TSEC, Mumbai

Department of Computer
Engineering

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Sample questions for DBMS Practical Exam

SE/COMP/SEMIV

Do the practice for all questions given below

Refer the following links :

For Functions :
https://www.plsqltutorial.com/plsql-function/

For Procedure:
https://www.plsqltutorial.com/plsql-procedure/

Create table with Constraints

CREATE TABLE employees (
employee_id NUMBER(5) PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL,
last_name VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR2(100) UNIQUE,
hire_date DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE,
salary NUMBER(10,2) CHECK (salary > 0),
department_id NUMBER(5) REFERENCES departments(department_id) ON DELETE SET NULL
);

In this example, we create a table called "employees" with the following columns:

 employee_id: a numeric column with a maximum of 5 digits, set as the primary key of the table.
 first_name and last_name: string columns that cannot be null.
 email: a string column with a maximum length of 100 characters, with a unique constraint applied to
ensure no duplicate emails are stored.
 hire_date: a date column that defaults to the current system date when a new row is inserted.
 salary: a numeric column that must have a value greater than 0.
 department_id: a numeric column that references the department_id column in another table called
"departments", with the constraint that if a department is deleted, the corresponding department_id
value in the "employees" table should be set to NULL.

CREATE TABLE employees9 (

employee_id NUMBER(5) PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL,
last_name VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL,
hire_date DATE CHECK (hire_date BETWEEN TO_DATE('01-JAN-2000', 'DD-MON-YYYY') AND
TO_DATE('31-DEC-2022', 'DD-MON-YYYY'))
);

Date constraints: Date constraints can be used to restrict the values that can be entered into a date column.
For example, the following statement creates a table with a hire_date column that must be between January
1, 2000 and December 31, 2022

Page 2
CREATE TABLE employees (
employee_id NUMBER(5) PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL,
last_name VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL,
salary NUMBER(10,2) CHECK (salary BETWEEN 1000 AND 100000)
);

Range constraints: Range constraints can be used to restrict the values that can be entered into a numeric
column to a specific range. For example, the following statement creates a table with a salary column that
must be between 1000 and 100000

CREATE TABLE customers (

customer_id NUMBER(5) PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL,
last_name VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR2(100) UNIQUE
);

Unique constraint: A unique constraint can be used to ensure that no duplicate values are entered into a
column. For example, the following statement creates a table with an email column that must be unique

Not null constraint: A NOT NULL constraint can be used to ensure that a column must have a value
entered into it when a row is inserted or updated. For example, the following statement creates a table with
a phone_number column that cannot be null

creating a table with a constraint that requires a specific column value to start with a certain number

CREATE TABLE phone_numbers (

id INT PRIMARY KEY,
phone_number VARCHAR(20) CONSTRAINT phone_starts_with CHECK (phone_number LIKE '1%')
);

Example of creating a table with a constraint that requires a specific column value to start with a
certain string (An)

CREATE TABLE example_table (

id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(50) CONSTRAINT name_starts_with CHECK (name LIKE 'An%')
);

Page 3
creating a table with a check constraint for city value to be one of Pune or Mumbai and Cname must
be in capital letters

CREATE TABLE customers (

id INT PRIMARY KEY,
cname VARCHAR(50) CHECK (cname = UPPER(cname)),
city VARCHAR(50) CHECK (city IN ('Pune', 'Mumbai''))
);

CREATE TABLE employees (

employee_id NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR2(20),
last_name VARCHAR2(25),
email VARCHAR2(25),
phone_number VARCHAR2(20),
hire_date DATE,
job_id VARCHAR2(10),
salary NUMBER(8,2),
commission_pct NUMBER(2,2),
manager_id NUMBER(6),
department_id NUMBER(4)
);

Inserting Date
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, email, phone_number, hire_date, job_id,
salary, commission_pct, manager_id, department_id)
VALUES (100, 'Steven', 'King', '[email protected]', '515.123.4567', TO_DATE('17-JUN-1987',
'DD-MON-YYYY'), 'AD_PRES', 24000, NULL, NULL, 90);

Page 4
 Triggers Queries
1. BEFORE INSERT trigger to automatically set a new employee's hire date to the current date:

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER set_hire_date

BEFORE INSERT ON employees
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
:NEW.hire_date := SYSDATE;
END;
/

2. Create a trigger that will prevent a record from being inserted into the employees table if the salary
is less than 1000.

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER check_employee_salary

BEFORE INSERT ON employees
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF :NEW.salary < 1000 THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Salary cannot be less than 1000');
END IF;
END;
/

Page 5
3. Create a trigger that outputs a message to the console, indicating the old and new salaries for the
employee.

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER update_employee_salary

BEFORE UPDATE OF salary ON employees
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF :OLD.salary != :NEW.salary THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee ' || :OLD.employee_id || ' salary is changing from ' ||
:OLD.salary || ' to ' || :NEW.salary);
END IF;
END;
/

Page 6
 Functions
1. Create a function that will calculate the age of a person based on their date of birth.

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION calculate_age (dob IN DATE)

RETURN NUMBER
IS
age NUMBER;
BEGIN
age := TRUNC(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE, dob) / 12);
RETURN age;
END;
/

To call the function, you can use the following syntax:

DECLARE
emp_age NUMBER;
BEGIN
emp_age := calculate_age(TO_DATE('01-JAN-1980', 'DD-MON-YYYY'));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Age: ' || emp_age);
END;
/

2. Create a function that will return the total number of employees in a department based on the
department ID.

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_department_size (dept_id IN NUMBER)

RETURN NUMBER
IS
emp_count NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO emp_count
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id = dept_id;
RETURN emp_count;
END;
/

To call the function, you can use the following syntax:

DECLARE
dept_size NUMBER;
BEGIN
dept_size := get_department_size(60);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Department Size: ' || dept_size);
END;
/
Page 7
 Procedure
1. Create a procedure that will insert a new record into the employees table.

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE add_employee (first_name IN VARCHAR2, last_name IN

VARCHAR2, email IN VARCHAR2, hire_date IN DATE, job_id IN VARCHAR2, salary IN
NUMBER, manager_id IN NUMBER, department_id IN NUMBER)
IS
BEGIN
INSERT INTO employees (emp_id, first_name, last_name, email, hire_date, job_id, salary,
manager_id, department_id)
VALUES (emp_id, first_name, last_name, email, hire_date, job_id, salary, manager_id,
department_id);
COMMIT;
END;
/

To call the procedure, you can use the following syntax:

BEGIN
add_employee(1,'John', 'Doe', '[email protected]', SYSDATE, 'IT_PROG', 5000, 100, 60);
END;
/

2. Create a procedure that will update the salary of an employee based on their employee ID.

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_employee_salary (emp_id IN NUMBER,

new_salary IN NUMBER)
IS
BEGIN
UPDATE employees SET salary = new_salary WHERE employee_id = emp_id;
COMMIT;
END;
/

To call the procedure, you can use the following syntax:

BEGIN
update_employee_salary(100, 6000);
END;
/

Page 8
 For Practical

Consider the Company database with following tables

Perform the following:

1. Create company database
2. Viewing all databases
3. Viewing all Tables in a Database,
4. Creating Tables (With and Without Constraints)
5. Inserting/Updating/Deleting Records in a Table
6. Saving (Commit) and Undoing (rollback)

SOLUTION:

1. Creating a Database
CREATE DATABASE Company;

2. Viewing all databases

SHOW DATABASES;

3. Viewing all Tables in a Database,

SHOW tables;

4. Creating Tables (With and Without Constraints)

CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT
(DNO VARCHAR2 (20) PRIMARY KEY,
DNAME VARCHAR2 (20),
MGRSTARTDATE DATE);

Page 9
 CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE
(SSN VARCHAR2 (20) PRIMARY KEY,
FNAME VARCHAR2 (20),
LNAME VARCHAR2 (20),
ADDRESS VARCHAR2 (20),
SEX CHAR (1),
SALARY INTEGER,
SUPERSSN REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (SSN),
DNO REFERENCES DEPARTMENT (DNO));

NOTE: Once DEPARTMENT and EMPLOYEE tables are created we must alter department
table to add foreign constraint MGRSSN using sql command

ALTER TABLE DEPARTMENT

ADD MGRSSN REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (SSN);

5. Inserting/Updating/Deleting Records in a Table,

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‗RNSECE01‘,‘JOHN‘,‘SCOTT‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 450000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‗RNSCSE01‘,‘JAMES‘,‘SMITH‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 500000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‗RNSCSE02‘,‘HEARN‘,‘BAKER‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 700000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‗RNSCSE03‘,‘EDWARD‘,‘SCOTT‘,‘MYSORE‘,‘M‘, 500000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‗RNSCSE04‘,‘PAVAN‘,‘HEGDE‘,‘MANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 650000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‗RNSCSE05‘,‘GIRISH‘,‘MALYA‘,‘MYSORE‘,‘M‘, 450000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‗RNSCSE06‘,‘NEHA‘,‘SN‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘F‘, 800000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‗RNSACC01‘,‘AHANA‘,‘K‘,‘MANGALORE‘,‘F‘, 350000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‗RNSACC02‘,‘SANTHOSH‘,‘KUMAR‘,‘MANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 300000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‗RNSISE01‘,‘VEENA‘,‘M‘,‘MYSORE‘,‘M‘, 600000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‗RNSIT01‘,‘NAGESH‘,‘HR‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 500000);

INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‗1‘,‘ACCOUNTS‘,‘01-JAN-

01‘,‘RNSACC02‘);
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‗2‘,‘IT‘,‘01-AUG-16‘,‘RNSIT01‘);

Page 10
 INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‗3‘,‘ECE‘,‘01-JUN-08‘,‘RNSECE01‘);
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‗4‘,‘ISE‘,‘01-AUG-15‘,‘RNSISE01‘);
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‗5‘,‘CSE‘,‘01-JUN-02‘,‘RNSCSE05‘);

Update

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET DNO=‘5‘, SUPERSSN=‘RNSCSE06‘ WHERE

SSN=‘RNSCSE05‘;

Delete entries of employee table where DNO =1;

DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE DNO=1;

6. COMMIT and ROLLBACK

Before concluding this section on Data Manipulation Language commands there are two
further commands, which are very useful. Changes made to the database by INSERT,
UPDATE and DELETE commands are temporary until explicitly committed. This is
performed by the command:

COMMIT;

On execution of this command all changes to the database made by you are made
permanent and cannot be undone.
 A COMMIT is automatically executed when you exit normally from SQL*Plus.
However, it does no harm to occasionally issue a COMMIT command.
 A COMMIT does not apply to any SELECT commands as there is nothing to
commit.
 A COMMIT does not apply to any DDL commands (eg CREATE TABLE,
CREATE INDEX, etc). These are automatically committed and cannot be rolled
back.
 If you wished to rollback (ie undo) any changes made to the database since the
last commit, you can issue the command:

ROLLBACK;

A group of related SQL commands that all have to complete successfully or otherwise be
rolled back, is called a transaction. Part of your research for Outcome 3 includes
investigating transaction processing and the implications of rollback and commit.

Page 11
 For Practical

Consider Dept table

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

Perform the following:

1. Rename the table dept as department
2. Add a new column PINCODE with not null constraints to the existing table DEPT
3. All constraints and views that reference the column are dropped automatically, along
with the column.
4. Rename the column DNAME to DEPT_NAME in dept table
5. Change the data type of column loc as CHAR with size 10
6. Delete table

SOLUTION:

Create Table

SQL> CREATE TABLE DEPT(DEPTNO INTEGER, DNAME VARCHAR(10),LOC

VARCHAR(4), PRIMARY KEY(DEPTNO));

1. Rename the table dept as department

SQL> ALTER TABLE DEPT RENAME TO DEPARTMENT;

Table altered.

2. Add a new column PINCODE with not null constraints to the existing table DEPT

SQL> ALTER TABLE DEPARTMENT ADD(PINCODE NUMBER(6) NOT NULL);

Table altered.

SQL> DESC DEPARTMENT;

Name Null? Type

DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(38)

DNAME VARCHAR2(10)
LOC VARCHAR2(4)
PINCODE NOT NULL NUMBER(6)

Page 12
3. All constraints and views that reference the column are dropped automatically, along
with the column.

SQL> ALTER TABLE DEPARTMENT DROP column LOC CASCADE

CONSTRAINTS;

Table altered.

SQL> desc dept

Name Null? Type

DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(38)

DNAME VARCHAR2(10)
PINCODE NOT NULL NUMBER(6)

4. Rename the column DNAME to DEPT_NAME in dept table

SQL> ALTER TABLE DEPT RENAME COLUMN DNAME TO DEPT_NAME ;

Table altered.
SQL> DESC DEPARTMENT;
Name Null? Type

DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(38)

DEPT_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
LOC VARCHAR2(4)
PINCODE NOT NULL NUMBER(6)

5. Change the datatype of colunm loc as CHAR with size 10

SQL> ALTER TABLE DEPARTMENT MODIFY LOC CHAR(10) ;

Table altered.
SQL> DESC DEPARTMENT;
Name Null? Type

DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(38)

DEPT_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
LOC CHAR(10)
PINCODE NOT NULL NUMBER(6)

6. Delete table
SQL> DROP TABLE DEPARTMENT;
Table dropped.

Page 13
 For Practical
Consider Employee table

EMPN EMP_NAM DEPT SALAR DOJ BRANC

O E Y H
E101 Amit oduction 45000 12-Mar- Bangalor
00 e
E102 Amit HR 70000 03-Jul-02 Bangalor
e
E103 sunita anageme 120000 11-Jan- mysore
n 01
E105 sunita IT 67000 01-Aug- mysore
01
E106 mahesh Civil 145000 20-Sep- Mumbai
03

Perform the following

1. Display all the fields of employee table
2. Retrieve employee number and their salary
3. Retrieve average salary of all employee
4. Retrieve number of employee
5. Retrieve distinct number of employee
6. Retrieve total salary of employee group by employee name and count similar names
7. Retrieve total salary of employee which is greater than >120000
8. Display name of employee in descending order
9. Display details of employee whose name is AMIT and salary greater than 50000;

1. Display all the fields of employee table

SQL> select * from employee;
EMPN EMP_NAME DEPT SALARY DOJ BRANCH
O
E101 Amit Production 45000 12-MAR-00 Bangalor
e
E102 Amit HR 70000 03-JUL-02 Bangalor
e
E103 sunita Management 120000 11-JAN-01 mysore
E105 sunita IT 67000 01-AUG-01 mysore
E106 mahesh Civil 145000 20-SEP-03 Mumbai

2. Retrieve employee number and their salary

SQL> select empno, salary from
employee; EMPNO SALARY

E101 45000
E102 70000
E103 12000
0
E105 67000

Page 14
E106 14500
0
3. Retrieve average salary of all employee
SQL> select avg(salary) from

employee; AVG(SALARY)

89400

4. Retrieve number of employee

SQL> select count(*) from

employee; COUNT(*)

5. Retrieve distinct number of employee

SQL> select count(DISTINCT emp_name) from
employee; COUNT(DISTINCTEMP_NAME)

6. Retrieve total salary of employee group by employee name and count similar names

SQL> SELECT EMP_NAME, SUM(SALARY),COUNT(*) FROM

EMPLOYEE 2 GROUP BY(EMP_NAME);

EMP_NAME SUM(SALAR COUNT(*

Y) )
mahesh 145000 1
sunita 187000 2
Amit 115000 2

7. Retrieve total salary of employee which is greater than >120000

SQL> SELECT EMP_NAME, SUM(SALARY) FROM

EMPLOYEE 2 GROUP BY(EMP_NAME)
3 HAVING

SUM(SALARY)>120000;

EMP_NAME

SUM(SALA

RY)

mahesh 145000
sunita 187000

Page 15
 8. Display name of employee in descending order

SQL> select emp_name from

employee 2 order by emp_name
desc;

EMP_NAME

sunita
sunita
mahes
h Amit
Amit

9. Display details of employee whose name is AMIT and salary greater than 50000;

SQL> select * from employee

2 where emp_name='Amit' and salary>50000;

EMPNO EMP_NAME DEPT SALARY DOJ BRANCH

E102 Amit HR 70000 03-JUL-02 Bangalor
e

Page 16
 For Practical
For a given tables

Create tables and perform the following

1. How the resulting salaries if every employee working on the ‘Research’ Departments is
given a 10 percent raise.
2. Find the sum of the salaries of all employees of the ‘Accounts’ department, as well as the
maximum salary, the minimum salary, and the average salary in this department
3. Retrieve the name of each employee Controlled by department number 5 (use EXISTS
operator).
4. Retrieve the name of each dept and number of employees working in each department
which has at least 2 employees
5. Retrieve the name of employees who born in the year 1990’s
6. Retrieve the name of employees and their dept name (using JOIN)

Page 17
SOLUTION

SQL> CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT(

DNO VARCHAR2 (20) PRIMARY KEY,
DNAME VARCHAR2 (20),
MGRSTARTDATE DATE);

SQL> DESC DEPARTMENT;

Name Null? Type

DNO NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)

DNAME VARCHAR2(20)
MGRSTARTDATE DATE

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(

SSN VARCHAR2 (20) PRIMARY KEY,
FNAME VARCHAR2 (20),
LNAME VARCHAR2 (20),
ADDRESS VARCHAR2 (20),
SEX CHAR (1),
SALARY INTEGER,
SUPERSSN REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (SSN),
DNO REFERENCES DEPARTMENT (DNO));

SQL> DESC EMPLOYEE;

Name Null? Type

SSN NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)

FNAME VARCHAR2(20)
LNAME VARCHAR2(20)
ADDRESS VARCHAR2(20)
SEX CHAR(1)
SALARY NUMBER(38)
SUPERSSN VARCHAR2(20)
DNO NUMBER(38)

SQL> ALTER TABLE DEPARTMENT

2 ADD MGRSSN REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (SSN);

Table altered.

SQL> DESC DEPARTMENT;

Name Null? Type

DNO NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)

DNAME VARCHAR2(20)

Page 18
 MGRSTARTDATE DATE
MGRSSN VARCHAR2(20)

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‘RNSECE01‘,‘JOHN‘,‘SCOTT‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 450000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSCSE01‘,‘JAMES‘,‘SMITH‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 500000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSCSE02‘,‘HEARN‘,‘BAKER‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 700000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSCSE03‘,‘EDWARD‘,‘SCOTT‘,‘MYSORE‘,‘M‘, 500000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSCSE04‘,‘PAVAN‘,‘HEGDE‘,‘MANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 650000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSCSE05‘,‘GIRISH‘,‘MALYA‘,‘MYSORE‘,‘M‘, 450000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSCSE06‘,‘NEHA‘,‘SN‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘F‘, 800000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSACC01‘,‘AHANA‘,‘K‘,‘MANGALORE‘,‘F‘, 350000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSACC02‘,‘SANTHOSH‘,‘KUMAR‘,‘MANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 300000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSISE01‘,‘VEENA‘,‘M‘,‘MYSORE‘,‘M‘, 600000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSIT01‘,‘NAGESH‘,‘HR‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 500000);

INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (1,‘ACCOUNTS‘,‘01-JAN-

01‘,‘RNSACC02‘);
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (2,‘IT‘,‘01-AUG-16‘,‘RNSIT01‘);
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (3,‘ECE‘,‘01-JUN-08‘,‘RNSECE01‘);
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (4,‘ISE‘,‘01-AUG-15‘,‘RNSISE01‘);
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (5,‘CSE‘,‘01-JUN-02‘,‘RNSCSE05‘);

Note: update entries of employee table to fill missing fields SUPERSSN and DNO
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET SUPERSSN=NULL, DNO=‘3‘ WHERE
SSN=‘RNSECE01‘;
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET SUPERSSN=‘RNSCSE02‘, DNO=‘5‘ WHERE
SSN=‘RNSCSE01‘;
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET SUPERSSN=‘RNSCSE03‘, DNO=‘5‘ WHERE
SSN=‘RNSCSE02‘;
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET SUPERSSN=‘RNSCSE04‘, DNO=‘5‘ WHERE
SSN=‘RNSCSE03‘;

Page 19
 UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET DNO=‘5‘, SUPERSSN=‘RNSCSE05‘ WHERE
SSN=‘RNSCSE04‘; UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET DNO=‘5‘, SUPERSSN=‘RNSCSE06‘
WHERE SSN=‘RNSCSE05‘;
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET DNO=‘5‘, SUPERSSN=NULL WHERE
SSN=‘RNSCSE06‘;
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET DNO=‘1‘, SUPERSSN=‘RNSACC02‘ WHERE
SSN=‘RNSACC01‘;
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET DNO=‘1‘, SUPERSSN=NULL WHERE
SSN=‘RNSACC02‘;
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET DNO=‘4‘, SUPERSSN=NULL WHERE
SSN=‘RNSISE01‘;
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET DNO=‘2‘, SUPERSSN=NULL WHERE
SSN=‘RNSIT01‘;

1. How the resulting salaries if every employee working on the ‘Research’

Departments is given a 10 percent raise.
SQL> SELECT E.FNAME,E.LNAME, 1.1*E.SALARY AS INCR_SAL
2 FROM EMPLOYEE1 E,DEPARTMENT D,EMPLOYEE1 W
3 WHERE E.SSN=W.SSN
4 AND E.DNO=D.DNUMBER
5 AND D.DNAME='research';

2. Find the sum of the salaries of all employees of the ‘Accounts’ department, as well
as the maximum salary, the minimum salary, and the average salary in this
department
SQL> SELECT SUM(E.SALARY),MAX(E.SALARY),MIN(E.SALARY),
AVG(E.SALARY)FROM EMPLOYEE1 E,DEPARTMENT D WHERE
E.DNO=D.DNUMBER AND D.DNAME='RESEARCH';

3. Retrieve the name of each employee Controlled by department number 5 (use

EXISTS operator).
SQL> SELECT

E.FNAME,E.LNAME 2

FROM EMPLOYEE1 E

Page 20
 3 WHERE EXISTS(SELECT DNO FROM EMPLOYEE1 WHERE E.DNO=5);

4. Retrieve the name of each dept and number of employees working in each
department which has at least 2 employees
SELECT DNAME, COUNT(*)
FROM EMPLOYEE E, DEPARTMENT D
WHERE D.DNO=E.DNO
AND D.DNO IN (SELECT E1.DNO
FROM EMPLOYEE E1
GROUP BY E1.DNO
having count(*)>2 )
ORDER BY DNO;

5. Retrieve the name of employees who born in the year 1990’s

SELECT E.FNAME,E.LNAME,E.BDATE FROM EMPLOYEE1 E WHERE BDATE LIKE '196%';

6. Retrieve the name of employees and their dept name (using JOIN)

SELECT E.FNAME, E.LNAME, DNAME

FROM EMPLOYEE E NATURAL JOIN DEPARTMENT D ON E,DNO=D.DNO;

Page 21
 For Practical View
For a given EMPLOYEE tables

Perform the Following

1. Creating Views (With and Without Check Option),
2. Selecting from a View
3. Dropping Views,

SOLUTION:

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (

SSN VARCHAR2 (20) PRIMARY KEY,
FNAME VARCHAR2 (20),
LNAME VARCHAR2 (20),
ADDRESS VARCHAR2 (20),
SEX CHAR (1),
SALARY INTEGER,
SUPERSSN REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (SSN),
DNO REFERENCES DEPARTMENT (DNO));

SQL> DESC EMPLOYEE;

Name Null? Type

SSN NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)

FNAME VARCHAR2(20)
LNAME VARCHAR2(20)
ADDRESS VARCHAR2(20)
SEX CHAR(1)
SALARY NUMBER(38)
SUPERSSN VARCHAR2(20)
DNO NUMBER(38)

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)

VALUES (‘RNSECE01‘,‘JOHN‘,‘SCOTT‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 450000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSCSE01‘,‘JAMES‘,‘SMITH‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 500000);

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 INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSCSE02‘,‘HEARN‘,‘BAKER‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 700000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSCSE03‘,‘EDWARD‘,‘SCOTT‘,‘MYSORE‘,‘M‘, 500000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSCSE04‘,‘PAVAN‘,‘HEGDE‘,‘MANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 650000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSCSE05‘,‘GIRISH‘,‘MALYA‘,‘MYSORE‘,‘M‘, 450000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSCSE06‘,‘NEHA‘,‘SN‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘F‘, 800000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSACC01‘,‘AHANA‘,‘K‘,‘MANGALORE‘,‘F‘, 350000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSACC02‘,‘SANTHOSH‘,‘KUMAR‘,‘MANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 300000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSISE01‘,‘VEENA‘,‘M‘,‘MYSORE‘,‘M‘, 600000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY)
VALUES (‘RNSIT01‘,‘NAGESH‘,‘HR‘,‘BANGALORE‘,‘M‘, 500000);

Creating View

The query that defines the sales_staffview references only rows in department 5.
Furthermore, the CHECK OPTION creates the view with the constraint (named
sales_staff_cnst) that INSERT and UPDATE statements issued against the view cannot
result in rows that the view cannot select.

1. Creating Views (With and Without Check Option)

SQL> CREATE VIEW sales_staff AS

2 SELECT fname, ssn, dno
3 FROM employee
4 WHERE dno =5
5 WITH CHECK OPTION CONSTRAINT sales_staff_cnst;

View created.

2. Selecting from a View

SQL> select * from sales_staff;

3. Drop View

SQL>DROP VIEW sales_staff;

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 For Practical Procedure

Given an integer i, write a PL/SQL procedure to insert the tuple (i, 'xxx') into a given relation.

SOLUTION:

CREATE TABLE T2 (
a INTEGER,
b CHAR(10));

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE addtuple1(x IN NUMBER)

AS
BEGIN
INSERT INTO T2 VALUES(x, 'xxx');
END addtuple1;
.
run;

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 Study For Theory Only Not in Practical Exam

Consider the MOVIE DATABASE

Write following relational algebra queries for a given set of relations.

1. Find movies made after 1997
2. Find movies made by Hanson after 1997
3. Find all movies and their ratings
4. Find all actors and directors
5. Find Coen’s movies with McDormand

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SOLUTION:

Common notations of Relational Algebra

Operation Purpose

Select(σ) The SELECT operation is used for selecting a subset of the tuples
according to a given selection condition

Projection(π) The projection eliminates all attributes of the input relation but those
mentioned in the projection list.

Union UNION is symbolized by symbol. It includes all tuples that are in

Operation(∪ ) tables A or in B.

Set Difference(-) - Symbol denotes it. The result of A - B, is a relation which includes
all tuples that are in A but not in B.

Intersection(∩) Intersection defines a relation consisting of a set of all tuple that are
in both A and B.

Cartesian Cartesian operation is helpful to merge columns from two relations.

Product(X)

Inner Join Inner join, includes only those tuples that satisfy the matching
criteria.

Theta Join(θ) The general case of JOIN operation is called a Theta join. It is
denoted by symbol θ.

EQUI Join When a theta join uses only equivalence condition, it becomes a equi
join.

Natural Join(⋈) Natural join can only be performed if there is a common attribute
(column) between the relations.

Outer Join In an outer join, along with tuples that satisfy the matching criteria.

Left Outer Join( In the left outer join, operation allows keeping all tuple in the left
) relation.

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Right Outer join( In the right outer join, operation allows keeping all tuple in the right
) relation.

Full Outer Join( ) In a full outer join, all tuples from both relations are included in the
result irrespective of the matching condition.

2. Find movies made after 1997

σmyear>1997(Movies)

3. Find movies made by Hanson after 1997

σmyear>1997 ∧ director=‘Hanson_(Movies)

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4. Find all movies and their ratings
πtitle, rating(Movies)

5. Find all actors and directors

πactor(Actors) ∪ πdirector(Directors)

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 6. Find Coen’s movies with McDormand
e1 = πtitle(σactor=‘McDormand_ (Acts))
e2 = πtitle(σdirector=‘Coen_ (Movies))
result = e1 ∩ e2

For theory Exam Sample 1

Consider following databases and draw ER diagram and convert entities and relationships
to relation table for a given scenario.

1. COLLEGE DATABASE:
STUDENT (USN, SName, Address, Phone, Gender)
SEMSEC (SSID, Sem, Sec)
CLASS (USN, SSID)
SUBJECT (Subcode, Title, Sem, Credits)
IAMARKS (USN, Subcode, SSID, Test1, Test2, Test3, FinalIA)

2. COMPANY DATABASE:
EMPLOYEE (SSN, Name, Address, Sex, Salary, SuperSSN, DNo)
DEPARTMENT (DNo, DName, MgrSSN, MgrStartDate)
DLOCATION (DNo,DLoc)
PROJECT (PNo, PName, PLocation, DNo)
WORKS_ON (SSN, PNo, Hours)

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 SOLUTION:

College Database: E-R Diagram

Mapping
entities and
relationships
to relation
table
(Schema
Diagram)

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 COMPANY DATABASE:

E-R Diagram

Schema Diagram

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