FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAMME

KA35201 GEOTECHNICAL LAB

SEMESTER 2 SESSION 2022/2023

PRELIMINARY REPORT

DATE:

19 APRIL 2023

SUBMITTED TO:

DR. JODIN MAKINDA

PREPARED BY: GROUP A1

NO FULL NAME MATRIC NUMBER

1 AIDIL IZZAT BIN NORAZILI BK20110167

2 MOHD. FADHLEE BIN JAMIRIN BK20110194

3 DG LAILI AZWA BINTI AG BAKRIN BK20110273

4 JOCELYN GEORGE JUIN BK20110116
TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 3

2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................................................................................. 3

3.0 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY ........................................................................................ 3

4.0 SCOPE OF WORK ...................................................................................................... 4

5.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................... 5

6.0 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................. 5

7.0 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................11

8.0 GANTT CHART PLANNING .......................................................................................13

REFERENCES..................................................................................................................14

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Residual soil often referred to the product that generated during the weathering of rocks
which is the breakdown of rocks due to weathering affects and atmosphere, remains in the same
location as its origination. Rock weathering produces residual soils, which are typically found in
humid, tropical climates. The majority of the time, sedimentary rocks like shale, sandstone, and
limestone are precursor materials or byproducts of residual soils. Igneous rocks include basalt
and granite. Rock beds usually lie on top of residual soil. Lateritic soils and black cotton soils are
more prominent instances of residual soils.

2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Residual soil is frequently used as a foundational layer or building material. Its weakly
bound structure, which it acquired from the parent rock or that was produced because of
secondary crystallization during weathering, is thought to be the cause of its poor strength. Prior
to performing soil engineering work, soil stabilization is a frequent practice to attempt to improve
the mechanical structure of a specific soil. Residual soil on the surface of the ground can lead to
issues with geological engineering, particularly in regard to the stability and carrying capacity of
the soil. The residual soil on the hills has been related to the most common land movement
disasters. As a result of the slope stability disrupting the compositional elements of the slope,
such as soil mass, rocks, or weathering materials, soil movement is the movement of the soil or
rock mass down or out of the slope.

3.0 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The significance of studying soil stabilization methods is to address the major problems
that arise in construction on problematic soil. In this study, the research on improving the
engineering properties of residual soils using coconut husk ash is necessary because residual soils
are common in many regions, particularly in tropical areas as they often have poor geotechnical
properties making them unsuitable for construction. There are several reasons why residual soils
must be stabilized. Because of their low shear strength and high compressibility, residual soils are
prone to slope failure. The stabilization of these soils can aid in the prevention of slope failure
and landslides. Residual soils may not be able to support heavy loads in foundation support
without significant settlement. Stabilizing the soil would thus improve its bearing capacity while
preventing settlement. Because residual soils form as a result of weathering of bedrock rather
than deposition, they are prone to erosion and instability. Thus, when exposed to water, it is

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highly erodible. Hence, soil stabilization is essential in avoiding erosion, sedimentation, and a
deleterious impact on the surrounding environment.

4.0 SCOPE OF WORK

The following scope describes the task that will be completed to evaluate the performance of
stabilized soils by classifying the soil being tested and determining its properties in terms of shear
strength, compaction, permeability, and rate of consolidation using standard variables. The study
emphasized using residual soils as the foundation material and coconut husk ash as the stabilizer.

The scope is organized into the following task:

 Task 1: PBL Case Coordination

 Task 2: Preliminary Test and Literature Review
 Task 3: Engineering Test (Lab Works)
 Task 4: Analysis and Documentation

Residual soil sample will be collected at University Malaysia Sabah and preliminary test was
performed to determine the soil classification. The engineering properties of the soil sample with
an added coconut husk ash as a stabilizer will be determined through laboratory tests, according
to ASTM standards. Finally, a detailed report summarizing the findings of the investigation,
including the soil classification, shear strength, compaction, permeability, rate of consolidation,
and the comparison of engineering performance based on the percentage of stabilizer material
used. This geotechnical investigation will provide valuable information on the performance of
stabilized soils and enable the development of appropriate recommendations for the use of
stabilized soil in the industry.

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5.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

1. To evaluate the physical and chemical properties of the residual soil through various laboratory
tests, including sieve analysis, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, pH level and natural water
content.

2. To investigate the effectiveness of incorporating coconut husk ash (CHA) into residual soils for
the purpose of improving their geotechnical properties including shear strength, permeability
compaction and consolidation.

3. To compare and investigate the effects of using different percentages of coconut husk ash
(CHA) on the geotechnical properties of residual soil. The study will involve adding different
percentages of 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% to the residual soil sample.

4. To identify the optimum percentages of coconut husk ash (CHA) stabilizer in providing guidance
to improve the geotechnical properties of residual soil.

6.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Regular landslides are caused by severe weathering in the residual soil (Ray et al., 2021).
The genesis and degree of weathering, which in turn depend on lithology, minerals, hydrology,
stratigraphy, and climate, determine the geotechnical qualities and engineering behavior of
residual soil. The importance of recent advancements in laboratory and field testing is underlined,
and it is described how these advancements can be used to model residual soil behavior under
various boundary circumstances. The relationship between water content and clay content, which
is linked, has a significant impact on how residual soil behaves. It is now possible to accurately
quantify negative pore-water pressures in the field because the majority of residual soils are in
an unsaturated state. Unsaturated soil mechanics govern the behavior of residual soils (Leong,
Rahardjo, & Fredlund, 2001). Future developments that can offer fresh perspectives on how
unsaturated clayey residual soil behaves after precipitation are recognized. Landslides are more
likely to occur due to the presence of a fragile ecosystem, which is characterized by a delicate
geological setting with contemporary crustal adjustments, heavy precipitation, varying slopes,
and unfavorable hydro-geological conditions as well as ever-increasing anthropogenic activities.

In reference to Hoseini et al. (2020), variations in depth, degree of weathering, and parent
rock type affect the qualities of residual soils. It is obvious that a zone has severe weathering and
thick soil because of the concentration of lines, places of junction, length of lineaments, and

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dimension fractal of lineaments in the southeast of the study region. The orientation of the
bedding joints in relation to the slope in the research region determines the depth of the
weathering. Weathering and erosion processes regulate soil thickness and slope inclination.

Residual soil can be treated in various method and different kind of stabilizer. According
to Rahman et al. (2014), the effect of rice husk ash (RHA) was investigated to evaluate the
performance on the geotechnical characteristics of treated residual soil. Between 0% and 20%
of the base soil was mixed with various RHA contents to prepare the treated samples. To ascertain
the engineering properties of soil, the Atterberg limits and compaction laboratory tests were
performed. According to the findings, the liquid limit and plastic limit decreased as the amount of
added RHA increased. Compaction tests showed that when RHA content increased, maximum dry
density increased, and optimal water content decreased. The findings demonstrated that RHA
could alter the geotechnical properties of treated residual soil and may be used as an alternative
material for soil stabilization.

Based on Snodi et al. (2018), a study of chemical stabilizer for soil characteristics
improvement was conducted. Lateritic soil was used as residual soil in this investigation. Different
weights of stabiliser for polymer (SBR) (2.5, 5, 10, and 12.5%) and stabiliser for lime (1.25, 2.5,
5, and 10%) were added to the soil. Gradation, Plasticity Index, Compaction, and Unconfined
Compressive Strength were among the laboratory tests used to assess the effectiveness and
efficiency of SBR and lime for geotechnical soil parameters. The plasticity index decreased, and
compressive strength increased, according to the data and results.

Next, Bernardi et al. (2022) stated that the Marchetti Dilatometer Test (DMT) is a good
alternative to assess the behaviour of soil embankments and allows to estimate the geotechnical
parameters of the soils. The study was done to evaluate the application of DMT on compacted
residual soil, analysing the influence of suction on the parameters obtained. A sample of residual
diabase soil was collected and compacted in the laboratory at its optimum moisture content. The
DMT blade was statically inserted at 6 different points of the specimen surface with measurement
of parameters A and B at every 10 cm deep. The results showed with the increase of suction,
there is an increase in both material index value and dilatometric module, buat a reduction in the
horizontal stress index value. It can be concluded that the DMT correctly detected the trend in
variations in geotechnical parameters as a function of variation in soil suction profiles.

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 Moreover, according to Faisal (1992), a study on the stabilization of the residual soil by
adding a cementive stabilizing agent and an additive to improve the engineering properties of soil
was conducted. Lime, residual granite soil, and rice husk ash (RHA) were the materials used in
this investigation. To determine the engineering properties of soil, laboratory tests (Atterberg
Limits, Compaction Test, Unconfined Compression Test) were carried out. The findings
demonstrated that adding lime and RHA to residual soil raises its optimum moisture content and
lowers its maximum dry density. Additionally, the addition of RHA improves the durability as well
as strength development of lime-stabilized residual soil.

Finally, based on Latifi et al. (2017), a powder form material for increasing soil strength
on tropical residual soil stabilization was studied. This study examines the effectiveness of SH-85,
a new calcium-based powder additive which is prepared from biomass silica for stabilization of a
tropical residual laterite soil. To evaluate the changes in soil strength, a series of Unconfined
Compression Strength (UCS) tests were conducted. The mechanisms contributed to the
stabilization process were explored using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. According to
the UCS test results, adding SH-85 powder significantly stabilised the laterite soil, with the UCS
values rises fivefold following a 7-day curing period. This investigation supports the potential of
SH-85 as a substitute for conventional stabilisers in tropical residual soil development.

According to Majeed and Tangri (2021), there are numerous types of soil in India with
varying levels of bearing ability, such as the black cotton soil with high levels of kalinite and
montmorillonite. These are the soil types that shrink significantly and swellable quality. A big
weight cannot be supported by this sort of soil. Therefore, to solve this issue, the soil must be
treated with plastic materials, volcanic ash, or cement kiln dust (CKD) particles to stabilise the
soil. It is very important to improve the soil in all feasible methods. Additionally, it is economically
feasible to increase the soil's resiliency, tenacity, permeability, and to stop soil erosion (J Naresh
et al., 2022). The most well-known application of soil stabilisation is in the construction of streets
and asphalts, where the main goals are to increase the strength or sadness of the soil and to
lower the development cost by utilising locally available materials. The two primary materials used
for settling soils over time are cement and lime, both of which have seen rapid price increases
because to the high rise in the cost of energy. By using rural waste, development costs can be
dramatically reduced, and the environmental risks they pose can also be diminished. Adjustment
is carried out in this study using a polymer method and plastic covers. The plastic coverings were
chosen as the adjustment material since they contribute to an overall 35% piece of plastic waste.

7
Using it in soil adjustment regularly helps to talk about the regular resources and reduce the
waste burden. Additionally, plastic strips are inert and biodegradable, allowing them to
successfully linger in soil for a long time.

Coconut husk ash (CHA) content percentage potentially affect the geotechnical properties
of the soil. Oyediran and Fadamoro (2015) examines the potential for using agricultural waste
products as sustainable building materials. The study investigated the strength characteristics of
compacted shales made from genetically different rice and coconut husk ash, with varying
percentages of lime added to the mix. The results showed that increasing the percentage of lime
in the mix led to an increase in compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of
the compacted shales. However, addition of 10% RHA and 6–10 % CHA brought about optimal
effect on the geotechnical properties of shales. Furthermore, the study found that the
compressive strength of the compacted shales made from rice husk ash was higher than that of
the shales made from coconut husk ash. The difference in strength between the two types of
husk ash was attributed to the difference in chemical composition, specifically the higher silica
content in rice husk ash. The study suggests that using agricultural waste products as construction
materials can be a sustainable and cost-effective option, and that further research is needed to
fully understand the properties and potential applications of these materials. The material was
tested on the shale can be applied on residual soil to investigate the geotechnical properties.

According to Barbhuiya and Hasan (2021), the addition of nano-silica to soil can improve
its physio-mechanical properties, such as compressibility, shear strength, and stiffness. It was
also observed that nano-silica can alter the microstructure of soil, resulting in denser and more
stable soil. The study found that the improved mechanical properties of soil can be attributed to
the small size and high surface area of nano-silica particles, which allows them to fill the voids
and gaps in soil particles and increase the interparticle bonding. The addition of nano-silica to soil
can also increase the particle packing density and reduce the porosity, resulting in improved
strength and stiffness. They also highlighted the importance of the optimum dosage of nano-
silica in soil stabilization.

Coconut husk ash can be converted into silica-rich materials through various processes
such as acid treatment, calcination, and sol-gel synthesis. The synthesized silica has a high
surface area, making it suitable for use in various applications. The silica synthesized from coconut
husk has a porous structure with a high degree of crystallinity. The synthesized silica also has

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good thermal stability, which is important for its use in high-temperature applications (Anuar et
al., 2018). Mariana et al. (2019), studies that the activated carbon derived from coconut husk
and silica with a mass ratio of 70:30 had a higher SiO2 content compared to pure silica adsorbent
and activated carbon derived from coconut husk without the activation process. The higher SiO2
content in the sample resulted in better reactivity of the activated carbon from coconut husk:
silica in comparison to pure silica adsorbent and activated carbon from coconut husk with the
activation process. Additionally, silica is known for its excellent adsorption and ion exchange
capabilities, and its presence in the adsorbent is essential for enhancing the adsorption process.

The effectiveness of lime as stabilizing agent in lateritic soil can be improved by

incorporating supplementary materials such as coconut shell ash (CSA) and coconut husk ash
(CHA). CSA contains a higher percentage of calcium oxide (CaO) and potassium oxide (K2O)
compared to CHA, which has a higher percentage of silica (SiO2). Additionally, CSA has a finer
particle size distribution compared to CHA. According to Ikeagwuani (2019), the addition of both
CSA and CHA improved the engineering properties of the soil, but CSA was generally more
effective in stabilizing lateritic soils than CHA possibly due to its higher CaO and K2O. CHA
performed better in terms of its compaction characteristics when compared to the CSA. However,
CHA alone may not be suitable to be used as a lone stabilizer as it does not meet the required
CBR value for subgrade material which is usually greater than 30% but when CHA is used in
combination with Portland cement and lime it was found to significantly improve the CBR value.
Thus, CHA may not be suitable to be used as lone stabilizer, but it can be an effective additive to
improve the performance of other stabilizers like cement (Yusuf and Zava, 2019).

Based on Amu et al. (2011), the properties of lateritic soil were investigated by adding
coconut shell and husk ash. The soil samples were subjected to preliminary testing for
identification and classification, followed by consistency limit tests. Engineering property tests
(compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR), and triaxial) were carried out in both the stabilised
and unstabilized states with the addition of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% coconut shell and husk ash
(CSHA). The study shows the addition of 4% CSHA improve the engineering properties of the
samples which the shear strength and the maximum dry density increased. According to Oluremi
et al. (2012), the coconut husk ash used as stabilizer to study on poor lateritic soil. The sample
was stabilised with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% coconut ash by mass of soil sample. The following
laboratory soil tests were conducted on the samples are particle size distribution analysis,
Atterberg limit test, compaction test, and California Bearing Ratio. The addition of coconut husk

9
ash raises the plastic limit while decreasing the plasticity index of the lateritic soil. With the
addition of coconut husk ash, the California bearing ratio of the poor lateritic soil increases
constantly. The results also demonstrate that the maximum dry density of soil improves from 0%
to 4% addition of coconut husk ash but decreases after 4%, indicating that 4% addition of
coconut husk ash is the effective optimum value since the minimum ideal water content is 4%.

Dauda et al. (2022) states that coconut husk ash improves lateritic soil with low CBR value.
The study illustrates the effect of rice husk with coconut husk ash on lateritic soil Using 0%,
2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% of the combined husk ash by mass of soil sample at various RHA and CHA
percentage ratio. The following laboratory soil tests were performed on the lateritic soil sample
are particle size distribution analysis, Atterberg limit test, compaction test, and California Bearing
Ratio. The results reveal that increasing the ash concentration of the combined husk boosted the
OMC but decreased the MDD. It was also discovered that increasing the ash percentage of
combine husk increased plasticity, plastic index, and soil strength. Vysakh and Bindu (2012)
proves coconut shell, leaf and husk ash (CSLHA) improve the geotechnical properties of soil.
Lateritic soil collected and stabilized with CSLHA by 0%, 3%, 5% and 7%. It was found that the
addition of CSLHA increase the maximum dry density, soaked CBR value, unsoaked CBR,
unconfined compressive strength, liquid limit, and plasticity index while decreasing OMC and
plastic limit. Optimum content of the CSLHA is 7% from this study.

Onyelowe (2016), study the effect of Coconut shell husk ash and palm kernel shell husk
ash on the grading and consistency of oboro lateritic soil stabilized with pozzolan. The admixtures
were applied in proportions of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%, and their proportional influence on
the grading behaviour of the pozzolan stabilized soil revealed that increasing the admixtures
improved the uniformity and curvature of the soil. Sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, compaction
and specific gravity test were conducted on the specimen. The effect of CSHA and PKSHA on the
consistency limit of pozzolan stabilized lateritic soil revealed that the addition of different
percentages of coconut shell husk ash (CSHA) and palm kernel shell husk ash (PKSHA) reduced
the moisture content, plasticity index, and liquid limit of pozzolan stabilized lateritic soil, but
PKSHA reduced the effect more than CSHA. The plastic limit increased when different percentages
of CSHA and PKSHA were added, but CSHA increased more than PKSHA, showing that CSHA is
abrasive plastic and PKSHA lowers moisture more than CSHA.

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 Based on the previous studies shows the coconut husk ash (CHA) can be a potential
stabilizer to treat residual soil. However, there is insufficient information regarding the use of the
material as a lone stabilizer. Most of the studies use CHA combined with other compound instead
of CHA itself. The significance difference between the combined CHA and lone CHA is the result
of the plasticity index and plastic limit of the soil. The application of CHA as stabilizer majority
for road construction which past studies focus on conducting CBR and compaction test.
Insufficient studies on some geotechnical test especially shear strength, permeability and
consolidation which will be the purpose of the study in this paper.

7.0 METHODOLOGY

The following test will be conducted to evaluate the soil identification and classification.

1. Sieve Analysis
 To determine grain size distribution of the soil whether the sample classify as fine-
grained or coarse-grained.
2. Specific gravity
 To determine the specific gravity of soil. The test depends on the sieve analysis
result. Fine-grained soil will undergo Specific Gravity Bottle Method however
coarse-grained soil undergo Gas Jar Method. For soil particle less than 4.75mm
undergo Volumetric Flask Method.
3. Atterberg Limits
 The test specifically for fined-grained soil to determine the liquid and plastic of the
soil. Liquid limit is determined by Casagrande/cone penetration, the plastic limit is
determined by rolling hand method and shrinkage limit determined by using plate
glass.
4. pH
 The soil will be transformed into liquid and determined by using the pH calibrator.
5. Natural water content
 Fresh/sealed vacuum soil sample will be weighed and dried to calculate the water
content of the soil.

The stabilizer will be added to the soil by 1% after soil identification and classification,
and the following engineering test will be conducted to determine the geotechnical properties.

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1. Compaction
 The soil sample will be compacted in a mould at different water content to
determine the dry density, bulk density and optimum moisture content.
2. Shear Strength (triaxial test)
 The soil sample is placed in a cylindrical cell with a flexible rubber membrane and
filled with water. The load applied to the soil until fails. This test to determine the
cohesion and angle of friction of the soil.
3. Permeability
 The water discharge through the soil inside the cell to measure the coefficient of
permeability of the soil. Coarse-grained will undergo constant head test and fine-
grained soil will undergo falling head test.
4. Consolidation
 The test is to predict the settlement of the soil by determined the void ratio versus
pressure curve, coefficient of consolidation versus pressure curve and
preconsolidation pressure. The soil sample will load in increments, and the
deformation of the sample will measure at each load increment using a dial gauge
or other displacement measurement device. The load will hold constant for a
period of time, during which the soil sample undergoes further deformation due
to the compression of air and water within the soil pores.

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8.0 GANTT CHART PLANNING

Figure 8.1: Gantt Chart Planning

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Ash on the Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soil for Road Works. International Journal
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Engineering and Technology (2):30–40.
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