Put the headings back in
the correct place. There is an extra heading, which you do not
need to use.

The top ten inventions

1. Unpopular choices
Some inventions have a dramatic impact on the world Accurate results?
where we live in and on our way of life; others are The expert’s opinion
simply making our life a little bit easier. Most influence
our lives in a positive way but some, experts say, in a No one likes this
negative one. Advantages and disadvantages
2. Surprisingly not so popular
According to a recent survey by a British radio station A tasty choice
about what their listeners’ ten favourite and ten least
Large and small breakthroughs
favourite inventions are, the bicycle comes top of the
favourite list. The radio, perhaps not surprisingly, comes
second in the list of favourite inventions, followed closely by the computer.
3.
Heading the list of least favourite inventions are atomic and nuclear weapons. The
landmine is coming in second place, and the humble plastic bag is coming third. Other
inventions in this dislike list are mobile phones, car alarms and speed cameras.
4.
Another survey by the Fuji Research Institute in Japan says that the majority of the
Japanese agree that the greatest invention of the twentieth century is the instant noodles,
an invention from 1958. The Asians consume massive quantities of instant noodles each
year and, commercially, it is expanding even more and more worldwide now.
5.
However, it seems surprising that in a country leader in technology, people think that a
food product is their favourite way ahead of personal stereos, video games, cds, and
cameras, which come third, fourth, fifth, and sixth. Incidentally, karaoke was in second
place.

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 48
6.
A gathering of Nobel Prize winners and other serious thinkers consider that there are a
couple of clear winners: the printing press is above any other intention because it
constitutes an enormous impact on the spread of information.
7.
But, one man’s meat is another man’s poison. The classic example is nuclear power. A
cheap and “clean” source of power in the conventional sense also has drawbacks: in the
wrong hands, it can be responsible for destroying the world as we know it.

3. Read the article again more carefully and underline the

inventions that are NOT mentioned.

4. Answer the following questions in Spanish.

a. Why do you think the writer of the article says that he is not surprised that the
radio comes second in the list?

b. Why do you think the writer says “humble plastic bag”?

c. Why do you think the printing press is the Nobel Prize and serious thinkers’ first
choice?

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 49
 d. What does the following phrase mean? One man’s meat is another man’s poison.

e. Why does the author consider that nuclear power has disadvantages?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Presente continuo
5. Identify an example of Present Continuous from the text and
state its function.
Example:

Function:

6. Make a list of adverbs of time typically used with the Present

Continuous Tense.
Adverbs of time

El tiempo verbal Present Continuous se utiliza principalmente para describir acciones

que están sucediendo en el momento que estamos hablando.

Este tiempo verbal se forma con el verbo “to be” (am-is-are), que en este caso significa
estar y con un verbo cualquiera al que se le agrega “ing”.
 I am cooking pasta now.
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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 50
Las formas negativa e interrogativa de este tiempo verbal se realizan de la siguiente
manera.
Affirmative I am cooking pasta now.
Negative I am not cooking pasta now.
Interrogative Am I cooking pasta now?

Entonces, para hacer una oración en negativo, utilizamos la palabra “not” inmediatamente
después del verbo “to be”. Para su forma interrogativa, debemos pasar el verbo “to be”
delante del sujeto de la oración.
Por ejemplo, el verbo “running” se escribe con doble “n”. Esto es porque si el verbo
principal de la oración termina en vocal + consonante y acentuada, al agregarle el sufijo
“ing”, debo duplicar siempre la última consonante, excepto cuando el verbo termina en:
w, x, y, z.
 swim  swimming
 occur  occurring
 begin  beginning
 snow  snowing
Si el verbo termina en “e”, al agregar ing, la “e” desaparece y se agrega ing.
 come  coming
 take  taking

Adverbios utilizados con el Present Continuous cuando

se expresa acción continua.
now
tonight
at the moment
currently, etc.
today

 I am cooking a chicken now.

 She is watching TV at the moment.
 They are dancing today.
 We are playing good music tonight.
 He is currently visiting his grandmother.

https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/adverbs-time.htm

También usamos el tiempo verbal Present Continuous para expresar acciones que
ocurrirán en el futuro, ya sea en forma de predicciones, o planes en un futuro cercano.
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  It is raining tomorrow again.
 The surgeons are meeting next week.

Adverbios utilizados con el Present Continuous cuando

se expresa futuro.
tomorrow tonight
next week the following week, etc.

 I am cooking a chicken tomorrow.

 She is watching TV tonight.
 They are dancing the following week.

En cambio…
7. Como ya hemos visto en la Clase 3, usamos el tiempo verbal
Present Simple para expresar:
Situaciones permanentes o duraderas.
 Where do you work?
 The store opens at 9 o’clock.
 She lives in New York.
Hábitos y rutinas.
 I usually get up at 7 o’clock.
 She doesn’t often go to the cinema.
 When do they usually have lunch?
Hechos reales.
 The Earth revolves around the Sun.
 What does ‘strange’ mean?
 Water doesn’t boil at 20 degrees.
Gustos y preferencias.
 I love walking around late at night during the summer.
 She hates flying!
 What do you like?

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Opiniones y creencias.
 He doesn’t agree with you.
 I think he is a wonderful student.
 What do you consider your best accomplishment?
Horarios pre-establecidos.
 The plane leaves at 4 p.m.
 When do courses begin this semester?
 The train doesn’t arrive until 10.35.

8. Now read the following article about Technological Advances

on Convenience Food. Write a sentence in Spanish to
summarize each paragraph.
Article Summary
Technological advances are increasing the
quality and range of convenience meals
now available. Vacuum-packed or frozen
pre-cooked meals ready for the microwave,
packets of soup, cake and sauce mixes,
instant mashed potato and frozen peas are
just a few of the time-saving foods that
many people are now buying.

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 Article Summary
Take into consideration that pre-prepared
meals save time, but they may not always
be as nutritious as those prepared in your
own kitchen. This is because each time you
heat them, they lose their vitamins.
Convenience food also tends to contain
more sugar, salt, and fat than most other
food.
However, there are increasing numbers of
“healthy” meals, usually identified by
healthy eating symbols or the
manufacturer’s own brand name for the
low calorie products. Some labels mention
“reduced” or “controlled” sodium, but these
may sill contain considerable amounts of
salt.
The healthy versions of most pre-prepared
dishes are more expensive than their
standard equivalents, but may be a better
choice if they are lower fat. Levels of other
ingredients in the standard and “healthy”
varieties are usually similar.
Be careful!!! Some ready-made foods are
not “complete meals”. They are rarely a
good source of vegetables or starchy
foods. It is also a good idea to add extra
vegetables or a salad with a starchy food,
such as brown rice or whole meal bread.
Many people view additives with suspicion,
and they are right!!! But their presence is
often vital if not food is to spoil. All
additives are the subject of strict safety
checks, and allergic reactions are very rare.

9. Answer the following questions in Spanish.

a. Why may pre-prepared food not always be as nutritious as home-made food?

b. What does the author of the article mean with the following sentence? Some
ready-made foods are not “complete meals”.

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 c. Why do we need to be careful with the food from the chill cabinets?

d. Which are the advantages of additives?

10. Recognize an example of Present Continuous from the text

and state its function.
Example:

Function:

11. Recognize an example of Present Simple from the text and

state their function.
Example:

Function:

12. Look at the following sentence from the text. What type of
adverb is “rarely”?
They are rarely a good source of vegetables or starchy foods.

13. Now look at the following sentences, are the underlined

words Nouns, Adjectives or Verbs?
Example from the text Function of the “ing” word
…and frozen peas are just a few of the
time-saving foods that many people…
…there are increasing numbers of “healthy”
meals…

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 Example from the text Function of the “ing” word
This means bringing food home as soon as
possible…

FUNCTION OF THE “ING” WORDS

Función de las palabras terminadas en “ING”
14. Estas palabras tienen distintas funciones dependiendo de
su ubicación dentro de la oración:
Función sustantivo: Cuando la palabra ocupa lugar de sujeto, objeto directo o
complemento de preposición.
 Sujeto: Swimming is healthy for you.
 Objeto directo: I like swimming.
 Complemento de preposición: I am interested in swimming.
Función adjetivo: Cuando la palabra con ing se encuentra adelante de un sustantivo o
detrás calificando al mismo.
 The boy sitting next to me is a very good person.
 The managing director is a good person.
Atención: Existen casos en que estas palabras con ing funcionan como sustantivos aún
cuando se encuentran delante de otro sustantivo.
 Ej.: This is a walking stick.
En este caso estamos en presencia de la estructura sustantivo-sustantivo.
Función verbo: Cuando está precedida del verbo to-be (am, is, are, was, were…).
 I am sitting here.

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 Inglés 1
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1. Answer the following questions in Spanish?
a. Do you go to the doctor very frequently?

b. Do you have to wait for a long time for doctor’s appointments?

2. You are going to read a newspaper article on long distance

medical treatment.
Telemedicine needs at least a telephone to be put into practice. Today it includes video
technology and high speed communications using satellites. A doctor in London may now
examine a patient in the Middle East or South America. Three of the four Antarctic survey
research bases now have computers allowing transfer of medical information. This can
save lives when bad weather makes it impossible to fly home someone who is ill and
needs to go to hospital.
Although telemedicine occurs in outer space, it will also change everyday medical practice
on earth. It can help reduce queues and waiting times for doctors in hospitals. In
addition, it can reduce the number of journeys a person might need to make to hospital
for follow-up treatment of the elderly. Many elderly people who live alone may suddenly
fall ill or have an accident at home. In cases like these, telemedicine could make doctors
and nurses aware of who needs help and use a video visit to reduce the cost of a home
visit or an unnecessary trip to hospital.
Before too long, you may be able to pick up the phone for a video conferencing call and
talk to a doctor for advice. Your spots may be examined by a doctor fifty kilometers away
using this video link.
Whereas most people in the developed world can easily visit a doctor in a hospital for a
medical checkup, people in some developing countries are not so lucky. However a
satellite phone, a computer and some simple technology could establish a direct link
between them and hospital specialists. For example, a young Swazy boy in South Africa
suffering from an eye disease can be examined by doctors in London who are then able
to decide what kind of treatment the boy needs.
Telemedicine could also change medical education by bringing the expert skills of the
world’s leading specialists to students throughout the world. Students in Africa or India
can now watch a surgeon performing an operation in Europe or the USA. There is already
a medical education link between a university in the UK and a university in the Middle
East. This means that students and teachers can share live classes, which is a great
improvement on traditional textbooks.
Ships and offshore installations like drilling platforms are also making increasing use of
telemedicine. It is common that workers suffer from different injures while doing their
jobs. When stormy weather prevents transporting workers to hospitals in case of more
serious injuries, a video discussion and examination by a doctor can save time and
reduce the level of anxiety.

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 58
3. Write a list of the key words in Spanish which summarize the
main ideas of the text.

4. Identify examples.

ing as a noun

ing as an adjective

Three connectors and

function

Three prefixes and

three suffixes

Inglés 1
Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 59
5. Write 6 key words to summarise the text.

6. Prepare a Mind Map in Spanish using key words from the text.
Use the following as an example.

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 60
MODAL VERBS
Verbos modales
a. What kind of words are the ones in bold in the text?

b. Why are they used?

Un verbo modal es un verbo que modifica otro verbo. Usamos verbos

modales en el idioma inglés para expresar habilidad, posibilidad, certeza,
permiso, prohibición, obligación, opinión, especulación. Dependiendo del
modal que usemos, será la función que expresemos. Normalmente, estos
modales no se usan en diferentes tiempos.

Las siguientes características se aplican a la mayoría de los verbos modales.

 Misma conjugación para todas las personas.
 No es posible usar dos modales juntos.
 Verbo modal + infinitivo sin TO. (con algunas excepciones)
 Modifican al verbo principal.
 No es necesario el uso de auxiliares para interrogativo y negativo.

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 61
7. Now read this article.

How to measure happiness

Scientists argue that there is a new way to measure happiness. Now they can calculate
how satisfied people are with their everyday lives by giving positive or negative points to
typical activities. Scientists say that commuting to work is the activity that people find
most exhausting and irritating. Many people feel stressed, annoyed or frustrated, when
they have to do housework and meet deadlines at work. In general, the most entertaining
activity is relaxing with friends, and the most satisfying is spending time with family.
However some parents are embarrassed to say that looking after children does not always
make them happy. Finally you may be disappointed if you think that a higher salary brings
greater happiness. In fact, one scientist suggests that organizing your time well might be
the best way to improve your quality of life.

8. Write adjectives from the article in this table.

Positive meaning Negative meaning

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 62
ADJECTIVES ENDING IN “ING” AND “ED”
Adjetivos finalizados en “ing” y “ed”

9. Read the article and identify:

Underline ed participial adjectives.
Circle ing participial adjectives.

10. Answer these questions in Spanish.

a. Why does the author use them?

b. Can you understand their meaning?

-ed Adjectives
Los adjetivos que terminan en “-ed” indican o describen emociones. Estos adjetivos
suelen acabar en “-ado” o “-ido” en español y van después del verbo “estar”.
 John is interested in art.
 Denise was bored in class.

-ing Adjectives
Los adjetivos que terminan en “-ing” indican o describen una característica de algo o
alguien. A diferencia de los adjetivos que terminan en “-ed”, no hay regla en español para
formar estos adjetivos y van después del verbo “ser”.
 John is an interesting person.
 The class is very boring so Denise is sleeping sleep.

Resumiendo “ed” vs “ing”

Como hemos mencionado anteriormente, el uso de un adjetivo en vez de otro cambia el
sentido de la frase.
English Spanish
Steve is embarrassed. Steve está avergonzado.
Steve is embarrassing. Steve es vergonzoso.

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 63
 Inglés 1
Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 64
1. Answer the following questions in Spanish.
a. Do you usually buy or sell products and services on the Web? Tell us about your
experience.

b. Do you think it is reliable to buy products on line? Why? / Why not?

c. What are the pros and cons of buying or selling products or services on line?

2. Read the following article carefully and state the main idea of
each paragraph.

E-commerce

Article Main idea

Today when we talk about the Internet, we
mainly think about sharing resources,
exchanging messages and documents. The
web is a social phenomenon, with lots of
new information and services. It brings the
Internet into the consumers´ marketplace.
One of those services is e-commerce.
Companies are creating new businesses,
new markets and a new reality. In the near
future some of them will certainly save time
and costs with the web. They will also be
highly profitable.
Nowadays, more and more people click on
travel sites and hardware and software
sites. Big corporations such as Hewlett
Packard and IBM have successful sites. And
smaller companies are currently trying to
clone them.
Two well-known sites are Amazon and
Yahoo. Amazon is a big retailer. It
dominates internet sales of music and
books. Yahoo helps people navigate the
web. It is one of the main on-line
companies.

Inglés 1
Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 65
 Article Main idea
E-commerce is growing drastically and on-
line retailers are in competition. They are
worried about catching new visitors: Who
will visit and revisit their sites in a couple of
days? Who will buy their products and
services? If it is possible to know these
questions, it will be helpful to increase their
sales. But who can really know the
answers. A Samsung Chief executive says:
“I wonder if working on a new campaign
will attract new visitors. We are going to
launch it next week. This campaign is
applying to all types of public. We want to
acquire more customers.” Norman Good
from the Commerce Department of Compaq
admits: “If we invest on good campaigns,
we will increase our sales.”
E-commerce is a good way of getting things
at the click of a mouse. However, there are
obstacles to e-commerce. If you buy a
product or service on-line, you should be
careful about credit card security, slow
transmission speeds and unreliable Web
sites.
Nicolas Negroponte, the founder of the MIT
Media Lab, says: “Everything on the
internet is ultimately about trust.”

3. Answer these questions.

a. What does the expression “such as” in the text introduce? An example, a condition
or an alternative?

Inglés 1
Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 66
 b. Give the meaning of the word “currently” (paragraph 2). Is it a cognate or a false
cognate?

c. The words “revisit” and “unreliable” appear in the text above. Can you identify the
prefixes? What effect do they have in the meaning of the words? Can you think of
other examples?

FUTURE SIMPLE
Futuro simple
Hay dos formas principales para expresar el futuro: “will” y “going to”. Ambas describen
acciones que tendrán lugar en el futuro.

Will
ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS

sujeto + will + verbo principal  IBM will increase its sales.

ORACIONES NEGATIVAS

sujeto + will not + verbo principal  IBM will not increase its sales.

ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS
 Will IBM increase its sales?
will + sujeto + verbo principal
 Where will they invest money on?

Existe una forma contracta del verbo auxiliar “will”  ‘LL

Existe una forma contracta del verbo auxiliar “will not”  WON’T

Usos del futuro simple

Se usa cuando predecimos una situación futura y, en general aparece acompañado de las
siguientes expresiones: “I (don't) think...”, “I expect...”, “I'm sure...”, “I wonder...”,
“probably…”, “maybe…”.
 I think IBM will increase its sales.

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 67
Para decisiones espontáneas o inmediatas.
 The computer is on; I ´ll turn it off.
En el primer condicional.
 If we work on a new campaign, we will attract new visitors.
Para promesas, ofrecimientos o amenazas.
 I promise we will increase our sales.
Peticiones o solicitudes formales.
 Will you turn off the computer, please?
Órdenes o instrucciones empleando una predicción en vez de usar las palabras “must” o
“should”.
 You will start work at seven o'clock sharp.

GOING TO
Futuro inmediato
“Going to” equivale a “ir a” en español. Esta forma del futuro denota una intención o
determinación por parte del hablante.

ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS
sujeto + verbo auxiliar “to be” + going to +  We are going to open a new
verbo principal site.

ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
sujeto + verbo auxiliar “to be” + not + going to  We are not going to open a
+ verbo principal new site.

ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS
verbo auxiliar “to be” + sujeto + going to +  Are we going to open a new
verbo principal site?

Usos del “going to”

Empleamos “going to” para hablar de intenciones o planes para el futuro, es decir,
decisiones ya tomadas.
 I am going to open a new branch next month.
Predicciones para el futuro cuando existe algún tipo de evidencia.
 Look at those computers! They are going to fall down!

Inglés 1
Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 68
 Existen algunas situaciones en las que usamos el presente continuo o el
presente simple para expresar acciones en el futuro.
Es importante en estos casos emplear la expresión de tiempo que indique el
tiempo futuro.

Se puede usar el presente continuo para acciones en el futuro cercano.

 I am buying a new computer this afternoon.
Se usa el presente simple para eventos programados en un futuro próximo.
 The meeting starts at 9pm.

Expresiones de tiempo que generalmente utilizamos

para indicar el futuro.
Son adverbios o frases adverbiales que expresan en que momento ocurrirá la acción.
Responden a la pregunta When? (¿Cuándo?)
Time expression Translation
Tomorrow mañana
mañana por la mañana, mañana por la
Tomorrow morning / afternoon
tarde
Next Monday el lunes próximo
Next week la semana próxima
Next month el mes próximo
Next year el año que viene
In an hour or so en una hora más o menos
Later más tarde, luego
In two days en dos días
The day after tomorrow pasado mañana

4. Which of these expressions from the text express the future?

Circle them.

nowadays in the near future currently in a couple of days

5. Read the following sentences in the future simple or “going

to” and identify the functions of this tense in each case.
Example Use (Spanish)

We are going to launch it next week.

Who will visit and revisit their sites in a

couple of days?

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 69
 Example Use (Spanish)
In the near future some of them will
certainly save time and costs.

We will increase our sales.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Oraciones condicionales
Cuando deseás hablar acerca de una posible situación y sus resultados, debés utilizar una
oración condicional.

Type 1
En este tipo de oraciones condicionales existe una posibilidad real de que suceda lo que
en ellas se expresa.
 If we work on a new campaign, we will increase our sales.

CLAUSULA CONDICIONAL CLAUSULA PRINCIPAL

IF + present simple WILL / 'LL / WON'T +
infinitive

Podemos utilizar can, may, might, must o going to en vez de will.

 If you feel well, you can use the computer tonight.
También es posible el uso de modales tales como can o must luego del if.
 If I can start this new campaign, I´ll launch it next month.

6. Copy from the texts what is missing and give an appropriate

translation in Spanish.
If we invest on good campaigns,

Translation:

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 70
7. Choose a sentence from the texts that describes a possible
condition and translate it into Spanish. Justify its use.
Conditional sentence:

Translation:

8. Which conditional in the text gives a piece of advice?

Translate it into Spanish.
Conditional sentence:

Translation:

9. Which conditional in the book order gives an instruction?

Translate it into Spanish and justify its use.
Conditional sentence:

Translation:

Inglés 1
Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 71
10. Read this Online Book Order and underline the future
forms.

Megans on-line Bookstore

If you have any problems with any order, please contact: Dean George, Bookstore
Manager.
When you visit our bookstore, you will enter the section you are interested in.
There you will select “View the Textbook List”. Choose the selected item/s. You will
now see a listing of all textbooks for each section you specify and after that you are going
to click on the purchase icon. Your shopping cart will appear for each book, select what
you wish to buy. You will need to select the number of items and the form of payment.
Under the icon “Payment” and then “Credit Card,” complete the credit card information.
Next, click on the amount.
If you want the books shipped, fill in your shipping address and choose a
shipping method. Then, click “Continue.” Finally, click on “Verify Order” and once you
are satisfied with its contents, click on the “Submit Order” box.
If you have additional items to purchase, repeat the above steps.
PLEASE NOTE: The shopping cart will show the total order with new textbook prices
only. If you indicate that you prefer used textbooks to new textbooks, we will fill your
order with used textbooks if they are available. You will receive a confirming e-mail when
your order is shipped indicating which titles are available as used textbooks and the final
dollar amount of your order.

11. Find the bold words or expressions in the text above. Tick
the correct answers.
 the imperative.
The sentence “View the Textbook List” expresses:  a future form.
 an obligation.

Inglés 1
Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 72
  a consequence.
In the sentence “If you want the books shipped, fill in your
shipping address and choose a shipping method.”, if  a condition.
introduces:
 a speculation.
 later.
“Once” means:  presently.
 before.
 a promise.
In “you will enter the section you are interested in”, will
 an instruction.
indicates:
 a speculation.

12. Mr. Plummet, a well-known scientist, orders a science book

at Megan’s bookstore. Read the e-mail he receives from the
bookstore to acknowledge the receipt of his payment.
Dear Mr Plummet:
We thank you for buying “How to cope with Global Warming” book on March 1st.
We acknowledge receipt of payment by credit card number: 234448999; security code: 678;
expire date: 12-12-2015; drawn on 12-12-2011, Lloyds Bank.
We hope you enjoy reading the book. In case of any suggestions or complaints, please call on
our Customer Service no.
Yours sincerely,
Mr. Roberts.
Sales Department.
Megans Bookstore.

13. Read the following sentences and tick the one which is a
better translation of the English sentence.
We acknowledge receipt of payment by credit card number: 234448999; security code:
678; expire date: 12-12-2015; drawn on 12-12-2011, Lloyds Bank.

Confirmamos su pago mediante la tarjeta de crédito número: 234448999; código

de seguridad número: 678; fecha de vencimiento: 12-12-2015; emitida el 12-12-
2011, por el Banco Lloyds.

Para realizar el pago utilizar la tarjeta de crédito número: 234448999; código de

seguridad número: 678; fecha de vencimiento: 12-12-2015; emitida el 12-12-
2011, por el Banco Lloyds.

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 Inglés 1
Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 74
1. Look at the following photographs and answer the following
questions in Spanish.
a. Do you study at those buildings?

b. How old is the University?

c. Can you mention the names of all UNLa’s buildings?

d. Do you know how many academic departments are there? And how many
university studies does your Department offer?

2. Put the nine paragraph headings into the correct order in the
text.

UNLa, our University

1. Additional information
Our University is a quite new public national university. It Facilities
is only seventeen years old! It is in the old railways Malvinas Observatory
workshops. It is located in Remedios de Escalada, Lanús,
in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is Art, Science, Sports and Music
approximately 40 minutes from the Autonomous City of Academic Departments
Buenos Aires by bus. If you go by car, it can take you 30
minutes to get there. You can also get there by train or Location
private chartered bus. Contact
2. Buildings
You can get Associate’s, Bachelors’, Master’s and What can you study?
Doctor’s Degree in many fields, for example: Audiovisual
Arts, Political Science and Government, Food Science and Technology, Nutrition, Design
and Visual Communication, Industrial Design, Social Work, Corporate Economics,
Education Management, Nursing, Urban Environmental Management, Planning and
Logistics, International Relations, Citizens Security, Computer Information Systems,
Tourism, Combined Arts, Physical Education and IT Teaching Management, among
others. In the future, more options will be offered.
Is the English exam a problem for you? Don’t miss academic tutoring classes. Or is
English your favorite subject? Then, study to become a certified translator!
Inglés 1
Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 75
Traditional learning is combined with e-learning. Online learning is offered using Moodle,
the Course Management System. Also, on-site courses are using on-line support activities.
The University also offers courses for the community: IT, languages, tango, Argentine
folklore, etc.
At present, approximately 10,000 students are studying in our University.
3.
There are four Academic Departments: Productive and Technological Development
Department, Public Planning and Policies Department, Humanities and Art Department
and Community Health Department.
The Productive and Technological Development Department includes: Urban
Environmental Management, Food Studies, Tourism, Systems, Railway Technology,
Logistic Planning and Leather Tanning and Finishing.
4.
There is a full equipped library, a recording studio, a laboratory, a gymnasium for
students and teachers. Do you like going to the cinema? Visit the “Tita Merello” cinema
near the Malvinas Heroes Square: it is free for all the community and it shows national
films.
There are three computer rooms; one of them has a smart board. The professors can
write on this board and the students can see everything on their screens simultaneously.
Are you an internet addict? Don’t worry, free WI-FI service is offered.
In the university bar, you can enjoy healthy options every day while you are watching
UNLa TV.
5.
Are you interested in sports? You can play football and handball or go to the gym.
Chess courses are also available. The UNLa Chess Team is 2014 Argentine University
Games champion.
In UNLa, sports, culture and solidarity are also present. Every summer, there is a summer
camp for children. In 2014 Summer Program, more than 500 children from 5 to 12
attended the camp.
Are you interested in Arts and culture? Visit the permanent art gallery in the different
buildings and the open permanent exhibition in “Mills” Square.
Can you sing? Join the choir! If you are interested in Unla news, listen to UNLa Radio at
92.1, www.radiounla.com.ar or your mobile phone with Android.
At the weekend, you can visit Abremate with your children. It is an extraordinary
Interactive Center of Science and Technology.
Finally, don’t miss the old narrow-gauge trains.
6.
Do you smoke? We are trying to have a smoke-free university, so please do not smoke in
closed areas. Remember you mustn’t smoke in closed areas, this will benefit your health
and our community health. It is important to take care of us.
Do you like nature? You can enjoy it, for instance, in spring you can enjoy the trees
blooming and bird-watching.
The classes have big windows with a lot of light so energy can be saved.

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 76
A benefit for the students: the ones who travel by bus within Lanús neighborhood have a
special student fee. You must get a special ID card.
7.
It is an educational and research project initially between the University and the
Committee of Families of the casualties/dead in Malvinas and South Atlantic Islands.
Its main objectives are to develop research and teaching programs about Malvinas for the
educative system and the community, to train teachers to make pedagogical material for
them and the students of all the education system and to promote the discussion of the
different dimensions of the problem.
8.
Up to now, there are eleven buildings. Each building is named after Argentine outstanding
personalities in different fields. They are: A. Jauretche, M. Ugarte, H. Manzi, L. Marechal,
J. Manso, J. Hernández, O. Peña and the newest are: M. Fernández, O. Varsavsky and L.
Werthein.
9.

www.facebook.com/unlaoficial www.twitter.com/@unlaoficial

www.youtube.com/UNLaOk
http://www.unla.edu.ar/

Telephone and fax: 5533-5600

3. Answer the following question about the passage in Spanish.

a. Where is the University? How can you get there?

b. How old is it?

c. Mention Malvinas Observatory objectives.

Inglés 1
Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 77
 d. Mention some of the activities you can perform at UNLa.

e. Does the university have a radio?

f. Is e-learning included in all the subjects?

g. Can the community enjoy the university facilities?

h. Which sports can you play?

i. Is English your favorite subject?

4. TRUE or FALSE? Justify the false statements in Spanish.

True False Justification

The University is located in the

City of Buenos Aires.

The cinema tickets are expensive.

Smoking is allowed in all places.

You can get there by the old

narrow-gauge train.

You must pay to get WI-FI

service.

Inglés 1
Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 78
5. Complete the list with three cognates from the text and
translate them.
English Spanish

6. Complete the list with six “key words” and translate them.
English Spanish

7. Can you complete the diagram on a separate sheet of paper

with information in Spanish?

Origin

Sports
Malvinas

Academic
Art UNLa
Departments

Studies Contact

Community

Inglés 1
Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 79
GRAMMAR IN USE
8. Complete the following tables with examples from the text.
Example Functions / Uses
Tense
(in English) (in Spanish)

Simple Present

Simple Future

Present Continuous

Modal Verb

Example (in English from the text)

…ing form (as a
noun)
…ing form (as a
verb)
…ing form (as an
adjective)

Adverb of frequency

Comparative
adjective
Connector and
function

Imperative

Interrogative
Pronoun

Introductory it

Noun-Noun
Structure

Possessive adjective

Possessive Case

Prefix

Preposition (place)

Preposition (time)

Inglés 1
Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 80
 Example (in English from the text)
Structure of
Existence

Suffix

Superlative Adjective

Lesson 1 http://englishforpsychologist.blogspot.co
m.ar/2012/07/cognados-palabras-
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falso_cognad
transparentes.html
o
http://definicion.de/adjetivo-calificativo/
http://definicion.de/verbo/ Lesson 2

http://ffemagazine.com/computer- http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_
symbols-come/ offices/argentina/?196052/WWF-award-
recognises-Argentinas-ocean-protection-
http://www.prospects.ac.uk/information_ efforts
systems_manager_job_description.htm#
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/gram
http://www.rae.es/ mar/conjunctions.htm

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 81
http://www.eslbase.com/grammar/have- Lesson 7
got
Fried Booth, Diana. (2010). FCE Practice
http://www.talkenglish.com/Grammar/si Test. London: Richmond.
ngular-plural-nouns.aspx
Parrot, M. (2000). Grammar for English
Lesson 8
Language Teachers, Cambridge
University Press. Anaya Interactiva. English Reading. The
PLC Group.
Bilingual Commercial Manual, Odilon
Lesson 3
Ponce.
Gude, K. (2008). CAE Result. Oxford.
Collins Cobuild English Grammar.
http://esl.about.com/od/grammarstructur
English Grammar in Use, Michael Mc.
es/a/pres_simple.htm
Carthy. Cambridge University Press.
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/word
The BBC Learning English.
s/prefixes-and-suffixes
World Builder, Guy Wellman. Heinemann.
https://www.google.com.ar/search?q=qu
estion+words
Lesson 9
Lesson 4 www.unla.edu.ar
http://tx.english-
ch.com/teacher/yuri/level-c/reading-
comprehension-proteins/
http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omgram
mar/comparativosysuperlativos2.htm

Lesson 5
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine
http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omgram
mar/some-any2.htm
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-
grammar/minor/antit.htm
http://aprendeinglessila.com/2013/01/co
mo-se-usan-las-preposiciones-at-on-y-in/
http://www.saberingles.com.ar/curso/les
son05/04.html
www.telephonedoctor.com.

Lesson 6
Haines, S. & Stewart, B. (2004). First
Certificate Masterclass. Oxford: OUP.
Martin, J. (1999). Knockout FCE
Workbook. Oxford: OUP.

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Departamento de Desarrollo Productivo y Tecnológico 82