MAHARASHTRASTATEBOARDOF TECHNICALEDUCATION MUMBAI

A
PROJECTREPORT ON “………………………………………………”
UNDERTHE GUIDANCE OF
…………………………………….

DEPARTMENT OF MECHINICAL ENGINEERING

DR. D.Y.PATIL POLYTECHNIC,
KASABABAWADA,KOLHAPUR
SEMESTER - I
YEAR: - 2022-23
SUBMITTEDBY:-

1. Prathmesh Anil Kamble Roll no. 1324

2. Satyajit Maruti Patil Roll no. 1325
3. Saisamarth Dipak More Roll no. 1326
4. Atharv Pravin Avaghade Roll no. 1327
5. Rushikesh Deepak Jadhav Roll no. 1328
6. Jay Jagdish Kamble Roll no. 1329
7. Ganesh Chandrakant Chavan Roll no. 1330
8. Rajveer Kiran Nangare Roll no. 1331
9. Moshe Amar Kamble Roll no. 1332
10. Siddhesh Prashant Nalawade Roll no. 1333
11. Atharv Sushilkumar Undale Roll no. 1334
12. Mohamad Sami Rafique Mulla Roll no. 1335
 Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. /Ms. ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Roll No. ……......of ……. Semester of Diploma in ………………………………………….............................

…………………………of Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Polytechnic (Code:0539) has completed the

Micro Project satisfactorily in Subject -…………….(……………) for the academic year 20…..-

20……. as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: …………………….
Enrollment No : ……………………………………..

Date : ……………………… Exam. Seat No: …………………………………….

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The success & find outcome of this project required a lot of guidance &
assistance from many people and I am extremely privileged to have got all
along the completion of our project. All that we have done is only due to
such supervision & assistance & I would not forget to thanks them.

I owe my deep gratitude to our project guide ……………………………………………….

who took keen interest on our project work & guided us all along , till the
completion of our project work by providing all the necessary Information
for developing a good system.

I am thankful to & fortunate enough to get constant encouragement,

support & guidance form all teaching staffs of Basic Science which help us in
successful completing our project work.

Date:
Place:Kolhapur.
 INDEX

SR. NO. CONTENT PAGENO.

1 Introduction 1
2 Definition of 2× 2determinant 1
3 Values of 2×2 order determinant 2
4 2×2 determinant equitation 2
5 Determinant method Cramers rule 3
6 Definition of 3×3 determinant 6
7 Triangle determinant 16
 Determinant
Introduction:- The Corman Mathematician, Cevass
discount the subject determinants, which helps to solve
simultaneous linear equations.

Definition of 2x2 Determinant:-

𝑎 𝑏
| | is a determinant and (a,b)(c,d)are rows and
𝑐 𝑑

columns.
Degree of this determinant is 2 because there are 2
elements in each. column and 2 elements in each row.
Determinent represent number which is (ad-bc).
𝑎 𝑏
i.e. | | = ad-bc
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏
ad-bc is the value of determinant | |
𝑐 𝑑
Determinants, usually one represented with capital
letters as A, B, C,D,…….etc

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Value of 2x2 order Determinants
𝑎1 𝑏1
Lets ∆𝑂𝑃𝐷 = | |Then its defined as
𝑎2 𝑏2
={The product of elements inprincipal diagonal} - {The
Product of elements in reverse diagonal}
=
This is also called as expansior of O determinant.

2x2 Determinant Equation:-

Any 2x2 order determinant of the form
𝑎 𝑏
| | =0
𝑐 𝑥
Where x is unknown, is called determinant equation. The
value of the unknown x is obtained by expanding the
determinant and then equating to zero.

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Determinant Method (cramer's Bole):-
This method was first given by a Swiss mathematician
(cabriel Cramer) so it is also known as cramer’s method.
To use crammer's method, the equations are written as
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1…………(ⅰ)
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2…………(ⅱ)
Here x and y are variables 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2 are real
numbers 𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 ≠ 0
Now let us solve these equations multiplying equation
(ⅰ) by 𝑏2 .
𝑎1 𝑏2 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑏2 … … … . . (ⅲ)
Multiplying equation (ⅱ)𝑏𝑦 𝑏1
𝑎2 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐2 𝑏2 … … … . . (ⅳ)
Subtracting equation (ⅳ) from (ⅲ)
𝑎1 𝑏2 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐2 𝑏2

We get (𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 )𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑏2 − 𝑐2 𝑏1

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 𝑐1 𝑏2 − 𝑐2 𝑏1
𝑥= … … … . (ⅴ)
𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1

Similarly y= ………………..(ⅵ)
To remember and write the expressions
𝑐1 𝑏2 − 𝑐2 𝑏1 , 𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 , 𝑎1 𝑐2 − 𝑎2 𝑐1 we use the
determinants.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Now 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1 we can write 3 [ 1] , [ 1 ] , [ 1 ]
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

and 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2 columns,
The values x,y in equation (ⅴ) ,(ⅵ) are written using
determinants as follows
𝑐 𝑏1 𝑎1 𝑐1
𝑐1 𝑏2 −𝑐2 𝑏1 | 1 | 𝑎1 𝑐2 −𝑎2 𝑐1 |𝑎 |
𝑐2 𝑏2 2 𝑐2
X= = 𝑎 𝑏1 , y= = 𝑎 𝑏1
𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1 | 1 | 𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1 | 1 |
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2

To remember let us denote

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑏1 𝑎1 𝑐1 𝐷𝑥 𝐷𝑦
D=| |,Dx=| |,Dy=|𝑎 𝑐2 | ჻ x= , y=
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑏2 2 𝐷 𝐷

For writing D,Dx,Dy remember the order of columns

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
[ 1] , [ 1] , [ 1] From the equation
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

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 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1 we get columns, [ 1] , [ 1 ] , [ 1 ]
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

and 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2

𝒄
•In D the column of constants [ 𝟏 ]is omitted.
𝒄𝟐

•In Dx the column of the coefficient of x,

𝒂 𝒄
[ 𝟏 ] 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 [ 𝟏 ],
𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐

•In Dy the column of the coefficient of y,

𝒃 𝒄
[ 𝟏 ] 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 [ 𝟏 ].
𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐

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Definition of 3 x 3 Determinant:-
An arrangement of nine elements or numbers
𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑏3 , 𝑐3 in three horizontal and
three vertical enclosed between two vertical bars is
called determinant of order 3 x 3 .

It is denoted by ∆𝑂𝑅 𝐷 𝑂𝑅[𝐴].

Here the first horizontal line containing 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 is called
first row(𝑅1 ).
Second horizontal line containing is 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2 called
second row(𝑅2 ).
And third horizontal line containing 𝑎3 , 𝑏3 , 𝑐3 is called
third row(𝑅3 ).
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The element 𝑎1 , 𝑏2 and 𝑐3 is called principle diagonal and
𝑐1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑎3 is called reverse diagonal OR secondary
diagonal.

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Minor and co-factor of an element in 3 x 3 determinant
Minor: A determinant obtained by deleting 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row and
𝑗𝑡ℎ column is called minor of an element a, and is
denoted by 𝑀𝑖𝑗.
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
If [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ]
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
Then minor of first row, first column element i.e. minor
of 𝑎1 is m₁ and it is obtained by deleting 1" row and 1"
𝑏 𝑐
column. 𝑀11 = | 2 2 |
𝑏3 𝑐3
Similarly,
𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑀21 = | |which is obtained by deleting 2nd and 1st
𝑏3 𝑐3
column.
Co-factor: The co-factor 𝐴𝑖𝑗 the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is the signed
minor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 determined by rule.
𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (−1)(1+1) 𝑀𝑖𝑗
𝐴21 = (−1)(2+1) 𝑀21
=(−1)(3) 𝑀21 = −𝑀21
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 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝐴21 = − | |
𝑏3 𝑐3
𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (−1)1+3 𝑀𝑖𝑗
𝐴11 = (−1)1+1 𝑀11 =(−1)(2) 𝑀11 = 𝑀11
𝑏2 𝑐2
𝐴11 = | |
𝑏3 𝑐3
Value of 3 × 3 order determinant
It is the sum of the products of elements in any row or
column into their corresponding cofactors.
The 3 × 3 order determinant can be expanded by any
one row wise or by any column wise.
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
Let ∆= |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
If we select first row then ∆= 𝑎1 𝐴11 + 𝑏1 𝐴12 +𝑐1 𝐴13
If we select second row then ∆= 𝑎2 𝐴21 + 𝑏2 𝐴22 +𝑐2 𝐴23
If we select second column then
∆= 𝑏1 𝐴12 + 𝑏2 𝐴22 +𝑏3 𝐴32

(9)
Solution of Simultaneous Equations using Determinants
(Cramer's Rule)
Let the three equations in three variables be
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3
Then they can be expressed in terms of determinants of
3×3 order as below:
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
D=|𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |a determinant of coefficients of x,y and z
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
𝑑1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝐷2 =|𝑑2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |a determinant of obtained from D on
𝑑3 𝑏3 𝑐3
replacing 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 𝑏𝑦 𝑑1 , 𝑑2 , 𝑑3
𝑎1 𝑑1 𝑐1
𝐷𝑦 =|𝑎2 𝑑2 𝑐2 |a determinant of obtained from D on
𝑎3 𝑑3 𝑐3
replacing 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 𝑏𝑦 𝑑1 , 𝑑2 , 𝑑3

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 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑑1
𝐷𝑥 =|𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑑2 |a determinant of obtained from D on
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑑3
replacing 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 𝑏𝑦 𝑑1 , 𝑑2 , 𝑑3
𝐷𝑥 𝐷𝑦 𝐷𝑧
Then x= ,𝑦 = ,𝑧 = , Provided D≠ 0
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷

Solve Example
2x2
•3x=4y=-14
-11-3y=2x
→Solution Rewriting given eqrs.
3x+4y=-14
-2x-3y=11
Here,
3 4
D=| |=-9+8 D=1
−2 −3
−14 4
Dx=| |=-14(-3)-4(1) =42-44 Dx=-2
11 −3
3 −14
Dy=| |=3(11)-(-14) (-2) =33-28 Dy=5
−2 11
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By crammers rules,
Solution is,
𝐷𝑥 −2 𝐷𝑦 5
𝑥= = = 2𝑦 = = = −5
𝐷 −1 𝐷 −1

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3× 𝟑
•x+y-z=0,2x+3z=9,x-y+2=2
1 1 −1
.→ 𝐷 = |2 1 3|
1 −1 1
1 3 2 3 2 1
=1 | | − 1| | − 1| |
−1 1 1 1 1 −1
=1[1 − (−3)] − 1[2 − 3] − [−2 − 1]
=4+1+3+8
D=8
0 1 −1
.𝐷𝑥 = |9 1 3|
2 −1 1
1 3 9 3 9 1
=0 | | − 1| | − 1| |
−1 1 2 1 2 −1
=0[1 − (−3)] − 1[9 − (−6)] − [−9 − 2]
=-3+11
Dx=8

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 1 0 −1
.𝐷𝑦 = |2 9 3|
1 −2 1
9 3 2 3 2 9
=1 | | 0| | − 1| |
2 1 1 1 1 2
=1[9 − 6] − 0 − 1[4 − 9]
=3+5
Dy=8
1 1 −0
.𝐷𝑧 = |2 1 9|
1 −1 2
1 9 2 9 2 1
=1 | | − 1| | + 0| |
−1 2 1 2 1 −1
=1[2 − (−9)] − 1(4 − 9) + 0
=11+5
Dz=16

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By crammers rule
𝐷𝑥 8 𝐷𝑦 8 𝐷𝑧 16
x= = =1 𝑦= = =1 z= = =2
𝐷 8 𝐷 8 𝐷 8

჻x=1 y=1 z=2

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Triangle Determinant :-
• Find the area of triangle whose vertices are
(6,6),(2,3) and (4,7).
.→ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: we know that area of ∆ with vertices
A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 C(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) is given by
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
Area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
2
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
Hence,𝑥1 = 6, 𝑦1 = 6, 𝑥2 = 2, 𝑦2 = 3, 𝑥3 = 4, 𝑦3 = 7
6 6 1
1
Area of ∆= |2 3 1|
2
4 7 1
1 3 3 2 1 2 3
= [6 | | − 6| | + 1| |]
2 7 1 4 1 4 7
1
= [6(3 − 7) − 6(2 − 4) + 1(14 − 12)]
2
1
= [6(−4) − 6(−2) + 1(2)]
2
1
= [−24 + 12 + 2]
2
1
= [−10]=-5
2

=5sq.units ჻ Area of given triangle is 5sq. units

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Area of given triangle is 5sq. units
• Find the area of triangle whose vertices are
(-8,-2),(-4,-6) and (-1,5).
.→ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: we know that area of ∆ with vertices
A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 C(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) is given by
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
Area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
2
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
Hence,𝑥1 = −8, 𝑦1 = −2, 𝑥2 = −4, 𝑦2 = −6, 𝑥3 =
−1, 𝑦3 = 5
−8 −2 1
1
Area of ∆= |−4 −6 1|
2
−1 5 1
1 −6 1 −4 1 −4 −6
= [−8 | | – (−2) | | + 4| |]
2 5 1 −1 1 −1 5
1
= [−8(−6 − 5) + 2(−4 − (−1)) + 1(−20 − 6)]
2
1
= [−8(−11) + 2(−3) + 1(−26)]
2
1
= [88 − 6 − 26]
2
1
= [56]=28sq.units ჻ Area of given triangle is 28sq. units
2
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Reference:- Wikipedia
TextBook Information

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