Indian Association of Structural Engineers

Refresher Course on
"Application of New Seismic Code for Highway
Bridges - IRC:SP:114-2018"
21st September 2019
PHD House, New Delhi

Handouts of the Presentations

Sponsor

Sanfield (India) Ltd

 21st September 2019

Lecture 1 Illustrative Worked Examples

09:00 AM - 10:00 AM Mr. Rajiv Ahuja, GC Member-IAStructE & Independent
Consultant - Bridges & Highways

Lecture 2 Illustrative Worked Examples

10:00 AM to 11:00 AM Mr. Harpreet Singh, Sr. Project Manager,
B&S Engineering Consultants Pvt Ltd

Lecture 3 Worked Example on Isolation Bearings

11:15 AM - 01:15 PM Er. P. G. Venkatram, Chief Executive
L&T Infrastructure Engineering Ltd
 HANDOUTS OF THE PRESENTATIONS

Mr. Rajiv Ahuja

GC Member-IAStructE & Independent Consultant - Bridges & Highways
Refresher Course on "Application of New Seismic Code for
Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018"
24th August 2019 to 28th September 2019.

Presentation on
Appendix A1,A2 &A3

By
Rajiv Ahuja
 Appendix-A1 (Reference Clause 5.2.1)
Illustration of Elastic Seismic Acceleration Method (ESAM)
 The elastic seismic acceleration method presented here
illustrates the computation of seismic forces in accordance with
method specified in clause 5.2.1 of Chapter 5.

 Application of this method is presented for a simple bridge

having a simply supported spans resting on elastomer bearings
as shown in Fig. A1.1.

 In this method, fundamental time period "T" is calculated by

using expression given in clause 5.2.1 and corresponding Sa/g
is worked out using Spectra shown in Fig. 5.1 (a) of Chapter 5.
Fig. A1.1: TYPICAL ELEVATION
 Step 1: Define Seismic parameters:
 Direction for Seismic Analysis = Longitudinal

 Zone factor, Z
The bridge is located in zone III.
Therefore, as per Table 4.2: Z = 0.16

 Importance factor, I
The bridge is categorized as Seismic class
"Important
bridges".
Therefore, as per Table 4.3: I= 1.2
Response reduction factor, R for Elastomer Bearing:

As per Table 4.1, Note iii:

R=1

Design response acceleration coefficient, Sa/g:

The soil strata is categorized as Medium stiff soil sites.

Therefore, as per clause 5.2.1:

Sa/g = 2.5 for 0 < T < 0.55s
= 1.36 / T for 0.55s < T < 4.00s
= 0.34 for T > 4.00s
 Step 2: Define member Idealization

Fig. A1.2:
TYPICAL TRANSVERSE CROSS SECTION Fig. A1.3: Fig. A1.4: Fig. A1.5:
OF THE BRIDGE LOAD DEFLECTION OF PIER & VARIATION OF
IDEALIZATION BEARING SEISMIC
COEFFICIENT
 Step 3: Define member stiffness:
The stiffness of Elastomeric bearing is calculated based
on the Shear rating of the bearing as follows:

RX = Horizontal force in x direction

n = Total number of bearings on pier cap = 4

A = Total plan area of bearing = 500 mm x 500

mm

G = Shear modulus of bearing (IRHD 50) = 0.7

Mpa

vX = Maximum horizontal displacement

 Grade of Modulus
Member Dimension Section Properties concrete of
(Mpa) Elasticity
(Gpa)
Pier cap Depth 1.5 m Area 11.2 m2
Width 4.0 m Ixx 7.32 m4 35 32
Length 2.8m Iyy 14.93 m4
Pier Area 3.14 m2
Diameter 2.0m Ixx / Iyy 0.78 m4 35 32
Cracked 0.59 m4
Ixx / Iyy
Foundation Depth 1.5 m Area 16.0 m2
Width 4.0 m Ixx 21.33 m4 35 32
Length 4.0m Iyy 21.33 m4
Elastomer Thicknes 0.05 m
bearing s Rx / vx 14000 kN/m N/A N/A
Width 0.5 m
 The stiffness of pier is reduced by 25% to cater for
cracking of the element during seismic case. The
same can be modified based on the actual cracked
stiffness with the help of rigorous analysis.

 All other components are assumed to be uncracked.

The same can be modified based on the actual
cracked stiffness with the help of rigorous analysis.
Step 4: Define Member Loads
Load of superstructure (including deck slab) = 5000 kN

Load of crash barrier = 480 kN

Load of wearing course = 570 kN

Load of CWLL (as applicable) = N.A.

Total Load from superstructure = 6050 kN

Load of pier cap = 11.20 x 1.50 x 25 = 420 kN

Load of pier 3.14 x 8.50 x 25 = 667.25 kN

 The stiffness of pier cap is not considered separately for the
sake of simplicity.

 The height L is taken from the top of bearing to the top of

foundation.
 Design seismic Seismic
Loads acceleration
S. No. Component coefficient force
(kN)
(Ah) (kN)
1 Superstructure 5000.0 0.084 418.60

2 Crash barrier 480.0 0.084 40.19

3 Wearing course 570.0 0.084 47.72
4 CWLL 0.0 0.084 0.00
5 Pier cap 420.0 0.084 35.16
Pier above GL
6 588.8 0.084 49.29
(7.5m)
Pier below GL
7 78.5 0.083 6.52
(1m)
8 Foundation 600.0 0.081 48.77
 Appendix-A2 Example 1 (Reference Clause 5.2.2)
Illustration of Elastic Seismic Response Spectrum
Method
In this example, a bridge with two span continuous superstructure
resting on fixed and free bearings is analyzed for assessment of
seismic forces with ERSM as per clause 5.2.2 and Fig. 5.1(b) of
Chapter 5.

Fig. A.2.1.1 shows the bridge elevation with pile foundation.

The example illustrates the mathematical modelling, member

properties for analysis, loading, determination of natural frequency,
mode shapes and calculation of base shear by using a commercial
software.
 Step 1: Define Seismic parameters

Direction for Seismic Analysis = Longitudinal

Zone =III
Therefore, as per Table 4.2: Z = 0.16

Importance factor, I
The bridge is categorized as Seismic class
"Important bridges".
Therefore, as per Table 4.3: I = 1.2
Response reduction factor, R
As per Table 4.1:
R =3
 Average response acceleration coefficient, Sa/g

The soil strata is categorized as Medium stiff soil sites.

Therefore, as per clause 5.2.2:

Sa/g
= 1 + 15T : T < 0.10s
= 2.5 ; 0.10s < T < 0.55s
= 1.36 / T ; 0.55s < T < 4.00s
= 0.34 ; T > 4.00s
 Step 2: Define member Idealization

Fig. A2.1.3: Fig. A2.1.4:

Fig. A2.1.2: Typical
Member Idealization Variation of Seismic Coefficient
Transverse Cross Section of
The Bridge
 The depth of fixity is calculated based on IS 2911 (Part 1/Sec 2). In this
example it is assumed as 6m from base of pile cap.

 The pile is modelled as a free-standing element from bottom of pile cap

to depth of fixity.

 The base of pile is assumed as fixed at the depth of fixity.

 Soil foundation interaction can also be considered by applying soil

springs along the pile which will result in more time period.
 Step 3: Define member stiffness
Section Properties Grade of Modulus of
Member Dimension concrete Elasticity
(Mpa) (Gpa)

Depth 1.5 m Area 12.6 m2

Pier Width 4.5 m Ixx 8.23 m4 35 32
Cap
Length 2.8m Iyy 21.26
m4
Area 4.91 m2

Pier Diameter 2.5m Ixx / Iyy 35 32

1.92 m4

Cracked
Ixx / Iyy 1.44 m4
 Section Properties Grade of Modulus of
Member Dimension concrete Elasticity
(Mpa) (Gpa)
Depth 1.8 m Area 26.01
m2

Pile cap Width 5.1 m Ixx 56.38 35 32

m4

Length 5.1 m Iyy 56.38

m4

Pile Diameter 1.2m Area 1.13 m2 35 32

Ixx / Iyy 0.10 m4
The stiffness of pier is reduced by 25% to cater for cracking of
the element during seismic case. All other components are
assumed to be uncracked
Step 4: Define Member Loads
Mass of superstructure (including deck slab)
= 5000 kN x 2
= 10000 kN
Mass of crash barrier = 480 kN x 2
= 960 kN
Mass of wearing course = 570 kN x 2
= 1140 kN
Mass of CWLL (as applicable)= N.A.
Total mass from superstructure = 12100 kN
Mass of pier cap = 12.60 x 1.50 x 25
= 472.5 kN

Mass of pier = 4.91 x 1.0 x 25

= 122.8 kN/m

Mass of pile cap = 26.01 x 1.80 x 25

= 1170.5 kN

Mass of pile = 1.13 x 1.0 x 25

= 28.3 kN/m
Step 5: Calculate Time period & Base shear by commercial
software:

The number of modes to be used in the analysis for earthquake

shaking along a considered direction, should be such that the sum
total of modal masses of these modes considered is at least 90
percent of the total seismic mass.

The mode shapes, time periods & participation factor are calculated
with the help of a commercial software.
Mode Shape – 1 Mode Shape –2
 Summary of Time period & Modal participation factor:
Participation Design
Frequenc Time factor (%) seismic
Mode sa/g
y (Cycles/ Period acceleratio
n
Sec) (Sec) coefficient
Individual Cumulative (ah)

1 0.48 2.10 85.01 85.01 0.65 0.021

2 7.29 0.14 14.97 99.98 2.50 0.080

The shear force & bending moment diagram as output
For foundation design, capacity design shall be done as per Clause 7.3.4.3
(iv) of IRC:114

Shear force at pier base: 283kN Bending moment at pier base: 5724 kNm
 Appendix A-2 Example-2 (Reference Clause 5.2.2)
Illustration of Elastic Response Spectrum Method (ERSM)

 This example illustrates the Elastic Response Spectrum Method for

computation of seismic forces as per clause 5.2.2 and Spectra shown in
Fig.5.1(b) of IRC:SP:114.
 The bridge analysed is having simply supported spans with a pier height of
45m resting on open foundation.
 The spans resting on pier are supported on fixed bearings on one side and
free bearings on other side of pier centre.
 The example illustrates the mathematical modelling, determination of natural
frequency, mode shapes, lateral seismic forces and base shear in longitudinal
and transverse directions using a commercial software.
Design Data
Self-weight of Superstructure + SIDL =10000 kN
Self-weight of Pier cap = 1200 kN
Live Load on superstructure = 1500 kN
Seismic Zone = III
Zone Factor Z = 0.16
Importance Factor I = 1.5
Response Reduction Factor R = 3.0
Grade of concrete fck = 25 MPa
Elastic Modulus of Concrete E = 3.00E+07kN/sqm
Height of Pier = 45 m
Type of Soil = Medium Stiff
 Z

t
Y Transverse
h

Longitudinal
Pier Cross Section
Fig. A-2-2-1

Pier Section Properties

Section
Properties Breadth, b (m) Depth, h (m) Thickness, t (m)
Top of Pier 7 2 0.5
Bottom of
7 4 0.8
Pier
Pier Idealisation:
The pier is considered as hollow and is divided into 3 sections of
15m height each
m3

15m Member 3

m2

15m Member 2

m1

15m Member 1

Fig. A-2-2-2
Lumped Mass Model
Properties of the pier section are as below:

Section at top Node 3: Section at base:

Area of Pier section @ top m3 = 8 m2 Area of Pier section @ bottom = 15.04 m2
I longitudinal @ top m3 = 4.17 m4 I longitudinal @ bottom = 31.11 m4
I transverse @ top m3 = 39.17 m4 I transverse @ bottom = 82.84 m4

Section at Node 2:
Area of Pier section @ m2 = 10.16 m2
I longitudinal @ m2 = 9.54 m4
I transverse @ m2 = 52.38 m4

Section at Node 1:
Area of Pier section @ m1 = 12.51 m2
I longitudinal @ m1 = 18.23 m4
I transverse @ m1 = 66.98 m4
Member properties:
For Member 3
Area for section of member 3 = 9.08 m2

Moment of Inertia in Longitudinal direction, I longitudinal = 6.86 m4

Cracked I longitudinal (Assuming 75% of uncracked) = 6.86 x 0.75 =5.14 m4

Stiffness of pier in Longitudinal direction, k3 = 1.37E+05 kN/m

Moment of Inertia in transverse direction, I transverse = 45.78 m4

Cracked I transverse (Assuming 75% of uncracked) = 45.78 x 0.75 = 34.33 m4

Stiffness of pier in Transverse direction, k3 = 9.16E+05 kN/m

For Member 2

Area for section of member 2 = 11.33 m2

Moment of Inertia in Longitudinal direction, I longitudinal = 13.89 m4

Cracked I longitudinal (Assuming 75% of uncracked) = 13.89 x 0.75 = 10.42 m4

Stiffness of pier in Longitudinal direction, k2 = 2.78E+05 kN/m

Moment of Inertia in transverse direction, I transverse = 59.68 m4

Cracked I transverse (Assuming 75% of uncracked) = 59.68 x 0.75 = 44.76 m4

Stiffness of pier in Transverse direction, k2 = 11.94E+05 kN/m

For Member 1

Area for section of member 1 = 13.77 m2

Moment of Inertia in Longitudinal direction, I longitudinal = 24.67 m4

Cracked I longitudinal (Assuming 75% of uncracked) = 24.67 x 0.75 = 18.50 m4

Stiffness of pier in Longitudinal direction, k1 = 4.93E+05 kN/m

Moment of Inertia in transverse direction, I transverse = 74.91 m4

Cracked I transverse (Assuming 75% of uncracked) = 74.91 x 0.75 = 56.18 m4

Stiffness of pier in Transverse direction, k1 = 14.98E+05 kN/m

Average properties for member 1, 2 & 3 are provided as given in the
table below:

Member I longitudinal (m4 I transverse (m4 ) Area (m2)

)
1 18.50 56.18 13.77

2 10.42 44.76 11.33

3 5.14 34.33 9.08

Seismic Load calculations:

Transverse seismic load

Total horizontal load at m3 [DL + SIDL +20% LL+ wt. of pier (7.5m ht.)] = 13170 kN
Total horizontal load at m2 [Wt. of pier (15m ht.)] = 3755 kN
Total horizontal load at m1 [Wt. of pier (15m ht.)] = 4618 kN

Longitudinal seismic load

Total horizontal load at m3 [DL + SIDL + wt. of pier (7.5m ht.)] = 12870 kN
Total horizontal load at m2 [Wt. of pier (15m ht.)] = 3755 kN
Total horizontal load at m1 [Wt. of pier (15m ht.)] = 4618 kN
Basic Steps in Response Spectrum Method:

Step-1 Frame Mass Matrix, M

m1 0 0

M = 0 m2 0

0 0 m3

Step-2 Frame Stiffness Matrix, K

k1+k2 -k2 0

K = -k2 k2+k3 -k3

0 -k3 k3
Step-3 Determine Eigenvalues, w2 by [K-w2M] = 0 for each Mode=w12, w22, w32

Step-4 Determine Natural Frequency for each Mode=w1, w2 & w3

Step-5 Determine Natural Time Period, T for each mode

T1=2π/w1
T2=2π/w2
T3=2π/w3

Step-6 Determine Eigenvectors ɸ (mode shapes) at each Node for each mode,
by [K-Mw^2] ɸ=0 for each Mode

ø11, ø21, ø31 for Mode 1

ø12, ø22, ø32 for Mode 2
ø13, ø23, ø33 for Mode 3
Computer Output-

The problem is analyzed by using commercial software and results are presented below:

(A) Longitudinal Direction

Time Period Modal
Mode Frequency (Hz)
(sec) Contribution %
1 0.51 1.98 78.61

2 4.20 0.238 15.62

3 11.97 0.084 5.77

 Modal Base Actions:

Time Forces (in kN) Moments (kN-m)

Mode Period
(Sec) FX FY FZ MX MY MZ

1 1.98 0 0 459.3 0 19388.5 0

2 0.238 0 0 331.9 0 4623.7 0
3 0.084 0 0 110.3 0 893.3 0

BASE SHEAR IN kN BY SRSS: 577 kN

BASE MOMENT BY SRSS: 19952 kN-m

 B) Transverse Direction

Modal
Frequency Time Period
Mode Contribution
(Hz) (sec)
%
1 0.94 1.06 80.52

2 8.80 0.11 15.26

3 24.60 0.04 4.22

 MODAL BASE ACTIONS:
Time Forces (in kN) Moments (kN-m)
Perio
Mode d FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
(Sec)
1 1.06 0 897.2 0 0 0 37655
3975.
2 0.11 0 328.8 0 0 0
5
3 0.04 0 58.2 0 0 0 433.5
BASE SHEAR IN kN BY SRSS: 957 kN

BASE MOMENT BY SRSS: 37867 kN-m

To illustrate the Response Spectrum Method further for obtaining lateral forces,
nodal shears and moments, manual calculations are presented for steps 7 to 12
after picking up values of Time Period and Eigenvectors from Computer output.
 LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION
Mode Shapes-Longitudinal Direction

1.00 φ32 -0.05 φ33

-0.16
φ31

0.46 0.65
1.00 φ23
φ22
φ21

0.55 -1.00
0.12 φ12
φ13
φ11

Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3

Ø31 1.00 Ø32 -0.16 Ø33 -0.05
Ø21 0.46 Ø22 1.00 Ø23 0.65
Ø11 0.12 Ø12 0.55 Ø13 -1.00

Fig. A-2-1-3
Eigenvectors
 Calculation of Modal Mass

W3 = 12870 kN M1 = 1702 kN
W2 = 3755 kN
M2 = 337 kN
W1 = 4618 kN
Total = 21243 kN M3 = 124 kN

Modal Contribution of various Modes

Mode 1= 100.M1/M = 78.60 %
Mode 2= 100.M2/M = 15.58 %
Mode 3= 100.M3/M = 5.74 %
 Calculation of design lateral force (Qik):

Design acceleration coefficients and lateral forces are calculated as per Cl. 5.2.2 of IRC:SP:114-2018

Z = 0.16
I = 1.5
R = 3.0

Response Spectra is chosen for Medium Stiff Soil Type Ref: Cl.5.2.2 and Fig. 5.1(b) of IRC:SP:114-2018

Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3

Tk 1.98 Sec 0.24 Sec 0.08 Sec
Sa/g 0.69 2.50 2.26
Ak 0.027 0.10 0.09
 Calculation of design lateral force (Qik):

Lateral Force Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3

Q3k 390 kN -158 kN 23 kN

Q2k 52 kN 292 kN -98 kN

Q1k 16 kN 197 kN 185 kN

 Nodal Shear
Shear at each level for each mode is given by
50

45

40
421.5
35

PIER HEIGHT (m)

30
Nodal
Shear Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3 SRSS 25

421.5 468.2
20
V3 390 kN -158 kN 23 kN kN
15
468.2
V2 442 kN 134 kN -74 kN kN 10
578.3
578.3 5

V1 459 kN 331 kN 110 kN kN

0
0 250 500 750
SRSS SHEAR (kN)
Fig. A-2-2-4
Shear Force Diagram
 Base Moments (kN-m)

Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3 SRSS

19365 4600 885 19923

Mode-1 base moment = 390x45+52x30+16x15 = 19365 kN-m

Mode-2 base moment = -158x45+292x30+197x15 = 4600 kN-m

Mode-3 base moment = 23x45-98x30+185x15 = 885 kN-m

 TRANSVERSE DIRECTION

Mode Shapes-Transverse Direction

φ31 φ32 φ33

φ22 φ23
φ21

φ12 φ13

φ11

Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3

Ø31 1.00 Ø32 -0.18 Ø33 -0.06
Ø21 0.50 Ø22 1.00 Ø23 0.78
Ø11 0.14 Ø12 0.67 Ø13 -1.00
Fig. A-2-2-5
Eigenvectors
 Calculation of Modal Mass

W3 = 13170 kN M1 = 1768 kN
W2 = 3755 kN
M2 = 335 kN
W1 = 4618 kN
Total (M)= 21543 kN M3 = 92 kN
Mode Participation Factors
Mode participation factors are given below:

P1 = 1.10
P2 = 0.73
P3 = -0.36
Calculation of design lateral force (Qik):
Design acceleration coefficients and lateral forces are calculated as per Cl. 5.2.2 of IRC:SP:114-2018

Z= 0.16
I= 1.5
R= 3.0
Response Spectra is chosen for Medium Stiff Soil Type
Ref: Cl. 5.2.2 of IRC:SP:114-2018 and Fig.5.1(b)

Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3

Tk 1.06 Sec 0.11 Sec 0.041 Sec
Sa/g 1.28 2.50 1.62
Ak 0.051 0.10 0.065
 Nodal Shear is given by:

k=Mode No.
50

Lateral 45

Force Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3 40

PIER HEIGHT (m)

766.5
35
Q3k 748 kN -168 kN 19 kN
30
Q2k 107 kN 273 kN -68 kN
25
Q1k 36 kN 224 kN 108 kN 862.5

Nodal Shear
20

15
Nodal 10
Shear Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3 SRSS 951.5
5

V3 748 kN -168 kN 19 kN 766.5 kN 0

0 250 500 750 1000 1250
V2 855 kN 104 kN -49 kN 862.5 kN SRSS SHEAR (kN)
V1 891 kN 328 kN 58 kN 951.5 kN
Fig. A-2-2-6
Shear Force Diagram
 Base Moments (kN-m)

Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3 SRSS

37402 3962 431 37614

Mode 1 base moment = 748 x45 + 107 x 30 + 36 x 15 = 37402 kN-m

Mode 2 base moment = -168 x45 + 273 x 30 + 224 x 15 = 3962 kN-m

Mode 3 base moment = 19 x45 -68 x 30 + 108 x 15) = 431 Kn-m

 APPENDIX –A-3
(Reference Clause 7.3)
ILLUSTRATION OF CAPACITY DESIGN METHOD FOR MEMBERS WITH DUCTILE BEHAVIOUR

This Appendix includes worked out example for Capacity Design to be

followed for checking the member sections adjacent to ductile
components/plastic hinges in accordance with method described in
Chapter 7.

The procedure for Capacity design mainly includes the following steps:

Design of Section with IRC:112 for Load Combinations of IRC:6 by Limit

State Method

Design of Plastic Hinge including its location, height and ductile detailing
as specified in Clause 7.5.2 & 7.5.4 of Guidelines
Determination of MRd, Design Flexural Strength of section in Longitudinal and
Transverse directions at location of plastic hinge for reinforcement and dimensions
provided

 Computation of Over Strength Moment Mo by multiplying MRd with Over Strength

Factor ϒo

Computation of Capacity design Moment, Mc and Shear Vc for the member sections
outside the plastic hinge

Design of Section outside plastic hinge for Mc & Vc in accordance with Clause 7.5.3

Design of Foundation for Moment Mo and Shear Vc computed at base of pier

Capacity Design Effects shall be treated as Ultimate loads and shall not be multiplied
by partial safety factors given in Annexure-B of IRC:6.
A typical pier analysed and designed for Capacity Design is shown in Fig.A3-1 and Fig.A3-2

Fig.A3-1 Section in Transverse Direction Fig.A3-2 Section in Longitudinal Direction

(both bearings fixed)
1. Material Properties:
Grade of concrete for Substructure fck = 45 N/mm2

Grade of concrete for Pile foundation fck = 35 N/mm2

Grade of steel reinforcement for Substructure and Pile foundation Fy = 500 N/mm2

Clear Cover to reinforcement for Pile foundation c = 75 mm

Clear Cover to reinforcement for Substructure c = 40 mm

Gross Area of Pier section Ac = 3570000 mm2

 2. Calculation of Seismic Forces:
Table 1: Un-Factored loads from Superstructure at bearing level

Sr. P (kN) HL (kN) HT ML MT

No. Description
(kN) (kNm) (kNm)
1 Dead Load (DL) – Each Superstructure 7710 0 0 0 0
2 SIDL (permanent) SIDL-F-Each side 700 0 0 0 0
3 SIDL (Surfacing )SIDL-V-Each side 620 0 0 0 0
4 Live load (LL) Reaction Without Impact Factor
i Pmax(LL) Q1 1982 0 0 238 3164
ii Max MT(LL) Q2 1321 0 0 159 4416
iii Max ML(LL) Q3 1326 0 0 1061 2121
Where
SIDL - Super Imposed Dead Load
P - Axial Force
HT - Horizontal Force along Transverse Direction
HL - Horizontal Force along Longitudinal Direction
MT - Transverse moment

ML - Longitudinal moment

Pmax(LL) - Maximum Vertical load case

Max MT(LL) - Maximum Transverse moment case

Max ML(LL) - Maximum Longitudinal moment case

Superstructure Mass for longitudinal seismic (DL + SIDL) =18060 KN
Superstructure Mass for transverse seismic (DL+SIDL+0.2 x LL) = 9426 KN

T, Time Period of the system along Longitudinal Direction = 1.18 sec

T, Time Period of the system along Transverse Direction = 0.75 sec

Taking
Zone factor =0.24
Importance factor =1.2
Response Reduction factor, R=3

Considering medium type soil

Ah Long=0.164
Ah Trans=0.263
Load Factor for Seismic Combination=1.5
Base Shear un-factored Seismic Combination in Longitudinal
Direction:
Due to superstructure= 987.3 KN with lever arm=10.5m above pier
base
Due to pier+pier cap=61.23 KN with lever arm=6.0m above pier base

Factored Ultimate Base shear with R=1

=1.5*(987.3+61.23)*3=4718 KN------ (1)

Base Shear un-factored Seismic Combination in Transverse

Direction:

Due to superstructure= 826.38 KN with lever arm=12.5m above pier

base

Due to pier+pier cap=98.19 KN with lever arm=6.0m above pier base

 Table 2: Braking forces at the base of Pier-unfactored

Sr. Description HT
No. HL (kN) (kN) ML (kNm) MT (kNm)
P (kN)
1 Braking Force under seismic Combination, Fb
i Pmax(LL) 0 284 0 2982 0
ii Max MT(LL) 0 208 0 2184 0

iii Max ML(LL) 0 284 0 2982 0

 Table 3: Summary of forces at the base of Pier ULS Seismic with R=3

Sl. HL ML MT
Description P (kN) (kN)
HT (kN) (kNm) (kNm)
No

1 Earthquake along Longitudinal Direction

a 1.35(DL+SIDL-F) + 1.75(SIDL-V) + 0.2(Q1) 14347 1630 416 16745 5546
+ 0.2(Fb) + 1.5Feq

b 1.35(DL +SIDL-F) + 1.75(SIDL-V) +0.2(Q2) 14215 1614 416 16569 5797

+ 0.2(Fb) + 1.5Feq

C 1.35(DL +SIDL-F) + 1.75(SIDL-V) +0.2(Q3) 14216 1630 416 16909 5338

+ 0.2(Fb) +1.5Feq

2 Earthquake along Transverse Direction

a 1.35(DL +SIDL-F) + 1.75(SIDL-V) + 0.2(Q1) 14347 529 1387 4878 17011
+ 0.2(Fb) + 1.5Feq

b 1.35(DL +SIDL-F) + 1.75(SIDL-V) + 0.2(Q2) 14215 513 1387 4862 17262

+ 0.2(Fb) +1.5Feq

C 1.35(DL +SIDL-F) +1.75(SIDL-V) + 0.2(Q3) 14216 529 1387 5042 16803

+ 0.2(Fb) +1.5Feq
3. Design of Section:
The reinforcement detailing of the Pier section at the base and at the
curtailment level is shown in Figure A3- 3.

Curtailment level is assumed to be 6m above the ground level.

At the base of Pier At curtailment level

Figure A3- 3: Reinforcement Detailing of the Pier Section
4. Design Flexural Strength of Section:
At ULS, the design flexural strength of the section in orthogonal directions is estimated for maximum vertical
load case.

In computing MRd, biaxial moment under the permanent effects and seismic effects corresponding to the
design seismic action in the selected direction shall only be considered as per clause 7.3.4.2.

Ultimate axial force, NED (At the base of Pier) = 14347 kN

Design Flexural Strength along Longitudinal Direction, MRd,L = 27660 kNm

Design Flexural Strength along Transverse Direction, MRd,T = 29390 kNm

Distance between ground level to the top of Pier Cap, h = 10.25 m

Moment due to Live Load (Longitudinal Direction) = 0.2 x 238 = 48 kNm

Moment due to Live Load (Transverse Direction) = 0.2 x 3164 = 634 kNm

Maximum Braking Force = 0.2 x 284 = 57 kN

 Factored Moments (ULS) due to non-seismic actions, i.e. live load and
braking force :
Along Longitudinal Direction = 48 + 57 x 10.25 = 632 kNm

Along Transverse Direction = = 634 kNm

5. Over Strength Moment, Mo:

The procedure to calculate the capacity moment and shear is applied
separately for each of the two horizontal components of the design seismic
action. As per clause 7.3.4.2 (a) the over-strength moment of the sections
due to plastic mechanism is obtained by multiplying the design flexural
strength of the section with appropriate over-strength factors.
Over-strength factor for concrete substructures = γo = 1.35
As per clause 7.3.4.2 (b) of this Guideline, the over strength factor has to
be multiplied with a factor ‘K’ if the value of normalized axial force ‘ηk’ is
greater than 0.08.

Where, ηk= NED /Ac fck

= (14682 x 1000) / (3570000 x 45) = 0.091 > 0.08

Since the value of normalized axial force, ηk, is more than 0.08, the
over-strength factor requires modification as below:

K=(1+2 ( ηk-0.08)^2)=1.0002

Thus
γo =1.0002 x1.35=1.35
The over-strength factor to be considered for Pier Section=1.35
Over strength moment at the base of Pier along Longitudinal
Direction,
Mo,L = 1.35 x 27660
= 37341 kNm

Over strength moment at the base of Pier along Transverse Direction,

Mo,T = 1.35 x 29390
= 39677 kNm

6.Capacity Design:

6.1 For Capacity Design Moment Mc:

Curtailment of longitudinal bars, if any, should be done at such a level that the design
flexural strength of the section at the curtailed level (MRd,curtailed) should be greater
than the capacity moment (Mc) at the curtailed level (Refer Fig.A3-4 )
Fig. A3-4 Capacity Moment Diagram
Ultimate axial force, NED (At curtailment level) = 13893 kN

Design Flexural Strength at curtailed level along Longitudinal

= 22840 kNm
Direction, MRd,L, curtailed (refer Fig. A3-4)
Design Flexural Strength at curtailed level along Transverse Direction, = 25980 kNm
MRd,T, curtailed (refer Fig.A3-4)

Capacity moment at curtailed section along Longitudinal Direction,

Mc,L, curtailed = 37341 x (10.25-6)/10.25 = 15483 kNm
<22840kNm
(MRd long)
Capacity moment at curtailed section along Transverse Direction,
Mc,T, curtailed = 39677 x (10.25-6)/10.25 = 17420 kNm
<25980kNm
(MRd trans)
 Hence, the design flexural strength of the section Mrd at curtailed level is more than the
capacity moment Mc at the same level.

Within members having plastic hinges, the Mc at the vicinity of hinge shall not be
taken greater than MRd of the hinge -Clause 73.4.2(d) of Guidelines.

6.2 For Capacity Design Shear Vc in Pier

As per section 7.8 of this Guideline, the increase of moments of plastic hinges, ΔM, is obtained
by deducting the moment due to non-seismic actions, i.e. live load and braking force
(considering appropriate load factors) from the over-strength moment of the section along
both the directions. The increase in moment of plastic hinge is:-
Along Longitudinal Direction, ΔML = 37341 - 632 = 36709 kNm

Along Transverse Direction, ΔMT = 39677 - 634 = 39043 kNm

As per clause 7.3.4.2 (e), Capacity Design shear corresponding

to this increase in moment is obtained as:-

Vc = (∑ΔM) / h where ∑ΔM is nothing but ∑Mo

Shear Along Longitudinal Direction
= ΔML / h = 36709/10.25
=3582 kN (3)

Shear Along Transverse Direction

= ΔMT / h =39043/10.25
=3810 kN (4)
The factored shear due to non-seismic actions (braking force for this example) is
then added to the shear due to design seismic forces so as to obtain the Final
Capacity design shear along both the directions.

Final Capacity Design Shear in Longitudinal Direction

= 3582+57= 3639 kN

Final Capacity Design Shear in Transverse Direction = 3810 kN

Checks should be carried out to ensure that the plastic hinge region, pier sections
beyond plastic hinge and also foundation have shear strength greater than the
Final Capacity Design shear Vc of the section along both the directions.
6.3 Bearings:

Bearings and connections are to be designed for lesser of the following

forces:-
(i) Seismic forces obtained using Response reduction factor, R=1 as
applicable for assessment of bearings.
(ii) Forces developed due to over strength moment when hinge is
formed in the substructure

Hence the design seismic forces for bearing design are:-

Along Longitudinal Direction, lesser of (1) and (3) = 3582 kN
Along Transverse Direction, lesser of (2) and (4) = 3735 kN
 6.4 Capacity check for Pile Foundation:

The foundation is capacity protected by designing it for Over strength Moment Mo and
Capacity Design Shear Vc in both the directions separately.
The summary of forces acting at the base of pile cap for the considered maximum vertical load
case in Longitudinal and Transverse is given in Table 4. The number of piles is considered as
4 at a spacing of 4.5m in both directions.

Table 4: Summary of forces at the base of Pile cap

*including soil weight above pile cap

P HL HT ML MT Reactions on Pile in kN
Hor. Load on
Description Pile,
kN kN kN kNm kNm P1 P2 P3 P4 kN

Longitudinal 17218* 3639 0 37341 634 8524 8383 226 -85 910
Seismic
Case
Transverse 17157* 57 3810 48 39677 8704 -115 8693 -125 953
Seismic
Case
The depth of fixity is assumed to be 9 m from the pile cap bottom. The reduction factor for fixed
head pile is assumed to be 0.8 as per Fig. 5 of IS 2911(Part 1/Sec 2).

Maximum moment on a pile is observed to be

Along Longitudinal Direction = 910 x 9/2x 0.8 = 3276 kNm

Along Transverse Direction = 953 x 9/2x 0.8= 3431 kNm

The pile diameter is assumed to be 1.2m and the corresponding reinforcement assumed is 19
numbers of (32+20mm) bundled bars. For the above said pile, the capacity at the minimum axial
load i.e. -85 kN and -125 kN along longitudinal and transverse direction respectively is found out to
be 3575 kNm and 3484 kNm respectively. The capacity of the Pile for longitudinal and transverse
seismic case is more than the maximum moment on the pile.
 Mr. Harpreet Singh
Sr. Project Manager, B&S Engineering Consultants Pvt Ltd
 B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

LECTURE 11:
ILLUSTRATIVE WORKED EXAMPLES:

WORKED EXAMPLE OF HYDRODYNAMIC

FORCE CALCULATION ON BRIDGE
SUBSTRUCTURE & FOUNDATION

HARPREET SINGH
SR. PROJECT MANAGER
B&SEC, NOIDA
 B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

CONTENTS:

Glimpse of Code Clause

Worked Example
 GLIMPSE B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

HYDRODYNAMIC FORCE
Method 1: Method of Cylinder Analogy

F = Ce x ah x W
Ce = coefficient, as a function of ratio of
submerged portion (H) to Radius of
enveloping cylinder (Re)
ah = Horizontal Seismic Coefficient
W = Weight of water in enveloping cylinder
 GLIMPSE B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

C 3 F=RESULTANT
C1 H

PRESSURE ON C 1 H
H

C2 Pb
C4 H

SCOUR
LEVEL
Pb=1.2F/H

PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
 WORKED EXAMPLE B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

APPENDIX - A4

METHOD 1: METHOD OF CYLINDER ANALOGY

Example : Calculation of hydrodynamic forces in

case of a bridge with Well Foundation, located in
Seismic Zone III, with design horizontal seismic
coefficient, Ah = 0.12
 WORKED EXAMPLE B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

Design Parameters : (Ref Fig) 2.4m

H.F.L
Pier Diameter, d1 = 2.4m r1 = 1.2m

h=6.218m
Pier
r1
Pier Height below HFL, h = 6.218m

(H-h)=24.872m
Well Diameter, d2 = 5.5m, r2 = 2.75m

H=31.09m
Overall height from HFL to Scour r2
Level, H = 31.09m Well

Scour level
Well Height upto scour level = (H-h) 5.5m
= 24.872m
 WORKED EXAMPLE B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

2.4m
Calculation of Force on Pier Portion
H.F.L

h=6.218m
Pier

Ce = 0.73 (Table 4.4) r1

(H-h)=24.872m
H=31.09m
Hydrodynamic force on pier, F1 = Ceah We1
F1 = 0.73 x 0.12 x 28.129 = 2.464t r2

Well
 WORKED EXAMPLE B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

C 3 F=RESULTANT

C1 H
PRESSURE ON C 1 H

Resultant force on pier

H
C2 Pb

C4 H
= C3 F 1
= 1.0 x 2.464t = 2.464t
SCOUR
Point of application for resultant pressure from LEVEL
Pb=1.2F/H
base of pier
= C4h = 0.4286 X 6.218 = 2.665m

Bending moment at the base of pier

2.464 x 2.665 = 6.566tm
 WORKED EXAMPLE B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”
Consider Section X-X
C 3 F=RESULTANT
1.244m
C1 H

PRESSURE ON C 1 H
Height from top C1h = 0.2*6.218 = 1.244 m
X h=6.218m X
Press. at base C2Pb1= 0.673*0.475 = 0.32 t/m

4.974m
H

C2 Pb
Resultant Pressure C3F =0.093*2.464 = 0.229 t/m
C4 H

Lever arm from base C4h = 0.871*6.218 = 5.417m

0.475t/m Lever arm from X-X = 5.417 – 4.974 = 0.497m

SCOUR
LEVEL
Pb=1.2F/H
 WORKED EXAMPLE B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

Calculation of Force on Well Portion 2.4m

For well portion consider enveloping H.F.L

h=6.218m
cylinder of height H and radius r2. Pier

Deduct from it the enveloping cylinder of r1

height h and radius r2 to determine
hydrodynamic effect on well portion only.

(H-h)=24.872m
H=31.09m
r2

Well

Scour level
5.5m
 WORKED EXAMPLE B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

Hydrodynamic force on well 2.4m

portion only= F2 –F3, H.F.L A
Where :

h=6.218m
h=6.218m
Pier

r1 F1 =2.464t
B C D
0.475t/m 1.205t/m
F2 = force acting on complete

(H-h)=24.872m
height H, enveloping radius r2

31.09m
H=31.09m
(Refer portion A-B-D E-F in Fig. 4)
r2 F2-F3=58.668t

F3 = force acting on pier height h, Well

enveloping radius r2(Refer portion Scour level

5.5m
E
2.497 t/m
F

A-E-F B-D in Fig. 4)

 WORKED EXAMPLE B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

F2 = Ceah We2 C 3 F=RESULTANT

We2 =  x 2.752 x 31.09 = 738.645 t

C1 H
PRESSURE ON C 1 H

F2 = 0.73 x 0.12 x 758.645 = 64.705 t

Point of application of F2 (resultant on H)

H
C2 Pb

C4 H
from scour level (C1 = 1.0),
C4H = 0.4286 x 31.09 = 13.325 m
SCOUR
LEVEL

Resultant force on height h Pb=1.2F/H

(for C1 = h/H = 6.218/31.09 = 0.2)

F 3 = C3 F 2
F3 = 0.093 x 64.705 = 6.017 t
Point of application F3 (resultant on h) from
scour level (for C1 = 0.2)
= C4 H = 0.8712 x 31.09 = 27.085 m
 WORKED EXAMPLE B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

The net hydrodynamic force acting on well portion only

F2 – F3 = 64.705-6.017 = 58.688 t
Bending moment at scour level due to hydrodynamic force on well
= F2 x 13.325 - F3 x 27.085
2.4m
= 64.705 x 13.325 – 6.017 x 27.085 H.F.L A
= 699.224tm

h=6.218m
h=6.218m
Pier

r 1
F1 =2.464t
Total shear force and bending moment B
0.475t/m
C D
1.205t/m
at scour level

(H-h)=24.872m

31.09m
H=31.09m
Total shear force at scour level
= Force on pier + Force on well r2 F2-F3=58.668t

= 2.464 + 58.688 = 61.152 t Well

Total bending moment at scour level Scour level E

2.497 t/m
F
5.5m
Moment due to F1 + Net Moment due to F2 & F3
= 2.464 (2.665 + 24.872) + 699.224
= 67.851 + 699.224 = 767.075tm
 WORKED EXAMPLE B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

The pressure distribution for well portion (C1 = 0.2 to C1 = 1.0) is

worked out in Table 2 and also shown in Fig. 3.

1.680t/m
C1 C 1h C2 C2 Pb2(t/m)
0.2 0.6218 0.673 1.680
0.3 9.3270 0.832 2.077

24.872m
0.4 12.436 0.922 2.302
0.5 15.545 0.970 2.422
0.6 18.654 0.990 2.472
0.8 24.872 0.999 2.472 2.497 t/m

1.0 31.090 1.000 2.497

 WORKED EXAMPLE B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

EXAMPLE WITH PILE FOUNDATION

1.2m dia piles
TRAFFIC
DIRECTION
DIRECTION OF
EARTHQUAKE 3.6m
R = 3.145
MOTION

3.6m 3.6m

Say Length of Piles up to Scour Level is H = 20m

For Hydrodynamic Force in Seismic Longitudinal case
R = 3.145m
H/R = 20 / 3.145 = 6.35 > 4
F = 0.73 x 0.12 x ( x 3.145^2 x 20) = 54.4 T ( F= CeaW )
 WORKED EXAMPLE B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

1.2m dia piles

TRAFFIC
DIRECTION

3.6m
R= 4.625

3.6m 3.6m

H = 20m
DIRECTION OF
EARTHQUAKE

Hydrodynamic Force in Seismic Trans. case

R = 4.625m
MOTION

H/R = 20 / 4.625 = 4.32 > 3

F = 0.73 x 0.12 x ( x 4.625^2 x 20) = 117.7 T
 WORKED EXAMPLE B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

METHOD 2: ADDED MASS METHOD

d = 2.5m

Example : Calculation of HFL

6.0m
hydrodynamic forces in case h = 2.5m
of a bridge with Well
Foundation, located in
Seismic Zone IV, with
H= 14m
dimensions as marked in
figure. Assume total mass
from superstructure as 1500t SCOUR
LEVEL
d = 5m
 WORKED EXAMPLE B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

Added Mass of Water per unit pier height:

d = 2.5m
Ma = Ce x r x  x Re 2

For Pier HFL

H/Re = 2.5 / 1.25 = 2, Ce = 0.575 h = 2.5m

r = density of water = 1 t/m3
Ma = 0.575 x 1 x 3.14 x 1.252 = 2.82 t/m

For Well H= 14m

H/Re = 14 / 2.5 = 5.6 > 4, Ce = 0.73

r = density of water = 1 t/m3
Ma = 0.73 x 1 x 3.14 x 2.52 = 14.32 t/m SCOUR
LEVEL
d = 5m
 WORKED EXAMPLE B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

From Staad:
1500 t
ah = 0.0785

Base Shear = 134 t

2.82 t/m

Shear due to mass of superstructure

= 117 t

Hydrodynamic force = 134 – 117 14.32 t/m

= 17 t
 WORKED EXAMPLE B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”

By Method 1:
ah = 0.0831 d = 2.5m

Hydrodynamic force on Pier

H/Re = 2.5 / 1.25 = 2 , Ce = 0.575 HFL

Force F1 = 0.575 x 0.0831 x 12.27 = 0.586t
h = 2.5m

Hydrodynamic force on Well

H/R2 = 16.5 / 2.5 = 6.6 > 4
F2 = 0.73 x 0.0831 x 324 = 19.65t
H= 14m

h/H = 2.5 / 16.5 = 0.15 (C1) ; C3 = 0.059

F3 = C3F2 = 0.059 x 19.65 = 1.15t

Net Force = F1 + F2 – F3 = 19.1 t Against 17t SCOUR

LEVEL
d = 5m
Shear Due to mass of superstructure = 124 t Against 117t
 B&SEC
Refresher Course on “Application of New Seismic Code for Highway Bridges – IRC:SP:114-2018”
 Mr. P G. Venkatram
Chief Executive, L&T Infrastructure Engineering Ltd
Design of Bridges with Seismic Isolators

Use of Provisions in Chapter 10 of IRC:SP 114-2018

September 21, 2019 1

Background on the Response Spectrum

2
Evaluation of the response of a SDOF System

3
Response of a SDOF System

4
Response Spectrum
The plot of maximum response versus natural period for a
given accelerogram is called response spectrum.

• Real spectrum has somewhat irregular shape with local

peaks and valleys

• For design purpose, local peaks and valleys should be

ignored
 Since natural period cannot be calculated with that
much accuracy.

• Hence, smooth response spectrum is used for design

purposes

5
Acceleration and Displacement Spectrum

Eurocode EC-8

6
Acceleration and Displacement Spectrum

IRC:SP 114

7
Various Design Approaches

Different approaches to seismic design

Key: * = For capacity design high force and high deformation coexist

8
 Project Background
Location : Expressway from Airport Junction till NH-8
(Dwaraka Expressway)

Type of Structure : Elevated Corridor of Cumulative length of 12.5 kM

Structural Arrangement : Precast Segmental Box Girder Constructed by

Spine and Wing method

Span : 40 m C/C of Piers

Effective Span : 37.7 m. C/C bearings

Deck width : 34.0 m O/O of Crash barriers, with 14m spine and
10 m wings on either side

Type of Bearings : Elastomeric Isolation type

Carriageway width : 16.0 m

No. of Notional lanes : 4 lanes in each carriageway

9
General Arrangement

10
 Construction Sequence
1. Box segments are lifted and held in position using launching
girder/ground support.
2. Longitudinal prestressing is completed to stitch the box
segments.
3. Girder rests on temporary bearing /support jack.
4. Launching girder proceeds to erect next spans.
5. T frame erector is used to lift and hold in place the wing
segments.
6. Stitch concrete is placed in longitudinal /transverse joints and
box-rib connection.
7. Wings are stitched with box segments by transverse prestressing
after stitch concrete achieves 30 MPa.
8. Girder is lowered on permanent bearings.
9. Deck continuity is installed followed by crash barriers and other
utilities.
10. Expansion joints at the ends of expansion section are installed.
11. Wearing course is laid.
11
 Construction Schedule
Const. Activity Age of Conc.
Stage (days)
Stage 1 Casting of segments for one span (considering one 14
segment per day)
Stage 2 Erection time per span including shifting of LG to next 5
span
Stage 3 Age of last segment cast during prestressing 28
Stage 4 Average age of span during prestressing =28+(14-1)/2 35
Stage 5 No of days to attach cantilevers wing segments per span 10
Stage 6 Average age of span after attaching cantilever wing 50
segments
Stage 7 Min. Average age of one 5 span unit while establishing 70
deck continuity

12
Pier Cap Layout

13
Forces that Act on the Isolation Bearings

1. Permanent loads

2. Live loads

a)Vertical Loads
b)Centrifugal Forces
c) Braking/Traction induced longitudinal forces

3. Wind Forces

14
Permanent Loads & Live Loads
Effective Span of the bridge = 37.70 m
Centre to centre of bearing in longitudinal direction = 2.30 m
Centre to centre of bearing in transverse direction = 6.500 m
Depth of superstructure = 2.750 m
Wearing coat thickness = 0.050 m
Load Reaction e MT Vouter Vinner
(kN) (m) (kN-M) (kN) (kN)
Dead Load 10455 0.067 700 5335 5120
SIDL (Fixed) 1010 0.067 68 515 495
SIDL (Variable) 800 0.067 54 408 392
e - Eccentricity of Loads for accounting the curvature of 2000m

Basic Live Loads Max. ML

Reaction(kN) (kN-M)
Class A (1 Lane) 430 700
Class 70R (1 Lane) 892 68
Special Vehicle ( 1 Lane) 2320 54

15
 Live Loads – Vertical effects
Type Impact Max e MT Vouter Vinner
Factor Rctn. (m) (kN- (kN) (kN)
** (kN) M)
1L-70R Most Ecc 1.10 892 13.905 12403 2597 -1613
2L-70R Most Ecc 0.88 1784 10.880 19410 3422 -1848
1L-70R Most Ecc + 2L-Class A 0.88 1752 10.196 17864 3198 -1652
2L-Class A Most Ecc + 1L-70R 0.88 1752 10.652 18663 3306 -1761
4L-Class A Most Ecc 0.88 1720 9.950 17114 3082 -1564
4L-70R 0.88 3568 2.380 8492 2727 421
8L-Class A 0.88 3440 1.450 4988 2195 841
Special vehicle 1.00 2320 8.800 20416 4301 -1981
Special vehicle+4 class A 1.00 4040 2.052 8290 3295 745
Special vehicle +2-70R 1.00 4104 2.314 9497 3513 591
Normal case Max case 2L-70R Most Ecc 3422 -1848
Special vehicle case Max case Special vehicle 4301 -1981
** including Lane reduction factor, for combined load combinations lane factor
applied only to Class A /70R and not Special Vehicle

16
 Live Loads – Centrifugal Force
Type Load Velocity Cent. MT Vouter Vinner
(kmph) Force (kN- (kN) (kN)
(kN) M)
1L-70R Most Ecc 984 100 39 161 25 -25
2L-70R Most Ecc 1574 100 62 257 40 -40
1L-70R Most Ecc + 2L-Class A 1546 100 61 253 39 -39
2L-Class A Most Ecc + 1L-70R 1546 100 61 253 39 -39
4L-Class A Most Ecc 1518 100 60 248 38 -38
4L-70R 3148 100 124 514 79 -79
8L-Class A 3035 100 120 496 76 -76
Governing Case for Design Because the all lanes occupied loads are not governing for
other reasons
62 40 -40
Displacements 17.1 mm

Radius of curvature = 2000 m

Lever arm from Vehicle CG to bearing top. =1.200+2.950 = 4.150 m
17
 Live Loads – Braking Loads
Braking force is shared by all the bearings in the continuous unit = 20 Nos.
No of superstructure units to share braking force = 5 Nos.
The effect of the longitudinal braking forces create a pull - push in the bearings,
this is calculated within a span as shown below.
70R wheeled vehicle load = 1000 kN
Braking loads on the 5 span units are as below:
Span st
1 lane 2nd lane 3rd lane 4th lane 5th lane 6th lane 7th lane 8th lane
no.
1 200 50 50 50
2 100 50 50 50
3 100 50 50 50
4 100 50 50 50
5 100 50 50 50
ML
Total Load/Sp Vouter Vinner FL dL
Live load (kN-
Load (kN) an (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (mm)
m)
4 lanes of 70 R 1350 270 1121 15 -15 50 18.6

18
 Wind Forces

Height of crash barrier + noise barrier above deck = 2.600 m

Width of deck in transverse direction = 34.000 m
Total depth of superstructure exposed to wind =2.600+2.75 = 5.350 m
Height of structure above ground = 13.250 m
(Mid height of superstructure and barriers)
From Fig.10 of IRC:6,
Actual wind speed at the location of the structure = 47 m/s
From Table 12 of IRC:6, (considering plain terrain)
Basic wind speed considered = 33 m/s
Hourly mean wind speed for basic wind speed of 33 m/s for 13.25 m height = 29 m/s
Hourly mean wind pressure for basic wind speed of 33 m/s for 13.25 m height = 495 N/m2
Wind pressure for basic wind speed of 47 m/s =495×47^2/33^2/1000 = 1.00 kN/m2
With vehicle loads and velocity restricted to 36.0 m/s as per Cl. 209.3.7 of IRC: 6

19
 Wind Forces - Without Live Loads
Item Exposed Exposed CG to
A1 FT MT FL
Depth Width Bearing CD
m2 kN kN m kN
m m Top m
Superstructure 2.75 40.0 1.53 1.30 110 287.4 438.3 71.9
Crash barrier 2.600 40.0 4.2 1.30 104 271.7 1141.3 67.9

Total Transverse Load =287.4+271.7 = 559 kN

Trans Moment at Bearing Level =438.3+1141.3 = 1580 kN m
Total Longitudinal Load =71.9+67.9 = 140 kN
Vertical load effect due to FL =(71.9×1.53+67.9×4.2)/37.7 = 10.5 kN
ΔML2 =-2×10.5×1.15 = -24.1 kN m
Lift
FV = PZ * A3 * G * CL
where, A3 = Plan area
A3 - Due to LHS side span =40.0/2×34.000 = 680.0 m2
A3 - Due to RHS side span =40.0/2×34.000 = 680.0 m2
CL = Lift coefficient = 0.75 (cl. 209.3.5 of IRC:6)
FV = 1.00×(680.0+680.0)×2×0.75 = 2050 kN

20
 Wind Forces - With Live Loads
Item Exposed Exposed CG to
A1 FT MT FL
Depth Width Bearing CD
m2 kN kN m kN
m m Top m
Superstructure 2.75 40.0 1.53 1.30 110 168.6 257.2 42.2
Crash barrier 2.600 40.0 4.2 1.30 104 159.4 669.6 39.9
Live load 0.40 40.00 5.70 1.20 16.00 22.6 129.0 5.7
Total Transverse Load =168.6+159.4+22.6 = 351 kN
Trans Moment at Bearing Level = 257.2+669.6+129.0 = 1056 kN m
Total Longitudinal Load =42.2+39.9+5.7 = 88 kN
Vertical load effect due to FL =(1.53×42.2+39.9×4.20+5.7×5.70)/37.7 = 7.0 kN
ΔML2 =-2×7.0×1.15 = -16.1 kN m
Lift
FV = PZ * A3 * G * CL
where, A3 = Plan area
A3 - Due to LHS side span =40.0/2×34.000 = 680.0 m2
A3 - Due to RHS side span =40.0/2×34.000 = 680.0 m2
CL = Lift coefficient = 0.75 (cl. 209.3.5 of IRC:6)
FV = 0.59×(680.0+680.0)×0.75×2 = 1203 kN

21
Deformations that are induced on the Isolator

1. Shrinkage

2. Creep

3. Thermal

4. Seismic Forces

22
 Shrinkage Deformations
a) Estimation of Drying Annex A2.6 of IRC Age of concrete at the beginning
Shrinkage 112 of shrinkage, ts = 3 days
Length of one span = 40 m Age of concrete at the time
Total length of expansion = 200 m considered , t = 100 years
Characteristic compressive = 36500 days
strength of concrete, fck = 40 MPa Notional Size of the cross-section,
Mean comp. strength of concrete, h0 = 317 mm
fcm = 50 MPa kh, co-efficient depending on
Relative Humidity , RH = 58 % notional size = 0.746
Young's Modulus of Concrete, Ec = 33000 MPa
0.85 220 + 110 × 𝛼𝑑𝑆1 βds(36500,3) = 1.0 100 years
Unrestrained drying shrinkage ×𝑒
𝑓
𝛼𝑑𝑆2 × 𝑐𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑚0 × 10−6 Drying shrinkage strain at the end
strain, ϵcd = × 𝛽𝑅𝐻 of 100 years, ∈cd (36500) = 3.21E-04 100years
βRH = 1.55 x [1- (RH/RH0)^3] = 1.25 Assuming the Bearing installation
αds1, co-efficient which depends on normal is done at the end of = 0.19 year
4
the type of cement = cement = 70 days
αds2, co-efficient which depends on normal βds(70,3) = 0.23 0.19year
the type of cement 0.12 cement Drying shrinkage strain at the
fcmo = 12.5 MPa time of installation of Bearing,
Unrestrained drying shrinkage ∈cd (70) = 7.39E-05 0.19year
strain, ϵcd = 4.33E-04 Residual Drying shrinkage strain
Eq. at the time of installation of
Development of drying shrinkage βds(t,ts) . 6.14 of Bearing,∈cd (70) = 2.47E-04 0.19year
strain with time,ϵcd (t) = kh . ϵcd IRC 112

23
 Shrinkage Deformations
b) Estimation of Autogenous Shrinkage
Autogenous shrinkage strain, ϵca = 5.50E-05 Table. 6.6 of IRC 112
Development of autogenous shrinkage strain with time, ϵca (t) = βas(t) . ϵca Eq. 6.12 of IRC 112
βas(36500) = 1.0 100years
Autogenous shrinkage strain at the end of 100 years, ∈ca (36500) = 5.50E-05 100years
Assuming the Bearing is installed at the end of = 0.19 year
= 70 days
βas(70) = 0.81 0.19year
Autogenous shrinkage strain at time of installation of Brg., ∈ca (70) = 4.47E-05 0.19year
Residual Shrinkage strain at time of installation of Bearing, ∈ca (70) = 1.03E-05 0.19year

Total Residual Shrinkage strain on establishment of continuity = 2.57 E-04

Total Shrinkage movement on extreme bearing = 25.7 mm

24
 Creep Deformations
Creep co-efficient, ɸ(t,to) = ɸ0 . βc(t,t0) Eq. A2-14 of IRC 112
= ɸRH .β(fcm) .β(to) Eq. A2-15 of IRC 112
Co-efficient for concrete strength, α1 = 0.91 Eq. A2-24 of IRC 112
Co-efficient for concrete strength, α2 = 0.97 Eq. A2-24 of IRC 112
Co-efficient for concrete strength, α3 = 0.94 Eq. A2-24 of IRC 112
Factor for Relative humidity, ɸRH = 1.52 Eq. A2-16/A2-17 of IRC 112
Factor for concrete strength , β(fcm) = 2.66 Eq. A2-18 of IRC 112
Age of concrete at loading, t0 = 35 days
β(35) = 0.47 Eq. A2-19 of IRC 112
ɸ0 = 1.89
𝑡 − 𝑡0
=
Co-eff. for development of creep with time after loading, βc(t,to) 𝛽ℎ + 𝑡 − 𝑡0 Eq. A2-21 of IRC 112
Co-efficient depending on relative humidity and Notional size, βh = 710 Eq. A2-22/A2-23 of IRC 112
Age of concrete at ultimate stage, t (=100 years) = 36500 days
Creep co-efficient at the end of 100 years βc(36500,35) = 0.99 Eq. A2-21 of IRC 112
Creep co-efficient at the end of 100 years, = 1.88 100years
Assuming the Bearing is installed at the end of = 0.19 year
Creep co-efficient at the time of installation of Bearings βc(70,35) = 0.40 0.19year
Creep co-efficient at the time of Bearing installation 70 days, = 0.76 0.19year
Residual Creep co-efficient at the time of Brg. installation 70 days, = 1.12 0.19year
Elastic strain in concrete
Average stress in concrete, σc = 8.90 MPa
Elastic strain in concrete, εc = 2.70E-04

Total Creep strain on establishment of continuity = 3.02 E-04

Total Creep movement on extreme bearing = 30.2 mm

25
Thermal Deformations

Maximum air shade temperature = 49.0 oC Annex. F

Minimum air shade temperature = -0.4 oC – IRC - 6

Temperature range for Design of Bearings

Temperature Rise = 34.7 oC Table 15 –
Temperature Fall = 34.7 oC IRC - 6

ε = -4.16E-04
dL = -43.7 mm
dT = -1.4 mm

26
Seismic Effects
The seismic loads on the bearings are calculated assuming
that the superstructure is isolated by the presence of the bearings.

The stiffness of the pier and foundation system is also considered

in the calculation of forces.

(As per cl. 5.2.1 of IRC:SP:114)

Fh = Ah x (Dead load + Appropriate live load)
Fv = Av x (Dead load + Appropriate live load)
𝑍 𝑆 𝑍 𝑆𝑎
× 𝑎 2 ×
2 𝑔 2 𝑔
𝐴ℎ = 𝐴𝑣 = ×
𝑅 3 𝑅
𝐼 𝐼
(cl. 5.2.1 of IRC:SP:114) (cl. 4.2.3 of IRC:SP:114)
Importance factor as per Table 4.3 of IRC:SP:114 I = 1.2
Zone factor as per Table 4.2 of IRC:SP:114 Zone No. = IV
Z = 0.24
Response reduction factor: Table 4.1 of IRC:SP:114 R =1
Soil type is Medium Soil =2

27
 Seismic Effects

The stiffness is the combination of the stiffness of pier, foundation and bearing k
is determined from the relationship

1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑘 𝑘𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑓𝑑𝑛 𝑘𝑏𝑟𝑔
Where kpier, kfdn, kbrg are effective stiffness of pier, foundations and bearings
respectively.

The relationship is derived from equation 10.7 of IRC:SP 114 ignoring the
rotational stiffness of the foundation with consists of a 9 pile group with very rigid
pilecap.

28
 Seismic Effects
Diameter of bearing = 1100 mm
Total thickness of elastomer Tq = 306 mm
Shear modulus of elastomer G (IRHD 70) = 1.15 N/mm2
Stiffness of bearing =1.15x( 0.25*Pi()x1100x1100)/306/1000 = 3.57 kN/mm
Total no of bearings taking vertical load on pier = 4 Nos.
No of bearings taking Transverse force on Pier = 4 Nos.

The effective stiffness of the isolation system below each span is the sum of the
stiffness of the bearings supporting it, in this case they are 4 equally
dimensioned equally stiff bearings with properties described above.
Keff = Σ Keff,i = 4 x 3.57 = 14.28 kN/mm
Pier Seis. Time
kpier kfdn kbrg keff Sa/g Ah
Height Mass Period
m kN/mm kN/mm kN/mm kN/mm kN sec
9.725 420 718 14.29 13.82 24530 2.66 0.51 0.073
9.225 493 718 14.29 13.82 24530 2.66 0.51 0.074
9.025 526 718 14.29 13.82 24530 2.66 0.51 0.074
8.725 582 718 14.29 13.82 24530 2.65 0.51 0.074
29
 Seismic Effects
Vertical Effects
Fundamental natural period of pier along vertical direction (as per cl. 4.2.3 of IRC:SP:114)
l = Span in metres = 37.70 m m = Mass/unit length = 650663 N/m
I = Moment of inertia = 13.5 m 4 E = Mod. of elasticity = 33000 N/mm2
EI = Flexural rigidity of the superstructure = 4.47E+11 Nm2
Tv =2/(22/7)x37.70^2x(6.51E+05/4.47E+11)^0.5 = 1.09 Secs
Sa/ g = 1.25 Seismic Coefficient =2/3x1.25x0.144 = 0.120
Distance from CG of deck to top of bearings = 1.917 m
FL/FT
Loadcase Load FL/FT ML/MT VOuter VInner dL dT
Per Brg.
kN kN kN-m kN/mm kN kN mm mm
Longitudinal
DL+SIDL 24530 1811 3472 453 46 46 126.8 -
Transverse
LL 731 54 103 13 8 8 - 3.8
DL+SIDL 24530 1811 3472 453 267 267 126.8
Vertical
LL 731 - - - 22 22 - -
DL+SIDL 24530 - - - 734 734 - -

30
 Nominal Loads & Deformation on Bearings
Load VOuter kN VInner dL dT αL
Max Min Max Min mm mm x 10-4 c
DL 5335 5335 5120 5120 0 0 10.5
Creep& Shrinkage 0 0 0 0 76 0 0
SIDL - Fixed 515 515 495 495 0 0 2.4
SIDL - Variable 408 408 392 392 0 0 1.9
Thermal 0 0 0 0 49 1 5
Live Load - Normal 3422 -1848 3422 -1848 0 0 3.7
Live Load - SV 4301 -1981 4301 -1981 0 0 5.5
Centrifugal 40 40 -40 -40 0 17 0
Braking 15 -15 15 -15 19 0 0
Wind Load 649 -649 649 -649 10 40 0
Wind Load +LL 391 -391 391 -391 6 25 0
Seismic – Long. 46 -46 46 -46 127 0 0
Seismic - Tran. - LL 8 -8 8 -8 0 4 0
Seismic - Tran. – Perm. 267 -267 267 -267 0 127 0
Seismic - Vertical 734 -734 734 -734 0 0 2.0

31
 Suitability of Isolation Bearings
10.1 General
(Para 4)
Seismic Isolation devices covered in this chapter are permitted to be used for
comparatively rigid structures where fundamental time period ‘T’ of the
structure without incorporation of seismic isolation devices is less or equal
to 1.0 sec.

In the Current Project,

Time period of structure without the isolating bearings ~ 0.64 Secs Max
~ 0.53 Secs Min
The time period of the superstructure supported on rigid type - POT PTFE
or spherical bearings is less than 1 second, hence, elastomeric bearings can
be used as isolation devices.

32
Design Load Combination for Bearings
ULS Combination – Non Seismic
Load LC-1 LC-2 LC-3 LC-4 LC-5 LC-6 LC-7 LC-8
DL - DL - LL LL Spv Spv LL*+W LL*+W
max min (max) (min) (max) (min) (+) (-)
DL 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00
C&S 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
SIDL-F 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00
SIDL-V 1.75 1.00 1.75 1.00 1.75 1.00 1.75 1.00
Thermal 1.50 1.50 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
LL-N 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
LL-SPV 1.15 1.15
Centrifugal 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
Braking 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
WL
WL + LL 0.90 0.90
S.Long
S.Tr.- LL
S.Tr.- DL
S.Vert.

33
Design Load Combination for Bearings
ULS Combination – Non Seismic
Load LC-9 LC-10 LC-11 LC-12 LC-13 LC-14
LL+W* LL+W* W* W* LL+T* LL+T*
(+) (-) (+) (-) (+) (-)
DL 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00
C&S 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
SIDL-F 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00
SIDL-V 1.75 1.00 1.75 1.00 1.75 1.00
Thermal 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 1.50 1.50
LL-N 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15
LL-SPV
Centrifugal 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15
Braking 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15
WL 1.50 1.50
WL + LL 1.50 1.50 0.90 0.90
S.Long
S.Tr.- LL
S.Tr.- DL
S.Vert.

34
Design Load Combination for Bearings
ULS Combination – Seismic
Load LC-15 LC-16 LC-17 LC-18 LC-19 LC-20
Seis -L Seis - L Seis -T Seis –T Seis - Seis -
(+) (-) (+) (-) V (+) V (-)
DL 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00
C&S 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
SIDL-F 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00
SIDL-V 1.75 1.00 1.75 1.00 1.75 1.00
Thermal 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
LL-N 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
LL-SPV
Centrifugal 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Braking 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
WL
WL + LL
S.Long 1.50 1.50 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45
S.Tr.- LL 0.45 0.45 1.50 1.50 0.45 0.45
S.Tr.- DL 0.45 0.45 1.50 1.50 0.45 0.45
S.Vert. 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 1.50 1.50

35
 Summary of Loads and Deformations on Bearings
ULS Loads Vouter Vinner dL dT αL
( kN) Max Min Max Min mm mm rads
LC-1 DL-max 8613 8613 8265 8265 149 4 2.83E-03
LC-2 DL-min 6259 6259 6006 6006 149 4 2.24E-03
LC-3 LL (max) 13827 5878 13361 5412 148 29 3.08E-03
LC-4 LL (min) 11474 3524 11102 3153 148 29 2.49E-03
LC-5 SPv- max 13559 6335 13211 5987 120 3 3.16E-03
LC-6 SPv- min 11205 3981 10952 3728 120 3 2.57E-03
LC-7 LL*+W(+) 14180 5526 13713 5059 154 52 3.08E-03
LC-8 LL*+W(-) 11826 3172 11454 2801 154 52 2.49E-03
LC-9 LL+W*(+) 13198 5929 12759 5490 151 61 2.95E-03
LC-10 LL+W*(-) 10844 3575 10500 3232 151 61 2.36E-03
LC-11 W*(+) 9586 7640 9238 7292 135 63 2.53E-03
LC-12 W*(-) 7232 5286 6979 5033 135 63 1.94E-03
LC-13 LL+T*(+) 12963 6164 12524 5725 176 47 3.26E-03
LC-14 LL+T*(-) 10609 3810 10265 3466 176 47 2.67E-03
ULS Summary 14180 3172 13713 2801 154 63 3.16E-03
LC-15 Seis Long (+) 9831 7725 9467 7361 294 65 2.49E-03
LC-16 Seis Long (-) 7477 5371 7209 5103 294 65 1.89E-03
LC-17 Seis Tr (+) 10072 7485 9708 7121 161 202 2.49E-03
LC-18 Seis Tr (-) 7718 5131 7449 4862 161 202 1.89E-03
LC-19 Seis Vert (+) 10553 7003 10189 6639 161 65 2.70E-03
LC-20 Seis Vert (-) 8199 4649 7931 4380 161 65 2.10E-03
Seismic Loads - Summary 10553 4649 10189 4380 294 202 2.70E-03

36
Design of Elastomeric Isolation Bearing
Overall Diameter of bearing: Do = 1100 mm
Edge cover, c = 10 mm
OK, > 4mm
Effective diameter of = 1100-
= 1080 mm
bearing, D' = D - 2c 2×10

N3 = 2 Nos.
HS0 = 20 mm
N1 = 17 Nos.
Hi = 18 mm
N2 = 16 Nos.
HSi = 5 mm
Tq = 306 mm
Total thickness of =17x18+2x20+
= 426 mm
bearing 16x5

Shear modulus of elastomer, G = 1.15 MPa

Eb, Bulk modulus of elastomer = 2000 MPa
Yield stress of reinforcement
= 250 MPa
plates, fy (as per IS 2062)

37
Design effects on the Bearings
Load Load Comb Fz,d dL dT dLT αL FH,d
Comb kN mm mm mm rads kN
LC-1 DL-max 8613 149 4 149 3.00E-03 533
LC-2 DL-min 6006 149 4 149 3.00E-03 533
LC-3 LL (max) 13827 148 29 151 3.08E-03 540
LC-4 LL (min) 3153 148 29 151 3.00E-03 540
LC-5 SPv- max 13559 120 3 120 3.16E-03 428
LC-6 SPv- min 3728 120 3 120 3.00E-03 428
LC-7 LL*+W(+) 14180 154 52 162 3.08E-03 580
LC-8 LL*+W(-) 2801 154 52 162 3.00E-03 580
LC-9 LL+W*(+) 13198 151 61 163 3.00E-03 581
LC-10 LL+W*(-) 3232 151 61 163 3.00E-03 581
LC-11 W*(+) 9586 135 63 149 3.00E-03 531
LC-12 W*(-) 5033 135 63 149 3.00E-03 531
LC-13 LL+T*(+) 12963 176 47 182 3.26E-03 652
LC-14 LL+T*(-) 3466 176 47 182 3.00E-03 652
LC-15 Seis Long (+) 9831 294 65 301 3.16E-03 1077
LC-16 Seis Long (-) 5103 294 65 301 3.00E-03 1077
LC-17 Seis Tr (+) 10072 161 202 259 3.00E-03 923
LC-18 Seis Tr (-) 4862 161 202 259 3.00E-03 923
LC-19 Seis Vert (+) 10553 161 65 174 3.00E-03 621
LC-20 Seis Vert (-) 4380 161 65 174 3.00E-03 621
In the last column the horizontal force in bearing is calculated from the deformation and
bearing stiffness.
38
 Check for Maximum Design Strain
Cl. 5.1.3 (a) of IRC 83- Part II
Effective area, A1 =0.25*Pi()*1080x1080 = 9.16E+05 mm2
Eff. Thk. elastomer in comp, te = 18 mm
Force free perimeter, lp = Pi() x D' =Pi()x1080 = 3393 mm
Shape factor S = A1 / ( lp x te ) =9.16E+05/(3393x18) = 15.0
𝜖𝑢,𝑘 7.0
𝜀𝑡,𝑑 = 𝐾𝐿 × 𝜀𝑐,𝑑 + 𝜀𝑞,𝑑 + 𝜀𝛼,𝑑 𝜀𝑡,𝑑 ≤ 𝜀𝑢,𝑑 = = = 7.0
𝛾𝑚 1.0
1.5×𝐹𝑧,𝑑
εc,d= Design Stains due to Compressive loads = , as per cl. 5.1.3.2 of IRC -
𝐺×𝐴𝑟 ×𝑆
83 – Part II and where Ar = reduced effective plan area due to loads
𝑉𝑥,𝑑 𝑉𝑦,𝑑
= 𝐴1 × 1 − − , where Vx,d = max horz. relative displacement of the
𝑎′ 𝑏′
parts of the bearing in the direction of dimension “a” of the bearing due to all
design load effect.
𝑉𝑥𝑦,𝑑
𝜀𝑞,𝑑 = 𝑇𝑞
, where εq,d is the shear strain in the elastomer due to translatory
movement , which shall not eceed 1.0 as per cl. 5.1.3.3 of IRC 83- Part II

This limit is indicated as 2.0 as per eq. 10.16 of IRC SP 114, however the limit of
1.0 is adhered to because of another conflicting clause d.1.4 in Appendix D of
IRC 83 – Part II
39
 Check for Maximum Design Strain
𝑎′2 ×𝛼𝑎,𝑑 +𝑏′2 ×𝛼𝑏,𝑑 ×𝑡𝑖
𝜀𝛼,𝑑 = , where εα,d is the shear strain due to rotations, and αa,d
2Σ𝑡𝑖 3
is the angle of rotation across the width “a” and αb,d is the angle of rotation (if any)
across the width “b”, and ti is the thickness of the individual layer of elastomer, as
per cl. 5.1.3.4 of IRC 83-Part II
Load Ar εc,d εq,d εα,d εt,d Load Ar εc,d εq,d εα,d εt,d
(Rota (Rotat
Comb Comb
mm2 (Comp) (Shear) tion) (total) mm2 (Comp) (Shear) ion) (total)
LC-1 7.86E+05 0.95 0.49 0.32 1.8 LC-11 7.48E+05 1.11 0.49 0.32 1.9
LC-2 7.86E+05 0.66 0.49 0.32 1.5 LC-12 7.48E+05 0.58 0.49 0.32 1.4
LC-3 7.65E+05 1.57 0.49 0.33 2.4 LC-13 7.27E+05 1.55 0.60 0.34 2.5
LC-4 7.65E+05 0.36 0.49 0.32 1.2 LC-14 7.27E+05 0.41 0.60 0.32 1.3
LC-5 8.12E+05 1.45 0.39 0.33 2.2 LC-15 6.11E+05 1.40 0.985 0.33 2.7
LC-6 8.12E+05 0.40 0.39 0.32 1.1 LC-16 6.11E+05 0.73 0.985 0.32 2.0
LC-7 7.42E+05 1.66 0.53 0.33 2.5 LC-17 6.08E+05 1.44 0.84 0.32 2.6
LC-8 7.42E+05 0.33 0.53 0.32 1.2 LC-18 6.08E+05 0.70 0.84 0.32 1.9
LC-9 7.37E+05 1.56 0.53 0.32 2.4 LC-19 7.24E+05 1.27 0.57 0.32 2.2
LC-10 7.37E+05 0.38 0.53 0.32 1.2 LC-20 7.24E+05 0.53 0.57 0.32 1.4
Max of εq,d Normal case = 0.60 OK, <1
Max of εt,d = KL x 2.7 = 2.7 OK, <7 Seismic case = 0.985 OK, <1

40
 Check for Thickness of Reinforcing Plates
𝐾𝑝 ×𝐹𝑍,𝑑 × 𝑡1 +𝑡2 ×𝐾ℎ ×𝛾𝑚
𝑡𝑠 = ≥ 3.0 𝑚𝑚, where FZ,d and Ar are as defined in cl. 3.1 and t1 and t2 are
𝐴𝑟 ×𝑓𝑦
thickness of elastomer on either side of a plate, which in our cast = 18 mm, Kh is the factor for
induced tensile stress = 1.0 for plates without holes as is our case and γm is the material partial
safety factor for steel = 1.0 and Kp is the stress correction factor which is defined as 1.3 in Cl.
5.1.3.5 of IRC 83 – Part II

Load ts Load ts
Comb mm Comb mm
LC-1 2.1 LC-11 2.4
LC-2 1.4 LC-12 1.3
LC-3 3.4 LC-13 3.3
LC-4 0.8 LC-14 0.9
LC-5 3.1 LC-15 3.0 Max. plate thk. required = 3.6 mm
LC-6 0.9 LC-16 1.6 Thickness of plate provided = 5.0 mm
LC-7 3.6 LC-17 3.1
LC-8 0.7 LC-18 1.5
LC-9 3.4 LC-19 2.7
LC-10 0.8 LC-20 1.1

41
 Check for Rotational Limitations
𝐷′ ×𝛼𝑑
Σ𝑉𝑍,𝑑 − > 0 𝑚𝑚, where D’ is the effective diameter of the bearing, αd is the design
𝐾𝑟,𝑑
rotation and Kr,d is rotaion factor takes as 3 and ΣVZ,d is the total vertical deflection of the
bearing as required in cl. 3.1.3.6 of IRC 83 – Part II
𝐹𝑍,𝑑 ×𝑡𝑖 1
Σ𝑉𝑍,𝑑 = Σ × 2 , as per cl. 5.3.1.7 (c).
𝐴1 5×𝐺×𝑆1 + 1 𝐸𝑏

[D'
Load aL S Vz,d Diff'ce Load aL S Vz,d [D' αa,d] Diff'ce
Fz,d αa,d] Fz,d
Comb / Kr,d Comb / Kr,d
kN rads mm mm mm kN rads mm mm mm
LC-1 8612.8 2.83E-03 3.66 1.02 2.64 LC-11 9585.8 2.53E-03 4.08 0.91 3.17
LC-2 6006.1 2.24E-03 2.55 0.81 1.75 LC-12 5033.2 1.94E-03 2.14 0.70 1.44
LC-3 13827.5 3.08E-03 5.88 1.11 4.77 LC-13 12962.9 3.26E-03 5.51 1.17 4.34
LC-4 3152.7 2.49E-03 1.34 0.90 0.44 LC-14 3466.3 2.67E-03 1.47 0.96 0.51
LC-5 13558.9 3.16E-03 5.77 1.14 4.63 LC-15 9831.1 3.16E-03 4.18 1.14 3.04
LC-6 3728.0 2.57E-03 1.59 0.92 0.66 LC-16 5102.6 0.00E+00 2.17 0.00 2.17
LC-7 14179.6 3.08E-03 6.03 1.11 4.92 LC-17 10071.6 2.49E-03 4.28 0.90 3.39
LC-8 2800.6 2.49E-03 1.19 0.90 0.30 LC-18 4862.2 1.89E-03 2.07 0.68 1.39
LC-9 13197.6 2.95E-03 5.61 1.06 4.55 LC-19 10553.3 2.49E-03 4.49 0.90 3.59
LC-10 3231.6 2.36E-03 1.37 0.85 0.52 LC-20 4380.5 1.89E-03 1.86 0.68 1.18

42
 Check for Buckling Stability
𝐹𝑍,𝑑 2×𝐷′ ×𝐺×𝑆1
< , as per Cl. 5.1.3.6 (b) of IRC 83 – Part II
𝐴𝑟 3×𝑡𝑒

Load Fz,d / Ar Load Fz,d / Ar

Comb N/mm2 Comb N/mm2
LC-1 11.0 LC-11 12.8 2×𝐷′ ×𝐺×𝑆1
LC-2 7.6 LC-12 6.7 = 40.6
3×𝑡𝑒
LC-3 18.1 LC-13 17.8
LC-4 4.1 LC-14 4.8
LC-5 16.7 LC-15 16.1
LC-6 4.6 LC-16 8.3
LC-7 19.1 LC-17 16.6
LC-8 3.8 LC-18 8.0
LC-9 17.9 LC-19 14.6
LC-10 4.4 LC-20 6.0

43
Seismic Effects – Alternative estimates of the deflections

Zone factor = 0.24

Importance
= 1.2
factor
Eq.
Z x I/2 = 0.144
10.3
Soil Mediu
=
Type m
heff, Low Damping
= 1
bearing
ag = 1.41 m/sec2
Eq.
10.4
Struct Bearing Def.
Time a Tc TD Zone Zone ae dc dcd
ure (Seismic)
Period Trans Long
(Secs) mm mm Secs secs - mm mm
MCW-
2.53 0.080 127 127 0.55 2.00 3 Const Disp 0.062 27 98
34

44
45
 With Best Compliments from

MANUFACTURER OF BRIDGE BEARINGS, EXPANSION JOINTS, STU & STEEL GIRDER FABRICATION
EXPERTISE IN REHABILITATION, P. T. SLABS, POST TENSIONING, ROCK ANCHORS & REBAR COUPLERS

SANFIELD is proud to be a Group Company of MAURER SE

WORLD LEADERS IN EXPANSION JOINTS, BEARINGS
AND
STRUCTURAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS SINCE 1876

Factory & Office in India:- Factory & Office in Germany:-

13-A & 12-D, SECTOR D, INDUSTRIAL AREA, FRANKFURTER RING 193,
GOVINDPURA, BHOPAL 462023, INDIA 80807 MUNICH, GERMANY
Ph: +91 755 4233535 (30 Lines) Ph: +49 89 32394-0
Fax: 2602663 / 4270730 Fax: +49 89 32394-306
E-mail: [email protected]; e-mail: [email protected]
[email protected] Web-site: www.maurer.eu
 With Best Compliments from

MANUFACTURER OF BRIDGE BEARINGS, EXPANSION JOINTS, STU & STEEL GIRDER FABRICATION
EXPERTISE IN REHABILITATION, P. T. SLABS, POST TENSIONING, ROCK ANCHORS & REBAR COUPLERS

SANFIELD is proud to be a Group Company of MAURER SE

WORLD LEADERS IN EXPANSION JOINTS, BEARINGS
AND
STRUCTURAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS SINCE 1876

Factory & Office in India:- Factory & Office in Germany:-

13-A & 12-D, SECTOR D, INDUSTRIAL AREA, FRANKFURTER RING 193,
GOVINDPURA, BHOPAL 462023, INDIA 80807 MUNICH, GERMANY
Ph: +91 755 4233535 (30 Lines) Ph: +49 89 32394-0
Fax: 2602663 / 4270730 Fax: +49 89 32394-306
E-mail: [email protected]; e-mail: [email protected]
[email protected] Web-site: www.maurer.eu