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1. Ambiphyra
Definition : small parasitic copepods known as Ambiphyra attach to the skin or gills of
saltwater fish and ingest their blood and tissues. Due to mechanical blockage of the
respiratory epithelium, they can result in persistent gill infections, which can cause
respiratory discomfort and even death .Ambiphyra are considered to be free-living but
have been known to parasitize fish, and are difficult to detect without a microscope.
Kinds : There are several species of Ambiphyra, each of which has its own unique
characteristics and host preferences. Some of the known species of Ambiphyra include:
1. Ambiphyra elongata
2. Ambiphyra collettei
3. Ambiphyra bartschi
4. Ambiphyra bouvieri
5. Ambiphyra chacei
These species have been found to infect a variety of marine fish species, including
snappers, groupers, and grunts. However, there may be other species of Ambiphyra
that have not yet been identified or studied in detail.
Characteristics: These are tiny organisms called ciliated protozoa,They have a
cylindrical to conical body with oral cilia and a ciliary fringe. They attach themselves to
the skin and/or gills of fish and can cause disease and death by blocking the respiratory
epithelium. Diagnosis of this parasite involves identifying it in the skin or gill tissues of
the affected fish. These organisms are very small, ranging in size from about 60-100
micrometers.
Cause/Effects: Symptoms of Ambiphyra infestations in fish can include lethargy,
anemia, decreased appetite, and increased mucus production. In severe cases, the gills
may become swollen or discolored, and the fish may have difficulty breathing.
Prevention : It's essential to preserve the water quality and cleanliness of fish habitats
in order to avoid Ambiphyra infestations. Fish should be periodically checked for
symptoms of illness and should be isolated before being introduced to existing
populations. If fish are discovered to be ill, a veterinarian or fish health expert should be
contacted for advice on the best course of action, which may include utilizing
pharmaceuticals such antiparasitic pills.
2. Coccidiosis
Definition: Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by intracellular parasites of the
phylum Apicomplexa, which are known as coccidian protozoa. These protozoa have a
complex life cycle that involves multiple stages of sexual and asexual reproduction, and
they can infect a wide range of animal species, including fish. In fish, coccidian
parasites typically infect the intestinal tract, where they can cause inflammation and
damage to the intestinal lining, leading to reduced nutrient absorption and a range of
clinical signs.
Kinds: Eimeria spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Goussia spp., Isospora spp., and
Sarcocystis spp. are different species of coccidian protozoa that can cause coccidiosis
in fish. Each species has its own specific pathogenic effects, with Eimeria spp. infecting
the intestinal tract and causing diarrhea, Cryptosporidium spp. causing severe diarrhea
and dehydration, and Goussia spp. infecting various tissues and causing inflammation
and necrosis. Diagnosis and treatment may vary depending on the specific species
involved.
Characteristics: The coccidian protozoa that cause coccidiosis in fish are obligate
intracellular parasites with a complex life cycle that often requires multiple hosts. They
produce resistant oocysts that can survive for long periods and can cause tissue
damage, particularly in the intestinal tract. Different species have specific host ranges
and can be transmitted through various routes. These characteristics make them
challenging to control and treat
Cause/effects: Coccidian protozoa can cause various clinical signs and effects in fish,
depending on the species and severity of the infection. Reduced growth rates, diarrhea,
and weight loss are common effects of coccidiosis, resulting from inflammation and
damage to the intestinal tract. Severe infections can lead to increased mortality, and
weakened fish may be more susceptible to secondary infections. These effects can
have significant impacts on fish health and productivity, highlighting the importance of
prevention and treatment measures.
Prevention: To prevent coccidiosis in fish, it is important to maintain high standards of

water quality and hygiene, regularly clean the fish tanks or ponds, and avoid
overcrowding or overfeeding. Introducing new fish to existing populations should be
done only after proper quarantine to minimize the risk of disease spread. If coccidiosis
is suspected, infected fish should be isolated and treated immediately with antiprotozoal
medications under the guidance of a veterinarian or fish health specialist.

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Prevention: To prevent coccidiosis in fish, it is important to maintain high standards of

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