Unit-II

Microwave Network Analysis

 Figure. 1

Figure.1 shows the electric and magnetic field lines for an arbitrary two-conductor TEM
transmission line. The voltage, V, of the + conductor relative to the − conductor can be found
as
The total current flowing on the + conductor can be determined from an application of
Ampere’s law as

A characteristic impedance Z0 can then be defined for traveling waves as

The situation is more difficult for waveguides. To see why, we will look at the case
of a rectangular waveguide, as shown in Figure. 2. For the dominant TE10 mode, the
transverse fields can be written,

Figure. 2
From the voltage equation, we write the potential using the Ex field as below

 Thus it is seen that this voltage depends on the position, x, as well as

the length of the integration contour along the y direction. For
example, integrating from y = 0 to b for x = a/2 gives a voltage that is
quite different from that obtained by integrating from y = 0 to b for x =
0.
 What, then, is the correct voltage? The answer is that there is no
“correct” voltage in the sense of being unique or pertinent for all
applications.
 A similar problem arises with current, and also impedance for non-
TEM lines.
 The following considerations are made to define equivalent voltage,
current, and impedance for Non-TEM lines like waveguides
Assumptions for Non-TEM Lines:
• Voltage and current are defined only for a particular waveguide mode, and are defined so
that the voltage is proportional to the transverse electric field and the current is proportional
to the transverse magnetic field.

• In order to be useful in a manner similar to voltages and currents of circuit theory, the
equivalent voltages and currents should be defined so that their product gives the power
flow of the waveguide mode.

• The ratio of the voltage to the current for a single traveling wave should be equal to the
characteristic impedance of the line. This impedance may be chosen arbitrarily, but is usually
selected as equal to the wave impedance of the line, or else normalized to unity.

For an arbitrary waveguide mode with both positively and negatively traveling waves,
the transverse fields can be written as
where e and h are the transverse field variations of the mode, and A+ , A− are the field
amplitudes of the traveling waves. Because Et and Ht are related by the wave impedance,
Zw, according to

Equation (2) also defines equivalent voltage and current waves as

Find the equivalent voltages and currents for a TE10 mode in a rectangular waveguide.
Higher order modes can be treated in the same way, so that a general field in a
waveguide can be expressed in the following form:
Now, at the nth terminal plane, the Similarly, we can define an admittance matrix
total voltage and current are given by [Y] as

as seen from (3) when z = 0.

The impedance matrix [Z] of the
microwave network then relates these
in matrix form as
voltages and currents:

Of course, the [Z] and [Y ] matrices are the

inverses of each other:

in matrix form as
 Scattering Parameters
 A practical problem exists when trying to measure voltages and currents at
microwave frequencies because direct measurements usually involve the
magnitude (inferred from power) and phase of a wave traveling in a given
direction or of a standing wave.
 A representation more in accord with direct measurements, and with the ideas
of incident, reflected, and transmitted waves, is given by the scattering matrix.
 Like the impedance or admittance matrix for an N-port network, the scattering
matrix provides a complete description of the network as seen at its N ports.
 While the impedance and admittance matrices relate the total voltages and
currents at the ports, the scattering matrix relates the voltage waves incident
on the ports to those reflected from the ports.
 For the N-port network shown in Fig.1, the scattering matrix, or [S] matrix, is
defined in relation to these incident and reflected voltage waves as,
Scattering Parameters
 Scattering Parameters
• Hence a new set of parameters (S) is needed which
– Do not need open/short condition.
– Do not cause standing wave.
– Relates to incident and reflected power waves, instead of voltage and
current.
•As oppose to V and I, S-parameters relate the reflected and incident
voltage waves.
• S-parameters have the following advantages:
1.Relates to familiar measurement such as reflection coefficient,
gain, loss etc.
2.Can cascade S-parameters of multiple devices to predict system
performance (similar to ABCD parameters).
3.Can compute Z, Y or H parameters from S-parameters if needed.
 Scattering Parameters

• For 2-port networks, (4.4) reduces to:

V  s V  V 
  
s
   s  V   S V 
1 11 12 1 1

  

V  2 21
s22  
2   2

   
V V V V
s  1

s  2

s  2

s  1

11
V 21
V 22
V 12
V
V2 0 V2 0 V10 V10
1 1 2 2

• Note that Vi+ = 0 implies that we terminate i th port with its characteristic
impedance.
• Thus zero reflection eliminates standing wave.
 Scattering Parameters

• The port voltage and current can be normalized with respect to the impedance
connected to it.
• It is customary to define normalized voltage waves at each port as:

Vi
Normalized ai 
incident waves Zci i = 1, 2, 3 … n

ai I i Zci

Vi Normalized
bi  reflected waves
Zci

bi I i Zci
Scattering Parameters
Scattering Parameters
Scattering Parameters – Example contd…
 Conversion of Scattering Parameters
 The scattering matrix can be determined from the [Z] (or [Y ]) matrix and vice versa.
To perform the conversion, first, we must assume that the characteristic
impedances, Z0n, of all the ports are identical.
 Later, this restriction will be removed when discussing the generalized scattering
parameters.
 Then, for convenience, we can set Z0n = 1. Then the total voltage and current at the
nth port can be written as,
Conversion of Scattering Parameters
 Properties of Scattering Parameters
The scattering matrix for a reciprocal network is symmetric, and that the scattering
matrix for a lossless network is unitary.
Proof for symmetry of reciprocal network
Properties of Scattering Parameters
 Properties of Scattering Parameters
Proof for Unitary property of Lossless network

 If the network is lossless, no real power can be delivered to the network.

 Thus, if the characteristic impedances of all the ports are identical and assumed to be unity,
the average power delivered to the network is
 Properties of Scattering Parameters

Eqn (16) states that the dot product of any column of [S] with the conjugate of
that same column gives unity, and also implies that the dot product of any
column with the conjugate of a different column gives zero.
Scattering Parameters
Scattering Parameters
 Transmission Matrix (ABCD Parameters)

• The ABCD matrix is useful for characterizing the overall response of 2-port
networks that are cascaded to each other.

I1 I 2’ I2 I3
V1  A1 B1  A2 B2 V3 
A1 B1  A2 B2      
V1   V2  V3  1  1
I C D1  2
C D 2  I 3 
C1 D1 C2 D2 
V1   A3 B3 V3 
   I 
 1  3
I C D 3  3 

Overall ABCD matrix

TABLE : Contd…
Thank you