PART C

1. Structure of Words
The study of word structure is called morphology. Understanding word structure helps
us:
 improve spelling
 expand vocabulary
In studying word structure, we start by looking at a few key concepts first:
 root words
 prefixes
 suffixes
Root words are words, or parts of words, that can usually stand alone. The following are
all root words:
 elbow
 fast
 nudge
Most root words can be changed in various ways by adding additional elements to
them:
 elbows
 faster
 nudged
Each of the examples above has been altered by adding an element at the end. The
elements at the end, namely -s, -er, and -ed, cannot stand alone. These elements are
called suffixes.
Sometimes, elements are added to the beginning of a word:
 expose → underexpose
 appear → disappear
 take → overtake
 event → non-event
The elements added to the beginnings of the words above cannot stand alone, and are
called prefixes.
Sometimes, when we add a prefix or suffix to a word, we create a new word. This
process is called derivation.
 appear → appearance
The two words above are definitely two different words - the first is a verb, the second a
noun. Their meanings and uses in sentences are different. In a dictionary, we would
have to look them up separately, even though they have a common root word.
Sometimes, when we add a suffix, we don't create a new word at all. This process is
called inflection.
 cat → cats
In the above example, we really have just one word - the first is singular, the second
plural. In a dictionary, we might look for cat, but we wouldn't look for a separate entry for
cats.
When words are built from a common root word, or a common ancestor in history (often
a Latin word), we call the group of words a word family.
 grammar, grammatical, grammatically, ungrammatical, ungrammatically
The terms above are all built from a common root word, grammar. This word family
includes a noun, adjectives, and adverbs.
The terms below are built from a common ancestor, the Latin word spectare, meaning
'to look':
 inspect, spectacle, spectacular, ins pection
This word family includes verbs, nouns, and adjectives

2. The Denotative and Connotative Meaning

 3. The Importance of law of language
Law and language have an important place in society. They play an important role in
determining social relations. Law and language are the essential elements for
systematic formation of a society and its stability.
Language provides communication within the society. Law settles the conflicting interest
in the society and helps in the existence of the society.
Language provides peace and harmony in the society; law maintains a conducive
(good) atmosphere.
Language is an arrangement of symbols of sound by which humans establish
communication with each other. Law as a social arrangement is an important tool for
social control and its ultimate aim is social welfare.
Law is made by means (help) of language. Law is controlled by logic. Law by means of
language establishes social control and also performs its working.
It is an admitted fact that the working of the advocate is attached to words. Words are
not only the instruments of thoughts but they also control them.
Advocates adopt language which makes their interpretation and construction strong.
Thus, the words are not objects themselves but are means to achieve the objects.
It is a universal fact that the scope or use of language in law is very wide. Interpretation
(explanation) of statute is done by means of language which is called legal Language.
4. Problem of language in law
 There are many problems relating to the legal language, these are as follows:
  Problem due to Uncertainty and Doubt – There are a number of words which
have uncertain meanings and thus problems arise. For example the word ‘right’
has been used for giving about half a dozen meanings and there is no more
ambiguous word than ‘right’ in legal literature.
  Problem due to Incompleteness of the Human Language – Legal language is a
part of the language which has been made by the human beings. Therefore
incompleteness of the language affects its expressions and due to such
incompleteness true interpretation could not be made.
  Problem due to change in the meaning of words from time to time – The
meaning of many words gets changed as time passes, meaning of some words
become narrow and meaning of some words get widened and also meaning of
some words are modified. such as the word ‘asylum’ is used as a place for any
kind of shelter but with the passage of time the word ‘asylum’ is used for a place
where mentally sick people stay for treatment, however its old meaning has not
disappeared.
  Problem Arising Due to Regional or Limited meaning of the words – Perhaps
there is no word of such uncertain meaning having two or more definitions even
though its meaning is ambiguous. The words appearing to be antonyms could
not be defined correctly and perfectly. For example – ‘white’ and ‘black’, ‘night’
and ‘day’, ‘open’ and ‘close’, etc. Prima facie it appears that these words are
complete mutually. For instance – a door may be either closed or opened or it
may be ‘ajar’ (slightly opened).
  Problem Due to Humpty Dumpty use of words – Interpreters play humpty
dumpty with the words. For example – In legal proceedings the word ‘action’ is
not used in the sense in which ordinarily its meaning or understood. There are
many such words which are used by the legal advisers with a totally different
meaning from their ordinary meanings. such as Consideration, Satisfaction, Brief,
Radio, Award, etc.
  Problem Due to Rhetoric Language – Art of expression or efficiency in speaking
is considered to be synonymous with the legal language. The judgments of
Courts are full of rhetoric. In fact among all specific languages the legal language
contains a web of words or is jargon ridden.
 Problem Due to Verbosity – Sometimes, to express a view, two or more words
are used differently. In several documents irritative words are unnecessarily used
such as executor, heir, assigns and administrator. These words are still in use
despite a change having been incorporated in law.
 There are many examples of verbosity as the following:
 Verbose Expression:- Exact Expression
 1. Give consideration to:- Consider
 2. Give goods to:- Delivery
  Problem Due to use of Legalistic Language – It has been seen that while
drafting, mostly the legal language is used. Consequently, the legal language
does not remain ordinary language for people and such mode of legal language
is problematic indeed. therefore, These errors can be seen in the comparative
illustrations as given below:
 Legalistic:- Ordinary
 1. Be unable to:- Cannot
 2. Adequate number of :- Enough
 3. Be empowered to:- May
 4. Per annum:- Per year

5. Qualities of a lawyer
Judgment
It is the skill to make, draw or reach the logical and logical conclusions from the limited
information provided and received. Anticipate and spot the possible event(s) and
happening(s), analyze the positive and negative areas of the case to prepare the same
in such a manner that is beneficial and in the favour and taken into consideration the
interest of the client.
Analytical Skills
Being involved and as a part of the legal industry, a lawyer or Advocate must possess a
distinctive attribute of analytical skills as if to crystallize the information received either,
half or wrong. A lawyer or Advocate must be able to analyze the events by using the
critical method of analyzing.
Research Skills
Another most crucial skill needed to be a good lawyer or Advocate is the ability to
research as quick as lightning, also, to be ready, the research and approach towards
the same must be valid and efficient taken into consideration the legal strategies which
satisfy and safeguards the interest of the clients.
Perseverance
Perseverance is the skill on the one side and attitude on the other. I want to confess
perseverance is the nature and attitude which develops the capability to deal and
perform the activities and task(s) assigned productively and constructively with the
numerous and variety-full events which in further embodies distractions.
Creativity
Few of the eminent Jurist(s) and Attorneys not only be perseverant but logical and
analytical also have the traits of creativity. In order to reach a possible best conclusion it
is not always to take the paths of the precedents or the obviousness, one must be
creative and possess the ability to think out of the box.
Logical Thinking Ability
It has to be logical enough to draw and make out the conclusions, following the
approach of justifiableness and reasonableness. Even though the other counsel is your
opponent, but it should not be minded and must not be considered and regarded as the
enemy of the client or the lawyer or advocate itself. A fair amount of good relations must
be formed with the opposite counsel, but that ties must not be affecting or disregard the
interest of the client.
Public Speaking Skills
Well-spoken and be expressive being an essential skill that a great lawyer or Advocate
possesses. A critical element(s) like public speaking and addressing a Court of Law, a
lawyer or Advocate must be flawless and magnificent; Public speaking is a skill which
can be developed by acknowledging the fact that one correctly and genuinely want(s) to
work upon his this skill.
Writing Skills
Excellent writing skills assists and aids in making the position of the client and case, the
marriage and fusion of both speaking and writing skills are invincible. In order to
become a great lawyer or Advocate, tremendous writing skills are needed which are
useful and beneficial while preparing the case arguments, briefs and other legal
documents.
Leadership Skills
No individual lacking leadership quality in itself can become a lawyer or Advocate. A
lawyer or Advocate must be accompanied by managerial skills (manage the people one
is working within a manner which is peaceful and responsive) and leadership skills, and
thus leadership skills are necessary for a lawyer or advocate to be successful.
Listening Skills
To be a great lawyer or advocate one must have and possess the quality and skill to
listen to each, and every individual tend(s) to speak before him, develop the ability to
listen to others patiently and carefully.
In practical, this skill helps the lawyer or Advocate and their practice in every possible
manner so as to cross-examine the witness, or to the finding of the opposite counsel
and facilitate in an effective rebuttal.
Decision Making Skills
Based on the understanding of the event with full reasonableness and in a logistic
manner, a lawyer or Advocate can make out and draw conclusions based upon the
information provided to him and his past experience(s).
Decision-making skills are the ability to take decisions out of situations and events after
analyzing them, and another person can judge the lawyer or advocate through his ability
to make decisions that may in future events bring stability and upgrade the personality
of his client and perform accordingly with the needs of the client taking into
consideration its interest.
Enquiring Skills
A good lawyer or Advocate must have the capacity and ability to understand the topics
in its deepest sense and essence form, in lightning speed to understand the numerous
things simultaneously, the client, case, remedy, and justice he wishes to seek, or
likewise.
Not only enquiring but, inquiring and analyzing the appropriate provisions are pointed
out and implied in a particular case, so this is done, in a smoother way as if a lawyer or
Advocate acquires the skill of enquiring.

6. What is Syllogism?
The word syllogism is derived from the Greek word “syllogismos” which means
“conclusion, inference”. Syllogisms are a logical argument of statements using
deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion. The major contribution to the filed of
syllogisms is attributed to Aristotle.
The questions which are asked in this section contain two or more statements, and two
or more conclusions follow these statements. One has to find out which of these
conclusions logically follow the given statements. The statements have to be taken true
even if they seem to be at variance from the commonly known facts.
There are many ways of solving questions of syllogisms. The most effective and
efficient method of all is using a Venn diagram. Based on the given statements, one
should draw all the possible diagrams and then solve each of these diagrams
separately. Finally, the answer common to all the diagrams is taken as the correct one.
Statements of syllogisms
The questions of syllogisms of three main parts.
4. Major premise
 5. Minor premise
6. Conclusion
The central premise is a statement in general, believed to be true by the author.
Example: All women are smart.
The minor premise is a specific example of the major premise.
Example: Amanda is a woman.
The conclusion is a specific statement which logically follows both major and minor
statement.
Example: Amanda is smart.
7. The Etiquette and manners for law professionals
A large part of business etiquette is conveying courtesy and respect for others. Here are
some basic rules of behavior that demonstrate courtesy and respect.
1. Be on time.
When you arrive late to a meeting or appointment, you are wasting the time of the
people with whom you are meeting. This can lead to resentment from fellow co-workers
and clients.
Showing up to an appointment on time shows that you respect and value the other
person. It demonstrates that you are dedicated to your job and interested in your work.
Being on time shows you are committed to keeping your word. Clients and co-workers
learn to trust you and know they can depend on you.
2. Dress appropriately.
Dressing inappropriately can be a distraction. It can also call into question your
judgment and ability to
make good decisions.
No matter what legal position you hold, you are a representative of your company or
firm and you should dress accordingly. However, what is considered appropriate will
vary from firm to firm. Some firms may expect you to dress formally, wearing suits most
of the time. Other firms may allow employees to dress more casually on days when
clients are not in the office. Find out what is acceptable in your firm and adhere to the
norm.
3. Use simple manners.
Those good old-fashioned manners aren’t old-fashioned after all. Saying “please” and
“thank you”, asking for permission, offering unsolicited help, all of these examples of
good manners will still take you a long way in the workplace. Simple courtesy can
sometimes be forgotten in today’s legal industry. Because of this, people will really
notice if you consistently remember your manners. You can show your manners
verbally, as well as in an email. For instance, if you ask a co-worker for help on a
project, a thank-you email shows them you appreciate their contribution. It also is a sign
of respect.
4. Be a good listener.
We have all been involved in a conversation where it is evident the other person is not
truly listening to us. Maybe they are gazing off as you speak or maybe they interrupt
what you are saying to add their comments. As a result, you probably did not think
highly of them for their rude or distracted behavior. Good listening skills can set you
apart and let others know you are engaged and interested.
It is very simple to be a good listener. Look the speaker in the eye rather than gazing
around the room. Allow the speaker to fully finish speaking before responding. Don’t
rush the conversation or try to change the subject. Avoid constantly comparing the other
person’s experience to your own. Continually inserting yourself and your experiences
will be viewed as self-centered.
5. Know how to give and receive business cards.
Exchanging business cards is a common occurrence for many legal professionals.
There are ways of giving and receiving cards that work better for establishing a
relationship and conveying respect.
Give business cards using discretion. Handing out multiple cards at a time to one
person may convey the message that your cards have little value. Hand the card over
with the print facing the receiver so they don’t have to turn it around to read it.
When receiving a card, thank the person handing you the card. Hold the card in both
hands. Look at the card and read it immediately when you receive it. This shows you
are interested in the person and their information. If you glance at the card and then
drop it in your pocket, it may convey a lack of interest and appear rude.
6. Avoid cell phone distractions.
Cell phones and devices are very much ingrained in the way we do business today.
However, there are still times when they can be obstructive rather than productive. One
of those times is in a meeting. When in a meeting, you should turn your cell phone
completely off. It’s not enough to turn it to vibrate mode. When your phone vibrates, it
will often still be heard by others. Reaching for your phone to silence the ring or
vibration is still a distraction, draws unwanted attention to yourself, and disrupts the flow
of the meeting.
If your telephone rings while you are speaking with others, resist the temptation to look
to see who it is. Silence it immediately. This signals to the other person that they have
your undivided attention and that your conversation with them is important to you.
Good Etiquette is Good Business
Having good manners can give you an advantage in your career as a legal professional.
Practicing these simple rules will convey to people that you are trustworthy, have good
judgment and are an emotionally-intelligent person. All of these traits will allow you to
gain respect and build better work relationships.

8. What is Precis Writing?

Precis writing is summarizing a comprehension in limited words, covering all the
important aspects and details of the passage given.
Given below is a precis writing example, for your reference.
Comprehension Passage:
Everybody knows what a “good” man means and how he should be. Our definition of a
good man is the one who does not smoke, or drink or avoids the usage of bad
language. A good man is ideally expected to converse in front of men as he would in
front of women. He is also expected to attend the Church regularly and have correct
opinions on all subjects. He has a wholesome horror of wrong-doing and realizes that it
is our painful duty to reprimand sin. He is not anticipated to have wrong thinkings and
has the authority to protect the young. His duties are not just restricted to the
professional front but also needs to spend quality time doing good deeds. He must be
patriotic and a keen believer of military training, he should promote industry, must be
sober and have virtue among wage earners and their children. He must be a role model
for all and it is expected that he leads a way which the younger generation would
willingly follow. Above all, of course, his “morals” in the narrow sense must be
admirable.
Precis Writing:
Title: Attributes of a Good Man. The characteristics of a good man are known and he is
expected to be religiously profound, must not smoke, drink or use bad language. His
behaviour must be the same for all genders and he is expected to be a role model for
the young ones. He must know his duties and avoid taking up the path of sin. He must
be good not only in the professional space but also help people in need. He must be
someone who can be admired and is praiseworthy.

9. Client counselling and Interviewing

The art of interviewing is currently receiving attention in both law schools and continuing
legal education programs. Lawyers have become interested in developing their
interviewing skills for two reasons: to gather the pertinent data more efficiently and to
increase client satisfaction.' The purpose of this article is to point out some of the factors
that, in the experience of the authors, contribute to the success, or lack of success, of
an interview and to help the attorney discover the source of any difficulties which s/he
may have so that the impact of factors leading to unsatisfactory encounters with clients
may be reduced or eliminated. I. THE CENTRAL GOAL In any interviewing and
counseling situation, the interviewer must keep in mind the central goal and not become
lost in techniques and details. The central goal is to generate a flow of accurate
information and reach a mutually agreed-upon decision. There are five basic concepts
to be considered in attaining this goal. They are briefly described below and will be
developed in succeeding sections. First, the interviewer must communicate questions
accurately and precisely. Asking "what else occurred" may not elicit the same response
as inquiring "what was the very next thing that happened." The former question requires
a judgment as to what else was important. The latter does not. Secondly, the
interviewer should maximize the client's ability and willingness to answer. For example,
the client's frame of reference may be adopted to encourage further disclosure on a
particular subject. In addition to certain interviewing techniques, the interviewer must
develop a relationship of trust and understanding. While the attorney and client need not
necessarily like each other, they should develop mutual confidence and respect.

10. Synecdoche and Understatement with example

Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which, most often, a part of something is used to
refer to its whole. For example, "The captain commands one hundred sails" is a
synecdoche that uses "sails" to refer to ships—ships being the thing of which a sail is a
part.

A statement that describes something in a way that makes it seem less important,
serious, bad, etc. than it really is, or the act of making such statements: To say that her
resignation was a shock would be an understatement - it caused panic. "It didn't go
well? " "That's the understatement of the year/decade/century.

11. Definition of a Preposition

A preposition is defined as “a word that connects a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun
to another word, esp. to a verb, another noun, or an adjective”, according to the
Cambridge Dictionary. The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary says that a preposition is “a
word or group of words, such as in, from, to, out of and on behalf of, used before a noun
or pronoun to show place, position, time or method.”
Types of Prepositions
Based on the different uses and functions of prepositions, they can be divided into four
main types. They are as follows:
  Prepositions of Time – used to show when something is happening.
For example:

o We will be meeting on Friday.
o The supermarket will be closed from 9 p.m. to 9 a.m.
o Can you come after some time?
o We have been asked to work from home until the end of May.
o The whole country was asked to stay home during the pandemic to
ensure safety and well-being.
 Prepositions of Place – indicate the place or position of something.
For example:

o I have kept the book I borrowed from you on the table.
o Henry hid behind the door.
o The dog jumped over the fence.
o Can you place the red roses in between the white daisies?
o He was waiting in front of the EB office.
 Prepositions of Direction – used to denote the direction in which something
travels or moves.
For example:

o The girl ran toward her father the moment she saw him.
o Jerry jumped into the river to help his sister.
o Veena passed the book to Priya.
o When will Salvia be returning from London?
o Neena lives across the street.
 Prepositions of Location – employed to denote the location of a particular
object.
For example:

o Kenny would be staying at his cousin’s place for the weekend.
o Make sure you keep all the toys back in its place after you play.
o I lay on the floor for a really long time.
 Prepositions of Spatial Relationship – used to denote an object’s movement
away from the source and towards a source.
For example:
 
o Navya sat leaning against the wall.
o The circus was stationed opposite the children’s park.
o Lakshmi sat beneath the trees.
o Shankar sat beside the stairs.
o We spent the evening walking around the lake.
 Prepositional Phrase – a combination of a preposition and a noun(the object it
is affecting).
For example:

o See to it that you reach the venue on time.
o The medicines you asked for are out of stock.
o Why don’t we try taking classes outside for a change.
o Make sure you fill in all the forms at once.
o Salmaan was able to finish it only with the help of his friends.