1.

Introduction

Development geography is a branch of geography that focuses on studying the spatial

aspects of economic and social development. It examines the spatial patterns of economic
and social development, the causes and consequences of these patterns, and the policies
and strategies used to promote development. Development geography also looks at the
impact of development on the environment and how the environment can be managed
to promote sustainable development.

Development geography is interdisciplinary, drawing on insights from economics,

sociology, political science, and other disciplines. It is an important field of study for
understanding the complex dynamics of development and poverty alleviation.

The concept of development

Development is a broad concept that encompasses many different aspects of life. It is

often used to refer to economic, social, and political progress. Development can be seen
as a process of change that is aimed at improving the quality of life for individuals,
communities, and societies.

Development is a complex process that involves many different factors. It is often divided
into three main economic, social, and political categories. Economic development focuses
on increasing economic growth and improving the standard of living. Social
development focuses on improving the quality of life for individuals and communities.
Political development focuses on strengthening the rule of law, increasing political
participation, and promoting democracy.

Development is a long-term process that requires sustained effort and commitment. It is

often a difficult and challenging process, as it involves many different stakeholders and

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requires great coordination and cooperation. Development is also a dynamic process,
constantly evolving and adapting to changing circumstances.

Development is a key concept in international relations, as it is often used to measure the

progress of countries and regions. It is also an important concept in the field of public
policy, as it is used to inform policy decisions and guide the allocation of resources.
Ultimately, development is a complex and multi-faceted concept that is essential for
understanding the world we live in.

Indicators of Development

Indicators of development are measures used to assess the level of development of a

country or region. They are used to compare the development of different countries or
regions and to track changes in development over time. Development indicators can be
divided into three main categories: economic, social, and environmental.

Economic indicators of development measure the economic performance of a country

or region. These include the gross domestic product (GDP), per capita income,
unemployment, and inflation. These indicators indicate the overall economic health of a
country or region.

Social indicators of development measure the social well-being of a country or region.

These include life expectancy, literacy rate, infant mortality rate, and access to health care.
These indicators indicate the overall social well-being of a country or region.

Environmental indicators of development measure the environmental performance of a

country or region. These include air and water quality measures, energy use, and

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biodiversity. These indicators indicate the overall environmental health of a country or
region.

Overall, indicators of development provide a useful way to compare the development of

different countries or regions and to track changes in development over time. They can
be used to identify areas of strength and weakness and to inform policy decisions.

Economic Growth and development

Economic growth and development are two closely related concepts in economics.
Economic growth is a quantitative measure of economic activity, typically measured as
the rate of change in the real gross domestic product (GDP) or other aggregate income
measures. On the other hand, development is a qualitative measure of economic
progress, typically measured in terms of improvements in living standards, health,
education, and other indicators of human welfare.

The concept of economic growth refers to an increase in the production of goods and
services over some time. It is usually measured in terms of the rate of change in real GDP
or other aggregate income measures. Economic growth is typically driven by increases in
productivity, technological advances, and capital investment.

The concept of economic development refers to the process of improving the quality of
life of a population. It is typically measured in terms of improving living standards,
health, education, and other indicators of human welfare. Economic development is
typically driven by increases in investment, technological advances, and improvements
in the quality of life.

The main difference between economic growth and economic development is that
economic growth is a quantitative measure of economic activity, while economic

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development is a qualitative measure of economic progress. Economic growth is typically
driven by increases in productivity, technological advances, and capital investment,
while economic development is typically driven by increases in investment, technological
advances, and improvements in the quality of life.

=Discuss== the concept of growth and development in Ethiopia’s context with the existing recent
data from WB

Development and Under development

Development:
Development is a process of improving the quality of life of people by increasing their
access to resources, services, and opportunities. It involves economic, social, and political
changes that lead to improved living standards, increased economic growth, and greater
access to education, health care, and other basic services. Development is a long-term
process that requires sustained effort and investment.

Underdevelopment:
Underdevelopment is a condition in which a country or region has yet to achieve the
same economic and social progress as other countries or regions. It is characterized by
low economic growth, poverty, inequality, and inadequate access to basic education,
health care, and infrastructure. Underdevelopment is often caused by a lack of
investment in human capital, infrastructure, and technology, as well as by political
instability and conflict.

Space and Development

Geographic space and development are closely linked. Geographic space is the physical
environment in which people live, work, and interact. It includes the physical features of
the land, such as mountains, rivers, and deserts, as well as the built environment, such as

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roads, buildings, and infrastructure. Development is improving the quality of life for
people living in a particular area. It involves economic, social, and environmental
improvements, such as providing access to clean water, sanitation, and education.

Geographic space and development are interdependent. Development requires access to

resources often located in specific geographic areas. For example, access to water is
essential for development, and water sources are often located in specific geographic
areas. Similarly, access to transportation infrastructure is essential for development, and
transportation infrastructure is often located in specific geographic areas.

Geographic space also affects development in other ways. For example, the physical
features of a geographic area can influence the type of development that is possible. For
example, mountainous areas may be difficult to develop, while flat areas may be more
suitable for development. Similarly, the climate of a geographic area can influence the
type of development that is possible. For example, areas with extreme temperatures may
be difficult to develop, while areas with more moderate temperatures may be more
suitable for development.

In conclusion, geographic space and development are closely linked. Geographic space
affects the type of possible development, and development requires access to resources
often located in specific geographic areas.

Classification of countries and their defining characteristics.

Classification of countries is a way of categorizing countries based on their defining

characteristics. These characteristics include geographical location, population size,
economic development, political system, and cultural identity. Countries can be classified
into different categories such as developed, developing, and least developed countries.
Developed countries have high levels of economic development, advanced

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infrastructure, and high living standards. Developing countries are those with lower
levels of economic development, less advanced infrastructure, and lower standards of
living. The least developed countries have the lowest economic development levels, the
least advanced infrastructure, and the lowest living standards. Other categories of
countries include emerging markets, frontier markets, and failed states. Each of these
categories has the unique characteristics that define it.

2. Sustainable development: Meaning, concept, principles and indicators

Sustainable development is a concept that has been around since the 1980s and is defined
as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs”. It is a holistic approach to development that
considers development's economic, social, and environmental aspects. Sustainable
development is based on three core principles: environmental protection, social equity,
and economic prosperity.

The environmental protection principle of sustainable development focuses on

preserving natural resources and ecosystems for future generations. This includes
reducing pollution, conserving energy, and protecting biodiversity.

The social equity principle of sustainable development focuses on ensuring all people
have access to basic needs such as food, water, and shelter. This includes providing access
to education, health care, and employment opportunities.

The economic prosperity principle of sustainable development focuses on creating

economic opportunities for all people while protecting the environment. This includes
promoting economic growth and reducing poverty.

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Sustainable development indicators are used to measure progress towards achieving
sustainable development goals. These indicators include economic growth, poverty
reduction, access to basic needs, environmental protection, and social equity. For
example, indicators of economic growth include GDP per capita, employment rate, and
income inequality. Indicators of poverty reduction include poverty rate, access to basic
needs, and access to education. Environmental protection indicators include air and
water quality, biodiversity, and energy efficiency. Social equity indicators include access
to health care, education, and gender equality.

Overall, sustainable development is a concept that focuses on meeting the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
It is based on three core principles: environmental protection, social equity, and economic
prosperity. Sustainable development indicators are used to measure progress towards
achieving sustainable development goals.

The Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a collection of 17 global goals set by the
United Nations General Assembly in 2015 for 2030. The SDGs are part of Resolution 70/1
of the United Nations General Assembly, the 2030 Agenda. The goals are designed to be
a "blueprint for achieving a better and more sustainable future for all". The SDGs are
integrated—that is, they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others
and that development must balance social, economic, and environmental sustainability.

The 17 SDGs are:

1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere

2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture

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3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and
foster innovation
10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development
15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss
16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access
to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for
sustainable development

3. Development Problems and Factors affecting Development

Poverty is one of the most significant development problems, as it affects a large portion
of the world’s population. Poverty is the lack of basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing,

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and access to healthcare and education. Poverty can lead to a lack of access to resources,
leading to a lack of opportunity and economic growth.

Poverty: Poverty is one of the most significant factors affecting development. It is a major
obstacle to economic growth and social progress. Poverty can lead to malnutrition, poor
health, lack of education, and other social problems.

Inequality: Inequality is another major development problem, as it can lead to a lack of

access to resources and opportunities. Various factors, including gender, race, ethnicity,
and class can cause inequality. Inequality can lead to a lack of access to education,
healthcare, and other resources, leading to a lack of economic growth.

Gender Inequality: Gender inequality can lead to a lack of women's access to education
and employment opportunities, which can impede economic growth and social progress.

Unemployment is a major development problem, as it can lead to a lack of access to

resources and opportunities. A variety of factors, including a lack of education, a lack of
job opportunities, and a lack of economic growth, can cause unemployment.

Inflation: Inflation is a major development problem, as it can decrease purchasing power

and economic growth. Various factors, including a lack of economic growth, an increase
in the money supply, and an increase in the cost of goods and services, can cause inflation.

Social and Cultural: Social and cultural factors can also be a major development problem,
leading to a lack of access to resources and opportunities. Social and cultural factors can
include a lack of education, a lack of job opportunities, and a lack of economic growth.

Eg. Lack of Education: Lack of access to education can lead to a lack of skills and
knowledge, which can impede economic growth and social progress

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Historical: Historical factors can also be a major development problem, leading to a lack
of access to resources and opportunities. Historical factors can include a lack of education,
a lack of job opportunities, and a lack of economic growth.

Environmental factors can also be a major development problem, leading to a lack of

access to resources and opportunities. Environmental factors can include a lack of clean
water, air pollution, and access to natural resources.

Economical: Economic factors can also be a major development problem, as they can lead
to a lack of access to resources and opportunities. Economic factors can include a lack of
economic growth, a lack of job opportunities, and a lack of access to capital.

Political factors can also be a major development problem, leading to a lack of access to
resources and opportunities. Political factors can include a lack of democracy, a lack of
freedom of speech, and a lack of access to justice.

2. Poor Infrastructure: Poor infrastructure is a major obstacle to development. Poor roads,

inadequate power supply, and lack of access to clean water and sanitation can all impede
economic growth and social progress.

3. Poor Governance: Poor governance can lead to corruption, mismanagement of

resources, and lack of accountability. This can lead to a need for more investment in
infrastructure and other development projects.

4. Conflict: Conflict can lead to the displacement of people, destruction of infrastructure,

and disruption of economic activities. This can have a negative impact on development.

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5. Climate Change: Climate change is a major factor affecting development. It can lead
to extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts, which can have a negative
impact on economic growth and social progress.

Development problems

Poverty: Poverty is a major development problem affecting many countries worldwide.

It is defined as the lack of basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing, and access to
healthcare and education. Poverty can lead to a lack of access to resources, which can lead
to a lack of opportunity and a lack of economic growth. It can also lead to social exclusion,
poor health, and a lack of access to basic services.

Inequality: Inequality is a major development problem affecting many countries

worldwide. It is defined as the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and
power among different groups of people. Inequality can lead to a lack of access to
resources, leading to a lack of opportunity and economic growth. It can also lead to social
exclusion, poor health, and poor access to basic services.

Unemployment: Unemployment is a major development problem affecting many

countries worldwide. It is defined as the inability to find a job or to be employed.
Unemployment can lead to a lack of access to resources, which can lead to a lack of
opportunity and economic growth. It can also lead to social exclusion, poor health, and
poor access to basic services.

Inflation: Inflation is a major development problem affecting many countries worldwide.

It is defined as a sustained increase in the general level of prices for goods and services.
Inflation can lead to a decrease in purchasing power, leading to a lack of opportunity and
economic growth. It can also lead to social exclusion, poor health, and a lack of access to
essential services.

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Factors affecting development

Social and Cultural: Social and cultural factors can significantly impact development.
These factors include the values, beliefs, and norms of a society and the level of education,
access to healthcare, and other social services. Social and cultural factors can also
influence the availability of resources, such as food, water, and housing, which can affect
development.

Historical: Historical factors can also affect development. These include past events, such
as wars, natural disasters, and economic downturns, which can have long-term effects on
society. Additionally, historical factors can influence the development of a society by
shaping its culture, values, and beliefs.

Environment: Environmental factors can also affect development. These include the
availability of natural resources, such as water, land, and minerals, as well as the effects
of climate change, pollution, and other environmental issues. These factors can directly
impact a society’s ability to develop and sustain itself.

Economical: Economic factors can have a major impact on development. These include
the availability of capital, the level of economic growth, and the level of investment in
infrastructure and other resources. Additionally, economic factors can influence the
availability of jobs, the cost of living, and the poverty level in a society.

Political: Political factors can also affect development. These include the type of
government, the level of political stability, and the policies and regulations in place.
Political factors can influence the availability of resources, the level of investment in

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infrastructure, and the level of economic growth. Additionally, political factors can shape
a society’s values, beliefs, and norms.

4. Theory of development

Rostow’s Growth Model: This model was developed by economist Walt Whitman
Rostow in the 1960s. It is a linear model of economic growth that outlines five stages of
economic development: traditional society, preconditions for take-off, take-off, drive to
maturity, and age of high mass consumption. This model suggests that countries must
pass through each stage to reach the final stage of high mass consumption.

Core-Periphery Model: This model was developed by sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein

in the 1970s. It is a structural model of economic development that suggests that the
world is divided into two parts: the core and the periphery. The core comprises countries
with high levels of economic development, while the periphery comprises countries with
low levels of economic development. This model suggests that the core countries benefit
from exploiting the periphery countries.

Modernization Theory: This theory was developed by sociologist Talcott Parsons in the
1950s. It is a theory of economic development that suggests that countries must adopt
modern values and practices to achieve economic development. This theory suggests that
countries must adopt modern technology, education, and economic policies to achieve
economic development.

Dependency Theory: This theory was developed by sociologist Andre Gunder Frank in
the 1960s. It is a theory of economic development that suggests that countries in the
periphery are dependent on the core countries for economic development. This theory
suggests that the core countries benefit from exploiting the periphery countries.

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==Discuss and evaluate the applicability of DT on the current existing conditions of DC

Theory Of Postmodernism: This theory was developed by philosopher Jean-Francois

Lyotard in the 1970s. It is a theory of economic development that suggests that countries
must move away from traditional values and practices to achieve economic development.
This theory suggests that countries must embrace new technologies, new forms of
communication, and new forms of economic organization to achieve economic
development.

New (Endogenous) Growth: This theory was developed by economist Paul Romer in the
1990s. It is a theory of economic development that suggests that countries must focus on
innovation and technological advancement to achieve economic development. This
theory suggests that countries must invest in research and development, education, and
infrastructure to achieve economic development.

Balanced vs Unbalanced Growth: This theory was developed by economist Arthur

Lewis in the 1950s. It is a theory of economic development that suggests that countries
must focus on both capital and labour to achieve economic development. This theory
suggests that countries must invest in physical and human capital to achieve economic
development.

Coordination Failure: The O-Ring Theory of Economic Development: This theory was
developed by economist Robert Solow in the 1980s. It is a theory of economic
development that suggests that countries must coordinate their economic policies to
achieve economic development. This theory suggests that countries must coordinate their
fiscal, monetary, and trade policies to achieve economic development.

5. Development Policy and Strategies

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Development planning is the process of setting goals and objectives for the development
of a country, region, or organization. It involves formulating strategies and policies to
achieve these goals and objectives. Development planning is a complex process that
requires the participation of multiple stakeholders, including the government, civil
society, and the private sector.

Meaning of Development Planning:

Development planning is the process of setting goals and objectives for the development
of a country, region, or organization. It involves formulating strategies and policies to
achieve these goals and objectives. Development planning is a complex process that
requires the participation of multiple stakeholders, including the government, civil
society, and the private sector.

Development Planning Process:

The development planning process involves a number of steps. First, the current situation
must be analyzed to identify the current state of the country or region. This includes
analyzing the economic, social, and political environment. Once the current situation is
understood, the desired future state must be identified. This includes setting goals and
objectives for the country or region. Finally, strategies must be created to bridge the gap
between the current and desired future states. These strategies must be implemented to
achieve the desired goals.

The development planning process involves the following steps:

1. Identification of development goals and objectives: The first step in the development
planning process is to identify the development goals and objectives. This involves
assessing the current situation and identifying the desired outcomes.

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2. Formulation of strategies and policies: Once the goals and objectives have been
identified, they must be formulated to achieve them. This involves analyzing the situation
and identifying the most effective strategies and policies to achieve the desired outcomes.

3. Implementation of strategies and policies: Once they have been formulated, they
must be implemented. This involves coordinating resources and activities to ensure that
the strategies and policies are implemented effectively.

4. Evaluation and monitoring: The final step in the development planning process is to
evaluate and monitor the progress of the strategies and policies. This involves assessing
the effectiveness of the strategies and policies and making adjustments as necessary.

Types Of Development Planning:

There are several types of development planning, including:

1. Strategic planning involves formulating long-term goals and objectives and developing
strategies and policies to achieve them.

2. Operational planning involves formulating short-term goals and objectives and

developing strategies and policies to achieve them.

3. Project Planning: Project planning involves formulating specific goals and objectives
and developing strategies and policies to achieve them.

Development Strategies:

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Development strategies are the strategies and policies that are formulated to achieve the
development goals and objectives.
Once the goals and objectives have been identified, strategies must be created to achieve
them. These strategies must be tailored to the specific needs of the country or region.
Some common development strategies include:

1. Investing in infrastructure: This involves investing in roads, bridges, ports, airports,

and other infrastructure projects.

2. Investing in education: This involves investing in schools, universities, and other

educational institutions.

3. Investing in health care: This involves investing in hospitals, clinics, and other health
care facilities.

4. Investing in technology: This involves investing in research and development and the
development of new technologies.

5. Investing in human capital: This involves investing in training and development

programs for the workforce

There are several types of development strategies, including:

1. Agricultural Development Led: This strategy focuses on developing the agricultural

sector as the primary driver of economic growth.

2. Industrial Development Led: This strategy focuses on developing the industrial sector
as the primary driver of economic growth.

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3. Import Substitution: This strategy focuses on the substitution of imported goods and
services with domestically produced goods and services.

4. Export Oriented Industrialization: This strategy focuses on the development of

export-oriented industries to generate foreign exchange earnings.

5. Inclusive Growth: This strategy focuses on the development of all sectors of the
economy to ensure that all segments of society benefit from economic growth.

===Make a group and argue on wether agricultural led or industrial led contrbute for attaining
growth and development in the Ethiopia context?

In conclusion, development planning is the process of setting goals and objectives for the
development of a country, region, or organization. It involves the formulation of
strategies and policies to achieve these goals and objectives. There are several types of
development strategies, including agricultural development-led, industrial
development-led, import substitution, export-oriented industrialization, and inclusive
growth.

6. Development in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second most populous nation
in Africa, with a population of over 100 million people. Ethiopia has experienced rapid
economic growth in recent years, with a GDP growth rate of 8.5% in 2019. This growth
has been driven by the government’s commitment to economic reform and investment in
infrastructure, education, and health.

Development Trends and Status of Ethiopia

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Ethiopia has made significant progress in its development over the past decade. The
country has achieved the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in areas such as
poverty reduction, education access, and health services. Ethiopia has also made progress
in reducing gender inequality, with the government introducing a number of initiatives
to promote gender equality.

Regional Development Inequalities in Ethiopia

Despite the progress made in Ethiopia’s development, there are still significant regional
inequalities in development. The country is divided into eleven regions, and there are
significant disparities in development between the regions.

Can you cite some of the major difference across the region in terms of socioeconomic?

Challenges and Constraints of Development in Ethiopia

Despite the progress made in Ethiopia’s development, there are still a number of
challenges and constraints that need to be addressed. These include a lack of access to
basic services such as health and education, a lack of access to finance, and a lack of access
to markets. In addition, there are also challenges related to the country’s political and
economic environment, such as corruption and weak governance.

Development Potentials of Ethiopia

Despite the challenges and constraints, Ethiopia has a number of potentials for
development. These include its large population, its strategic location in the Horn of
Africa, and its abundant natural resources. In addition, the country has a young and
growing population, which provides an opportunity for economic growth.

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Discuss how the population mainly young, and location and resources considered as development
potential for Ethiopia?

Development Policies and Strategies of Ethiopia

The government of Ethiopia has implemented a number of policies and strategies to

promote development. These include the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP), which
is a five-year plan to promote economic growth and reduce poverty. The government has
also implemented a number of initiatives to promote access to finance, access to markets,
and access to basic services. In addition, the government has implemented a number of
initiatives to promote gender equality and reduce gender disparities.

7. Measures of growth and development

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): GDP is the total value of all goods and services produced
within a country in a given time. It is used to measure the size of an economy and is the
most commonly used measure of economic growth and development.

Gross National Product (GNP): GNP is the total value of all goods and services produced
by a country's citizens and businesses, regardless of location. It is used to measure the
size of an economy and is a more comprehensive measure of economic growth and
development than GDP.

GDP and GNP per capita: GDP and GNP per capita are economic growth and
development measures considering a country’s population size. GDP per capita is the
total value of all goods and services produced within a country divided by the population
size. In contrast, GNP per capita is the total value of all goods and services produced by
a country's citizens and businesses, regardless of where they are located, divided by the
population size.

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Gini Coefficient: The Gini coefficient is a measure of income inequality that is used to
measure the distribution of income within a country. It is calculated by taking the ratio
of the area between the Lorenz curve and the line of perfect equality to the total area
under the line of perfect equality.

Income Poverty: Income poverty is a measure of economic growth and development that
measures the percentage of people living below the poverty line. It is calculated by taking
the total number of people living below the poverty line and dividing it by the total
population.

Human Development Index: The Human Development Index (HDI) is a measure of

economic growth and development that takes into account a variety of factors, including
life expectancy, education, and income. It is calculated by taking the average of these
three factors and ranking countries based on their scores.

Multidimensional Poverty Index: The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is a

measure of economic growth and development that takes into account a variety of factors,
including health, education, and living standards. It is calculated by taking the average
of these three factors and ranking countries based on their scores.

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