INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

SITE:RAIPUR

AYUSHI, PARUL, KESHAV, MANISH, ARYAN, ARPIT KAUR

1 BRIEF ABOUT THE CITY : RAIPUR

Raipur became the capital of the State of Chhattisgarh on 1st November 2000 when Chhattisgarh
was carved out of the south-eastern parts of undivided Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and
Jharkhand in the north, Orissa in the east, Andhra Pradesh in the south and by Madhya Pradesh and
Maharashtra in the west, bound the state. The city was named as 'Raipur' after Brahmdeo Rai(son of
King Ramachandra) who established Raipur. And also known as city of ponds. The city is
administered by the Raipur Municipal Corporation (RMC). With a population of 1.1 million
(GOI 2011), the city sprawls across 188 km2 and consists of 41 villages. 'Chhattisgarhi' is the local
language that most of the people in this area love to converse in. It is a major commercial hub for
trade and commerce in the region. It has exponential industrial growth and has become a major
business hub in Central India.
The structure of Raipur may be defined by a strong nucleus which acts as a major node for
commercial and public activities. The typologies in the city include traditional Mughal influenced
architecture, colonial style public institutions, local style houses and modern buildings. Purani Basti
is a maze of meandering lanes where the colonies are named after castes or professions of the
people. A striking feature of Raipur is its ponds, locally called as ‘talabs’.
The major issue of Raipur's future growth pertains to the growth of the city as the state capital. The
state government is in the process of establishing the capitol functions in a greenfield area and its
integration with Raipur, the primate city of the state. The state government has initiated activities on
an area of about one thousand hectares near village Kotarabhata, Kuhera and Rakhi in Mandir
Hansad Assembly constituency for locating the capitol functions. The new capital township is
envisaged to develop as a satellite town of Raipur. Apart from the capitol functions, Raipur's
regional primacy as a commercial, industrial and educational centre needs to be addressed from a
future perspective of the regional development.
S.NO PARTICULARS DISTRICT
1. GEOGRAPHICAL AREA (Sq.Km) 2891.98
2. POPULATION (2011 census) Total Population 2160876
Rural Population 8,84,224
Urban Population 12,76,652
3 DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH (2001-2011) Persons (%) 34.70%
4. DENSITY OF POPULATION Persons per Sq.Km 328
TABLE 1 Raipur: population
SOURCE: District Environment Plan, Raipur (C.G.)
Being the capital of the state, Raipur has witnessed rapid increase in population. It includes Raipur
Municipal Corporation; outgrowth of Shankar Nagar, Telibandha, Labhandih, Purena, Amlidih,
Changera, Raipur Khas, Raipura, Tatibandh, Hirapur Jarwai, Khamtarai, Rawabhata; and two
census town of Bhanpuri and Mowa. According to 2001 census, the total population of Raipur urban
agglomeration was 699,264
As per 2001 census, the total population of the Raipur Sub-Region is 1,521,560
The population density in Raipur SubRegion was 524 persons per Sq.km
The overall decadal population growth in 1991 - 2001 in the region is 33.94 percent.

FIG 1 Raipur Region Population Density, 2001 FIG 2 Raipur Region Population Growth, (1991-2001)
SOURCE: Draft of Regional Plan SOURCE: Draft of Regional Plan

01
 HISTORICAL TIMELINE

Founded by the Kalchuri King Ram Chandra in the last quarter of the 14th century AD.

Has been in existence since the 9th century

Once part of Southern Kosal and considered to be under Maurya Kingdom

Satawahana Kings ruled this part till the 2nd-3rd century AD

Samudragupta had conquered this region in the fourth century, but the region came under
the sway of Sarabhpuri Kings and then Nala Kings in the 5th and 6th centuries.

Later on, Somavanshi kings had taken control over this region and ruled with Sirpur as
their capital city. The Kalchuri Kings of Tumman ruled this part for a long time making
Ratanpur as capital.

In 1402 CE. that the temple of Hatkeshwar Mahadev was constructed on the banks
of the river Kharun, which remains one of the oldest landmarks in Raipur.

With the death of Raghuji the III, the territory was assumed by the British government
from the Bhonsle Kings and Chhattisgarh was declared a separate Commission with its
headquarters at Raipur in 1854

After independence, the Raipur district was included in the Central Provinces and Berar.
Raipur district became a part of Madhya Pradesh on 1 November 1956 and subsequently
became a part of Chhattisgarh on 1 November 2000 with Raipur becoming the capital of
the new state

Raipur became the capital of the State of Chhattisgarh on 1st November 2000.

Ranked as India's 6th cleanest city as per the Swachh Survekshan for the year
2021.

02
 CITY EVOLUTION

The old site of Raipur lays on the bank of river Kharoon,

about 6.5 km southwest of the present site.

FIG 3 Location of the old site of Raipur and traces of the Fort
SOURCE: Google Maps

During the reign of Bhuwaneshwardeva, the old

settlement of Raipur was shifted to the present site when
he got a new fort built at a better defensive site, close to
the Boorha Talab in 1460 AD
Raipur has passed through many stages of its evolution
which can be broadly divided here, into the following
periods
● The Haihaivansi period
● The Maratha period
● The British period
● The Post- Independence period
The capital of Chhattisgarh was shifted from Ratanpur
and it remained under the British influence from 1818 to
1947.

FIG 4 Raipur: Shifting of Site FIG 5 Raipur: Evolution maps

SOURCE: INTACH SOURCE: INTACH
03
 EXISTING CITY STRUCTURE

The city structure of Raipur is defined by a strong nucleus which is the intersection of GE road
and NH 200. It acts as a major node for commercial and public / semi-public activities

FIG 6 Existing Land Utilization Pattern in the Region

SOURCE: Draft of Regional Plan

The growth of the city is apparently guided by the NH-6 which runs on the southern periphery
of the city and restricted along the northern side by the railway line. This led to the growth of
industries and wholesale markets and go-downs along it which triggered the expansion on the
northeastern and southwestern side of the city.

The urban pattern is generally unorganized and unplanned resulting in urban sprawl.

Though the current Raipur Master Plan 2021 has triggered high density commercial
development along the eastern and western peripheral parts and planned residential development
through Town Development Schemes on the adjoining green field areas along the NH-6, the
inner city core lacks adequate infrastructure and basic amenities.

FIG 7 Urban Sprawl in Raipur

SOURCE: Raipur Master Plan 2021

04
 MAJOR NODES

The major Nodes and Landmarks are along the G.E road and NH 200 like Telibandha Lake,
Jaistambh Chowk, Gadi Chowk, Sadaar Bazaar, Malviya road etc. The historic nodes developed
during different periods are Raipura and Purani Basti (Kalchuri period), Brahmanpara and
Taytapara (Maratha period) and Civil lines, Malviya road and Sadar Bazar (British period).

FIG 8 Major Nodes(Chowks) in Raipur

SOURCE: City Development Plan

FIG 9 Major Landmarks in Raipur

SOURCE: City Development Plan

05
 CITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

The urban agglomeration, with growth in population is putting heavy pressure on services and the
urban local bodies are not been able to meet the demands and expectations. To address the present
and emerging infrastructure needs and services delivery gaps in Raipur urban agglomeration area
the city development strategy need to be prepared.
The key objective of the strategy will be to formulate a development strategy for meeting the
emerging challenges of infrastructure, address the problems of urban poverty and create enabling
environment for the growth of economy.
Cities and towns matter:
1. Firstly, because of the sheer and increasing weight of people located in urban areas
2. Secondly, because of the economic, social and cultural activities that continues to cluster in
cities and which increasingly drive national development processes; and
3. Thirdly, because of the apparent intractability of urban poverty, which threatens national
development. Urban poverty is a most degrading and pernicious problem, and one that is not
diminishing; quite the opposite in many countries.
URBAN POPULATION AND ECONOMIC CHANGES
● Rapid urban population increases
● Urban populations soon numerically dominant
● Urban economic activity driving national
economics

GLOBAL ECONOMIC TRENDS GLOBAL POLITICAL TRENDS

● Globalization ● Decentralization
Increasing Economic
● Market liberalization ● Devolution
and Political importance
● Rapid technological change ● Rise of Governance moving
● Localization, a new competitive of Cities beyond Government
factor ● Rise of municipal civic leadership

The CDP Initiative an Economic

and Governance Strategic
Response to the increasing
Importance of cities

FIG 10 Main Urban agglomerations in the region

SOURCE: Draft of Regional Plan

06
 TIMELINE-LAND USE LAND COVER MAPPING

The city is located in the fertile plains. The major

constituents of the soil are silt, clay and sand. The
general slope of the land is towards north. Mahanadi is
the primary river of the region. Water supply to the
city is from the Kharun River, a tributary of Mahanadi
that has been dammed at Mahadeo Ghat.
Location: 22°33'N and 21°14'N latitude and 82°6'E
to 81°38'E longitude There is a dramatic changes
occur from year 1999 to 2016. The LULC changes
FIG 11 were of highest amount in settlement and cultivation
SOURCE:
from 1999 to 2016. Comparison of LULC 1999 to 2016 indicates that the anthropogenic activity
like settlement, road and industrial area is largely broadened like 15.6%, 2.4% and 3.1% in the
year 2016.
The cultivated land which are used for paddy, vegetables, fruits and other mixed varieties are
largely decreased, in the year 1999 it is 56.8% and in the year 2016 it is 37.9% with a net decrease
of 19.2%. In year 1999 industrial area was founded 2.1%, but in the year 2016 area is 5.2% with a
net increase of 3.1%. Drainage and lake area also decreases because of anthropogenic activity.

CONCLUSION
● The present study demonstrates the application of Remote
sensing and Geographic Information Technology technique
to access the change in LULC by using satellite image of
year 1999 and 2016
● In the present study Settlement area is drastically changed.
It increases 15.6 % in the year 2016. Increase in
urbanization may leads many environmental and social
economic problems. Like it increases the demand of water,
land, natural resources and employment and also increases
the urban temperature.
● Cultivated land in the study area has been decreased 18.9 %
in year 1999, due to the encroachment of urbanization.
And, land degradation is highly impact the soil texture and
fertility, which affects the crop productivity.
● Drainage and lake are also decreases 0.8% and 0.4% in the
year 2016. Surface water bodies are an important source for FIG 12 LULC MAP a)1999 b)2016
groundwater recharge. In the present study area due to the SOURCE:

increase in urbanization, the natural earth surface is covered CLASS AREA AREA CHANGE IN AREA
IN IN IN 2016(%)
by the settlement, which blocked the natural recharging 1999( 2016(
condition of groundwater and also results in an increase in %) %)
Settlement 27.5 43.1 +15.6
runoff, which are leading urban flooding during rainy
season and in future this will create a serious problem. Cultivation 56.8 37.9 -18.9

● Industry area has been increased due to Industrialization Industry 2.1 5.2 +3.1
which creates environmental pollution. In Raipur city, the Drainage 2.3 1.5 -0.8
Vegetation 2.9 2.5 -0.4
air is highly polluted because of industrialization.
Therefore, there is need of sustainable land/use land cover Open Land 3.7 6.1 +0.9
planning and development to reduce the undesired impacts Road 2.8 3.7 +2.4
on environment. Lake 2.2 1.4 -0.8
TABLE 2 LULC Changes from 1999 to 2016
SOURCE:

07
 LAND USAGE

FIG 13 Raipur Master Plan 2021 - Existing and Proposed Land Uses
SOURCE: Raipur Master Plan 2021

FIG 14 Phase 1 of the Master Plan

SOURCE: Raipur Master Plan 2021

08
FIG 15 Vegetation Map of Raipur FIG 16 District Resource map Raipur: Geomorphology
SOURCE: SOURCE:

FIG 17 Soil Texture Map FIG 18 District Resource map Raipur: Geohydrology
SOURCE: SOURCE:

09
FIG 19 District Resource map Raipur: Geology & Minerals FIG 20 District Resource map Raipur: Drainage
SOURCE: SOURCE:

FIG 21 FCC Image FIG 22 Contour Map

SOURCE: SOURCE:

Location of Raipur City:

(a) India, (b) Chhattisgarh, (c) FCC image of Raipur City and
(d) Contour map of Raipur City [Source: USGS and Survey of India].

10
 Spatial distribution of LST in pre-monsoon season:
(a) 1991-92, (b) 1995-96, (c) 1999-00, (d) 2004-05,
(e) 2009-10, (f) 2014-15 and (g) 2018-19

FIG 23 Spatial distribution of LST

SOURCE:

11
 Seasonal
distribution of
mean LST:
(a1-a4) 1991-92,
(b1-b4) 1995-96,
(c1-c4) 1999-00,
(d1-d4) 2004-05,
(e1-e4) 2009-10,
(f1-f4) 2014-15
and (g1-g4)
2018-19
FIG 24 Seasonal distribution of mean LST
SOURCE:

12
FIG 25 Seasonal variation of the LST-NDWI relationship
SOURCE:
Seasonal variation of the LST-NDWI relationship on different types of LULC
(a) pre-monsoon, (b) monsoon, (c) post-monsoon and (d) winter (significant at 0.05 level)

FIG 26 Seasonal variation of the LST-NDWI relationship for Raipur

SOURCE:
Seasonal variation of the LST-NDWI relationship (significant at 0.05 level)

FIG 27 Total area

SOURCE:
Total area (km 2 ) under different types of LULC during the study period.

13
 DRAINAGE

Surface water
Mahanadi, Sheonath, Indravati, Arpa,
Hasdeo, Kelo, Son, Rehar, and Kanhar are
some of the main rivers of the state. Raipur
city situated in the Mahandai basin of
which 2903.92 sq km 9 3.8 %) is in Raipur
district. The State has a vision towards an
integrated and sustainable approach to
water resources management. A
comprehensive master plan for the
optimum use of water resources is under
preparation.

Lakes
Once Raipur accounted for around 154
small and large water bodies both natural
and manmade. The “talabs” were primarily
the recharging pit that protected the city
from water logging and flooding during
heavy rains. However, only 70 talabs have
survived to the present and this has
resulted in excess storm water logging in
the low lying areas of the city. Also, water FIG 28 Raipur Map
quality of lakes are deteriorating due to SOURCE: https://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Chhatisgarh/Raipur.pdf
eutrophication and the dumping of
municipal solid waste, these lakes have
become the breeding place for mosquito
hence the residents are considering the
option of land filling in these talabs or
drying them up. Also, in many placed due
to the absence sewerage treatment plant
the sewer water is getting mixed in several
ponds and the streams.

FIG 29 Drainage Map of Chhokranala Micro-watershed

SOURCE:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Stream-Order-Map-of-Chhokranala-
Micro-Watershed-Dist-Raipur-Chhattisgarh-India_fig1_344341076

14
 NATURAL RESOURCES

NATURAL RESOURCES
3 Rivers are flowing in the district Raipur i.e. Mahanadi, Kharun and Seonath.
Kharun
Kharun river flows in eastern parts of the district starting from Petechua in Balod District. This
river flows towards north and joins (meet) Shivnath River at Somnath near Simga. This river
determines the boundary of Raipur and Durg district. The length of this river is about 120 KM.
Mahanadi
The Mahanadi is a major river in East Central India. It drains an area of around 141,600 square
kilometres (54,700 sq mi) and has a total course of 858 kilometres (533 mi). However its farthest
head waters lie 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from Pharsiya village 442 metres (1,450 ft) above sea level
south of Nagri town in Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh. For the first 80 kilometres (50 mi) of
its course, the Mahanadi flows in a northerly direction and drains the Raipur district and touches
eastern portions of Raipur city. It is a rather narrow river at this stage and the total width of its
valley does not exceed 500–600m.
Seonath River
The Seonath River is the longest tributary of river Mahanadi. It rises in elevation of about 533 m
near Kotgal village of Rajnandgaon district’s Ambagarh Tehsil and flows for about 383 km to
join the Mahanadi on its left near Khairagarh. The total drainage area of the Seonath River is
about 30,761 sq km. The sub basin area of river up to confluence with the Mahanadi River is
30,860 Sq.Km.

FIG 30 Water Bodies in Raipur

SOURCE: Raipur Master Plan 2021

15
 PONDS

A striking feature of Raipur is its ponds, locally called as ‘talabs’. Dug for various purposes
across the country, here the aim was to store water for domestic use and also to help increase the
water table. The ponds not only helped in irrigation, but also were scientifically developed for
water harvesting.‘30 years ago there were once 130 ponds is the city but now the estimated
number is only about 30 – 35 which are also in a bad condition’ says Journalist Lalit Surjan.
‘The New Master plan proposes a historic step for the development of 54 ponds within and
outside Raipur city. As many as 54 ponds have been identified in the master plan of which 16 had
been earmarked for commercial use in the Old Master plan. The Government has changed the
Land use of these Talab and proposed it to be developed as Tourist spots.
Hence the ponds are currently not maintained properly. This is an example of a potential
incompatibility between urban and rural practices that the Naya Raipur master plan will have to
deal with. A striking feature of Raipur is its ponds, locally called as ‘talabs’. Dug for various
purposes across the country, .

FIG 31 Maps of Water Bodies in Raipur

SOURCE: Dhar 2002

No. Status Percentage

1 Encroached 79.27
2 Solid Waste Dumped 77.69
3 Sewage Drained 80.05
4 Open Defecation 80.05
TABLE 3 Status of Water Bodies
SOURCE:

16
 FIG 33 Social gathering space in the front of the pond
SOURCE:http://xvm-14-120.ghst.net/IMG/pdf/naya_raipur_context_document.pdf

FIG 32 Kankali Talab and the Ghats along it FIG 34 Ghats on the edge of Khokho Talab
SOURCE: http://xvm-14-120.ghst.net/IMG/pdf/naya_raipur_context_document.pdf

FIG 35 Temple on the edge of the pond

SOURCE:http://xvm-14-120.ghst.net/IMG/pdf/naya_raipur_context_document.pdf

17
 AIR

AIR QUALITY AND AIR QUALITY INDEX

FIG 36 Air Quality Index

SOURCE: www.iqair.com

Air Quality of Raipur ( According to December 2022)

Air pollution level - Unhealthy
Air quality index - 157
Main pollutant - PM2.5
PM2.5 concentration in Raipur is currently 13.2 times the WHO annual air quality guideline value

FIG 37 Air Quality of Raipur FIG 38 Air Pollution

SOURCE: www.oneindia.com SOURCE: www.oneindia.com

18
 AIR POLLUTION: REPORTS

According to the report Titled- “Raipur: the most polluted city (Unplanned industrialisation is
its major undoing)”, published on Saturday, 15 October 2005 by the Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB). Union minister of environment and forests A Raja presented a report in parliament
based on a study on the presence of Suspended Particulate Matter (spm) in the air in 52 cities;
Raipur ranked highest spm in Raipur's air is 250 micrograms per cubic meter (standard is fixed at
200 g/m3) while the concentration of dust particles is 350 parts per million ( fixed limit is 200
ppm). The respirable particles are 230 ppm , much more than the standard of 100 ppm. It is believed
that the presence of respirable suspended particulate matter (rspm) is also three-four per cent higher
than the acceptable limit.
Several factors are responsible for the acute air pollution in Raipur: toxic industrial waste, domestic
waste, too many vehicles (rough estimates say the number of vehicles has doubled in the last two
years), rapidly increasing constructions and fast growing population.
Gautam Bandhopadhyay, coordinator, Nadi Ghati Morcha (ngm), a forum, says the state's industrial
policy does not protect the interests of local people and the environment. Many sponge iron units
have come up in the area and many others are in the process. It is estimated that approximately
10,000 tonnes coal is used by functional sponge iron units. Some small-scale industries, like nearly
50-60 brick kilns, are also mushrooming around Raipur.
Another report Titled- “Raipur Sees Fall In Air-Pollution Levels Over Last Two Years”,
published on February 9, 2017 by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The report
mentions that there is a drastic fall in air pollution in the capital Raipur from 2014 to 2016, it
said.The CPCB releases the details of air pollution at regular intervals.
According to the report, in 2014, the average pollution levels was 325 microgram per meter cube in
Raipur; it reduced to 190 microgram per meter cube in 2015 which then dipped to 150 microgram
per meter cube last year, the release said.
According to the report Titled- “Raipur’s air quality deteriorating, indicates latest findings”,
published on Friday, 05 April 2019. According to director SHRC, Chhattisgarh, Dr Prabir
Chatterjee, “A study conducted from December 2018 to January 2019 to understand the air
pollution level of Raipur city on a particular day. Five air samples were taken at Kalibadi, Amlidih,
Urla, Birgaon and Tatibandh. The samples were taken at residential buildings, office building and
open balcony of a hospital.” Raipur is a hub of mining and steel industries. In 2014, the World
Health Organisation in its report declared its seventh most polluted city in the world with the
concentration of suspended particulate matter PM10 level was 250 ug/m3. The city, however,
improved its performance drastically reducing the PM 10 level to 100 ug/m3 in 2017, according to
the Central Pollution Control Board. The latest finding once again pointed out that the city’s air
quality once again deteriorating.

ACTIONS TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT

The concerned authorities had prepared a master plan to improve the air quality of the capital and
the entire state.
According to the departmental protocol, ambient air quality monitoring station is being operated at
separate places by separating Raipur into grids which will help in controlling pollution in industrial
units operational in Raipur and its adjoining areas through proper monitoring.
Efforts are being made to check pollution in the city at five different levels including controlling
vehicular pollution, implementation of online monitoring of industrial units, promotion on use of
LPG against using firewood, kerosene and biomass for household purpose and proper storage and
disposal of medical as well as industrial waste, he said.
Besides, on the direction of state government, at least 3.50 lakh trees were planted last year in the
industrial area which has resulted in improving the air quality, he said.

19
 CLIMATE

CLIMATIC DATA
Raipur's climate is classified as tropical. In winter, there is much less rainfall than in summer.
This location is classified as Aw by Köppen and Geiger. The average annual temperature in
Raipur is 26.5 °C | 79.8 °F. Precipitation here is about 1401 mm | 55.2 inch per year. Because
Raipur is located near the equator, the summers are not easy to define. The most opportune time
to visit are February, March, October, November.
The climate of Raipur is warm. The mean maximum temperature in May is 46.4 °C. Relative
Humidity is generally over 75%. Rainfall observations indicate that annual rainfall in the area is
around 1400 mm.

FIG 39 Climatic Graph/ Weather by Month (December 2022) FIG 40 Average Temperature Raipur
SOURCE: India Meteorological Department SOURCE: India Meteorological Department

Precipitation is the lowest in February, with an At an average temperature of 35.1 °C | 95.2

average of 11 mm | 0.4 inch. Most precipitation °F, May is the hottest month of the year. In
falls in July, with an average of 398 mm | 15.7 January, the average temperature is 20.0 °C
inch. | 67.9 °F. It is the lowest average
temperature of the whole year.

FIG 41 Climatic Data

SOURCE: India Meteorological Department

Data: 1991 - 2021 Min. Temperature °C (°F), Max. Temperature °C (°F), Precipitation / Rainfall
mm (in), Humidity, Rainy days. Data: 1999 - 2019: avg. Sun hours

20
 NOISE POLLUTION

Noise pollution is ever increasing due to the rise in the utilization of heavy duty machineries of
industrial facilities and vehicles, synonymous to the increase in the standard of living in most
countries.
We can classify major sources that lead to noise pollution to the following categories:
● road traffic noise
● air traffic
● rail traffic
● neighborhood and domestic noise
● incompatible land use
● industrial noises

Pollution data from World Health Organization

PM10 - 268
PM2.5 - 144
PM10 Pollution Level: Extremely High

FIG 42 Comparative Graph of sound level of a different residential area

SOURCE: www.IJARIIT.com

The observed noise levels locations observed are high as compared to Central Pollution Control
Boards standards. Therefore, ncontrolling measures needs to be adopted by the state government
pollution board. Thus the people living in noise pollution prominent area (especially noise level
above 70 dB) should take proper precaution to avoid noise-induced hearing loss and other
health-related problems.

21
 FOREST AND VEGETATION

The region has three reserved forests namely Bilari, Bilari Ghugat and Khaudabari, but these
forests are now degraded. A few patches of dense forest are also observed close to Tilda. Further,
social forestry plantations are present throughout the region wherein Eucalyptus and other local
species like Neem, Mahua and Sisham are observed. Other tree species found in the Region
consist of Peepal, Banyan and Mango trees, particularly along tank bunds. Acacia species are
seen principally in the agricultural fields and in the upland stretches.

FIG 43 Forest and Vegetation

SOURCE: Draft of Regional Plan

FOREST COVERAGE
About 12% of the India’s forests are in Chhattisgarh, and 44% of the state’s land is under the
forests. The region is identified as one of the richest biodiversity habitats. The state has the
densest forests in the country but Raipur is one of the least forested districts in Chhattisgarh.
District’s forest covers only about 39% and has an area of 32.572 sq.km. Reserved Forest area
12.690 sq.km, and mixed forest area S.No. CONTENT DISTRICT RAIPUR
19.882 sq.km. Solid wood used for 1 Name of Division Raipur
furniture and buildings, fire wood, 2 Name of Subdivision Raipur, New Raipur
tendu leaves, lac, adhesive, commercial 3 Name of Range 4
and industrial bamboo, harra, sal seed, 4 Total no. of R.A Circle 3
mahua flower etc. are the main forest 5 Total no. of Beat 42
produce of the region. 6 Total no. of forest compartment 42
Forest of Raipur - 7 Total Division Area 2891.98 Sq.Km
8 Total forest area-
(A) Reserved Forest 12.690 Sq.Km
(B) Protect Forest -
(C) Mixed Forest 19.882 Sq.Km
TABLE 4 Forest Data
SOURCE:

22
 TRANSPORTATION

Regional linkages
The road network is the most important
development determinant of any upcoming
economy of the region. The Raipur Region
is well located and transverse with many
roads of national importance such as The
Great Eastern Road (Bombay –
Kolkata),and Raipur-Dhamtari-Vizag.

Three national highways which pass

through Raipur are NH6, NH43 and NH200

Airways
There are three airports in the region. Out of
these, Mana is public, which is around 13
km from the city of Raipur in the southeast.
The small airports near Tilda and Jamul are
private.

Railways
The railway network in the state is operated FIG 44 State Level Perspective
SOURCE: CES, 2006, Draft of Regional Plan
by the south Eastern Railway Headquarters
in Bilaspur. All the lines runs almost parallel
to the NH and SH. Raipur lies on the
Bilaspur-Durg section of the
Mumbai-Howrah broad guage line of
SouthEastern Railways. The other lines are
from Raipur to Bilaspur and Raipur to
Visakhapatnam.

Road Network
The region is well connected by national
highways (NH-6, NH-43 and NH-200) and
three state highways (SH-2, 7 and 9). All the
important towns of the Region like Bhilai
(25 km), Durg (41 km), Jagadalpur (297
Km), Rajnandgaon (70 km), Bilaspur (115
km) Jabalpur (369 km) and Bhopal (712
km) are connected with Raipur by Road.
Naya Raipur City is connected through FIG 45 Main Roads of City Structure
NH-43 near Bhatgaon and NH-6 at SOURCE: Google Maps

Nawagaon village.

23
 ENERGY SYSTEM

Raipur is the capital city of the state of Chhattisgarh, India. It is the largest city of the state, and
one of the most important cities of India. The energy resources in the city are mainly sourced
from renewable sources such as solar energy, wind energy, and biogas.

1. Solar Energy: The abundant availability of sunlight makes Raipur an ideal location for solar
energy projects. The government has undertaken several solar power generation projects in the
city to reduce its dependence on non-renewable sources of energy.Solar energy is the most
abundant source of renewable energy in Raipur. The city has implemented various policies and
initiatives to promote solar energy usage. The city has installed solar photovoltaic (PV) systems
on rooftops of commercial and residential buildings. The solar PV systems are connected to the
grid, which helps to provide electricity to the city. In addition, the city has set up solar mini-grids
and solar panels in rural areas to provide electricity to remote villages.
2. Wind Energy: With its location in the plains of Central India, Raipur has ample wind
resources, which have been tapped by several wind turbine projects.Wind energy is another
important source of renewable energy in Raipur. The city has installed several wind turbines in
the outskirts of the city, and these are connected to the grid. The wind turbines generate
electricity that is used in the city and surrounding areas.
3. Biomass Energy: Raipur is home to many agricultural and industrial activities, which
generate large amounts of biomass waste that can be used as a source of energy.Biogas is another
important source of renewable energy in Raipur. The city has installed various biogas plants,
which convert organic waste into biogas. The biogas is then used for cooking and electricity
generation.
4. Hydro Energy: The Chhattisgarh government has set up several hydroelectric power
generation projects in the state to meet its energy requirements.
5. Geothermal Energy: A geothermal power plant has been set up near the city to tap into the
geothermal resources of the region.

FIG 46 FIG 47
SOURCE: SOURCE:

24
 ECONOMY

RAIPUR VISAKHAPATNAM EXPRESSWAY SALIENT FEATURES

Currently the distance between Raipur & Total Estimated
Rs. 20,000 crore
Visakhapatnam from existing highway is around 560 Project Cost
Kms and to cover this distance it takes somewhere Project Total Length 464.662 km
around 13-14 Hours. Raipur Vizag Access Pavement Type Flexible / Perpetual
Controlled Expressway is designed in such a way No of Lanes 6
that vehicles can travel with upto 100 KmPH & Right of Way 60 Mts
after successful completion of the project, the Deadline 2024
National Highways Authority of
distance between Raipur and Visakhapatnam will Owner
India (NHAI)
reduce by around 100 Kms leading to faster Project Model Type Hybrid Annuity Mode (HAM)
mobility and accessibility. With help of this TABLE 5 Project Data
Expressway, the current transportation & logistics SOURCE: indianconstructioninfo.com

time between Raipur – Vizag will reduce subsequently to just 6-7 Hours and this will ultimately
save the fuel & freight cost. In addition to this, out of the 35 Multimodal Logistics Park proposed
under Bharatmala Pariyojana, 1 MMLP is proposed near Raipur Vizag Expressway in
Visakhapatnam. Under this Expressway Project, there is a proposal of construction of 2 Tunnels of
length 3.50 Kms & 1.5 Kms in Sunki Ghati / Valley of Orissa State.
Route Map of Raipur Visakhapatnam Expressway (Raipur Vizag Expressway)
The Raipur Vizag Economic Corridor project begins at Abhanpur, near Raipur, and concludes in
Sabbavaram, near Vizag (Andhra Pradesh). The highway would run through the states of
Chhattisgarh (124.611 km), Odisha (262.211 km), and Andhra Pradesh (99.629 km).
According to a report titled “Chhattisgarh 4th state with lowest unemployment rate in India” by
Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) on Jan 7, 2022. Raipur With just 21% of the
unemployment rate, Chhattisgarh ranks fourth in the
country among the state having lowest unemployed
people (According to December 2021)
Chief minister Bhupesh Baghel said that state has
adopted a new model to achieve the goal of inclusive
development inspired from Mahatma Gandhi's vision
of gram swaraj
Under this model, economic connectivity between
the villages and cities was emphasized and various
innovative schemes and programmes including
Suraaji Gaon Yojana, Narva-Garva-Churva-Bari
programme, Godhan Nyay Yojana, Rajiv Gandhi
Kisaan Nyay Yojana, Rajiv Gandhi Grameen
Bhoomiheen Krishi Mazdoor Nyay Yojana,
establishment of Rural Industrial Parks were
introduced in villages. Officials said that
Chhattisgarh remained untouched with the
nationwide economic recession during the first and
the second wave of Covid-19. Even then the
unemployment rate in state remained under control.
According to the report, the unemployment rate in
the country was 6.52%, as on January 2021 last
year, under which urban unemployment rate was 89%
and rural unemployment rate was 5.81% FIG 48 Route Map of Raipur Vishakhapatnam Expressway
SOURCE: indianconstructioninfo.com

25
 ECONOMY, LITERACY, & RELIGION

Raipur city and leading forces of development- City Population and Economic Changes
• Urban population is increasing rapidly
• Urban population soon numerically dominant
• Urban economic activities driving national economics
• Havoc changes in communication systems

Global Economic Factors

• Globalization
• Market liberalization
• Rapid technological change
• Localization

Global Political Factors

• Decentralization
• Devolution
• Rise of Governance- moving beyond government
• Rise of municipal civic leadership

Raipur Literacy Rate

In education section, total literates in Raipur city are 757,910 of which 412,095 are males while
345,815 are females. Average literacy rate of Raipur city is 85.95 percent of which male and
female literacy was 91.16 and 80.47 percent.
1 LITERACY RATE Total Persons (%) 86.90%
Males(%) 92.39%
Females (%) 81.10%
2 SEX RATIO (No. of Females per 1000 Males Total 963
Rural 1003
Urban 953
TABLE 6 Literacy Data
SOURCE: District Environment Plan, Raipur (C.G.)

Raipur Religion
Hinduism is majority religion in Raipur city with 87.62 % followers. Islam is second most popular
religion in city of Raipur with approximately 7.17 % following it. In Raipur city, Christianity is
followed by 1.51 %, Jainism by 1.40 %, Sikhism by 1.43 % and Buddhism by 1.43 %. Around
0.04 % stated 'Other Religion', approximately 0.13 % stated 'No Particular Religion'.
Description Percentage Total
Hindu 87.62 % 900,096
Muslims 7.17 % 73,661
Christian 1.51 % 15,523
Sikh 1.43 % 14,641
Buddhist 0.71 % 7,280
Jain 1.40 % 14,333
Others 0.04 % 419
Not Stated 0.13 % 1,311
TABLE 7 Raipur Religion
SOURCE: census2011.co.in

22
 AESTHETIC ENVIRONMENT: RAIPUR

● Raipur is a bustling and vibrant city. It is known for its lively street culture and vibrant
nightlife. The city is also home to several parks and gardens, which provide a pleasant and
relaxing environment. The parks and gardens in Raipur are known for their lush green
environment.
● These parks provide a great spot to relax and unwind. The parks are also great for picnicking
and strolling.
● The city also has several lakes and reservoirs, which provide a beautiful backdrop for visitors.
These lakes and reservoirs provide a tranquil atmosphere and are great for boating and fishing.
Raipur also has several temples and monuments, which are known for their architectural
beauty and spiritual importance.
● These temples and monuments provide a unique atmosphere and are a great spot to visit and
explore. Overall, Raipur is a beautiful city that is known for its vibrant culture and aesthetic
environment.
● The city provides a great opportunity to explore its energy resources and aesthetic
environment.
● The city is known for its beautiful temples, such as the Mahant Ghasi Das Temple, which is
dedicated to Lord Shiva and dates back to the 7th century.
● The Rajiv Lochan Temple, which is dedicated to Lord Vishnu, is also worth a visit.
● The ancient temple of Pataleshwar is renowned for its intricate carvings and sculptures. The
city also has several stunning monuments and gardens that contribute to its aesthetic
environment.
● The Vivekananda Sarovar, a man-made lake, is a popular spot for sightseeing and relaxation.
● The Shivaji Garden is a beautiful park with a variety of trees, plants and flowers.
● The Nandan Van Zoo is a great place to see a variety of animals, including tigers and lions.
Raipur also has many museums and art galleries, such as the Chhattisgarh State Museum,
which houses artifacts from the region’s history and culture, as well as the Naya Raipur Art
Gallery, which showcases a variety of contemporary artworks.
● Overall, Raipur is a great place to explore the aesthetic environment, with its rich culture,
monuments, gardens, museums, art galleries and other attractions.

FIG 49 Nandan Van Zoo FIG 50 Rajiv Lochan Temple

SOURCE: SOURCE:

FIG 51 Naya Raipur Art Gallery FIG 52 Mahant Ghasi Das Temple
SOURCE: SOURCE:

18
 LOCAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE

The shape of the district is fairly compact and composed of 4 Tehsil /Blocks i.e. Dharsiwa, Arang,
Tilda and, Abhanpur. The district head quarter RAIPUR is capital of Chhattisgarh. The Raipur city
is also the divisional Head Quarter or Raipur . The collectorate consists of various branches head
by SDM/SDO who are responsible for supervision, guidance and overall management of work in
their branch. Every branch consists of first division assistants and second division assistants
among whom all work of the branch is divided. There are various officials both at the district level
and at the Block levels to assist the SDM/SDO. They include the SDM, Tehsildar,
Nayab-Tehsildar, Revenue inspector and village accountants.

FIG 52 District Administrative Setup

SOURCE: District Environment Plan, Raipur (C.G.)

FIG 53 Typologies found in Raipur

SOURCE:

23
 VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

The typology and the urban character of the present city vary from traditionally crafted Mughal
influenced architecture, colonial style public institutions, local style houses and modern buildings.
The modern typology is high rise apartment blocks with commercial on the ground floor and
residential on the top floors. The malls which are coming on the outskirts of the city are of
contemporary architecture style and are giving “Even though Raipur doesn’t have a rich
architecture which to boast about its culture and tradition, the character of the city is well intact in
its streets. The traditional constructions in the region were basically of earth and bricks. The use of
stone was limited because there were no mountains, the primary source of stone. All the temples
are also made of brick and mud. A traditional house in Raipur was made of bricks, mud and had a
courtyard, verandah, drawing room, and a store room.
The Town Development Scheme – Kamal Vihar Project

The Town Development Scheme-4 (Kamal Vihar) is drawn in accordance with the Chhattisgarh
Nagar Tatha Gram Nivesh Adhiniyam 1973, and the Raipur Development Plan 2021
(Punarvilokit). The scheme involves reconstitution of land for urban development so as to cater to
the demands of a growing city population.
It is a self financing scheme. The entire cost of the infrastructure developed has been assessed by
the Development Authority and a certain portion of the developed plots has been retained by it.
The cost of the works is proposed to be recovered by the Authority by sale of these retained plots.
FUTURE
Regional connectivity and the bordering stations
Pedestrian network: east-west permeability
While the TOD influence zone normally includes 800m from the stations, the distances to be
covered by pedestrians should be kept preferably shorter than 500m, as defined by the
Development Plan. In a scenario of wide roads and big sectors (800x800m), the distance
between the station and the closest entrance to the sector can already consume a big part of these
500m.
Multimodality and integration at the local scale
Transfers along the routes will face a special challenge: segregation, manifesting in two ways.
The placement of stations in the median will isolate them from the activities happening in the
border of sectors. Also, the segregation of lane, necessary for the good operation of BRT
systems, might create some localized hassles for a population accustomed to an environment of
shared road space and flexibility of movement. Segregation, on the other hand, demands a more
rigid organization of the road space.
 FUTURE SCOPE

Naya Raipur would be a planned and designed city of the 21st century to focus on
socio-economic and cultural life of Chhattisgarh. The New city is set in salubrious natural
surroundings accessed by an expressway and it is envisaged as a lively and vibrant city with state
of art physical, social and economic infrastructure, to be developed in phases for an estimated
population of 560,000 by the year 2031.

01
KEY ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN THE CITY SANITATION PLAN

Key Issue 1: Inadequate and deficiently designed, operated & managed individual and community toilets in
the urban poor areas resulting in open defecation and severe health impacts
Rationale for issue identification: A total of 57% of the urban poor population in the city defecates in the
open. There is one toilet seat for every 460 urban poor users as compared to the national norms of 1 toilet seat
per 50 users. The toilets designed are neither gender sensitive nor handicapped or elderly users friendly
Recommendations as per CSP: An immediate recommendation is to invite an expression of interest for the
design, rehabilitation and up gradation of the existing toilet facilities on a Rehabilitate, Operate and Transfer
(ROT) basis on a Public-Private-People Participation (PPPP) mode along with the initiation of a ‘mobile
toilet’ pilot project. Next, based on findings of the pre-feasibility and the feasibility study, the CSP
recommends formulation of two Detailed Project Report (DPR): one for the rehabilitation and upgradation
works of toilets and another for construction works of new toilets.
Key Issue 2: Indiscriminate dumping of solid waste in open areas and storm water drains and
unscientific management of the dump sites receiving the waste from the entire city and lack of
treatment and ultimate scientific disposal
Rationale for issue identification: Only 8% of the city population is served with door to door
collection of solid waste and 7% of the entire population still resort to open dumping of waste
which are ultimately crowding the excessive lengths of open, uncovered drains running through
the city during the rainy season. The number of dumper placers and tipper trucks required for the
existing population is 39 and 60 respectively. However, Raipur Municipal Corporation (RMC) is
in possession of only 7 dumper placers and 21 tipper trucks, which is not sufficient for the service
delivery. Raipur also lacks scientific engineered landfills and there is an imminent threat of
groundwater contamination through the leachate produced from the untreated solid waste.

Overflowing solid waste bin (left) and indiscriminate dumping of

solid waste in the open drains (right). Source: GIZ (2012)

Recommendations as per CSP: Ensuring that the tender process for the approved Solid Waste
Management DPR is finalised with immediate effect to initiate the processes of segregation at
source, door to door collection, secondary collection, transport, treatment and disposal in a
planned manner. Providing the bins for storage at source to all low-income group settlements and
all slum level settlements for free, and additionally subsidise the bins for the middle-income group
settlements. Coordination with the storm water management department should take place to
ensure covering of storm water drains and providing them with grates to obstruct the solid waste
flow
Key Issue 3: Higher risk due to improper septic tanks and septage management leading to
contamination of water bodies/water supply distribution system and incidences of water borne
diseases
Rationale for issue identification: Roughly 54% of the properties are connected to unscientifically
designed septic tanks, which do not adhere to the CPHEEO guidelines and therefore overflow into
the open drainage channels ultimately draining into the natural water bodies and/or polluting the
groundwater. Also only 2 suction lorries are available where 120 suction lorries are required to be
pressed into service to empty the septic tanks once annually. Currently there is no official
designated site available for the disposal and the septage management is informal with a high risk
of occupational health hazards. The water quality samples in the distribution system show abnormal
levels of E. coli (EHEC) contamination along with the presence of nitrate in higher concentration in
the drinking water indicating the ingress of pollutants due to septage overflow in the distribution
system. Since the water supply lines run along the road side drains, the drain water may find its
way into the drinking water pipes there by contaminating the water giving rise to water borne
diseases.
Recommendations as per CSP: A pre-feasibility survey to provide all information about existing
septic tanks and a detailed ground water quality mapping exercise to understand the magnitude of
groundwater pollution in Raipur city owing to septage overflow.
Key Issue 4: The coverage of centralised sewer network in Raipur is insufficient and the
willingness of households to get connected low
Rationale for issue identification: Only 11% of the urban poor are connected to the city sewer
network while the remaining 89% resort to open drains or open areas for wastewater disposal. At
the city level, about 43% of the population in the city lacks any system of disposal of the sewage
generated. There is however no legal arrangement on state or on city level to either enforce the
connectivity of households nor any provision for incentives and frameworks to motivate the
citizens to do the same (see also 1669-creating policies and legal framework in wastewater
collection], invalid link, demand creation tools). The current sewer system drains towards the
North where two treatment plants are located. Consequently the wastewater from the southern belt
is to be pumped over a ridge, which forms the centre of Raipur city. Due to the topography five
pumping stations are required in the South and West to pump wastewater over the ridge and none
of the pumping stations is frequently operated at the present.
Recommendations as per CSP: Inclusion of centralised and decentralised systems for the city with
the vision of efficient and sustainable management (see also semi-centralised drinking water
treatments and point of use water treatment). The centre of Raipur city is located on a plateau,
which provides a natural gradient that shall be considered along with the population density to
strategise the development of sewerage system.
Key Issue 5: The existing sewage treatment system consisting of 7 oxidation ponds is defunct and
the total sewage generated in the city is untreated
Rationale for issue identification: The treatment system of the city comprises of seven oxidation
ponds divided between two different sewage treatment systems (STPs), all of them are
dysfunctional due to want of operation and maintenance (O&M) and/or financial reasons. The
entire city sewage generated (about 3.7 million litres per day) remains untreated. The electrical
connection to the pumping stations has been withdrawn resulting in their dysfunction culminating
in the backflow of sewage to storm water drains and hence leading to pollution. This in turn also
renders the oxidation ponds defunct since the waste does not reach them.
Recommendations as per CSP: Immediate recommendations include awarding contract of
operation and maintenance (O&M) of the pumping stations and the existing STPs to a Private
Service Provider (PSP) on ROT basis. This shall be implemented only in the city core area and the
inner ring area expanding over the existing sewer network, i.e. in the wards located on the ridge.
The outer ring area and the peripheral areas shall be investigated for the suitability of technologies
in the decentralised systems or onsite solution and maybe integrated into the centralised system at
a later stage.
Location of existing and proposed sewage treatment systems and problem areas. Source: GIZ
(2011, City Level Strategy)
Key Issue 6: Poor maintenance and non-integration of the available storm water drainage network
renders it underutilised leading to a considerable number of water logging areas and hence
unhealthy conditions
Rationale for issue identification: The natural drains in Raipur are low in capacity, insufficiently
graded and choked due to the indiscriminate dumping of solid waste. Constructions have been
executed adjacent to most of the drains reducing the chances of widening them resulting in 29
flood prone areas in the city. In some areas there is no proper outlet of storm water to the adjacent
roadside primary drains; some other areas are flooded for 3-4 months during rainy season.
Recommendations as per CSP: Facilitating and ensuring that the approval process for the Storm
Water DPR is finalised with immediate effect to initiate the tender process. Coordination with the
sewerage and solid waste management department to prioritise the activity of prevention of
indiscriminate dumping of solid waste and wastewater discharge into the storm water drains
Further, integrating lakes into the storm water drainage system by converting them into rainwater
and stormwater harvesting structures.
Key Issue 7: Sub-standard quality of water supplied or accessed in several areas in the city
Rationale for issue identification: The water quality samples in the distribution system shows
abnormal levels of E. coli contamination as high as 2400 per 100 ml (Most Probable Number). It
is reported that there were 627 cases of water borne diseases in the city as a result of poor
sanitation and unhygienic conditions. The stand-posts and hand pumps are located very close to
the open drains and in some cases the stand-posts are laid in the open drains causing
contamination of the drinking water.
Recommendations as per CSP: An immediate recommendation is to conduct an assessment study
to determine and map the intersection points/locations of water supply network and sewer or
drainage network. Locations where water supply pipes are in close proximity to sewer pipes are in
conflict with the CPHEEO Manual for water supply. Similarly mapping the locations of stand
posts and hand pumps located in the sewer/open drains or in close proximity to the sewer/open
drains is also recommended.
Key Issue 8: The existing Institutional and Governance Framework of RMC is not equipped
adequately to administer the sanitation development and management services
Rationale for issue identification: The present organisational structure does not conform to the
service requirements. Positions of Superintending, Executive (50%) and Assistant Engineers
(35%) are vacant. The short tenure of Municipal Commissioner, notwithstanding the long-term
nature of urban development projects and high frequency of transfers in the city management’s
positions adversely affects the continuity and local accountability. The Public Health and
Engineering Department and Public Works Department lack adequate support staff to operate and
manage the existing system of sanitation services and moreover are overloaded with several
varying nature of tasks cutting across different sectors of sanitation. There is lack of designated
environmental manager in addition to the non-availability of the State Environmental Policy for
environmental guidelines and regulations. Lack of staff for conservation of water bodies, staff
training, knowledge management and contractor management as well as the fact that the city does
not allocate financial resources for capacity building, has no Capacity Enhancement &
Development Strategy makes the situation grim.

Recommended institutional and governance structure for RMC.

Source: GIZ (2011, City Level Strategy)
SWOT ANALYSIS
 CHAPTER-4

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

TITLE: RAIPUR CITY WOULD BE A ‘LOW CARBON AREA’

KEY WORDS: Mor Raipur City Central Area(MRCC), Area Based Development
Project(ABD), Raipur Smart City limited (RSCl), Public Private Partnership (PPP), Design,
Build, Finance, Operate and Transfer (DBFOT), AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and
Urban Transformation), 'Urban and Regional Development Plans. Formulation and
Implementation Guidelines (URDPFI)

STATE: Raipur, Chhattisgarh

BROAD AREA: Raipur as a Smart City’ would be a ‘Low Carbon Area’ with promotion of a
host of eco-friendly utilities and vehicles, officials informed.
The city would have rooftop solar panels to generate power, electric vehicles, e-rickshaws and
gardens on roofs in most buildings and houses, they informed.

The Smart City Proposals includes area based proposal for a particular area More Raipur City
Central Area (MRCC) which will be developed into a smart area, thereby improving livability of
the whole city (the “Area Based Development Project”).

B. TECHNICAL DETAILS

1. BACKGROUND

1.1 DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM:

The Central Pollution Control Board (cpcb) recently declared Chhattisgarh's capital Raipur as the
country's most polluted city. Union minister of environment and forests A Raja presented a report
in parliament based on a study on the presence of Suspended Particulate Matter (spm) in the air
in 52 cities; Raipur ranked highest. spm in Raipur's air is 250 micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3)
(standard is fixed at 200 g/m3) while the concentration of dust particles is 350 parts per million
(ppm) ( fixed limit is 200 ppm) . The respirable particles are 230 ppm , much more than the
standard of 100 ppm. It is believed that the presence of respirable suspended particulate matter
(rspm) is also three-four per cent higher than the acceptable limit.

Several factors are responsible for the acute air pollution in Raipur: toxic industrial waste,
domestic waste, too many vehicles (rough estimates say the number of vehicles has doubled in
the last two years), rapidly increasing constructions and fast growing population.
1.2. REVIEW OF WORK ALREADY DONE:

1.2.1 In 2015: Smart city Mission was launched by the Central Government on June 25, 2015.
Subsequently, Raipur was selected among 100 cities to be developed as Smart City in India due
to achievements, initiatives and all-inclusive approach, they informed.

1.2.2 In 2016: The Government of Chhattisgarh has formed a special purpose vehicle (SPV),
Raipur Smart City limited (RSCl) to plan, design, implement, coordinate and monitor the smart
city projects in Raipur. RSCl is an unlisted public company incorporated on 16 September, 2016
and is incorporated under Indian Companies Act 2013.

It may be recalled that Raipur city has improved the quality of 'Smart City' plans by 25 per cent
to finally find its place in the list of 13 cities chosen by the Central Government for development
as a 'Smart City'.

1.3 Relevance To The State Priorities:

As a part of the Smart City Development, RSCl has decided to improve water supply situation
in MRCC area through Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode on Design, Build, Finance,
Operate and Transfer (DBFOT) basis.

The Chhattisgarh Government is also mulling over plans to mobilise additional financial
resources through 14th Finance Commission recommendations for implementation of the
AMRUT project in nine cities of Chhattisgarh.

The main objectives are: To achieve 24x7 water supply in MRCC area or its part(s)- To achieve
adequate pressures in the system, To reduce NRW to less than 15%., Quality of Water to be as
per IS 10500., To implement smart Billing, Collection and SCADA System, Operation and
Maintenance of the total scheme for a period of 10 years.

The action plan drawn up by the Government has already prioritized proposed investment
across cities as per principle of prioritisation of AMRUT. Investment had been broadly
distributed across nine AMRUT cities.

1.4 FINANCIAL RESOURCES COMMITTED AT THE STATE LEVEL:

Distribution of Investment is based on priority for providing 100 per cent universal coverage in
primary thrust sectors.

Overall the Mission Thrust areas under AMRUT Project would be- Water supply, Sewerage and
Septage Management, Storm Water Drain, Pedestrian, Non Motorised and Public Transport
Facilities, Parking Space, Green Spaces, Park and Recreation centres.
2. CHALLENGING AND CONSTRAINTS:

2.1 STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS:

STRENGTH

● CCTV surveillance to curb crimes and nab traffic offenders would become a norm in
Raipur city with the implementation of Smart City plans, officials informed.
● It may be recalled that Raipur city has improved the quality of 'Smart City' plans by 25
per cent to finally find its place in the list of 13 cities chosen by the Central Government
for development as a 'Smart City'.
● The city would have rooftop solar panels to generate power, electric vehicles,
e-rickshaws and gardens on roofs in most buildings and houses.
● As a part of the Smart City Development, RSCl has decided to improve water supply
situation in MRCC area through Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode on Design,
Build, Finance, Operate and Transfer (DBFOT) basis.

WEAKNESS

Raipur has a weak waste management system specially related to sustainable city solutions.

♦ Inadequate citywide sewerage facilities and lack of networked Storm water drainage facilities
are key concerns for the city. Water logging problems are prevailing in parts of the city.

♦ Pollution caused by the vehicle emissions and dust from construction in and around the city.
This has led to Diseases and health impacts which area a major threat to the citizens well being.

♦ Rising population pressure is leading to a stressed infrastructure environment. The present

carrying capacity will not suffice for the projected population growth and may lead to poor living
conditions in future.

♦ There is sparse pedestrian facilities in the city core area. Only 14% of city roads have footpath.
♦ Traffic congestion especially in the central part of the city which is the hub of commercial
activities.

♦ Lack of Integrated land-use and transportation planning. The central part of the City is
extremely crowded with high density in areas like Jaistambh chowk, Ghadi chowk, Fafadih
chowk and Railway Station. Density reduces towards the periphery and there are scattered
developments along the main arteries(NH30 and NH53) leading to traffic congestion on these
roads. Transit Oriented Development has not been implemented.

♦ Public Transportation is increasing but is still way below the URDPFI standards. This has lead
to mushrooming of private run autos and rickshaws leading to pollution and traffic congestion. ♦
Increasing slum population with 330 slums out of which 180 already notified having a total area
of 10.9% and population of 37%. ♦ Inadequate capacities at the Urban Local Bodies of Raipur.
2.2 METHODOLOGY DETAILING STEPWISE ACTIVITIES AND
SUB-ACTIVITIES:

● The ABD area considered for retrofit and redevelopment model development is 777
acres. It is predominantly commercial with equal presence of wholesale and retail.
● Awareness Campaigns: Regular awareness campaigns should be conducted in
Raipur to educate people about the importance of reducing carbon emissions. These
campaigns can include interactive sessions, seminars, workshops, radio shows,
displays and exhibitions, etc.
● Planting Trees: Planting trees is one of the best ways to reduce carbon emissions.
Raipur should have an extensive tree-planting program to ensure the growth of the
city's green cover.
● Promoting Public Transport: Public transport should be promoted in Raipur through
the provision of subsidies and other incentives. This will help reduce the number of
vehicles on the roads and hence, the carbon emissions
● Solar Energy: Solar energy should be encouraged as an alternative to conventional
energy sources. Solar panels should be installed in public places and households to
generate electricity.
● Waste Management: Proper waste management is essential to reduce carbon
emissions. Raipur should implement proper waste management systems to ensure
that all the waste is properly treated and disposed of in an eco-friendly manner.
● Energy Efficiency: Energy efficiency should be promoted in Raipur. The use of
energy-efficient appliances, light bulbs, etc. should be encouraged to reduce the
amount of energy

3. OUTPUT OF THE PROJECT

● Raipur as a Smart City’ would be a ‘low Carbon Area’ with promotion of a host of
eco-friendly utilities and vehicles.
● The city would have rooftop solar panels to generate power, electric vehicles,
e-rickshaws and gardens on roofs in most buildings and houses.
● CCTV surveillance to curb crimes and nab traffic offenders would become a
norm in Raipur city with the implementation of Smart City plans.
● The objectives of this initiative are to:
● 1. Reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions through efficient energy usage.
● 2. Stimulate the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, in urban
areas.
● 3. Encourage the use of efficient and sustainable transport systems.
● 4. Promote public awareness and education about the benefits of low-carbon
living.